HAROLD B. LEE LIBRARY
eRiGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITV
PBOVO. UTAH
%
PRINCIPAL TREE REGIONS OF NORTH AMERICi*
North Eastern North "Western
South Eastern Tropical Florida
Rocky Mountains G Oregon & California
North Eastern & North "Western
Texas- Mexican Boundary
New Mexico & Arizona
Mexican Boundary
TO
M. R. S.
THE WISE AND KIND FRIEND OF THIRTY YEARS
THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED
WITH GRATITUDE AND AFFECTION
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
The studies of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) which have been carried
on by the agents and correspondents of the Arboretum in the sixteen years since the publi-
cation of the Manual of the Trees of North America have increased the knowledge of
the subject and made necessary a new edition of this Manual. The explorations of these
sixteen years have added eighty-nine species of trees and many recently distinguished
varieties of formerly imperfectly understood species to the silva of the United States, and
made available much additional information in regard to the geographical distribution of
American trees. Further studies have made the reduction of seven species of the first edi-
tion to varieties of other species seem desirable; and two species, Amelanchier ohovalis and
Cercocarpus parvifolius, which were formerly considered trees, but are more properly
shrubs, are omitted. The genus Anamomis is now united with Eugenia; and the Arizona
Pinus strobiformvi Sarg. (not Engelm.) is now referred to Pinus flexilis James.
Representatives of four Families and sixteen Genera which did not appear in the first
edition are described in the new edition in which will be found an account of seven hundred
and seventeen species of trees in one hundred and eighty-five genera, illustrated by seven
hundred and eighty-three figures, or one hundred and forty-one figures in addition to those
which appeared in the first edition.
An International Congress of Botanists which assembled in Vienna in 1905, and again in
Brussels in 1910, adopted rules of nomenclature which the world, with a few American ex-
ceptions, has now generally adopted. The names used in this new Manual are based on
the rules of this International Congress. These are the names used by the largest number
of the students of plants, and it is unfortunate that the confusion in the names of American
trees must continue as long as the Department of Agriculture, including the Forest Service
of the United States, uses another and now generally unrecognized system.
The new illustrations in this edition are partly from drawings made by Charles Edward
Faxon, who died before his work was finished; it was continued by the skillful pencil of
Mary W. Gill, of Washington, to whom I am grateful for her intelligent cooperation.
It is impossible to name here all the men and women who have in the last sixteen years
contributed to this account of American trees, and I will now only mention Mr. T. G. Har-
bison and Mr. E. J. Palmer, who as agents of the Arboretum have studied for years the
trees of the Southeastern States and of the Missouri-Texas region. Professor R. S. Cocks, of
Tulane University, who has explored carefully and critically the forests of Louisiana, and
Miss Alice Eastwood, head of the Botanical Department of the California Academy of
Sciences, who has made special journeys in Alaska and New Mexico in the interest of this
Manual. Mr. Alfred Rehder, Curator of the Herbarium of the Arboretum, has added to
the knowledge of our trees in several Southern journeys; and to him I am specially indebted
for assistance and advice in the preparation of the keys to the diflFerent groups of plants
found in this volume.
This new edition of the Manual contains the results of forty-four years of my continuous
study of the trees of North America carried on in every part of the United States and in
many foreign countries. If these studies in any way serve to increase the knowl-
edge and the love of trees I shall feel that these years have not been misspent.
C. S. Sargent.
Arnold Arboretum
September, 1921
PREFACE
In this volume I have tried to bring into convenient form for the use of students the in-
formation concerning the trees of North America which has been gathered at the Arnold
Arboretum during the last thirty years and has been largely elaborated in my SUva of
North America.
The indigenous trees of no other region of equal extent are, perhaps, so well known as
those that grow naturally in North America. There is, however, still much to be learned
about them. In the southern states, one of the most remarkable extratropical regions in
the world in the richness of its arborescent flora, several species are still imperfectly known,
while it is not improbable that a few may have escaped entirely the notice of botanists; and
in the northern states are several forms of Crataegus which, in the absence of suflScient in-
formation, it has been found impracticable to include in this volume. Little is known as
yet of the silvicultural value and requirements of North American trees, or of the diseases
that affect ihem; and one of the objects of this volume is to stimulate further investigation
of their characters and needs.
The arrangement of families and genera adopted in this volume is that of Engler &
Prantl's Die Natiirlichen Pfianzenfamilien, in which the procession is from a simpler to a
more complex structure. The nomenclature is that of The SUva of North America. De-
scriptions of a few species of Crataegus are now first published, and investigations made
since the publication of the last volume of The SUva of North America, in December, 1902,
have necessitated the introduction of a few additional trees described by other authors, and
occasional changes of names.
An analytical key to the families, based on the arrangement and character of the leaves,
will lead the reader first to the family to which any tree belongs; a conspectus of the genera,
embodying the important and easily discovered contrasting characters of each genus and
following the description of each family represented by more than one genus, will lead him
to the genus he is trying to determine; and a similar conspectus of the species, following the
description of the genus, will finally bring him to the species for which he is looking. Fur-
ther to facilitate the determination, one or more letters, attached to the name of the species
in the conspectus following the description of the genus, indicate in which of the eight re-
gions into which the country is divided according to the prevailing character of the arbores-
cent vegetation that species grows (see map forming frontispiece of the volume). For
example, the northeastern part of the country, including the high Appalachian Mountains
in the southern states which* have chiefly a northern flora, is represented by (A), and a per-
son wishing to learn the name of a Pine-tree or of an Oak in that region need occupy him-
self only with those species which in the conspectus of the genus Quercus or Pinus are
followed by the letter (A), while a person wishing to determine an Oak or a Pine-tree in
Oregon or California may pass over all species which are not followed by (G), the letter
which represents the Pacific coast region south of the state of Washington.
The sign of degrees (°) is used in this work to represent feet, and the sign of minutes (')
inches.
The illustrations which accompany each species and important variety are one half the
size of nature, except in the case of a few of the large Pine cones, the flowers of some of the
• ••
Vm PREFACE
Magnolias, and the leaves and flower-clusters of the Palms. These are represented as less
than half the size of nature in order to make the illustrations of uniform size. These illus-
trations are from drawings by Mr. Faxon, in which he has shown his ulfeual skill and experi-
ence as a botanical draftsman in bringing out the most important characters of each species,
and in them will be found the chief value of this Manual. For aid in its preparation I am
indebted to him and to my other associates, Mr. Alfred Rehder and Mr. George R. Shaw,
who have helped me in compiling the most diflficult of the keys.
C. S. Sargent.
Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass.
January, 1905.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Map of North America (exclusive of Mexico) showing the eight
regions into which the country is divided according to the pre-
vaiHng character of the trees Frontisjyiece
Synopsis of the Families of Plants described in this work xi
Analytical Key to the Genera of Plants described in this
work, based chiefly on the character of their leaves xvi
Manual of Trees
Gymnospermse 1
Angiospermse 96
Monocotyledones 96
Dicotyledones 118
Apetalae 118
Petalatse 342
Polypetalae , 342
Gamopetalse 790
Glossary of Technical Terms 893
Index 899
SYNOPSIS
OF THE FAMILIES OF PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS BOOK
Class I. GYMNOSPERMiE.
Resinous trees; stems formed of bark, wood, or pith, and increasing in diameter by
the annual addition of a layer of wood inside the bark; flowers unisexual; stamens
numerous; ovules and seeds 2 or many, borne on the face of a scale, not inclosed in an
ovary; embryo with 2 or more cotyledons; leaves straight- veined, without stipules.
I. Pinaceae (p. 1) . Flowers usually monoecious ; ovules 2 or several ; fruit a woody cone (in
Juniperus berry-like); cotyledons 2 or many; leaves needle-shaped, linear or scale-like, per-
sistent (deciduous in Larix and Taxodium) .
II. Tazaceae (p. 90). Flowers dioecious, axillary, solitary; ovules 1; fruit surrounded by or
inclosed in the enlarged fleshy aril-like disk of the flower; cotyledons 2 ; leaves linear, alternate,
persistent.
Class n. ANGIOSPERMiE.
Carpels or pistils consisting of a closed cavity containing the ovules and becoming
the fruit.
Division I. MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Stems with woody fibres distributed irregularly through them, but without pith or
annual layers of growth; parts of the flower in 3's; ovary superior, 3-celled; embryo
with a single cotyledon; leaves parallel-veined, persistent, without stipules.
III. Palmse (p. 96). Ovule solitary; fruit baccate or drupaceous, 1 or rarely 2 or 3-seeded;
leaves alternate, pinnate, flabellate or orbicular, persistent.
rV. Liliacese (p. 110). Ovules numerous in each cell; fruit 3-celled, capsular or baccate;
leaves Unear-lanceolate.
Division H. DICOTYLEDONES.
Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith, and increasing by the addition of an annual
layer of wood inside the bark; parts of the flower mostly in 4's or 5's; embryo with a
pair of opposite cotyledons; leaves netted-veined.
Subdivision 1. Apetal^. Flowers without a corolla and sometimes without a
calyx.
Section 1. Flowers in unisexual aments (female flowers of Juglans and Quercus
solitary or in spikes) ; ovary inferior (superior in Leitneriacece) when a calyx is present.
V. Salicacese (p. 119). Flowers dioecious, without a calyx. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule.
Leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.
VI. Myricacese (p. 163). Flowers monoecious or dioecious; fruit a dry drupe, covered
with waxy exudations; leaves simple, alternate, resinous-punctate, persistent.
VII. Leitneriacese (p. 167). Flowers dioecious, the staminate without a calyx; ovary
superior; fruit a compressed oblong drupe; leaves alternate, simple, without stipules, decidu-
ous.
VIII. Juglandaceae (p. 168). Flowers monoecious; fruit a nut inclosed in an indehiscent
(Juglans) or 4-valved (Carya) fleshy or woody shell; leaves alternate, unequally pinnate
without stipules, deciduous.
Xll SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES
IX. Betulacese (p. 200). Flowers monoecious; fruit a nut at the base of an open leaf-like
involucre (Carpinus), in a sack-like involucre (Ostrya), in the axil of a scale of an ament
(Betula), or of a woody strobile (Alnus); leaves alternate, simple, with stipules, deciduous.
X. Fagacese (p. 227). Flowers monoecious; fruit a nut more or less inclosed in a woody
often spiny involucre; leaves alternate, simple, with stipules, deciduous (in some species of
Quercus and in Castanopsis and Lithocarpus persistent).
Section 2. Flowers unisexual {perfect in Ulmus) ; calyx regular, the stamens as
many as its lobes and opposite them; ovary superior, 1 -celled; seed 1.
XI. Ulmaceae (p. 308). Fruit a compressed winged samara (Ulmus), a drupe (Celtis and
Trema), or nut-like (Planera), leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous {persistent in
Trema) .
XII. Moraceae (p. 328). Flowers in ament-like spikes or heads; fruit drupaceous, inclosed
in the thickened calyx and united into a compound fruit, oblong and succulent (Morus) , large ,
dry and globose (Toxylon) , or immersed in the fleshy receptacle of the flower (Ficus) ; leaves
simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous (persistent in Ficus).
Section 3. Flowers usually perfect; ovary superior or partly inferior, l-4celled;
leaves simple, persistent in the North American species.
XIII. Olacacese (p. 336). Calyx and corolla 4-6-lobed; ovary 1-4-celled; fruit a drupe
more or less inclosed in the enlarged disk of the flower; leaves alternate or fascicled, without
stipules.
XIV. PolygonaceaB (p. 338) . Calyx 5-lobed ; ovary 1-celled ; fruit a nutlet inclosed in the
thickened calyx; leaves alternate, their stipules sheathing the stems.
XV. Nyctaginaceae (p. 340). Calyx 5-lobed; ovary 1-celled; fruit a nutlet inclosed in tba
thickened calyx ; leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules.
Subdivision 2. Petalat^e. Flowers with both calyx and corolla (without a corolla
in LauracecB, in Liquidamhar in Hamamelidacece, in Cercocarpas in Rosaceoe, inEuphor-
hiacece, in some species of Acer, in Reynosia, Condalia, and Krugiodendron in Rham-
naceoe, in Fremontia in Sterculiacece, in Chytraculia in Myrtaceoe, in Conocarpus in
Combretaceoe and in some species of Fraxinus in Oleacece).
Section 1. Polypetal.e. Corolla of separate petals.
A. Ovary superior (partly inferior in Hamamelidacece; inferior in Malus, Sorhus,
Heteromeles, Cratcegus, and Amelanchier in Rosaceoe).
XVI. Magnoliaceae (p. 342) . Flowers perfect ; sepals and petals in 3 or 4 rows of 3 each ;
fruit cone-like, composed of numerous cohering carpels; leaves simple, alternate, their stipules
inclosing the leaf-buds, deciduous or rarely persistent.
XVII. Annonacese (p. 353). Flowers perfect ; sepals 3 ; petals 6 in 2 series ; fruit a pulpy berry
developed from 1 or from the union of several carpels; leaves simple, alternate, without stip-
ules, deciduous or persistent.
XVIII. Lauraceae (p. 356). Flowers perfect or unisexual; corolla 0; fruit a 1-seeded drupe
or berry; leaves simple, alternate, punctate, without stipules, persistent (deciduous in Sassa-
fras) .
XIX. Capparidaceae (p. 365). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 4; fruit baccate, elon-
gated, dehiscent; leaves alternate, simple, without stipules, persistent.
XX. Hamamelidaceae (p. 366) . Flowers perfect or unisexual ; sepals and petals 5 (corolla 0
in Liquidamhar) ; ovary partly inferior; fruit a 2-celled woody capsule opening at the summit;
leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.
XXI. Platanaceae (p. 371). Flowers monoecious, in dense unisexual capitate heads; fruit
an akene; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.
«^LXXII. Rosaceae (p. 376). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5 (petals 0 in Cercocarpus) ;
T)vary inferior in Malus, Sorbus, feeteromelfiUT Crataegus, and Amelanchier; fruit a drupe
(Prunusand Chrysobalanus) , a capsuIeT^^au^uelinia and Lyonothamnus) , an akene (Cowania
and Cercocarpus), or a pome (Malus, SorbusXBeteromeles.VDratsegus, and Amelanchier) ; leaves
simple or pinnately compound, alternate (opposite in Lyonothamnus), with stipules, decidu-
ous or persistent.
:XIII. Leguminosae (p. 585). Flowers perfect, regular or irregular; fruit a legume; leaves
ir1 nr bi'tyit^Ia TDnlpaV fllf.prnnfp. With stimilp.s. deciduous or Dersistent.
■wrm-krviinr
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES Xlll
XXIV. Zygophyllacese (p. 630). Flowers perfect; caXyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit capsular,
becoming fleshy; leaves opposite, pinnate, with stipules, persistent.
XXV. Malpighiaceae(p.631). Flowers usually perfect rarely dimorphous; calyx 5-lobed;
petals 5, unguiculate; fruit a drupe or samara; leaves opposite, simple, entire, persistent;
often with stipules.
XXVI. Rutacese (p. 633). Flowers unisexual or perfect; fruit a capsule (Xanthoxylum) , a
samara (Ptelea) , of indehiscent winged 1-seeded carpels (Helietta) , or a drupe (Amjois) ;
leaves alternate or opposite, compound, glandular-punctate, without stipules, persistent or
rarely deciduous (0 in Canotia) .
XXVII. Simaroubaceae (p. 641). Flowers dioecious, calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit drupa-
ceous (Simarouba) , baccate (Picramnia) , a samara (Alvaradoa) ; leaves alternate, equally
pinnate, without stipules, persistent.
XXVIII. Burseracese (p. 645). Flowers perfect; calyx 4 or 5-parted; petals 5; fruit a
drupe; leaves alternate, compound, without stipules, deciduous.
XXIX. Meliaceae (p. 648). Flowei-s perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit a 5-celled de-
hiscent capsule; leaves alternate, equally pinnate, without stipules, persistent.
XXX. Euphorbiaceae (p. 649). Flowers perfect; calyx 4-6-parted (Drypetes), 3-lobed
(Hippomane), or 0 (Gymnanthes) ; petals 0; fruit a drupe (Drypetes and Hippomane), or a
3-lobed capsule (Gymnanthes).
XXXI. Anacardiaceae (p. 655). Flowers usually unisexual, dioecious or polygamo-dioe-
cious (Pistacia without a calyx, and without a corolla in the North American species) ; fruit a
dry drupe; leaves simple or compound, alternate, without stipules, deciduous (persistent in
Pistacia and in one species of Rhus) .
XXXII. Cyrillaceae (p. 665). Flowers perfect; cal3^ 5-8-lobed; petals 5-8; fruit an
indehiscent capsule; leaves alternate, without stipules, persistent {more or less deciduous in
CyriUa).
XXXIII. Aquifoliacese (p. 668). Flowers polygamo-dioecious ; calyx 4 or 5-lobed; petals
5; fruit a drupe, with 4-8 1-seeded nutlets; leaves alternate, simple, with stipules, persistent or
deciduous.
XXXIV. Celastraceae (p. 674). Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious; calyx 4 or
5-lobed ; petals 4 or 5 ; fruit a drupe, or a capsule (Evonymus) ; leaves simple, opposite or al-
ternate, with or without stipules, persistent {deciduous in Evonymus) .
XXXV. Aceracese (p. 681). Flowers dioecious or monoeciously polygamous; calyx usually
5-parted ; petals usually 5, or 0 ; fruit of 2 long-winged samara joined at the base ; leaves oppo-
site, simple or rarely pinnate, without or rarely with stipules, deciduous.
XXXVI. Hippocastanacese (p. 702). Flowers perfect, irregular; caljrx 5-lobed; petals 4 or
5, unequal; fruit a 3-celled 3-valved capsule; leaves opposite, digitately compound, long-
petiolate, without stipules, deciduous.
XXXVII. Sapindacese (p. 711). Flowers polygamous; calyx 4 or 5-lobed; corolla of 4 or
5 petals; fruit a berry (Sapindus and Exothea), a drupe (Hypelate), or a 3-valved capsule
(Ungnadia) ; leaves alternate, compound, without stipules, persistent, or deciduous (Ungna-
dia).
XXXVIII. Rhamnacese (p. 718) . Flowers usually perfect; calyx 4 or 5-lobed ; petals 4 or 5
{0 in Reynosia, Condalia, and Krugiodendron) ; fruit drupaceous; leaves simple, alternate
{mostly opposite in Reynosia and Krugiodendron) , with stipules, persistent {decidvxms in some
species of Rhamnus) .
XXXIX. Tiliaceae (p. 732). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5; fruit a nut-like berry;
leaves simple, alternate, mostly oblique at base, with stipules, deciduous.
XL. Sterculiaceae (p. 749). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 0; fruit a 4 or 5-valved
dehiscent capsule; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, persistent.
XLI. Theacese (p. 750). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5; fruit a 5-celled woody de-
hiscent capsule, loculicidally dehiscent; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent
or deciduous.
XLII. Canellaceae (p. 753). Flowers perfect; sepals 3; petals 5; filaments united into a
tube; fruit a berry; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent.
XLIII. Kceberliniaceae (p. 754). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 4, minute; leaves
bract-like, alternate, without stipules, caducous.
XLIV. Caricaoeae (p. 755). Flowers unisexual or perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit
baccate; leaves palmately lobed or digitate, alternate, without stipules, persistentc
XIV SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES
B. Ovary inferior {partly inferior in Rhizophora).
XLV. Cactacese (p. 757). Flowers perfect; petals and sepals numerous; fruit a berry;
leaves usually wanting.
XLVI. Rhizophoracese (p. 763). Flowers perfect; calyx 4-parted; petals 4; ovary partly
inferior; fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded berry perforated at apex by the germinating embryo; leaves
simple, opposite, entire, with stipules, persistent.
XLVII. Combretaceae (p. 764) . Flowers perfect or polygamous ; calj^ 5-lobed ; petals 5
(0 in Conocarpus) ; fruit drupaceous; leaves simple, alternate or opposite, without stipules,
persistent.
XLVIII. Myrtaceae (p. 768). Flowers perfect; calyx usually 4-lobed, or reduced to a
single body forming a deciduous lid to the flower (Chytraculia) ; petals usually 4 (0 in Chytra-
culia); fruit a berry; leaves simple, opposite, pellucid-punctate, without stipules, persistent.
XLIX. Melastomacese (p. 776). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 4 or 5-lobed; stamens
as many or twice as many as the lobes of the corolla ; fruit capsular or baccate, inclosed in the
tube of the calyx; leaves opposite, rarely verticillate, 3-9-nerved, without stipules.
L. Araliaceae (p. 777). Flowers perfect or polygamous; sepals and petals usually 5; fruit a
drupe; leaves twice pinnate, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.
LI. Nyssacese (p. 779). Flowers dioecious, polygamous, dioecious or perfect; calyx 5-
toothed or lobed; petals 5 or more, imbricate in the bud, or 0; stamens as many or twice as
many as the petals; fruit drupaceous (Nyssa), usually 1-celled and 1-seeded; leaves alternate,
deciduous, without stipules.
LII. Cornacese (p. 784). Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious; caljnc 4 or 5-toothed;
petals 4 or 5; fruit a fleshy drupe; leaves simple, opposite (alternate in one species of Cornus),
without stipules, deciduous.
Section 2. Gamopetal^e. Corolla of united petals {divided in Elliottia in Erica*
cece, 0 in some species of Fraxinus in Oleaceoe).
A. Ovary superior {inferior in Vaccinium in Ericaceoe, partly inferior in Symplo-
caceoe and Styracaceos).
LIII. Ericaceae (p. 790). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed (in Elliottia corolla of 4
petals); (ovary inferior in Vaccinium); fruit capsular, drupaceous or baccate; leaves simple,
alternate, without stipules, persistent (deciduous in Elliottia and Oxydendrum),
LIV. Theophrastaceae (p. 804). Flowers perfect, with staminodia; sepals and petals 5;
stamens 5 ; fruit a berry ; leaves simple, opposite or alternate, entire, without stipules.
LV. Myrsinaceae (p. 805). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5; fruit a
drupe; leaves simple, alternate, entire, without stipules, persistent.
LVI. Sapotaceae (p. 808). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; corolla 5-lobed (6-lohed in Mi-
musops), often with as many or twice as many internal appendages borne on its throat; fruit a
berry; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent (deciduous in some species of
Bumelia).
LVII. Ebenaceae (p. 820). Flowers perfect, dioecious, or polygamous; calyx and corolla
4-lobed; fruit a 1 or several-seeded berry; leaves simple, alternate, entire, without stipules,
deciduous.
LVIII. Styracaceae (p. 824). Flowers perfect; calyx 4 or 5-toothed; corolla 4 or 5-lobed
or divided nearly to the base, or rarely 6 or 7-lobed; ovary superior or partly superior;
fruit a drupe; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, deciduous; pubescence mostly
scurfy or stellate.
LIX. Symplocaceae (p. 830). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; ovary inferior
or partly inferior; fruit a drupe; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, deciduous; pu-
bescence simple.
LX. Oleaceae (p. 832) . Flowers perfect or polygamo-dicEcious ; calyx 4-lobed (0 in some
species of Fraxinus) ; corolla 2-6-parted (0 in some species of Fraxinus) ; fruit a winged samara
(Fraxinus) or a fleshy drupe (Forestiera, Chionanthus and Osmanthus) ; leaves pinnate
(Fraxinus) or simple, opposite, without stipules, deciduous (persistent in Osmanthus).
LXI. Borraginaceae (p. 858) . Flowers perfect or polygamous ; calyx and corolla 5-lobed ;
fruit a drupe ; leaves simple, alternate, scabrous-pubescent, without stipules, persistent or
tardily deciduous.
LXII. Verbenaceae (p. 864). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; corolla 4 or 5-lobed; fruit
a drupe or a 1-seeded capsule; leaves simple, opposite, without stipules, persistent.
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES XV
LXIII. Solanacese (p. 867). Flowers perfect; calyx campanulate, usually 5-lobed; corolla
usually 5-lobed; fruit baccate, surrounded at base by the enlarged calj^; leaves alternate,
rarely opposite, without stipules.
LXIV. Bignoniaceae (p. 868). Flowers perfect; calyx bilabiate; corolla bilabiate, 5-lobed;
fruit a woody capsule (Catalpa and Chilopsis) or a berry (Enallagma) ; leaves simple, opposite
(sometimes alternate in Chilopsis), without stipules, deciduous (persistent in EnaUaQma),
B. Ovary inferior (partly superior in Samhucus in CaprifolicLcece),
LXV. Rubiaceae (p. 875). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 4 or 5-lobed; fruit a capsule
(Exostema and Pinckneya) , a drupe (Guettarda) , or nut-like (Cephalanthus) ; leaves simple op-
posite, or in verticils of 3 (Cephalanthus) , with stipules, persistent (deciduous in Pinckneya
and Cephalanthus).
LXVI. CaprifoliaceaB (p. 882). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; fruit a drupe;
leaves unequally pinnate (Sambucus) or simple (Viburnum), opposite, without stipules, **ecid-
uous in North American species.
ANALYTICAL KEY
TO THE GENERA OF PLANTS INCLUDED IN THIS BOOK,
BASED CHIEFLY ON THE CHARACTER OF THE LEAVES
I. Leaves parallel-veined, altejnate, persistent, clustered at the end of the stem or
branches. Monocotyledones.
Stem simple; leaves stalked.
Leaves fan-shaped.
Leaf stalks unarmed.
Rachis short; leaves usually silvery white below.
Leaves 2°-4'* in diameter (green below in No. 2), their segments undivided at
apex. Thrinaz (p. 96).
Leaves 18'-24' in diameter, their segments divided at apex.
Coccothrinaz (p. 100).
Rachis elongated ; leaves green below, their segments divided at apex.
Sabal (p. 101).
Leaf stalks armed with marginal teeth or spines.
Leaf stalks furnished irregularly with broad thin large and small, straight or hooked
spines confluent into a thin bright orange-colored cartilaginous margin; leaves
longer than wide, divided nearly to the middle into segments parted at apex and
separating on the margins into thin fibres. Washingtonia (p. 104),
Leaf stalks furnished with stout or slender flattened teeth; leaves suborbicular,
divided to the middle or nearly to the base into segments parted at apex ; seg-
ments of the blade not separating on the margin into thin fibres.
Accelorraphe (p. 105).
Leaves pinnate.
Leaves 10°-12° in length, their pinnae 2^*'-3'' long and often 1^** wide, deep green.
Roystonea (p. 107).
Leaves S'-G" long, their pinnse 18' long and 1' wide, dark yellow-green above, pale and
glaucous below. Pseudophoenix (p. 109).
Stem simple or branched; leaves sessile, lanceolate, long- and usually sharp-pointed at
apex. Yucca (p. 110).
n. Leaves i-nerved, needle-shaped, linear or scale-like, persistent (deciduous in
Lariz and Tazodium). Gymnospermae.
1. Leaves Persistent.
a Leaves fascicled, needle-shaped, in 1-5-leafed clusters encloeed at base in a membrana-
ceous sheath. Pinus (p. 2).
oa Leaves scattered, usually linear.
b Leaves linear, often obtuse or emarginate.
Base of the leaves persistent on the branches.
Leaves sessile, 4-sided, or flattened and stomatiferous above. Picea (p. 34) .
Leaves stalked, flattened and stomatiferous below, or angular, often appear-
ing 2-ranked. % Tsuga (p. 42).
Base of the leaves not persistent on the branches; leaves often appearing
2-ranked.
Leaves stalked, flattened, stomatiferous below; winter-buds pointed, not
resinous. Pseudotsuga (p. 47).
Leaves sessile, flattened and often grooved on the upper side, or quadrangular,
rarely stomatiferous above, on upper fertile branches often crowded;
winter-buds obtuse, resinous (except in No. 9). Abies (p. 50).
66 Leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, acuminate, spirally disposed, appearing 2-ranked
by a twist in the petiole.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA XVU
Leaves abruptly contracted at base, long-pointed, with pale bands of stomata
on the lower surface on each side of the midveins; fruit drupelike.
Torreya (p. 91).
Leaves gradually narrowed at base, short-pointed, paler, and without distinct
bands of stomata on the lower surface ; fruit berry-like. Tazus (p. 93) .
bbb Leaves ovate-lanceolate and scale-like, spreading in 2 ranks or linear on the same
tree, acute, compressed, keeled on the back and closely appressed or spreading
at apex. Sequoia (p. 61).
aaa Leaves opposite or whorled, usually scale-like.
Internodes distinctly longer than broad; branchlets flattened, of nearly equal color
on both sides; leaves eglandular. Libocedrus (p. 65).
Internodes about as long as broad, often pale below, usually glandular.
Branchlets flattened.
Branchlets in one plane, much flattened, xV~i' broad. Thuja (p. 67).
Branchlets slightly flattened, ^^'-^' broad. Chamaecyparis (p. 75).
Branchlets terete or 4-angled.
Branchlets more or less in one plane; fruit a cone. Cupressus (p. 69).
Branchlets not in one plane; fruit a berry (leaves needle-shaped, in whorls of 3 in
No. 1). Juniperus (p. 78).
2. Leaves Deciduous.
Leaves in many-leafed clusters on short lateral spurs. Larix (p. 31).
Leaves spreading in 2 ranks. Tazodium (p. 63).
in. Leaves netted-veined, rarely scale-like or wanting. Dicotyledones.
A. LEAVES OPPOSITE. (B, see p. xxi).
1. Leaves Simple. (2, see p. xx).
* Leaves persistent.
a Leaves with stipules.
h Leaves entire or occasionally slightly crenate or serrate.
c Leaves emarginate at apex, very short-stalked, l^'-2' long.
Leaves obovate, gradually narrowed into the petiole. Gyminda (p. 678).
Leaves oval to oblong, rounded or broad-cuneate {rarely alternate).
Branchlets densely velutinous. BLrugiodendron (p. 721).
Branchlets slightly puberulous at first, soon glabrous.
Reynosia (p. 720).
cc Leaves not emarginate at apex.
Leaves obtuse, rarely acutish or abruptly short-pointed.
Leaves elliptic, 3|'-5' long. Rhizophora (p. 763).
Leaves obovate, usually rounded at apex, |'-2' long.
Byrsonima (p. 632).
Leaves acute to acuminate.
Leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate; branchlets glabrous.
Exostema (p. 877).
Leaves broad-elliptic to oblong-elliptic; branchlets villose.
Guettarda (p. 879).
hb Leaves serrate {often pihnate). Lyonothamnus (p. 378).
aa Leaves without stipules.
Petioles biglandular; leaves obtuse or emarginate, \\'-2\' long.
Laguncularia (p. 767).
Petioles without glands.
Leaves furnished below with small dark glands, slightly aromatic; petioles short.
Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate and acuminate or elliptic and bluntly short-
pointed. Calyptranthes (p. 769).
Leaves ovate, obovate or elliptic. Eugenia (p. 770)
Leaves without glands.
XViii ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
Leaves green and glabrous below.
Leaves obtuse or emarginate at apex (rarely alternate), l'-l§' long.
Torrubia (p. 341).
Leaves acute, acuminate, or sometimes rounded or emarginate, 3'-5' long.
Leaves distinctly veined. Citharezylon (p. 864).
Leaves obscurely veined. Osmanthus (p. 856).
Leaves hoary tomentulose or scurfy below.
Leaves strongly 3-nerved, acuminate, densely scurfy oelow.
Tetrazygia (p. 776).
Leaves penni veined, rounded or acute at apex, hoary tomentulose below.
Avicennia (p. 865).
♦♦Leaves deciduous.
a Leaves without lobes.
b Leaves serrate.
Winter-buds with several opposite outer scales.
Leaves puberulous below, closely and finely serrate; axillary buds solitary.
Evonymus (p. 675).
Leaves glabrous below, remotely crenate-semilate ; axillary buds several,
superposed. Forestiera (p. 853).
Winter-buds enclosed in 2 large opposite scales. Viburnum (p. 886).
66 Leaves entire.
c Leaves without stipules.
Leaves suborbicular or elliptic to oblong.
Leaves rounded or acutish at apex, l'-2' long, occasionally 3-foliolate,
glabrous; branchlets quadrangular. Fraxinus anomala (p. 837).
Leaves acuminate or acute at apex, 3'- 4' long.
Leaf-scars connected by a transverse line, with 3 bundle-traces; branch-
lets slender, appressed-pubescent. Cornus (p. 785).
Leaf-scars not connected, with 1 bundle-trace; branchlets stout, villose,
puberulous or glabrous. ' Chionanthus (p. 855).
Leaves broad-ovate, cordate, acuminate, 5'-12' long, on long petioles.
Catalpa (p. 870).
Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, short-stalked or sessile (sometimes alter-
nate). Chilopsis (p. 869).
cc Leaves with persistent stipules, entire.
Leaves oval or ovate; winter-buds resinous, the terminal up to ^' in length.
Pinckneya (p. 876).
Leaves ovate to lanceolate; winter-buds minute. Cephalanthus (p. 878).
aa Leaves palmately lobed. Acer (p. 681).
2. Leaves Compound.
a Leaves persistent, with stipules.
Leaves equally pinnate; leaflets entire. Guaiacum (p. 630).
Leaves unequally pinnately parted into 3-8 linear-lanceolate segments (sometimes
entire). Lyonothamnus (p. 378).
Leaves trifoliate.
Leaflets stalked. Amyris (p. 640).
Leaflets sessile. HeUetta (p. 637).
aa Leaves deciduous.
Leaves unequally pinnate or trifoliate.
Leaflets crenate-serrate or entire, the veins arching within the margins; stipules
wanting; winter-buds with several opposite scales. Fraxinus (p. 833).
Leaflets sharply or incisely serrate, the primary veins extending to the teeth.
Leaflets 3-7, incisely serrate; stipules present; winter-buds with 1 pair of obtuse
outer scales. Acer Negundo (p. 699).
Leaflets 5-9, sharply serrate; stipules present; winter-buds with many opposite
acute scales; pith thick. Sambucus (p. 882).
Leaves digitate, with 5-7, sharply serrate leaflets; terminal buds large.
iEsculus (p. 702).
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA XIX
B. LEAVES ALTERNATE.
1. Leaves Simple. (2, see p. xxvi).
* Leaves persistent . (** see p. xxiv).
o Leaves deeply 3-5-lobed, i'-|' long, with linear lobes, hoary tomentose below.
Cowania (p. 549)^-"'^
aa Leaves palmately lobed.
Leaves stellate-pubescent, about 1|' in diameter, with stipules.
Fremontia (p. 749).
Leaves glabrous, l°-2° in diameter, without stipules. Carica (p. 755).
%aa Leaves not lobed or pinnately lobed.
h Branches spinescent.
Leaves clustered at the end of the branches, at least 2'-3' long.
Bucida (p. 765).
Leaves fascicled on lateral branchlets, obtuse or emarginate, pale and glabrous
beneath. Bumelia angustifolia (p. 816).
Leaves scattered.
Leaves generally obovate, mucronate, not more than I'-l' long, glabrous and
green or brownish tomentulose beneath. Condalia (p. 719).
Leaves elliptic-ovate to oblong, obtuse or emarginate, glabrous, 1-2 cm. long.
Ximenia (p. 337).
66 Branches not spinescent.
c Leaves serrate, or lobed (in some species of Quercus). {cc, see p. xzii.)
d Juice watery, {dd, see p. xxii.)
e Stipules present, (ee, see p. xxii.)
/ Primary veins extending straight to the teeth.
Leaves and branchlets glabrous or pubescent to tomentose with
fascicled hairs.
Leaves fulvous-tomentose beneath, repand-dentate, 3'-5'
long. Lithocarpus Cp. 236).
Leaves glabrous or grayish to whitish tomentose beneath,
entire, lobed or dentate. Quercus sp. 21-34 (p. 268).
Leaves and branchlets coated with simpled silky or woolly
hairs at least while young, not more than 2\' long. )^-^^'
Cercocarpus (p. 550)7^^
ff Primary veins arching and united within the margin.
Leaves 3-nerved from the base. Ceanothus (p. 726).
Leaves not 3-nerved.
Leaves acute.
Leaves sinuately dentate, with few spiny teeth {rarely en-
tire), glabrous. Ilex opaca (p. 669).
Leaves serrate.
Leaves tomentose below; branchlets tomentose.
Leaves narrow-lanceolate, glabrous and smooth above.
Vauquelinia (p. 377).
Leaves ovate, cordate, scabrate above. Trema (p. 327).
Leaves glabrous below. Heteromeles (p. 392).
Leaves entire, very rarely toothed.
Leaves elliptic, glabrous. Prunus caroliniana (p. 579).
Leaves oblanceolate, pubescent beneath when young.
Ilex Cassine (p. 670).
Leaves obtuse, sometimes mucronate.
Leaves spinose-serrate, glabrous.
Leaves broad-ovate to suborbicular or elliptic; branch-
lets dark red-brown, spinescent. I
Rhamnus crocea (p. 723).
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate; branchlets yellow or
orange-colored, not spinescent.
Prunus ilicifolia (p. 581).
Leaves crenate {often entire), oval to oblong.
Ilex vomitoria (p. 671).
XX ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
ee Stipules wanting.
Leaves resinous-dotted, aromatic, l^'-4' long. Myrica (p. 163).
Leaves not resinous-dotted, crenately serrate, 4'-6' long.
Leaves dark green, glabrous below. Gordonia Lasianthus (p. 751).
Leaves yellowish green, pubescent below, sometimes nearly entire.
Symplocos (p. 831).
dd Juice milky.
Petioles 2\'-A' long; leaves broad-ovate. Hippomane (p. 652).
Petioles about \' long; leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate.
Gymnanthes (p. 654).
cc Leaves entire (rarely sparingly toothed on vigorous branchlets).
d Stipules present.
e Stipules connate, at least at first.
Stipules persistent, forming a sheath surrounding the branch above
the node; leaves obtuse. Coccolobis (p. 338).
Stipules deciduous, enveloping the unfolded leaf.
Leaves ferrugineous-tomentose beneath.
Magnolia grandiflora (p. 345).
Leaves glabrous beneath, with milky juice. Ficus (p. 333).
ee Stipules free.
/Juice milky; leaves oval to oblong, 3'-5' long. Drypetes (p. 650).
ff Juice watery.
g Leaves obtuse or emarginate at apex.
Leaves with ferrugineous scales beneath, their petioles
slender. Capparis (p. 365).
Leaves without ferrugineous scales.
Leaves soft-pubescent on both sides.
Colubrina cubensis (p. 730).
Leaves glabrous at least at maturity.
Leaves rarely 2'-3' long, standing on the branch at
acute angles. Chrysobalanus (p. 583).
Leaves rarely more than 1' long, spreading (sometimes
3-nerved). Ceanothus spinosus (p. 728).
gg Leaves acute or acutish.
Petioles with 2 glands. Conocarpus (p. 766).
Petioles without glands.
/ Leaves and branchlets more or less pubescent, at least
while young.
Leaves fascicled except on vigorous branchlets. • >^
Cercocarpus (p. 550).'*'''^
Leaves not fascicled.
Winter-buds minute, with few pointed scales.
Leaves rounded or nearly rounded at base.
Colubrina sp. 1, 3 (p. 729).
Leaves broad-cuneate at base.
Ilex Cassine (p. 670) .
Winter-buds conspicuous, with numerous scales.
Leaves usually lanceolate, entire, covered below
with yellow scales. Castanopsis (p. 234) .
Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, repand-dentate,
fibrous tomentose below. Lithocarpus (p. 236) .
Leaves and branchlets glabrous.
Leaf-scar with 1 bundle-trace. Ilex Krugiana (p. 672) .
Leaf-scar with 3 bundle-traces. Cherry Laurels. I/"
Prunus sp. 19-22 (p. 579).
dd Stipules wanting.
e Leaves aromatic when bruised.
Leaves resinous-dotted. Myrica (p. 163).
Leaves not resinous-dotted.
Leaves obtuse, obovate, glabrous. Canella (p. 753).
Leaves acute.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA XXI
Leaves mostly rounded at the narrowed base, ovate to ob-
long, acute, glabrous. Annona (p. 354).
Leaves more or less cuneate at base, elliptic to lanceolate,
usually acuminate.
Leaves abruptly long-acuminate, glabrous, the margin un-
dulate ; branchlets red-brown. Misanteca (p. 364) .
Leaves gradually acuminate or nearly acute.
Leaves strongly reticulate beneath.
Branchlets glabrous, light grayish brown; leaves gla-
brous, light green beneath. Ocotea (p. 359).
Branchlets pubescent while young, greenish or yellow-
ish; leaves pale beneath, pubescent while young.
Umbellularia (p. 360).
Leaves not or slightly reticulate, glaucous, glabrous or
pubescent beneath. Persea (p. 356).
ec Leaves not aromatic.
/ Leaves acute or acutish.
Leaves obovate, gradually narrowed into short petioles.
Leaves 2'-2^' long. Schaflferia (p. 679).
Leaves at least 6'-8' long. Enallagma (p. 873).
Leaves elliptic to oblong or ovate.
Leaves rough or pubescent above, pubescent below, subcor-
date to cuneate at base.
Leaves stellate-pubescent. Solanum (p. 867).
Leaves scabrous above.
Petiole ^ '-j' long; leaves oval or oblong, l|'-4' long.
Ehretia (p. 862).
Petiole V-lY long; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, 3'-7'
long. Cordia (p. 858).
Leaves smooth above.
Winter-buds scaly.
Leaves covered below with femigineous or pale scales,
l'-3' long. Lyonia (p. 797).
Leaves glabrous or nearly so below.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, 4'-12'
long, usually clustered at end of branchlet, veinlets
below obscure. Rhododendron (p. 792).
Leaves elliptic or oval to (jblong or lanceolate.
Leaves light yellowish green below and without dis-
tinctly visible veins or veinlets, entire, 3'^' long.
Kalmia (p. 794).
Leaves pale below and more or less distinctly reticu-
late, occasionally serrate or denticulate, V-5'
long; bark of branches red. Arbutus (p. 799).
Winter-buds naked.
Leaves pubescent below when unfolding.
Mature leaves nearly glabrous below.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to narrow-obovate.
DiphoUs (p. 810).
Leaves oval. Sideroxylum (p. 809).
Mature leaves covered below with brilliant copper-
colored pubescence.
Leaves glabrous below. Chrysophyllum (p. 817).
Leaves marked by minute black dots, ovate to
oblong-lanceolate. Ardisia (p. 806).
Leaves lepidote, oblong-obovate. Rapanea (p. 807).
ff Leaves obtuse or emarginate at apex.
g Leaves rounded or cordate at base, emarginate, their petioles
slender.
Leaves reniform to broad-ovate, cordate; juice watery. r,^
Cercis (p. 603).^'^
lOai ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
Leaves elliptic to oblong, rounded at base; juice milky or
viscid.
Leaves emarginate; petioles slender, rufous-tomentulose.
Mimusops (p. 819).
Leaves obtuse at apex; petioles stout, grayish-tomentu-
lose or glabrous. Rhus integrif olia (p. 664) .
gg Leaves cuneate at base.
Petioles slender, |' long. Beureria (p. 861).
Petioles short and stout.
Leaves coriaceous, with thick revolute margins (some-
times opposite). Jacquinia (p. 804).
Leaves subcoriaceous, slightly revolute.
Leaves reticulate-veined beneath.
Leaves oval to obovate or oblong-oval, more or less
pubescent while young. Vaccinium (p. 802) .
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate glabrous.
Cyrilla (p. 666).
Leaves obscurely veined beneath, glabrous.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed toward the
emarginate apex, decurrent nearly to base of
petiole. Cliftonia (p. 667) .
Leaves rounded at apex, distinctly petioled.
Maytenus (p. 676).
♦♦Leaves deciduous.
t Leaves conspicuous. (tt» see p. xxvi.)
a Leaves entire, sometimes 3 or 4-lobed. (aa, see p. zxv).
h Stipules present.
Juice milky. Madura (p. 331).
Juice watery.
Stipules connate, enveloping the young leaves, their scars encircling the
branchlet.
Leaves acute or acuminate, entire; winter-buds pointed, nearly terete.
Magnolia (p. 342) .
Leaves truncate, sinuately 4-lobed; winter-buds obtuse, compressed.
Liriodendron (p. 351).
Stipules distinct.
Branches spi^iescent; leaves glandular, caducous (crenately serrate on vigor-
ous shoots). Dalea (p. 621).
Branches not spinescent; leaves without glands.
Winter-buds with a single pair of connate scales. Saliz (p. 138).
Winter-buds with several pairs of imbricate scales.
Branchlets without a terminal bud; leaves 3-nerved. Celtis (p. 318).
Branchlets with a terminal bud, leaves penniveined.
Quercus sp. 17-20 (p. 262).
66 Stipules wanting.
c Branchlets bright green and lustrous for the first 2 or 3 years; leaves some-
times 3-lobed, aromatic. Sassafras (p. 362).
ec Branchlets brown or gray.
d Leaves acute or acuminate.
Leaves 10-12' long, obovate-oblong, acuminate, glabrous, emitting a
disagreeable odor. Asimina (p. 353) .
Leaves smaller.
Petioles very slender, l'-2' long; leaves elliptic, acuminate.
Cornus alternifolia (p. 789).
Petioles short.
Branchlets with a terminal bud.
Leaf-scars about as long as broad; branchlets without lenticels,
light reddish brown. EUiottia (p. 791).
Leaf -scars crescent-shaped, broader than long, with 3 distinct
bundle-traces.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA • XXlll
Leaves pubescent on both sides, rugulose above ; petioles l'-2'
long, like the young branchlet densely pubescent.
Leitneria (p. 167).
Leaves glabrous and smooth above, glabrous or pubescent be-
low ; petioles and branchlets usually glabrous or nearly so at
maturity. Nyssa (p. 779).
Branchlets without a terminal bud.
Pubescence consisting of simple hairs or wanting.
Leaves 4 '-6' long, pubescent beneath while young; branchlet
light brown or gray. Diospyros virginiana (p. 821) .
Leaves l^'-3' long, glabrous; branches light yellowish gray.
SchoBpfia (p. 336)
Pubescence stellate; leaves obovate or elliptic, 2^'-5' long, pu-
bescent below. Styrax (p. 829),
dd Leaves obtuse or acute.
Branchlets not spinescent.
Leaves glabrous at maturity, their petioles slender. Cotinus (p. 657).
Leaves pubescent below at maturity; their petioles short and thick.
Diospyros texana (p. 823).
Branchlets spinescent; leaves often fascicled on lateral branchlets.
Bumelia (p. 812).
aa Leaves serrate or pinnately lobed.
b Stipules present. (56, see p. xxvi.)
c Winter-buds naked.
Leaves oblique at base, the upper side rounded or subcordate, obovate,
coarsely toothed. Hamamelis (p. 368).
Leaves equal at base, cuneate, finely serrate or crenate.
Rhamnus sp. 2, 3 (p. 724, 725).
cc Winter-buds with a single pair of connate scales.
Primary veins arching and uniting within the margins ; leaves simply serrate
or crenate, sometimes entire. Salix (p. 138).
Primary veins extending to the teeth, leaves doubly serrate, often slightly
lobed. Alnus (p. 220).
ccc Winter-buds with several pairs of imbricate scales.
d Terminal buds wanting; branchlets prolonged by an upper axillary bud.
Juice milky; leaves usually ovate, often lobed. Morus (p. 328).
Juice watery; leaves not lobed.
Leaves distinctly oblique at base.
Leaves with numerous prominent lateral veins.
Leaves generally broad-ovate, simply serrate, stellate-pubescent
at least while young, rarely glabrous. Tilia (p. 732).
Leaves never broad-ovate, usually doubly serrate, more or less
pubescent with simple hairs, at least while young.
Winter-buds ovoid, usually acute, \ to neariy as long as peti-
oles; leaves l'-7' long, doubly serrate. Ulmus (p. 309).
Winter-buds subglobose, minute; leaves 2'-2\' long, crenate-
serrate. Planera (p. 316).
Leaves 3 or 4-nerved from the base. Celtis (p. 318).
Leaves slightly or not at all oblique at base.
Leaves 3-nerved from the base, glandular-crenate or glandular-
serrate. Ceanothus (p. 726).
Leaves not or obscurely 3-nerved at base, usually doubly serrate.
Leaves blue-green; petioles \'-\' long; bark smooth, gray-brown.
Carpinus (p. 201).
Leaves yellow-green.
Bark rough, furrowed; petioles \'-\' long; leaves not resinous-
glandular. Ostrya (p. 202).
Bark flaky or cherry-tree like; petioles \'-V long; leaves often
resinous-glandular while young. Betula (p. 205).
dd Terminal buds present.
Primary veins arching and uniting within the margin (extending to the
margin in the lobed leaves of ^alus) .
"^
XXIV ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
. Winter-buds resinous; leaves crenate, usually truncate at base; peti-
oles slender. Populus (p. 119).
Winter-buds not resinous.
Leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces. y
Leaves involute in bud, often lobed on vigorous shoots; winter-*'''^
buds obtuse, short, pubescent. Malus (p. 379) .
Leaves conduplicate (or in some species of Prunus convolute),
never lobed ; winter-buds acute.
Winter-buds elongated ; branches never spinescent. (y^
• Amelanchier (p. 393).
Winter-buds not elongated, ovoid; branches sometimes spiv'
nescent. Prunus (p. 555).
Leaf -scars with 1 bundle-trace; leaves simply serrate.
Ilexsp. 5-6 (p. 673).
'Primary veins extending to the teeth or to the lobes.
Leaves lobed. Quercus sp. 1-16, 35-50 (pp. 241, 283).
Leaves serrate-toothed.
Winter-buds with numerous scales.
Leaves lustrous beneath, remotely serrate or denticulate; winter-
buds elongated, acuminate. Fagus (p. 228) .
Leaves pale beneath, coarsely dentate or serrate; winter-buds
acute. Chestnut Oaks. Quercus sp. 51-54 (p. 303).
Winter-buds with 2 pairs of scales. Castanea (p. 230) .
Leaves doubly or simply serrate, or lobed, with serrate lobes; branches
often furnished with spines.
Leaves involute in the bud ; branohlets often ending in blunt spines^^/
Malus (p. 379).
Leaves conduplicate in the bud; branches usually armed with sharp- »>^
pointed single or branched axillary spines. Crataegus (p. 397).
66 Stipules wanting.
c Leaves not lobed.
Leaves subcoriaceous, oblong, sometimes nearly entire, glabrous.
Symplocos (p. 831).
Leaves thin.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute, pubescent beneath.
Gordonia alatamaha (p. 752).
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or puberulous while
young, turning scarlet in the autumn. Oxydendrum (p. 796).
Leaves ovate to elliptic, stellate-pubescent or glabrous, turning yellow in
the autumn. Halesia (p. 824).
cc Leaves palmately lobed.
Stipules large, foliaceous, united ; branchlets without a terminal bud.
Platanus (p. 371).
Stipules small, free, caducous; branchlets with a terminal bud.
Liquidambar (p. 367).
tt Leaves inconspicuous or wanting; branches spiny or prickly.
Branches or stems succulent, armed with numerous prickles.
Branches and stems columnar, ribbed, continuous; leaves 0. Cereus (p. 757).
Branches jointed, tuberculate; leaves scale-like. Opuntia (p. 759).
Branches rigid, spinescent.
Leaves minute, narrow-obovate.
Branchlets bright green. Koeberlinia (p. 754).
Branchlets red-brown. Dalea (p. 621).
Leaves scale-like, caducous. Canotia (p. 677).
2. Leaves compound.
* Leaves 3-foliolate, without stipules.
Leaves persistent; leaflets obovate, entire, sessile. Hypelate (p. 716)<,
Leaves deciduous.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA XXV
Leaflets deltoid to hastate, entire, rounded at apex ; branches prickly.
Erythrina (p. 627).
Leaflets ovate to oblong, acuminate, strongly scented and bitter; branches unarmed.
Ptelca (p. 639).
** Leaves twice pinnate; stipules present.
a Leaves unequally twice pinnate, 2°-4'' long, deciduous; leaflets serrate, 2'-3' in length;
branches and stem armed with scattered prickles. Aralia (p. 778) .
la Leaves equally twice pinnate, usually smaller; branches unarmed or armed with stipu-
lar or axillary spines (in Parkinsonia often apparently simply pinnate) .
h Leaflets crenate; leaves simply or twice-pinnate on the same plant, deciduous, i^^
usually armed with simple or branched axillary spines. Gleditsia (p. 607).
66 Leaflets entire. ,
Leaflets 2-2^' long; leaves deciduous; branchlets stout, unarmed. ^y^
Gymnocladus (p. 605).
Leaflets smaller; leaves usually persistent; branchlets slender.
Branches armed with prickles or spines.
Leaves with 2 or rarely 4 pinnse.
Branches armed with axillary spines or spiny rachises.
Pinnae with 4-8 leaflets; branches with short axillary spines.
Cercidium (p. 613).
Pinnae with 8-60 leaflets; branches armed with spiny rachises or rigid
branchlets terminating in stout spines. Parkinsonia (p. 611).
Branches armed with stipular prickles; leaves persistent.
Pinnae with many oblong to linear leaflets. Prosopis (p. 599).
Pinnae with 1 pair of orbicular to broad-oblong leaflets.
Pithecolobium unguis-cati (p. 586).
Leaves with 6, or more, rarely 4, pinnae.
Prickles usually spreading, often recurved. Acacia (p. 591).
Prickles usually more or less ascending, straight. Pithecolobium (p. 586).
Branches unarmed.
Branchlets and petioles glabrous; leaves with 2-5 pair of pinnae, each
with 40-80 leaflets. Lysiloma (p. 589).
Branchlets and petioles pubescent while young; leaves with 5-17 pair of
many-foliolate pinnae, or pinnae 2-4 and each with 8-16 leaflets.
Leucsena (p. 596).
*** Leaves simply pinnate.
a Leaves equally pinnate.
Stipules wanting.
Leaflets 2-4, generally oblong-obovate. Ezothea (p. 714).
Leaflets 6-12.
Leaflets obtuse, usually oblong-obovate.
Leaflets 8-12, 2'-3' long, pale below; leaves occasionally opposite.
Simarouba (p. 642).
Leaflets 6-8, l'-l|' long, green below. Xanthozylum coriaceum (p. 637).
Leaflets 6-8, acuminate. Swietenia (p. 648).
Stipules present.
Branches armed with infra-stipular spines in pairs; leaflets 10-15, usually oblong-
, obovate, |'-|' long, persistent. Olneya (p. 626).
Bifanches unarmed; leaflets 20-46, ovals j'-f' long. Eysenhardtia (p. 620).
la Leaves unequally pinnate.
h Stipules present.
Leaflets sharply serrate; leaves deciduous; winter-buds resinous. i^^
.^^ \ Sorbus (p. 390).
X^flet^ entire or crenately serrate.
', leaves deciduous.
ly Leaflets 7-11, 3'-4^' long; branches unarmed.
: I ; Leaflets usually alternate, thin and glabrous at maturity.
Cladrastis (p. 618).
XXVI ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
Leaflets opposite, coriaceous, pubescent beneath at least along the veins.
Ichthyomethia (p. 628).
iieaflets 9-21, 1-2 cm. long. ^
\ Branches usually with stipular prickles, sometimes viscid.
I,' Robinia (p. 622).
jj Branches unarmed, not viscid; leaflets 13-19, elliptic.
'; Sophora affinis (p. 617).
* Leaves persistent.
lieaflets 7-9, oblong-elliptic, l'-2i' long; branches unarmed,
Sophora secundiflora (p. 616).
Leaflets 10-15; branches prickly. Olneya (p. 626).
66 Stipule^ wanting.
d Leaves persistent.
Leaflets long-stalked (sometimes nearly sessile in Xanthoxylum flavum) .
Leaflets oblong-ovate, cuneate at base.
Leaflets acuminate, glabrous. Picramnia (p. 643).
Leaflets obtuse, tomentose when unfolding.
Xanthoxylum flavum (p. 636).
Leaflets broad-ovate, usually rounded or subcordate at base.
Metopium (p. 658).
Leaflets sessile or neariy so.
Petiole and rachis winged.
Leaflets crenate, obovate, about \' long; branches prickly.
Xanthoxylum Fagara (p. 634).
Leaflets entire.
Leaflets oblong, usually acute, 3'-4' long.
Sapindus saponaria (p. 712).
Leaflets spathulate, rounded at apex, not more than f ' long.
Pistacia (p. 656).
Petiole and rachis not winged.
Leaflets 7-19, acuminate, 2'-5' long. Sapindus marginatus (p. 713).
Leaflets 21-41, obtuse, |'-f' long. Alvaradoa (p. 644).
dd Leaves deciduous.
Leaflets long-stalked, 3-7, entire, acute. Bursera (p. 645).
Leaflets sessile or neariy so.
Branches prickly; leaflets crenate. Xanthoxylum clava-Herculis (p. 635).
Branches unarmed.
Juice milky or viscid; leaflets serrate or entire; rachis sometimes
winged. Rhus species 1-3 (p. 660).
Juice watery.
Rachis without wings.
Leaflets entire, acuminate, 7-9. Sapindus Drummondii (p. 714).
Leaflets serrate or crenate.
Winter-buds large; leaflets 5-23, aromatic.
Winter-buds naked. Juglans (p. 169).
Winter-buds covered with scales. Carya (p. 176).
Winter-buds minute, globose, scaly; leaflets 5-7, ovate, not
aromatic. Ungnadia (p. 717).
Rachis winged ; leaflets 10-20, entire, rounded at apex, not more than
\' long. Bursera microphylla (p. 647).
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
(Exclusive op Mexico)
Class 1. GYMNOSPERMiE.
Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale, not inclosed in an ovary;
resinous trees, with stems increasing in diameter by the annual addition of a
layer of wood inside the bark.
I. PINACE^.
Trees, with narrow or scale-like generally i>ersistent clustered or alternate leaves and
usually scaly buds. Flowers appearing in early spring, mostly surrounded at the base by
an involucre of the more or less enlarged scales of the buds, unisexual, monoecious (dioecious
in Juniperus), the male consisting of numerous 2-celled anthers, the female of scales
bearing on their inner face 2 or several ovules, and becoming at maturity a woody cone
or rarely a berry. Seeds with or without wings; seed-coat of 2 layers; embryo axile in
copious albumen; cotyledons 2 or several. Of the twenty-nine genera scattered over the
surface of the globe, but most abundant in northern temperate regions, thirteen occur in
North America.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.
Scales of the female flowers numerous; spirally arranged in the axils of i>ersistent bracts;
ovules 2, inverted; seeds borne directly on the scales, attached at the base in shallow
depressions on the inner side of the scales, falling from them at maturity and usually
carrying away a scarious terminal wing; leaves fascicled or scattered (deciduous in
Larix). ABiETiNEiE.
Fruit maturing in two or rarely in three seasons; leaves fascicled, needle-shaped in
axillary 1-5-leaved clusters, inclosed at the base in a membranaceous sheath; cone-
scales thick and woody, much longer than their bracts. 1. Pinus
Fruit maturing in one season.
Leaves in many-leaved clusters on short spur-like branchlets, deciduous; cone-scales
thin, usually shorter than their bracts. 2. Larix.
Leaves scattered, linear.
Cones pendulous, the scales persistent on the axis.
Branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf-bases; leaves deciduous in drying;
bracts shorter than the cone-scales.
Leaves sessile, 4-sided, or flattened and stomatiferous above. 3. Picea.
Leaves stalked, flattened and stomatiferous below, or angular. 4. Tsuga.
Branchlets not roughened by leaf -bases; leaves stalked, flattened; not decidu-
ous in drying; bracts of the cone 2-lobed, aristate, longer than the scales.
5. Pseudotstiga,
Cones erect, their scales deciduous from the axis, longer or shorter than the
bracts; leaves sessile, flat or 4-sided. 6. Abies.
Scales of the female flowers without bracts; ovules and seeds borne on the face of minute
scales adnate to the base of the flower-scales, enlarging and forming the scales of thf
cone. Seeds with a narrow marginal wing (wingless in Juniperas).
% TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Scales of the female flowers numerous, spirally arranged, forming a woody cone; ovules
erect, 2 or many under each scale; leaves linear, alternate, often of 2 forms {decidu-
ous in Taxodium). Taxodi^.
Ovules and seeds numerous under each scale. 7. Sequoia.
Ovules and seecis 2 under each scale; leaves mostly spreading in 2 ranks. 8. Taxodium,
Scales of the female flower few, decussate, forming a small cone, or rarely a berry; ovules
2 or many under each scale; leaves decussate or in 3 ranks, often of 2 forms, usually
scale-like, mostly adnate to the branch, the earliest free and subulate. CuPRESsiNEiE.
Fruit a cone; leaves scale-like.
Cones oblong, their scales oblong, imbricated or valvate; seeds 2 under each scale*
maturing the first year.
Scales of the cone 6, the middle ones only fertile; seeds unequally 2-winged.
9. Libocedrus
Scales of the cone 8-12; seeds equally 2-winged. 10. Thuja.
Cones subglobose, the scales peltate, maturing in one or two years; seeds few oi
many under each scale.
Fruit maturing in two seasons; seeds many under each scale; branchlets terete or
4- winged. 11- Cupressus.
Fruit maturing in one season; seeds 2 under each scale; branchlets flattened.
12. Chamaecyparis.
Fruit a berry formed by the coalition of the scales of the flower; ovules in pairs oi
solitary; flowers dioecious; leaves decussate or in S's, subulate or scale-like, often of
2 forms. 13- Juniperus.
1. PINUS Dtiham. Pine.
Trees or rarely shrubs, with deeply furrowed and sometimes laminate or with thin
and scaly bark, hard or often soft heartwood often conspicuously marked by dark bands
of summer cells impregnated with resin, pale nearly white sapwood, and large branch^
buds formed during summer and composed of minute buds in the axils of bud-scales,
becoming the bracts of the spring shoot. Leaves needle-shaped, clustered, the clusters
borne on deciduous spurs in the axils of scale-like primary leaves, inclosed in the bud
by numerous scales lengthening and forming a more or less persistent sheath at the base
of each cluster. Male flowers clustered at the base of leafy growing shoots of the year,
each flower surrounded at the base by an involucre of 3-6 scalelike bracts, composed
of numerous sessile anthers, imbricated in many ranks and surmounted by crest-like
nearly orbicular connectives; the female subterminal or lateral, their scales in the axils of
non-accrescent bracts. Fruit a woody cone maturing at the end of the second or rarely
of the third season, composed of the hardened and woody scales of the flower more or
less thickened on the exposed surface (the apophysis), with the ends of the growth of the pre-
vious year appearing as terminal or dorsal brown protuberances or scars (the umbo) . Seeds
usually obovoid, shorter or longer than their wings or rarely wingless; outer seed-coat
crustaceous or thick, hard, and bony, the inner membranaceous; cotyledons 3-18, usually
much shorter than the inferior radicle.
Pinus is widely distributed through the northern hemisphere from the Arctic CircU
to the West Indies, the mountains of Central America, the Canary Islands, northern
Africa, the Philippine Islands, and Sumatra. About sixty-six species are recognized. Of
exotic species the so-called Scotch Pine, Pinv^ sylvestris L., of Europe and Asia, the Swiss
Stone Pine, Pinus cembra L., and the Austrian Pine and other forms of Pinus nigra
Arnold, from central and southern Europe, are often planted in the northeastern states
and Pinus Pinaster Ait., of the coast region of western France and the Mediterranean
Basin is successfully cultivated in central and southern California. Pinus is the classica'
name of the Pine-tree.
The North American species can be conveniently grouped in two sections. Soft Pir -
and Pitch Pines.
PINACE^ 3
SOFT PINES.
Wood soft, close-grained, ligl\t-eolored, the sapwood thin and nearly white; sheaths of
the leaf-clusters deciduous; leaves with one fibro- vascular bundle.
Leaves in 5- leaved clusters.
Cones long-stalked, elongated, cylindric bright green at maturity, becoming light
yellow brown, their scales thin, with terminal unarmed umbos; seeds shorter than
their wings. White Pines.
Leaves without conspicuous white lines on the back.
Leaves slender, flexible; cones 4'-8' long. 1. P. Strobus (A)-
Leaves stout, more rigid; cones 5'-ll' long. 2. P. monticola (B, G).
Leaves with conspicuous white lines on the back; cones 12 -18' long.
3. P. Lambertiana (G).
Cones short-stalked, green or purple at maturity, their scales thick.
Cones cylindric or subglobose, their scales with terminal umbos; leaves 2' long or less.
Stone Pines.
Cones 3'-10' long, their scales opening at maturity; seeds with wings.
4. P. fiexiUs (F, H).
Cones ys' long, their scales remaining closed at maturity; seeds wingless.
5. P. albicauUs (B, F, G).
Cones ovoid-oblong, their scales with dorsal umbos armed with slender prickles;
seeds shorter than their wings; leaves in crowded clusters, incurved, less than
2' long. Foxtail Pines.
Cones armed with minute incurved prickles. 6. P. Balfouriana (G).
Cones armed with long slender prickles. 7. P. aristata (F, G).
Leaves in 1-4-leaved clusters; cones globose, green at maturity, becoming light brown,
their scales few, concave, much thickened, only the middle scales seed-bearing;
seeds large and edible, their wings rudimentary; leaves 2' or less, often incurved.
Nut Pines. 8. P. cembroides (C. F, G, H).
1. Pinus Strobus L. White Pine.
Leaves soft bluish green, whitened on the ventral side by 3-5 bands of stomata, 3-5'
long, mostly turning yellow and falling in September in their second season, or persistent
until the following June. Flowers: male yellow; female bright pink, with purple scale
margins. Fruit fully grown in July of the second season, 4'-8' long, opening and dis-
charging its seeds in September; seeds narrowed at the ends, I' long, red-bfown mottled
with black, about one fourth as long as their wings.
A tree, while young with slender horizontal or slightly ascending branches in regular
whorls usually of 5 branches; at maturity often 100°, occasionally 220° high, with a tall
straight stem 3°-4° or rarely 6^ in diameter, when crowded in the forest with short branches
forming a narrow head, or rising above its forest companions with long lateral branches
sweeping upward in graceful curves, the upper branches ascending and forming a broad
open irregular head, and slender branchlets coated at first with rusty tomentum, soon
glabrous, and orange-brown in then- first winter. Bark on young stems and branches
thin, smooth, green tinged with red, lustrous during the summer, becoming l'-2' thick
OB old trunks and deeply divided by shallow fissures into broad connected ridges covered
with small closely appressed purplish scales. Wood light, not strong, straight-grained,
easily worked, light brown often slightly tinged with red; largely manufactured into
lumber, shingles, and laths, used in construction, for cabinet-making, the interior finish
of buildings, woodenware, matches, and the masts of vessels.
y. Distribution. Newfoundland to Manitoba, southward through the northern states to
Pennsylvania, northern and eastern (Belmont County) Ohio, central Indiana, valley of
**>e Rocky River near Oregon, Ogle County, Illinois, and central and southeastern Iowa,
d along the Appalachian Mountains to eastern Kentucky and Tennessee and northern
4
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Georgia; forming nearly pure forests on sandy drift soils, or more often in small groves
scattered in forests of deciduous-leaved trees on fertile well-drained soil, also on the banks
of streams, or on river flats, or rarely in swamps.
Fig. 1
Largely planted as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern states, and in many
European countries, where it grows with vigor and rapidity; occasionally used in forest
planting in the United States.
2. Pinus monticola D. Don. White Pine.
Leaves blue-green, glaucous, whitened by 2-6 rows of ventral and often by dorsal
stomata, mostly persistent 3 or 4 years. Flowers: male yellow; female pale purple. Fruit j
Fig. 2
5'-ll' long, shedding its seeds late in the summer or in early autumn; seeds narrowed at
the ends, ^' long, pale red-brown mottled with black, about one third as long as their winga.
PINACE^ 5
A tree, often 100° or occasionally 150° high, with a trunk frequently 4°-5° or rarely
7°-8° in diameter, slender spreading slightly pendulous branches clothing young stems
to the ground and in old age forming a narrow open often unsymmetrical pyramidal head,
and stout tough branchlets clothed at first with rusty pubescence, dark orange-brown and
puberulous in their first and dark red-purple and glabrous in their second season. Bark
of young stems and branches thin, smooth, light gray, becoming on old trees f'-l|' thick
and divided into small nearly square plates by deep longitudinal and cross fissures, and
covered by small closely appressed purple scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close,
straight-grained, light brown or red; sometimes manufactured into lumber, used in con-
struction and the interior finish of buildings.
Distribution. Scattered through mountain forests from the basin of the Columbia
River in British Columbia to Vancouver Island ; on the mountains of northern Washing-
ton to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana; on the coast
ranges of Washington and Oregon; and on the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges south-
ward to the Kern River valley, California; most abundant and of its greatest value in
northern Idaho on the bottom-lands of streams tributary to Lake Pend Oreille; reach-
ing the sea-level on the southern shores of the Straits of Fuca and elevations of 10,000° on
the California Sierras.
Often planted as an ornamental tree in Europe, and occasionally in the eastern United
States where it grows more vigorously than any other Pine-tree of western America.
3. Pinus Lambertiana Dougl. Sugar Pine.
Leaves stout, rigid, 3^'-4' long, marked on the two faces by 2-6 rows of stomata; de-
ciduous during their second and third years. Flowers: male light yellow; female pale
green. Fruit fully grown in August and opening in October, ll'-18' or rarely 21' long;
seeds ^'-f ' long, dark chestnut-brown or nearly black, and half the length of their firm
dark brown obtuse wings broadest below the middle and Y wide.
A tree, in early life with remote regular whorls of slender branches often clothing the
stem to the ground and forming an open narrow pyramid; at maturity 200°-220° high.
Fig. 3
with a trunk 6°-8° or occasionally 12° in diameter, a flat-topped crown frequently 60** or
70° across of comparatively slender branches sweeping outward and downward in grace-
ful curves, and stout branchlets coated at first with pale or rufous pubescence, dark
orange-brown during their first winter, becoming dark purple-brown. Bark on young
stems and branches thin, smooth, dark green, becoming on old trunks 2'-3' thick and deeply
and irregularly divided into long thick plate-like ridges covered with large loose rich
purple-brown or cinnamon-red scales. Wood light, soft, straight-grained, light red-brown;
6
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
largely manufactured into lumber and used for the interior finish of buildings, woodwork,
and shingles. A sweet sugar-like substance exudes from wounds made in the heartwood.
Distribution. Mountain slopes and the sides of ravines and canons; western Oregon
from the valley of the north branch of the Santiam River southward on the Cascade and
coast ranges; California along the northern and coast ranges to Sonoma County; along
the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, where it grows to its greatest size at elevations
between 3000° and 7000°; reappearing on the Santa Lucia Mountains of the coast ranges;
and on the high mountains in the southwestern part of the state from Santa Barbara
County southward usually at elevations of 5000°-7000° above the sea; and on the San
Pedro Martir Mountains in Lower California.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in western Europe and in the eastern states,
the Sugar Pine has grown slowly in cultivation and shows little promise of attaining the
large size and great beauty which distinguish it in its native forests.
4. Pinus fLexilis James. Rocky Mountain White Pine.
Pinus strobiformis Sarg., not Engelm.
Leaves stout, rigid, dark green, marked on all sides by 1-4 rows of stomata, l|'-3' long,
deciduous in their fifth and sixth years. Flowers: male reddish; female clustered, bright
red-purple. Fruit subcylindric, horizontal or slightly declining, green or rarely purple at
maturity, 3'-10' long, with narrow and more or less reflexed scales opening at maturity;
seeds compressed, Y~¥ long, dark red-brown mottled with black, with a thick shell pro-
duced into a narrow margin, their wings
about 5V wide, generally persistent on
the scale after the seed falls.
A tree, usually 40°-50°, occasionally 80°
high, with a short trunk 2°-5° in diameter,
stout long-persistent branches ultimately
forming a low wide round-topped head,
and stout branchlets orange-green and
covered at first with soft fine pubescence,
usually soon glabrous and darker colored;
at high elevations often a low spreading
shrub. Bark of young stems and branches
thin, smooth, light gray or silvery white,
becoming on old trunks l'-2' thick, dark
brown or nearly black, and divided by
deep fissures into broad ridges broken into
nearly square plates covered by small
closely appressed scales. Wood light,
soft, close-grained, pale clear yellow, turning red with exposure; occasionally manufactured
into lumber.
Distribution. Eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to western Texas
and westward on mountain ranges at elevations of 5000° to 12,000° to Montana, and south-
ern California, reaching the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada at the head of King's
River near the summit of San Gorgonio Mountain and in Snow Canon, San Bernardino
Range; usually scattered singly or in small groves; forming open forests on the eastern foot-
hills of the Rocky Mountains of Montana and on the ranges of central Nevada; attaining
its largest size on those of northern New Mexico and Arizona.
5. Pinus albicaulis Engelm. White Pine.
Leaves stout, rigid, slightly incurved, dark green, marked by 1-3 rows of dorsal stomata,
clustered at the ends of the branches, 1^'-2|' long, persistent for from five to eight
years. Flowers opening in July, scarlet. Fruit ripening in August, oval or subglobose, hoit
Fig. 4
PiNACEiE
zontal, sessile, dark purple, l§'-3' long, with scales thickened, acute, often armed with stou*
pointed umbos, remaining closed at maturity; seeds wingless, acute, subcylindric or flat-
tened on one side, Y~¥ loiig» ¥ thick, with a thick dark chestnut-brown hard shell.
A tree, usually 20°-30° or rarely 60° high, generally with a short trunk 2°-4° in diameter,
stout very flexible branches, finally often standing nearly erect and forming an open very
irregular broad head, and
stout dark red-brown or
orange-colored branchlets
puberulous for two years
or sometimes glabrous; at
high elevations often a low
shrub, with wide-spread-
ing nearly prostrate stems.
Bark thin, except near the
base of old trunks and
broken by narrow fissures
into thin narrow brown or
creamy white plate-like
scales. "Wood light, soft,
close-grained, brittle, light
brown. The large sweet
seeds are gathered and Fig. 5
eaten by Indians.
Distribution. Alpine slopes and exposed ridges between 5000"* and 12,000° elevation,
forming the timber-line on many mountain ranges from latitude 53° north in the Rocky
Mountains and British Columbia, southward to the Wind River and Salt River Ranges,
Wyoming, the mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon, the Cascade Range, the
mountains of northern California and the Sierra Nevada to Mt. Whitney.
6. Pinus Balfouriana Balf. Foxtail Pine.
Leaves stout, rigid, dark green and lustrous on the back, pale and marked on the ventral
faces by numerous rows of sto-
mata, I'-l^' long, persistent for
ten or twelve years. Flowers : male
dark orange-red; female dark
purple. Fruit 3|'-5' long, with
scales armed with minute incurved
prickles, dark purple, turning after
opening dark red or mahogany
color; seeds full and rounded at
the apex, compressed at the base,
pale, conspicuously mottled with
dark purple, Y long, their wings
narrowed and oblique at the apex,
about 1' long and Y wide.
A tree, usually 30°-40° or rarely
90° high, with a trunk generally
l°-2° or rarely 5° in diameter,
short stout branches forming an
open irregular pyramidal picturesque head, and long rigid more or less spreading puber-
ulous, soon glabrous, dark orange-brown ultimately dark gray-brown or nearly black
branchlets, clothed only at the extremities with the long dense brush-like masses of foliage.
Bark thin, smooth, and milky white on the stems and branches of young trees, becoming
on old trees sometimes f thick, dark red-brown, deeply divided into broad flat ridges.
Fig. 6
8 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
broken into nearly square plates separating on the surface into small closely appressed
scales. Wood light, soft and brittle, pale reddish brown.
Distribution. California, on rocky slopes and ridges, forming scattered groves on
Scott Mountain, Siskiyou County, at elevations of 5000°-6000°; on the mountains at the
head of the Sacramento River; on Mt. Yolo Bally in the northern Coast Range, and on
the southern Sierra Nevada up to elevations of 11,500°, growing here to its largest size
and forming an extensive open forest on the Whitney Plateau east of the canon of Kern
River, and at the highest elevations often a low shrub, with wide-spreading prostrate stems.
7. Pinus aristata Engelm. Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pine.
Leaves stout or slender, dark green, lustrous on the back, marked by numerous rows
of stomata on the ventral faces, l'-l|' long, often deciduous at the end of ten or twelve
years or persistent four or five years longer. Flowers male dark orange-red; female dark
purple. Fruit 3'-3f' long, with scales
armed with slender incurved brittle prick-
les nearly |' long, dark purple-brown on
the exposed parts, the remainder dull red,
opening and scattering their seeds about
the 1st of October; seeds nearly oval,
compressed, light brown mottled with
black, I' long, their wings broadest at the
middle, about |' long and I' wide.
A bushy tree, occasionally 40°-50° high,
with a short trunk 2°-3° in diameter,
short stout branches in regular whorls
while young, in old age growing very
irregularly, the upper erect and much
longer than the usually pendulous lower
branches, and stout light orange-colored,
glabrous, or at first puberulous, ulti-
mately dark gray-brown or nearly black
branchlets clothed at the ends with long compact brush-like tufts of foliage. Bark
thin, smooth, milky white on the stems and branches of young trees, becoming on old
trees Y-¥ thick, red-brown, and irregularly divided into flat connected ridges separating
on the surface into small closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, light red;
occasionally used for the timbers of mines and for fuel.
Distribution. Rocky or gravelly slopes at the upper limit of tree growth and rarely
below 8,000° above the sea from the outer range of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to
those of southern Utah, central and southern Nevada, southeastern California, and the
San Francisco peaks of northern Arizona.
8. Pinus cembroides Zucc. Nut Pine. Pinon.
Leaves in 2 or 3-leaved clusters, slender, much incurved, dark green, sometimes marked
by rows of stomata on the 3 faces, l'-2' long, deciduous irregularly during their third and
fourth years. Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, yellow; female dark red. Fruit
subglobose, l'-2' broad; seeds subcylindric or obscurely triangular, more or less com-
pressed at the pointed apex, full and rounded at base, nearly black on the lower side and
dark chestnut-brown on the upper, ^'-|' long, the margin of their outer coat adnate to
the cone-scale.
A bushy tree, with a short trunk rarely more than a foot in diameter and a broad round-
topped head, usually 15°-20° high, stout spreading branches, and slender dark orange-
colored branchlets covered at first with matted pale deciduous hairs, dark brown and some-
times nearly black at the end of five or six years; in sheltered canons on the mountains of
Arizona and in Lower California occasionally 50° or 60° tall. Bark about §' thick, irregu-
PINACE^
9
larly divided by remote shallow fissures and separated on the surface Into numerous large
thin light red-brown scales. Wood light,
soft, close-grained, pale clear yellow. The
large oily seeds are an important article of
food in northern Mexico, and are sold in
large quantities in Mexican towns.
Distribution. Mountain ranges of cen-
tral and southern Arizona, usually only
above elevations of 6500**, often covering
their upper slopes with open forests; in an
isolated station on the Edwards Plateau
on uplands and in canons at the head-
waters of the Frio and Nueces Rivers,
Edwards and Kerr Counties, Texas; on
the Sierra de Laguna, Lower California,
and on many of the mountain ranges of Fig. 8
northern Mexico; passing into the follow-
ing varieties diflFering only in the number of the leaves in the leaf-clusters, and in their
thickness.
Pinus cembroides var. Panyana Voss. Nut Pine. Pifion.
Pinus quadrifolia Sudw.
Leaves in 1-5 usually 4-leaved clusters, stout, incurved, pale glaucous green, marked
on the three surfaces by numerous rows of stomata, l^'-l^' long, irregularly deciduous,
mostly falling in their third year.
A tree, 30°-40° high, with a short trunk occasionally 18' in diameter, and thick spread-
ing branches forming a compact regu-
lar pyramidal or in old age a low
round-topped irregular head, and stout
branchlets coated at first with soft
pubescence, and light orange-brown.
Bark |'-f ' thick, dark brown tinged
with red, and divided by shallow fis-
sures into broad flat connected ridges
covered by thick closely appressed
plate-like scales. Wood light, soft,
close-grained, pale brown or yellow.
The seeds form an important article
^^'^~''""^ h "yW JW ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^® Indians of Lower Cali-
/^r^/^ ^8i>-^ iW fornia.
Distribution. Arid mesas and low
mountain slopes of Lower California
southward to the foothills of the San
Pedro Martir Mountains, extending northward across the boundary of California to the
desert slopes of the Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside County, where it is common at
elevations of 5000"* above the sea-level.
Pinus cembroides var. edulis Voss. Nut Pine. Pinon.
Pinus edulis Engelm.
Leaves in 2 or rarely in 3-leaved clusters, stout, semiterete or triangular, rigid, incurved,
dark-green, marked by numerous rows of stomata, f'-l|' long, deciduous during the third
or not until the fourth or fifth year, dropping irregularly and sometimes persistent for eight
«r nine years.
A tree often 40°-50° high with a tall trunk occasionally 2° in diameter and short erect '
10
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Fig. 10
branches forming a narrow head, or frequently with a short divided trunk and a low
round-topped head of spreading branches, and thick branchlets orange color during their
first and second years, finally becoming light
gray or dark brown sometimes tinged with red.
Bark |'-f' thick and irregularly divided into con-
nected ridges covered by small closely appressed
light brown scales tinged with red or orange color.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, pale brown;
largely employed for fuel and fencing, and as
charcoal used in smelting; in western Texas occa-
sionally sawed into lumber. The seeds form an
important article of food among Indians and
Mexicans, and are sold in the markets of Colo-
rado and New Mexico.
Distributioii. Eastern foothills of the outer
ranges of the Rocky Mountains, from northern
Colorado (Owl Canon, Larimer County) ; to the
extreme western part of Oklahoma (near Ken-
ton, Cimmaron County, G. W. Stevens) and to
western Texas, westward to eastern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, and to northern and
central Arizona; over the mountains of northern Mexico, and on the San Pedro Martir
Mountains, Lower California; often forming extensive open forests at the eastern base
of the Rocky Mountains, on the Colorado plateau, and on many mountain ranges of
northern and central Arizona up.to elevations of 7000° above the sea.
Pinus cembroides var. monophylla Voss. Nut Pine. Pinon.
Pinus monophylla Torr.
Leaves in 1 or 2-leaved clusters, rigid, incurved, pale glaucous green, marked by 18-20
rows of stomata, usually about 1^' long, sometimes deciduous during their fourth and fifth
seasons, but frequently persistent until their twelfth year.
A tree usually 15°-20'', occasionally 40°-50° high, with a short trunk rarely more than a
foot in diameter and often divided near
the ground into several spreading stems,
short thick branches forming while the
tree is young a broad rather compact
pyramid, and in old age often pendulous
and forming a low round-topped often
picturesque head, and stout light orange-
colored ultimately dark brown branch-
lets. Bark about f thick and divided
by deep irregular fissures into narrow
connected flat ridges broken on the sur-
face into thin closely appressed light or
dark brown scales tinged with red or
orange color. Wood light, soft, weak,
and brittle; largely used for fuel, and
charcoal used in smelting. The seeds
supply an important article of food to
the Indians of Nevada and California.
Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and mesas from the western base of the Wasatch
Mountains of Utah, westward over the mountain ranges of Nevada to the eastern slopes
of the southern Sierra Nevada, and to their western slope at the head-waters of the Tuo-
lumne, Kings and Kern Rivers, and southward to northern Arizona and to the mountains
Fig. 11
PINACE^ 11
of southern California where it is common on the San Bemadino and San Jacinto Moun-
tains between altitudes of 3500° and 7000°, and on the Sierra del Pinal, Lower California;
often forming extensive open forests at elevations between 5000° and 7000°.
PITCH PINES.
Wood usually heavy, coarse-grained, generally dark-colored, with pale often thick sap-
wood; cones green at maturity {sometimes purple in 10 and 21) becoming various shades of
brown; cone-scales more or less thickened, mostly armed; seeds shorter than their wings
{except in 17 and 28) ; leaves with 2 fibro- vascular bundles.
Sheaths of the leaf -clusters deciduous; cones |'-2' long, maturing in the third year, leaves
in 3-leaved clusters, slender, 2^'-4' long. 9. P. leiophylla (H).
Sheaths of the leaf -clusters persistent.
Leaves in 3-leaved clusters (3 and 5-leaved in 10, 3-2 leaved in 12).
Cones subterminal, usually deciduous above the basal scales persistent on the branch.
Buds brown; leaves in 2-5-leaved clusters. 10. P. ponderosa (B,F,G,H) -
Buds white. 11. P. palustris (C).
Cones lateral.
Cones symmetrical, their outer scales not excessively developed.
Leaves in 2 and 3-leaved clusters, 8'-12' long; cones short-stalked.
12. P. caribaea (C).
Leaves in 3-leaved clusters; cones sessile.
Cones oblong-conic, prickles stout; leaves 6'-9' long. 13. P. taeda (A, C).
Cones ovoid, prickles slender; leaves 3'-5' long. 14. P. rigida (A, C).
Cones unsymmetrical by the excessive development of the scales on the outer side.
Cones 5 '-6' long, their scales not prolonged into stout, straight or curved spines.
Prickles of the cone-scales minute. 15. P. radiata (G).
Prickles of the cone-scales stout. 16. P. attenuata (G).
Cones 6'-14' long, their scales prolonged into stout, straight or curved spines;
leaves long and stout.
Cones oblong-ovoid; seeds longer than their wings. 17. P. Sabiniana (G).
Cones oblong-conic; seeds shorter than their wings. 18. P. Coulteri (G).
Leaves in 2-leaved clusters (2 and 3-leaved in 23).
Cones subterminal.
Cones symmetrical, 2'-2|' long, their scales unarmed; leaves 5'-6' long.
19. P. resinosa (A).
Cones unsymmetrical by the greater development of the scales on the outer side,
armed with slender prickles; leaves l'-4' long. 20. P. contorta (B, F, G).
Cones lateral.
Cones about 2' long.
Cone-scales very unevenly developed and mostly unarmed ; cones incurved; leaves
less than 2' long. 21. P. Banksiana (A).
Cone-scales evenly developed, armed with weak or deciduous prickles; leaves up
to 4' in length.
Bark of the branches and upper trunk smooth. 22. P. glabra (C).
Bark of the branches and upper trunk roughened. 23. P. echinata (A, C).
Cones about S' long, armed with persistent spines.
Cone-scales armed with slender or stout prickles.
Cone-scales evenly developed, their prickles slender, acuminate, from a broad
base; leaves S' long or less.
Cones opening at maturity. 24. P. virginiana {A, C).
Cones often remaining closed for many years. 25. P. clausa (C).
Cone-scales unevenly developed and armed with stout prickles; cones 2'- 3^'
long, remaining closed; leaves 4'-6' long. 26. P. muricata.
i
12
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
sheaths deciduous.
Cone-scales armed with very stout hooked spines; cones 2^'-3' long; opening
in the autumn or remaining closed for two or three years; leaves 2' long or less.
27. P. pungens.
Leaves in 5-leaved clusters; cones 4'-6' long, unsymmetrical, then- scales thick; seeds
longer than their wings; leaves stout, 9'-13' long. 28. P. Torreyana (G) .
9. Pinus leiophylla Schlecht. and Cham. Yellow Pine.
Pinus chihuahuana Engelm.
Leaves slender, pale glaucous green, marked by 6-8 rows of conspicuous stomata on
each of the 3 sides, 2^'-4' long, irregularly deciduous from their fourth season, their
Flowers; male yellow; female yellow -green. Fruit ovoid, horizon-
tal or slightly declining, long-
stalked, l^'-2' long, becoming
light chestnut-brown and lus-
trous, maturing at the end
of the third season, with scales
only slightly thickened, their
ultimately pale umbos armed
with recurved deciduous prickles;
seeds oval, rounded above and
pointed below, about |' long,
with a thin dark brown shell,
their wings Y long and broadest
near the middle.
A tree, rarely more than 40°-50°
high, with a tall trunk sometimes
2° in diameter, stout slightly as-
cending branches forming a nar-
row open pyramidal or round-
topped head of thin pale foliage,
and slender bright orange- brown branchlets, soon becoming dull red-brown. Bark of
old trunks f'-l^' thick, dark reddish brown or sometimes nearly black, and deeply
divided into broad flat ridges covered with thin closely appressed scales. Wood light,
soft, not strong but durable, light orange color, with thick much lighter colored sapwood.
Often forming coppice by the growth of shoots from the stump of cut trees.
Distribution. Mountain ranges of southern New Mexico and Arizona, usually at eleva-
tions between 6000° and 7000°; not common; more abundant on the Sierra Madre of north-
ern Mexico and on several of the short ranges of Chihuahua and Sonora, and of a larger size
in Mexico than in the United States.
10. Pinus ponderosa Laws. Yellow Pine. Bull Pine.
Leaves tufted at the ends of naked branches, in 2 or in 2 and 3-leaved clusters, stout, dark
yellow-green, marked by numerous rows of stomata on the 3 faces, 5'-lV long, mostly
deciduous during their third season. Flowers: male yellow; female clustered or in pairs,
dark red. Fruit ellipsoidal, horizontal or slightly declining, nearly sessile or short-stalked,
3'-6' long, often clustered, bright green or purple when fully grown, becoming light reddish
brown, with narrow scales much thickened at the apex and armed with slender prickles,
mostly falling soon after opening and discharging their seeds, generally leaving the lower
scales attached to the peduncle; seeds ovoid, acute, compressed at the apex, full and rounded
below, Y long, with a thin dark purple often mottled shell, their wings usually broadest
belo^v the middle, gradually narrowed at the oblique apex, l'-l|' long, about 1' wide.
A tree, sometimes 150°-230° high, with a massive stem 5°-S° in diameter, short thick
many-forked often pendulous branches generally turned upward at the ends and forming
PINACE^
13
a regular spire-like head, or in arid regions a broader often round-topped head surmount-
ing a short trunk, and
stout orange-colored
branchlets frequently
becoming nearly black
at the end of two or
three years. Bark for
80-100 years broken
into roimded ridges
covered with small
closely appressed
scales, dark brown,
nearly black or light
cinnamon-red, on older
trees becoming 2'-4i'
thick and deeply and
irregularly divided in-
to plates sometimes
4''-5° long and 12'-18'
wide, and separating into thick bright cinnamon-red scales. Wood hard, strong, com-
paratively fine-grained, light red, with nearly white sapwood sometimes composed of
more than 200 layers of annual growth; largely manufactured into lumber used for all
sorts of construction, for railway-ties, fencing, and fuel.
Distribution. Mountain slopes, dry valleys, and high mesas from northwestern Ne-
braska and western Texas to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, and from southern British
Columbia to Lower California and northern Mexico; extremely variable in different parts
of the country in size, in the length and thickness of the leaves, size of the cones, and in the
color of the bark. The form of the Rocky Mountains (var, scopulorum, Engelm.), ranging
from Nebraska to Texas, and over the mountain ranges of Wyoming, eastern Montana
and Colorado, and to northern New Mexico and Arizona, where it forms on the Colorado
plateau with the species the most extensive Pine forests of the continent, has nearly black
furrowed bark, rigid leaves in clusters of 2 or 3 and 3'-6' long, and smaller cones» with thin
scales armed with slender prickles hooked backward. More distinct is
Pinus ponderosa var. Jeffrejd Vasey.
This tree forms great forests about the sources of the Pitt River in northern California,
Fig. 13
Fk. 14
14
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
along the eastern slopes of the central and southern Sierra Nevada, growing often on the
most exposed and driest ridges, and in southern Cahfornia on the San Bernardino and
San Jacinto ranges up to elevations of 7000° above the sea, on the Cuyamaca Moun-
tains, and in Lower California on the Sierra del Pinal and the San Pedro Martir Moun-
tains.
A tree, 100** to nearly 200° high, with a tall massive trunk 4''-6'' in diameter, covered
with bright cinnamon-red bark deeply divided into large irregular plates, stiff er and more
elastic leaves 4'-9' long and persistent on the glaucous stouter branchlets for six to nine
years, yellow-green staminate flowers, short-stalked usually purple cones 5'-15' long, their
scales armed with stouter or slender prickles usually hooked backward, and seeds often
nearly Y long with larger wings.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in eastern Europe, especially the variety
Jeffreyi, which is occasionally successfully cultivated in the eastern states.
Pinus ponderosa var. arizonica Shaw. Yellow Pine.
Pinus arizonica Engelm.
Leaves tufted at the ends of the branches, in 3-5-leaved clusters, stout, rigid, dark green,
stomatiferous on their 3 faces, 5'-7' long, deciduous during their third season. Fruit ovoid,
horizontal, 1'-%^' long, becoming light red-brown, with thin scales much thickened at the
apex and armed with slender
recurved spines; seeds full and
rounded below, slightly com-
pressed towards the apex, \'
long, with a thick shell, thei^
wings broadest above the mid-
dle, about \' long and \' wide.
A tree, 80°-100° high, with
a tall straight massive trunk
3°-4° in diameter, thick spread-
ing branches forming a regular
open round-topped or narrow
pyramidal head, and stout
branchlets orange-brown and
pruinose when they first appear,
becoming dark gray-brown.
Bark on young trunks dark
brown or almost black and
deeply furrowed, becoming on old trees l^'-2' thick and divided into large unequally
shaped plates separating on the surface into thin closely appressed light Cinnamon-red
scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather brittle, light red or often yellow, with thick
lighter yellow or white sap wood; in Arizona occasionally manufactured into coarse
lumber.
Distribution. High cool slopes on the sides of canons of the mountain ranges of southern
Arizona at elevations between 6000° and 8000°, sometimes forming nearly pure forests;
more abundant and of its largest size on the mountains of Sonora and Chihuahua.
11. Pinus palustris Mill. Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine.
Leaves in crowded clusters, forming dense tufts at the ends of the branches, slender,
flexible, pendulous, dark green, 8'-18' long, deciduous at the end of their second year.
Flowers in very early spring before the appearance of the new leaves, male in short dense
clusters, dark rose-purple; female just below the apex of the lengthening shoot in pairs or
in clusters of 3 or 4, dark purple. Fruit cylindric-ovoid, slightly curved, nearly sessile, hori-
zontal or pendant, 6'-10' long, with thin flat scales rounded at apex and armed with small
PINACEiE
15
reflexed prickles, becoming dull brown; in falling leaving a few of the basal scales attached
to the stem; seeds almost triangular, full and rounded on the sides, prominently ridged,
about I' long, with a thin pale shell marked with dark blotches on the upper side, and
wings widest near the middle, gradually narrowed to a very oblique apex, about if long and
/^' wide.
A tree, 100°-120° high, with a tall straight slightly tapering trunk usually 2°-2^° or
occasionally S° in diameter, stout slightly branched gnarled and twisted limbs covered
with thin dark scaly bark and forming an open elongated and usually very irregular head
one third to one half the length of the tree, thick orange-brown branchlets, and acute
winter-buds covered by elongated silvery white lustrous scales divided into long spreading
filaments forming a cobweb-like network over the bud. Bark of the trunk Y-f thick,
light orange-brown, separating on the surface into large closely appressed papery scales.
Fig. 16
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, tough, coarse-grained, durable, light red to orange
color, with very thin nearly white sapwood; largely used as "southern pine" or "Georgia
pine" for masts and spars, bridges, viaducts, railway- ties, fencing, flooring, the interior
finish of buildings, the construction of railway-cars, and for fuel and charcoal. A large
part of the naval stores of the world is produced from this tree, which is exceedingly rich
in resinous secretions.
Distribution. Generally confined to a belt of late tertiary sands and gravels stretching
along the coast of the Atlantic and Gulf states and rarely more than 125 miles wide, from
southeastern Virginia to the shores of Indian River and the valley of the Caloosahatchee
River, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the uplands east of the Mississippi River, ex-
tending northward in Alabama to the southern foothills of the Appalachian Mountains and
to central and western Mississippi (Hinds and Adams Counties) ranging inland in Georgi
to the neighborhood of Carters ville and Rome, and ascending to altitudes of 1900 feet on
the Blue Ridge in Alabama; and west of the Mississippi River to the valley of the Trinity
River, Texas, and through eastern Texas and western Louisiana nearly to the nprthern
borders of this state.
12. Pinus caribaea Morelet. Slash Pine. Swamp Pine.
Pinus Elliottii Engelm. Pinv^ heterophylla Sudw.
Leaves stout, in crowded 2 and 3-leaved clusters, dark green and lustrous, marked by
numerous bands of stomata on each face, 8'-12' long, deciduous at the end of their second
season. Flowers in January and February before the appearance of the new leaves, male
in short crowded clusters, dark purple; female lateral on long peduncles, pink. Fruit ovoid
16 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
or ovoid-conic, reflexed during its first year, pendant, 2'-6' long, with thin flexible flat
scales armed with minute incurved or recurved prickles, becoming dark rich lustrous brown;
seeds almost triangular, full and rounded on the sides, l^'-lj' long, with a thin brittle
dark gray shell mottled with black, and dark brown wings |'-1' long, Y wide, their thick-
ened bases encircling the seeds and often covering a large part of their lower surface.
A tree, often 100° high, with a tall tapering trunk 2^°-3° in diameter, heavy horizontal
branches forming a handsome round-topped head, and stout orange-colored ultimately
dark branchlets. Bark I'-lY thick, and separating freely on the surface into large thin
scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, durable, coarse-grained, rich dark
orange color, with thick nearly white sapwood; manufactured into lumber and used for
construftion and railway-ties. Naval stores are largely produced from this tree.
Fig. 17
Distribution. Coast region of South Carolina southward over the coast plain to the
keys of southern Florida and along the Gulf coast to eastern Louisiana (Saint Tammany,
Washington, southern Tangipahoa and eastern Livingston Parishes) ; common on the Ba-
hamas, on the Isle of Pines, and on the lowlands of Honduras and eastern Guatemala:
in the coast region of the southern states gradually replacing the Long-leaved Pine, Pinus
palusiris. Mill.
13. Pinus taeda L. Loblolly Pine. Old Field Pine.
Leaves slender, stiff, slightly twisted, pale green and somewhat glaucous, 6'-9' long,
marked by 10-12 rows of large stomata on each face, deciduous during their third year.
Flowers opening from the middle of March to the first of May; male crowded in short
spikes, yellow; female lateral below the apex of the growing shoot, solitary or clustered,
short-stalked, yellow. Fruit oblong-conic to ovoid-cylindric, nearly sessile, 2'-6' long, be-
coming light reddish brown, with thin scales rounded at the apex and armed with short
stout straight or reflexed prickles, opening irregularly and discharging their seeds during
the autumn and winter, and usually persistent on the branches for another year; seeds
rhomboidal, full and rounded, V long, with a thin dark brown rough shell blotched with
black, and produced into broad thin lateral margins, encircled to the base by the narrow
border of their thin pale brown lustrous wing broadest above the middle, 1' long, about
\' wide.
A tree, generally 80°-100° high, with a tall straight trunk usually about 2° but occa-
sionally 5° in diameter, short thick much divided branches, the lower spreading, the upper
ascending and forming a compact round-topped head, and comparatively slender glabrous
branchlets brown tinged with yellow during their first season and gradually growing
PINACE^
17
darker in their second year. Bark of the trunk |'-1^' thick, bright red-brown, and irreg-
ularly divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges covered with large thin closely
appressed scales. Wood weak, brittle, coarse-grained, not diu-able, light brown, with
orange-colored or often
nearly white sapwood,
often composing nearly
half the trunk; large-
ly manufactured into
lumber, used for con-
struction and the inte-
rior finish of buildings.
Distribution. Cape
May, New Jersey
through southern Del-
aware and eastern
Maryland and south-
ward to near Palatka,
Putnam County, in
eastern Florida, and in
western Florida to the
neighborhood of San Fig. 18
Antonio, Pasco Coun-
ty, westward to middle North Carolina and through South Carolina and Georgia and the
eastern Gulf states to the Mississippi River, extending into southern Tennessee and north-
eastern Mississippi; in Georgia and Alabama sometimes ascending to altitudes of 1500 feet;
west of the Mississippi River from southern Arkansas and the southwestern part of Okla-
homa through western Louisiana to the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and through eastern
Texas to the valley of the Colorado River; on the Atlantic coast often springing up on
lands exhausted by agriculture; west of the Mississippi River one of the most important
timber-trees, frequently growing in nearly pure forests on rolling uplands.
14. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch Pine.
Leaves stout, rigid, dark yellow-green, marked on the 3 faces by many rows of stomata,
3'-5' long, standing stiffly and at right angles with the branch, deciduous during their
second year. Flowers: male in
short crowded spikes, yellow or
rarely purple ; female often clustered
and raised on short stout stems,
light green more or less tinged with
rose color. Fruit ovoid, acute at
apex, nearly sessile, often clus-
tered, X'~3Y long, becoming light
brown, with thin flat scales armed
with recurved rigid prickles, often
remaining on the branches for ten
or twelve years; seeds nearly tri-
angular, full and rounded on the
sides, Y long, with a thin dark
brown mottled roughened shell and
wings broadest below the middle,
gradually narrowed to the very
oblique apex, f ' long, Y wide.
A tree, 50°-60° or rarely 100°
high, with a short trunk occasion-
Fig. 19
18
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ally 3° in diameter, thic^ contorted often pendulous branches covered with thick much
roughened bark, forming a round-topped thick head, often irregular and picturesque, and
stout bright green branchlets becoming dull orange color during their first winter and dark
gray-brown at the end of four or five years; often fruitful when only a few feet high. Bark
of young stems thin and broken into plate-like dark red-brown scales, becoming on old
trunks f '-I2' thick, deeply and irregularly fissured, and divided into broad flat connected
ridges separating on the surface into thick dark red-brown scales often tinged with purple.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable, light brown or red,
with thick yellow or often white sap-wood; largely used for fuel and in the manufacture
of charcoal; occasionally sawed into lumber.
Distribution. Sandy plains and dry gravelly uplands, or less frequently in cold deep
swamps; island of Mt. Desert, Maine, to the northern shores of Lake Ontario, and south-
ward to southern Delaware and southern Ohio (Scioto County) and along the Appalachian
Mountains to northern Georgia and to their western foothills in West Virginia, Kentucky,
and Tennessee; very abundant in the coast region south of Massachusetts; sometimes
forming pure forests in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
Pinus rigida var. serotina Loud. Pond Pine. Marsh Pine.
Pinus serotina Michx.
Leaves in clusters of 3 or occasionally of 4, slender, flexuose, dark yellow-green, 6'-8'
long, marked by numerous rows of stomata on the 3 faces, deciduous during their third and
^ fourth years. Flowers: male
in crowded spikes, dark orange
color; female clustered or in
pairs on stout stems. Fruit
subglobose to ovoid, full and
rounded or pointed at apex,
subsessileor short-stalked,hor-
izontal or slightly declining,
2-2^' long, with thin nearly
flat scales armed with slender
incurved mostly deciduous
prickles, becoming light yel-
low-brown at maturity, often
remaining closed for one or two
years and after opening long-
persistent on the branches;
seeds nearly triangular, often
ridged below, full and rounded
at the sides, \' long, with a
thin nearly black roughened shell produced into a wide border, the wings broadest at the
middle, gradually narrowed at the ends, f ' long, i' wide.
A tree, usually 40°-50*' or occasionally 70°-80' high, with a short trunk sometimes 3**
but generally not more than 2° in diameter, stout often contorted branches more or less
pendulous at the extremities, forming an open round-topped head, and sl^ider branchlets
dark green when they first appear, becoming dark orange color during their first winter
and dark brown or often nearly black at the end of four or five years. Bark of the trunk
\'-\' thick, dark red-brown and irregularly divided by narrow shallow fissures into small
plates separating on the surface into thin closely appressed scales. Wood very resinous,
heavy, soft, brittle, coarse-grained, dark orange color, with thick pale yellow sap wood;
occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Low wet flats or sandy or peaty swamps; near Cape May, New Jersey,
and southeastern Virginia southward near the coast to northern Florida (near Kissimmee,
Osceola County) and central Alabama,
Fig. 20
PINACE^
19
15. Pinus radiata D. Don. Monterey Pine.
Leaves in 3, rarely in 2-leaved clusters, slender, bright rich green, 4t'-6' long, mostly de-
ciduous during their third season. Flowers: male in dense spikes, yellow; female clustered,
dark purple. Fruit ovoid, pointed at apex, very oblique at base, short-stalked, reflexed,
3'-7' long, becoming deep chestnut-brown and lustrous, with scales much thickened and
mammillate toward the base on the outer side of the cone, thinner on the inner side and
at its apex, and armed with minute thickened incurved or straight prickles, long-per-
sistent and often remaining closed on the branches for many years; seeds ellipsoidal, com-
pressed, Y long, with a thin brittle rough nearly black shell, their wings light brown, longi-
tudinally striped, broadest above the middle, gradually narrowed and oblique at apex, 1'
long, I' wide.
A tree, usually 40°- 60° rarely 100*-115° high, with a tall trunk usually l°-2° but occa-
sionally 4i° in diameter, spreading branches forming a regular narrow open round-topped
head, and slender branchlets
light or dark orange color, at Aj^ ^* t
first often covered with a glau- ^"""vif^^^^^^t^ U I
cous bloom, ultimately dark f^_^ v\ / \^ m l>!iS»^ m
red-brown. Bark of the tnmk
1^-2' thick, dark red-brown,
and deeply divided into broad
flat ridges broken on the surface
into thick appressed plate-like
scales. Wood light, soft, not
strong, brittle, close-grained;
occasionally used as fuel.
Distribution. In a narrow
belt a few miles wide on the
California coast from Pescadero
to the shores of San Simeon
Bay; in San Luis Obispo County
near the village of Cambria ; on
the islands of Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz of the Santa Barbara group; and on Guada-
loupe Island off the coast of Lower California; most abundant and of its largest size on
Point Pinos south of the Bay of Monterey, California.
Largely planted for the decoration of parks in western and southern Europe, occasionally
planted in the southeastern states and in Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, and other re-
gions with temperate climates, and more generally in the coast region of the Pacific states
from Vancouver Island southward than any other Pine-tree.
16. Pinus attenuata Lemm. Knob-cone Pine.
Leaves slender, firm and rigid, pale yellow or bluish green, marked by numerous rows
of stomata on their 3 faces, 3'-7', usually 4'-5' long. Flowers: male orange-brown; female
fascicled, often with several fascicles on the shoot of the year. Fruit elongated, conic,
pointed, very oblique at base by the greater development of the scales on the outer side,
whorled, short-stalked, strongly reflexed and incurved, 3'-6' long, becoming light yellow-
brown, with thin flat scales rounded at apex, those on the outer side being enlarged into
prominent transversely flattened knobs armed with thick flattened incurved spines, those
on the inner side of the cone slightly thickened and armed with minute recurved prickles,
persistent on the stems and branches for thirty or forty years, sometimes becoming com-
pletely imbedded in the bark of old trunks, and usually not opening until the death of the
tree; seeds ellipsoidal, compressed, acute at apex, Y long, with a thin oblique shell, their
wings broadest at the middle, gradually narrowed to the ends, 1|' long, Y wide.
A tree, usually about 20° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, and often fruitful when
Fig. 21
20
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Fig. 22
only 4° or 5° tall; occasionally growing to the height of 80°-100°, with a trunk 21" thick,
and frequently divided above the middle into two ascending stems, slender branches ar-
ranged in regular
whorls while the tree
is young, and in old
age forming a narrow
round-topped strag-
gling head of sparse
thin foliage, and
slender dark orange-
brown branchlets
growing darker dur-
ing their second sea-
son. Bark of young
stems and branches
thin, smooth, pale
brown, becoming at
the base of old trunks
j'-|' thick and dark
brown often tinged with purple, slightly and irregularly divided by shallow fissures and
broken into large loose scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light
brown, with thick sapwood sometimes slightly tinged with red.
Distribution. Dry mountain slopes from the valley of the Mackenzie River in Oregon
over the mountains of southwestern Oregon, where it is most abundant and grows to its
largest size, often forming pure forests over large areas, southward along the western slopes
of the Cascade Mountains; in California on the northern cross ranges, the coast ranges from
Trinity to Sonoma Counties, the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to Mariposa County,
and over the southern coast ranges from Santa Cruz to the dry arid southern slopes of the
San Bernardino Mountains, where it forms a belt between City and East Twin Creeks at
an altitude of 3500° above the sea.
17. Pinus Sabiniana Dougl. Digger Pine. Bull Pine.
Leaves stout, flexible, pendant, pale blue-green, marked on each face with numerous
rows of pale stomata,
8'-12' long, deciduous
usually in their third
and f o urth yea rs . Flow-
ers: male yellow; fe-
male on stout pedun-
cles, dark purple. Fruit
oblong-ovoid, full and
rounded at base, point-
ed, becoming light red-
dish brown, 6'- 10' long,
long-stalked, pendu-
lous, the scales nar-
rowed into a stout in-
curved sharp hook,
strongly reflexed to-
ward the base of the
cone and armed with ^' jr ' pjg^ 23
spur-like incurved
spines; seeds full and rounded below, somewhat compressed toward the apex, \' long,
I' wide, dark brown or nearly black, with a thick hard shell, encircled by their wings much
PINACE^ 21
thickened on the inner rim, obliquely rounded at the broad apex and about ^ length of
nuts.
A tree, usually 40°-50° but occasionally 80° high, with a trunk S°-A° in diameter, divided
generally 15°-20° above the ground into 3 or 4 thick secondary stems, clothed with short
crooked branches pendant below and ascending toward the summit of the tree, and forming
an open round- topped head remarkable for the sparseness of its foliage, and stout pale
glaucous branchlets, becoming dark brown or nearly black during their second season.
Bark of the trunk l^'-2' thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red or nearly black and
deeply and irregularly divided into thick connected ridges covered with small closely ap-
pressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, brittle, light brown or red
with thick nearly white sapwood. Abietine, a nearly colorless aromatic liquid with the
odor of oil of oranges, is obtained by distilling the resinous juices. The large sweet slightly
resinous seeds formed an important article of food for the Indians of California.
Distribution. Scattered singly or in small groups over the dry foothills of western Cali-
fornia, ranging from 500° up to 4000° above the sea-level and from the southern slopes of
the northern cross ranges to the Tehachapi Mountains and the Sierra de la Liebre; most
abundant and attaining its largest size on the eastern foothills of the Sierra Nevada near
the centre of the state at elevations of about 2000°; here often the most conspicuous feature
of the vegetation.
18. Pinus Coulteri D. Don. Pitch Pine.
Leaves tufted at the ends of the branches, stout, rigid, dark blue-green, marked by
numerous bands of stomata on the 3 faces, 6'-12' long, deciduous during their third and
Fig. 24
fourth seasons. Flowers: male yellow; female dark reddish brown. Fruit oblong-conic,
short-stalked and pendant, 10'-14' long, becoming light yellow-brown, with thick broad
scales terminating in a broad, flat, incurved, hooked claw |'-1|' long, gradually opening in
the autumn and often persistent on the branches for several years; seeds ellipsoidal, com-
pressed, Y long, Y~¥ wide, dark chestnut-brown, with a thick shell, inclosed by their wings,
broadest above the middle, oblique at apex, nearly 1' longer than the seed, about f wide.
A tree, 40°-90° high, v/ith a trunk l°-2^° in diameter, thick branches covered with dark
scaly bark, long and mostly pendulous below, short and ascending above, and forming a
loose unsymmetrical often picturesque head, and very stout branchlets dark orange-brown
at first, becoming sometimes nearly black at the end of three or four years. Bark of the
22 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
trunk l§'-2' thick, dark brown or nearly black and deeply divided into broad rounded
connected ridges covered with thin closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong,
brittle, coarse-grained, light red, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for
fuel. The seeds were formerly gathered in large quantities and eaten by the Indians of
southern California.
Distribution. Scattered singly or in small groves through coniferous forests on the dry
slopes and ridges of the coast ranges of California at elevations of 3000°-6000° above the
sea, from Mount Diablo and the Santa Lucia Mountains to the San Bernardino and Cuya-
maca Mountains; and on the Sierra del Pinal, Lower California; most abundant on the
San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges at elevations of about 5000°.
19. Pinus resinosa Ait. Red Pine. Norway Pine.
Leaves slender, soft and flexible, dark green and lustrous, 5'-6' long, obscurely marked
on the ventral faces by bands of minute stomata, deciduous during their fourth and fifth
seasons. Flowers: male in dense spikes, dark purple; female terminal, short-stalked,
scarlet. Fruit ovoid-conic, subsessile, 2'-2j' long, with thin slightly concave scales, un-
Fig. 25
armed, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous at maturity; shedding their seeds early
in the autumn and mostly persistent on the branches until the following summer; seeds
oval, compressed, |' long, with a thin dark chestnut-brown more or less mottled shell and
wings broadest below the middle, oblique at apex, f long, j-Y broad,
A tree, usually 70°-80° or occasionally 120° high, with a tall straight trunk 2°-3° or
rarely 5° in diameter, thick spreading more or less pendulous branches clothing the young
stems to the ground and forming a broad irregular pyramid, and in old age an open round-
topped picturesque head, and stout branchlets at first orange color, finally becoming light
reddish brown. Bark of the trunk f '-1 j' thick and slightly divided by shallow fissures into
broad flat ridges covered by thin loose light red-brown scales. Wood light, hard, very
close-grained, pale red, with thin yellow often nearly white sapwood; largely used in the
construction of bridges and buildings, for piles, masts, and spars. The bark is occasion-
ally used for tanning leather.
Distribution. Light sandy loam or dry rocky ridges, usually forming groves rarely
more than a few hundred acres in extent and scattered through forests of other Pines and
deciduous-leaved trees; occasionally on sandy flats forming pure forests; Nova Scotia to
Lake St. John, westward through Quebec and central Ontario to the valley of the Winni-
peg River, and southward to eastern Massachusetts, the mountains of northern Penn-
sylvania, and to central and southwestern (Port Huron) Michigan, Wisconsin, and Min-
nesota, most abundant, and growing to its largest size in the northern parts of these states;
rare and local in eastern Massachusetts and southward.
PINACEiE 23
Often planted for the decoration of parks, and the most desirable as an ornamental tree
of the Pitch Pines which flom*ish in the northern states.
20. Pinus contorta Lroud. Scrub Pine.
Leaves dark green, slender, l'-l§' long, marked by 6-10 rows of stomata on each face,
mostly persistent 4-6 years. Flowers orange-red: male in short crowded spikes; female
clustered or in pairs on stout stalks. Fruit ovoid to subcylindric, usually very oblique
at base, horizontal or declining, often clustered, f '-2' long, with thin slightly concave
scales armed with long slender more or less recurved often deciduous prickles, and toward
the base of the cone especially on the upper side developed into thick mammillate knobs,
becoming light yellow-brown and lustrous, sometimes opening and losing their seeds as
soon as ripe, or remaining closed on the branches and preserving the vitality of their seeds
for many years; seeds oblique at apex, acute below, about ^' long, with a thin brittle
dark red-brown shell mottled with black and wings widest above the base, gradually tap-
ering toward the oblique apex, Y long-
A tree, sometimes fertile when only a few inches high, usually 15°-20° or occasionally 30"^
tall, with a short trunk rarely more than 18' in diameter, comparatively thick branches
forming a round-topped com-
pact and symmetrical or an
open picturesque head, and
stout branchlets light orange
color when they first appear,
finally becoming dark red-
brown or occasionally almost
black. Bark of the trunk
I'-l' thick, deeply and irreg-
ularly divided by vertical
and cross fissures into small
oblong plates covered with
closely appressed dark red-
brown scales tinged with Fig. 26
purple or orange color. Wood
light, hard, strong although brittle, coarse-grained, light brown tinged with red, with
thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fuel.
Distribution. Coast of Alaska, usually in sphagnum-covered bogs southward in the
immediate neighborhood of the coast to the valley of the Albion River, Mendocino County,
California; south of the northern boundary of the United States generally inhabiting sand
dunes and barrens or occasionally near the shores of Puget Sound the margins of tide pools
and deep wet swamps; spreading inland and ascending the coast ranges and western slopes
of the Cascade Mountains, where it is not common and where it gradually changes its
habit and appearance, the thick deeply fm*rowed bark of the coast form being found only
near the ground, while the bark higher on the stems is thin, light-colored, and inclined
to separate into scales, and the leaves are often longer and broader. This is
Pinus contorta var. latifolia S. Wata. Lodge-pole Pine.
Pinus contorta var. Murrayana Engelm.
Leaves yellow-green, usually about 2' long, although varying from l'-3' in length and
from i^' to nearly \' in width. Fruit occasionally opening as soon as ripe but usually re-
maining closed and preserving the vitality of the seeds sometimes for twenty years.
A tree, usually 70° -80° but often 150° high, with a trunk generally 2°-3° but occasionally
5°-6° in diameter, slender much-forked branches frequently persistent nearly to the base
of the stem, light orange-colored during their early years, somewhat pendulous below,
ascending near the top of the tree, and forming a narrow pyramidal spire-topped head.
^
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Bark of the trunk rarely more than Y thick, close and firm, light orange-brown and covered
by small thin loosely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained
and easily worked, not durable, light yellow or nearly white, with thin lighter colored sap-
wood ; occasionally manufactured
into lumber; also used for railway-
ties, mine-timbers, and for fuel.
Distribution. Common on the
Yukon hills in the valley of the
Yukon River; on the interior pla-
teau of northern British Columbia
and eastward to the eastern foot-
hills of the Rocky Mountains,
covering with dense forests great
areas in the basin of the Columbia
River; forming forests on both
slopes of the Rocky Mountains of
Montana ; on the Yellowstone pla-
teau at elevations of 7000°-8000°;
Fig. 27 common on the mountains of Wy-
oming, and extending southward
to southern Colorado; the most abundant coniferous tree of the northern Rocky Moun-
tain region; common on the ranges of eastern Washington and Oregon, on the mountains
of northern California, and southward along the Sierra Nevada, where it attains its
greatest size and beauty in alpine forests at elevations between 8000° and 9500°; in
southern California the principal tree at elevations between 7000° and 10,000° on the high
peaks of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains; on the upper slopes of the
San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California.
21. Pinus Banksiana Lamb. Gray Pine. Jack Pine.
Pinus divaricaia Du Mont de Cours.
Leaves in remote clusters, stout, flat or slightly concave on the inner face, at first light
yellow-green, soon becoming dark green, f'-l|' long, gradually and irregularly deciduous
in their second or third year. Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, yellow; female
Fig. 28
clustered, dark purple, often with 2 clusters produced on the same shoot. Fruit oblong-
conic, acute, oblique at base, sessile, usually erect and strongly incurved, li'-2' long, dull
purple or green when fully grown, becoming light yellow and lustrous, with thin stiff
PINACE^ 25
scales often irregularly developed, and armed with minute incurved often deciduous
prickles; seeds nearly triangular, full and rounded on the sides,* y^^' long, with an almost
black roughened shell and wings broadest at the middle, full and rounded at apex, Y long.
I' wide.
A tree, frequently 70° high, with a straight trunk sometimes free of branches for 20°-30®
and rarely exceeding 2° in diameter, long spreading branches forming an open symmetrical
head, and slender tough flexible pale yellow-green branchlets turning dark purple during
their first winter and darker the following year; often not more than 20°-30° tall, with a
stem 10'-12' in diameter; generally fruiting when only a few years old; sometimes shrubby
with several low slender stems. Bark of the trunk thin, dark brown slightly tinged with
red, very irregularly divided into narrow rounded connected ridges separating on the sur-
face into small thick closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained,
clear pale brown or rarely orange color, with thick nearly white sapwood; used for fuel
and occasionally for railway-ties and posts; occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. From Nova Scotia to the valley of the Athabasca River and down the
Mackenzie to about latitude 65° north, ranging southward to the coast of Maine, northern
New Hampshire and Vermont, the Island of Nantucket (Wauwinet, J. W. Harshberger)^
northern New York, the shores of Saginaw Bay, Michigan, the southern shores of Lake
Michigan in Illinois, the valley of the Wisconsin River, Wisconsin, and central and
southeastern Minnesota (with isolated groves in Root River valley, near Rushford, Fill-
more County); abundant in central Michigan, covering tracts of barren lands; common
and of large size in the region north of Lake Superior; most abundant and of its greatest
size west of Lake Winnipeg and north of the Saskatchewan, here often spreading over great
areas of sandy sterile soil.
22. Pinus glabra Walt. Spruce Pine. Cedar Pine.
Leaves soft, slender, dark green, l^'-S' long, marked by numerous rows of stomata,
deciduous at the end of their second and in the spring of their third year. Flowers : male
in short crowded clusters,
yellow; female raised on
slender slightly ascending
peduncles. Fruit single or
in clusters of 2 or 3, reflexed
on short stout stalks, sub-
globose to oblong-ovoid,
^'-2' long, becoming red-
dish brown and rather lus-
trous, with thin slightly
concave scales armed with
minute straight or incurved
usually deciduous prickles;
seeds nearly triangular, full
and rounded on the sides,
I' long, with a thin dark gray
shell mottled with black and
wings broadest below the ^^^' ^
middle, f long, \' wide.
A tree, usually 80°-100° or occasionally 120° high, with a trunk 2°-2^° or rarely 3|° in
diameter, comparatively small horizontal branches, and slender flexible branchlets at first
light red more or less tinged with purple, ultimately dark reddish brown. Bark of young
trees and upper trunks smooth pale gray becoming on old stems \'-\' thick, slightly and
irregularly divided by shallow fissures into flat connected ridges. Wood light, soft, not
strong, brittle, close-grained, light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally
used for fuel and rarely manufactured into lumber.
26
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Valley of the lower Santee River, South Carolina to middle and north-
western Florida; banks of the Alabama River, Dallas County, Alabama; east central
Mississippi, and sandy banks of streams in southeastern Louisiana; usually growing singly
or in small groves; attaining its largest size and often occupying areas of considerabl^extent
in northwestern Florida.
23. Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine. Short-leaved Pine.
Leaves in clusters of 2 and of 3, slender, flexible, dark blue-green, 3'-5' long, beginning
to fall at the end of their second season and dropping irregularly until their fifth year.
Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, pale purple; female in clusters of 2 or 3 on
stout ascending stems, pale rose color. Fruit ovoid to oblong-conic, subsessile and nearly
horizontal or short-stalked and pendant, generally clustered, l|'-2^' long, becoming
dull brown, with thin scales nearly flat below and rounded at the apex, armed with short
straight or somewhat recurved frequently deciduous prickles; seeds nearly triangular, full
and rounded on the sides, about i^' long, with a thin pale brown hard shell conspicuously
mottled with black, their wings broadest near the middle, ^' long, f ' wide.
Fig. 30
A tree, usually 80°-100° occasionally 120° high, with a tall slightly tapering trunk S®-^*'
in diameter, a short pyramidal truAcate head of comparatively slender branches, and stout
brittle pale green or violet-colored branchlets covered at first with a glaucous bloom, be-
coming dar^ red-brown tinged with purple before the end of the first season, their bark be-
ginning in the third year to separate into large scales. Bark of the trunk |'-1' thick and
broken into large irregularly shaped plates covered with small closely appressed light
cinnamon-red scales. Wood very variable in quality, and in the thickness of the nearly
white sap wood, heavy, hard, strong and usually coarse-grained, orange-colored or yellow-
brown; largely manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Long Island (near Northport), and Staten Island, New York, and south-
ern Pennsylvania to northern Florida, and westward through the Gulf states to eastern
Texas, through Arkansas to southwestern Oklahoma (near Page, Leflore County, G. W.
Stevens) and to southern Missouri and southwestern Illinois and to eastern Tennessee and
western West Virginia; most abundant and of its largest size west of the Mississippi River.
24. Pinus virginiana Mill. Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine.
Leaves in remote clusters, stout, gray-green, l-g'-S' long, marked by many rows of
minute stomata, gradually and irregularly deciduous during their third and fourth years.
Flowers: male in crowded clusters, orange-brown; female on opposite spreading peduncles
near the middl^ of the shoots of the year, generally a little below and alternate with 1 or 2
PINACEiE 9n
lateral branchlets, pale green, 2'-3' long, the scale-tips tinged with rose color. Fniit ovoid-
conic, often reflexed, dark red-brown and lustrous, with thin nearly flat scales, and stout
or slender persistent prickles, opening in the autumn and slowly shedding their seeds,
turning dark reddish brown and remaining on the branches for three or four years;
seeds nearly oval, full and rounded, \' long, with a thin pale brown rough shell, their
wings broadest at the middle, \' long, about \' wide.
A tree, usually 30°-40° high, with a short trunk rarely more than 18' in diameter, long
horizontal or pendulous branches in remote whorls forming a broad open often flat-topped
pyramid, and slender tough flexible branchlets at first pale green or green tinged with
purple and covered with a glaucous bloom, becoming purple and later light gray-brown;
toward the western limits of its range a tree frequently 100° tall, with a trunk 2^°-3° in
Fig. 31
diameter. Bark of the trunk \'-\' thick, broken by shallow fissures into flat plate-like
scales separating on the surface into thin closely appressed dark brown scales tinged
with red. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, durable in contact with
the soil, light orange color, with thick nearly white sap wood; often used for fuel and
occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Middle and southern New Jersey west of the pine barren region; Plym-
outh, Luzerne County, and central, southern and western Pennsylvania to Columbia
County, Georgia, Dallas County, Alabama (near Selma, T. G. Harbison), and to the hills of
northeastern Mississippi (Bear Creek near its junction with the Tennessee River, E. N.
Lowe), through eastern and middle Tennessee to western Kentucky and to southeastern and
southern (Scioto County) Ohio, and southern Indiana; usually small in the Atlantic states
and only on light sandy soil, spreading rapidly over exhausted fields; of its largest size west
of the Alleghany Mountains on the low hills of southern Indiana.
25. Pinus clausa Sarg. Sand Pine. Spruce Pine.
Leaves slender, flexible, dark green, 2'-3^' long, marked by 10-20 rows of stomata, de-
ciduous during their third and fourth years. Flowers: male in short crowded spikes, dark
orange color; female lateral on stout peduncles. Fruit elongated ovoid-conic, often oblique
at base, usually clustered and reflexed, 2'-3^' long, nearly sessile or short-stalked, with
convex scales armed with short stout straight or recurved prickles, becoming dark yellow-
brown in autumn; some of the cones opening at once, others remaining closed for three or
four years before liberating their seeds, ultimately turning to an ashy gray color; others
still unopened becoming enveloped in the growing tissues of the stem and branches and
finally entirely covered by them; seeds nearly triangular, compressed, \' long, with a
28
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
black slightly roughened shell, theu* wings widest near or below the middle, f ' long»
about I' wide.
A tree, usually 15°-20° high, with a stem rarely a foot in diameter, generally clothed to
the ground with wide-spreading branches forming a bushy jflat-topped head, and slender
tough flexible branchlets, pale yel-
low-green when they first appear,
becoming light orange-brown and
ultimately ashy gray; occasionally
growing to the height of 70°-80°
with a trunk 2° in diameter. Bark
on the lower part of the trunk
Y~¥ thick, deeply divided by nar-
row fissures into irregularly shaped
generally oblong plates separating
on the surface into thin closely ap-
pressed bright red-brown scales;
on the upper part of the trunk and
on the branches thin, smooth, ashy
gray. Wood light, soft, not strong,
brittle, light orange color or yel-
low, with thick nearly white sap-
wood; occasionally used for the
masts of small vessels.
Distribution. Coast of the Gulf of Mexico from southern Alabama to Peace River,
western Florida; eastern Florida from the neighborhood of St. Augustine to New River,
Dade County, covering sandy wind-swept plains near the coast; growing to its largest
size and most abundant in the interior of the peninsula (Lake and Orange Counties).
26. Pinus muricata D. Don. Prickle-cone Pine.
Leaves in crowded clusters, thick, rigid, dark yellow-green, 4'-6' long, beginning to fall
in their second year. Flowers: male in elongated spikes, orange-colored; female short-
Fig. 32
Fig. 33
stalked, whorled, 2 whorls often being produced on the shoot of the year. Fruit ovoid,
oblique at base, sessile, in clusters of 3-5 or sometimes of 7, 2'-3^' but usually about
3' long, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous, with scales much thickened on the
185210
PINACE^
29
outside of the cone, those toward its base produced into stout incurved knobs sometimes
armed with stout flattened spur-like often incurved spines, and on the inside of the cone
slightly flattened and armed with stout or slender straight prickles; often remaining closed
for several years and usually persistent on the stem and branches during the entire life
of the tree without becoming imbedded in the wood; seeds nearly triangular, |' long,
with a thin nearly black roughened shell, their wings broadest above the middle, oblique
at apex, nearly 1' long, |' wide.
A tree, usually 40°-50° but occasionally 90° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, thick
spreading branches covered with dark scaly bark, in youth forming a regular pyramid, and
at maturity a handsome compact round-topped head of dense tufted foliage, and stout
branchlets dark orange-green at first, turning orange-brown more or less tinged with
purple. Bark of the lower part of the trunk often 4'-6' thick and deeply divided into Jong
narrow rounded ridges roughened by closely appressed dark purplish brown scales. Wood
light, very strong, hard, rather coarse-grained, light brown, with thick nearly white sap-
wood; occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. California coast region from Mendocino County southward, usually in
widely separated localities to Point Reyes Peninsula, north of the Bay of San Francisco,
and from Monterey to Coon Creek, San Luis Obispo County; in Lower California on
Cedros Island and on the west coast between Ensenada and San Quentin; of its largest
size and the common Pine-tree on the coast of Mendocino County.
27. Pinus pungens Lamb. Table Mountain Pine. Hickory Pine.
Leaves in crowded clusters, rigid, usually twisted, dark blue-green, li'-2^' long, decidu-
ous during their second and third years. Flowers: male in elongated loose spikes, yellow;
female clustered, long-stalked. Fruit ovoid-conic, oblique at base by the greater de-
velopment of the scales
on the outer than on
the inner side, sessile,
reflexed, in clusters
usually of 3 or 4, or
rarely of 7 or 8, 2'-3^'
long, becoming light
brown and lustrous,
with thin tough scales
armed with stout
hooked curved spines
produced from much
thickened mammillate
knobs, opening as soon
as ripe and gradually
shedding their seeds,
or often remaining
closed for two or three Fig. 34
years longer, and fre-
quently persistent on the branches for eighteen or twenty years ; seeds almost triangular,
full and rounded on the sides, nearly Y long, with a thin conspicuously roughened light
brown shell, their wings widest below the middle, gradually narrowed to the ends, 1' long,
i' wide.
A tree, when crowded in the forest occasionally 60° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter,
and a few short branches near the summit forming a narrow round- topped head; in open
ground usually 20°-30° tall, and often fertile when only a few feet high, with a short thick
trunk frequently clothed to the ground, and long horizontal branches, the lower pendulous
toward the extremities, the upper sweeping in graceful upward curves and forming a flat-
topped often irregular head, and stout branchlets, light orange color when they first appear.
30 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
soon growing darker and ultimately dark brown. Bark on the lower part of the trunk f '-1'
thick and broken into irregularly shaped plates separating on the surface into thin loose
dark brown scales tinged with red, higher on the stem, and on the branches dark brown
and broken into thin loose scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-
grained, pale brown, with thick nearly white sap wood; somewhat used for fuel, and in
Pennsylvania manufactured into charcoal.
Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and ridges of the Appalachian Mountains from south-
ern Pennsylvania to North Carolina, eastern Tennessee and northern Georgia, sometimes
ascending to elevations of 4000°, with isolated outlying stations in eastern Pennsylvania,
western New Jersey, Maryland, the District of Columbia and Virginia; often forming
toward the southern limits of its range pure forests of considerable extent.
28. Pinus Torreyana Carr. Torrey Pine.
Leaves forming great tufts at the ends of the branches, stout, dark green, conspicuously
marked on the 3 faces by numerous rows of stomata, 8'-13' long. Flowers from January
to March; male yellow, in short dense heads; female subterminal on long stout peduncles.
Fig. 35
Fruit broad-ovoid, spreading or reflexed on long stalks, 4'- 6' in length, becoming deep
chestnut-brown, with thick scales armed with minute spines; mostly deciduous in their
fourth year and in falling leaving a few of the barren scales on the stalk attached to the
branch; seeds oval, more or less angled, f'-l' long, dull brown and mottled on the lower
side, light yellow-brown on the upper side, with a thick hard shell, nearly surrounded by
their dark brown wings often nearly 5' long.
A tree, usually 30°-40° high, with a short trunk about 1° in diameter, or occasionally
50°-60° tall, with a long straight slightly tapering stem 2^° in diameter, stout spreading and
often ascending branches, and very stout branchlets bright green in their first season, be-
coming light purple and covered with a metallic bloom the following year, ultimately nearly
black. Bark f '-1' thick, deeply and irregularly divided into broad flat ridges covered by
large thin closely appressed light red-brown scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-
grained, light yellow, with thick yellow or nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for
fuel. The large edible seeds are gathered in large quantities and are eaten raw or
roasted.
Distribution. Only in a narrow belt a few miles long on the coast near the mouth of
the Soledad River just north of San Diego and on the island of Santa Rosa, California:
the least widely distributed Pine-tree of the United States.
PINACE.E 31
Now planted in the parks of San Diego, California, and in New Zealand, growing rapidly
in cultivation, and promising to attain a much larger size than on its native cliflfs.
2. LARIX Adans. Larch.
Tall pyramidal trees, with thick sometimes furrowed scaly bark, heavy heartwood,
thin pale sapwood, slender remote horizontal often pendulous branches, elongated leading
branchlets, short thick spur-like lateral branchlets, and small subglobose buds, their in-
ner scales accrescent and marking the lateral branchlets with prominent ring-like scars.
Leaves awl-shaped, triangular and rounded above, or rarely 4-angled, spirally disposed
and remote on leading shoots, on lateral branchlets in crowded fascicles, each leaf in the
axil of a deciduous bud-scale, deciduous. Flowers solitary, terminal, the stamina te glo-
bose, oval or oblong, sessile or stalked, on leafless branches, yellow, composed of numerous
spirally arranged anthers with connectives produced above them into short points, the
pistillate appearing with the leaves, short-oblong to oblong, composed of few or many
green nearly orbicular stalked scales in the axes of much longer mucronate usually scarlet
bracts. Fruit a woody ovoid-oblong conic or subglobose short-stalked cone composed of
slightly thickened suborbicular or oblong-obovate concave scales, shorter or longer than
their bracts, gradually decreasing from the centre to the ends of the cone, the small scales
usually sterile. Seeds nearly triangular, rounded on the sides, shorter than their wings;
the outer seed-coat crustaceous, light brown, the inner membranaceous, pale chestnut-
brown and lustrous; cotyledons usually 6, much shorter than the inferior radicle.
Larix is widely distributed over the northern and mountainous region of the northern
hemisphere- from the Arctic Circle to the mountains of West Virginia and Oregon in the
New World, and to central Europe, the Himalayas, Siberia, Korea western China, and
Japan in the Old World. Ten species are recognized. Of the exotic species the European
Larix decidua. Mill., has been much planted for timber and ornament in the northeastern
states, where the Japanese Larix Koempferi, Sarg., also flourishes.
Larix is the classical name of the Larch- tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Cones small, subglobose; their scales few, longer than the bracts, leaves triangular.
1. L. laricina (A, B, F).
Cones elongated; their scales numerous, shorter than the bracts.
Young branchlets pubescent, soon becoming glabrous; leaves triangular.
2. L. occidentalis (B, G).
Young branchlets tomentose; leaves 4-angled. 3. L. Lyallii (B, F).
1. Larix laricina K. Koch. Tamarack. Larch.
Larix americana Michx.
Leaves linear, triangular, rounded above, prominently keeled on the lower surface, f '-1|'
long, bright green, conspicuously stomatiferous when they first appear; turning yellow and
falling in September or October. Flowers: male subglobose and sessile; female oblong,
with light-colored bracts produced into elongated green tips, and nearly orbicular rose-red
scales. Fruit on stout incurved stems, subglobose, rather obtuse, ^'-f ' long, composed of
about 20 scales slightly erose on their nearly entire margins, rather longer than broad and
twice as long as their bracts, bright chestnut-brown at maturity; usually falling during
their second year; seeds |' long, about one third as long as their light chestnut-brown wings
broadest near the middle and obliquely rounded at apex.
A tree, 50°-60° high, with a trunk 18'-20' in diameter, small horizontal branches forming
during the early life of the tree a narrow regular pyramidal head always characteristic of
this *ree when crowded in the forest, or with abundant space sweeping out in graceful
32
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
curves, often becoming contorted and pendulous and forming a broad open frequently
picturesque head, and slender leading branchlets often covered at first with a glaucous
bloom, becoming light orange-brown during their first winter and conspicuous from the
small globose dark red lustrous buds. Bark |'-f' thick, separating into thin closely
appressed rather bright reddish brown scales. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, rather
coarse-grained, very durable, light brown; largely used for the upper knees of small ves-
sels, fence-posts, telegraph-poles, and railway-ties.
Distribution. At the north often on well-drained uplands, southward in cold deep
swamps which it often clothes with forests of closely crowded trees, Hfrom Labrador to the
Arctic Circle, ranging west of the Rocky Mountains to latitude 65° 35' north, and south-
Fig. 36
ward through Canada and the northern states to northern and eastern Pennsylvania,
Garrett County, Maryland (Oakland toThayerville), and Preston County, West Virginia
(Cranesville Swamp), northern Indiana and Illinois, and northeactern Minnesota; along
the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains to about latitude 53° and between the Yukon
River and Cook Inlet, Alaska {Larix alaskensis Wight.); very abundant in the interior of
Labrador, where it is the largest tree; common along the margins of the barren lands
stretching beyond the sub- Arctic forest to the shores of the Arctic Sea; attaining its largest
size north of Lake Winnipeg on low benches which it occasionally covers with open forests;
on the eastern slopes of the northern Rocky Mountains usually at elevation from 600°-
1700° above the sea; rare and local toward the southern limits of its range.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the northeastern states, growing rapidly
and attaining in cultivation a large size and picturesque habit.
2. Larix occidentalis Nutt. Tamarack.
Leaves triangular, rounded on the back, conspicuously keeled below, rigid, sharp-
pointed, I'-lf long, about' h' wide, light pale green, turning pale yellow early in the
autumn. Flowers: male short-oblong; female oblong, nearly sessile, with orbicular scales
and bracts produced into elongated tips. Fruit oblong, short-stalked, I'-l^' long, with
numerous thin stiff scales nearly entire and sometimes a little reflexed on their margins,
much shorter than their bracts, more or less thickly coated on the lower surface below the
middle with hoary tomentum, and standing after the escape of the seeds at right angles to
the axis of the cone, or often becoming reflexed; seeds nearly \' long, with a pale brown
shell, one half to two thirds as long as the thin fragile pale wings broadest near the middle
and obliquely rounded at apex.
PINACE^ 33
A tree, sometimes 180° high, with a tall tapering naked trunk 6°-8° in diameter, or on
dry soil and exposed mountain slopes usually not more than 100° tall, with a short narrow
pyramidal head of small branches clothed with scanty foliage, or occasionally with a larger
crown of elongated drooping branches, stout branchlets covered when they first appear with
soft pale pubescence, usually soon glabrous, bright orange-brown in their first year, ulti-
mately becoming dark gray-brown, and dark chestnut-brown winter-buds about |' in
diameter. Bark of young stems thin, dark-colored and scaly, becoming near the base of
old trunks 5' or 6' thick and broken into irregularly shaped oblong plates often 2° long
and covered with thin closely appressed light cinnamon-red scales. Wood very heavy,
exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, bright
Fig. 37
light red, with thin nearly white sapwood; largely used for railway-ties and fence-posts,
and manufactured into lumber used in cabinet-making and the interior finish of buildings.
Distribution. Moist bottom-lands and on high benches and dry mountain sides gen-
erally at elevations between 2000° and 7000° above sea-level, usually singly or in small
groves, through the basin of the upper Columbia River from southern British Columbia to
the western slopes of the continental divide of northern Montana, and to the eastern slopes
of the Cascade Mountains of Washington and northern Oregon ; most abundant and of its
largest size on the bottom-lands of streams flowing into Flat Head Lake in northern Mon-
tana, and in northern Idaho.
Occasionally planted in the eastern states and in Europe, but in cultivation showing
little promise of attaining a large size or becoming a valuable ornamental or timber-tree.
3. Larix Lyallii Pari. Tamarack.
Leaves 4-angled, rigid, short-pointed, pale blue-green, I'-l^' long. Flowers: male
short-oblong; female ovoid-oblong, with dark red or occasionally pale yellow-green scales
and dark purple bracts abruptly contracted into elongated slender tips. Fruit ovoid,
rather acute, 1^-2' long, subsessile or raised on a slender stalk coated with hoary tomen-
tum, with dark reddish purple or rarely green erose scales, fringed and covered on their
lower surface with matted hairs at maturity spreading nearly at right angles and finally
much reflexed, much shorter than their dark purple very conspicuous long-tipped bracts;
seeds full and rounded on the sides, |' long and about half as long as their light red lustrous
wings broadest near the base with nearly parallel sides.
A tree, usually 25°-50° high, with a trunk generally 18-20' but rarely 3°-4.° in diameter,
and remote elongated exceedingly tough persistent branches sometimes pendulous, devel-
oping very irregularly and often abruptly ascending at the extremities, stout branchlets
34 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
coated with hoary tomentum usually persistent until after their second winter, ultimately
becoming nearly black, and prominent winter-buds with conspicuous long white matted
hairs fringing the margins of their scales and often almost entirely covering the bud.
Bark of young trees and of the branches thin, rather lustrous, smooth, and pale gray
tinged with yellow, becoming loose and scaly on larger stems and on the large branches of
Fig. 38
old trees, and on fully grown trunks |'-|' thick and slightly divided by shallow fissures into
irregularly shaped plates covered by thin dark-red brown loosely attached scales. Wood
heavy, hard, coarse-grained, light reddish brown.
Distribution. Near the timber-line on mountain slopes at elevations of 4000°-8000*',
from southern Alberta on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains and from the interior
of southern British Columbia, southward along the eastern slopes of the Cascade Moun-
tains of northern Washington to Mt. Stewart at the head of the north fork of the Yakima
River, and along the continental divide to the middle fork of Sun River, Montana, form-
ing here a forest of considerable size at elevations of 7000°-8000°, and on the Bitter Root
Mountains to the headwaters of the south fork of the Clearwater River, Idaho.
3. PICEA Dietr. Spruce.
Pyramidal trees, with tall tapering trunks often stoutly buttressed at the base, thin
scaly bark, soft pale wood containing numerous resin-canals, slender whorled twice or
thrice ramified branches, their ultimate divisions stout, glabrous or pubescent, and leaf-
buds usually in 3's, the 2 lateral in the axils of upper leaves. Leaves linear, spirally dis-
posed, extending out from the branch on all sides or occasionally appearing 2-ranked by
the twisting of those on its lower side, mostly pointing to the end of the branch, entire,
articulate on prominent persistent rhomboid ultimately woody bases, keeled above and
below, 4-sided and stomatiferous on the 4 sides, or flattened and stomatiferous on the upper
and occasionally on the lower side, persistent from seven to ten years, deciduous in drying.
Flowers terminal or in the axils of upper leaves, the male usually long-stalked, composed
of numerous spirally arranged anthers with connectives produced into broad nearly circu-
lar toothed crests, the female oblong, oval or cylindric, with rounded or pointed scales,
each in the axis of an accrescent bract shorter than the scale at maturity. Fruit an ovoid
or oblong, cylindric pendant cone, crowded on the upper branches or in some species
scattered over the upper half of the tree. Seeds ovoid or oblong, usually acute at base,
much shorter than their wings; outer seed-coat crustaceous, light or dark brown, the inner
membranaceous, pale chestnut-brown; cotyledons 4-15.
PINACEiE 35
Picea is widely distributed through the colder and temperate regions of the northern hem-
isphere, some species forqiing great forests on plains and high mountain slopes. Thirty-
seven species are now recognized, ranging from the Arctic Circle to the slopes of the southern
Appalachian Mountains and to those of northern New Mexico and Arizona in the New
World, and to central and southeastern Europe, the Caucasus, the Himalaya^ western
China, Formosa and Japan. Of exotic species the so-called Norway Spruce, Picea Abies
Karst., one of the most valuable timber-trees of Europe, has been largely planted for
ornament and shelter in the eastern states, where the Caucasian Picea orientalis Can*.,
and some of the Japanese species also flourish.
Picea was probably the classical name of the Spruce-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves 4-sided, with stomata on the 4 sides.
Cone-scales rounded at apex.
Cone-scales stiff and rigid at maturity; branchlets pubescent.
Cones ovoid on strongly incurved stalks, persistent for mail^ years, their scales
erose or dentate; leaves blue-green. 1. P. mariana (A, B, F).
Cones ovoid-oblong, early decidilous^ their scales entire or denticulate; leaves dark
yellow-green. 2. P. rubra (A).
Cone-scales soft and flexible at maturity; branchlets glabrous; cones oblong-cylindric,
slender, their scales entire; leaves blue-green. 3. P. glauca (A, B, F).
Cone-scales truncate»or acute at apex, oblong or rhombic; leaves blue-green.
Cones oblong-cylindric or ellipsoidal; branchlets pubescent; leaves soft and flexible.
4. P. Engehnannii (F, B, G).
Cones oblong-cylindric; branchlets glabrous; leaves rigid, spinescent.
5. P. pungens (F).
Leaves flattened, usually with stomata only on the upper surface; cone-scales rounded.
Cone-scales ovate, entire; branchlets pubescent; cones ellipsoidal, leaves obtuse.
6. P. Breweriana (G).
Cone-scales elliptic, denticulate above the middle; branchlets glabrous; cones oblong-
cylindric, leaves acute or acuminate, with stomata occasionally on the lower surface.
7. P. sitchensis (B, G).
1. Picea mariana B. S. P. Black Spruce.
Leaves slightly incurved above the middle, abruptly contracted at apex into short
callous tips, pale blue-green and glaucous at maturity, |'-f ' long, hoary on the upper sur-
face from the broad bands of stomata, and lustrous and slightly stomatiferous on the lower
surface. Flowers: male subglobose, with dark red anthers; female oblong-cylindric,
with obovate purple scales rounded above, and oblong purple glaucous bracts rounded
and denticulate at apex. Fruit ovoid, pointed, gradually narrowed at the base into
short strongly incurved stalks, ^'-l^' long, with rigid puberulous scales rounded or rarely
somewhat pointed at apex and more or less erose on the notched pale margins, turning
as they ripen dull gray-brown and becoming as the scales gradually open and slowly dis-
charge their seeds almost globose; sometimes remaining on the branches for twenty or
thirty years, the oldest close to the base of the branches near the trunk; seeds oblong,
narrowed to the acute base, about |' long, very dark brown, with delicate pale brown
wings broadest above the middle, very oblique at the apex, about Y long, f ' wide.
A tree, usually 20°-30° and occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 6'-12' and rarely 3° in
diameter, and comparatively short branches generally pendulous with upward curves,
forming an open irregular crown, light green branchlets coated with pale pubescence, soon
beginning to grow darker, and during their first winter light cinnamon-brown and covered
with short rusty pubescence, their thin brown bark gradually becoming glabrous and be-
ginning to break into small thin scales during their second year; at the extreme north
36
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
sometimes cone-bearing when only 2°-3° high. Winter -buds ovoid, acute, light reddish
brown, puberulous, about Y long. Bark |'-|' thick and broken on the sutface into thin
rather closely appressed gray-brown scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, pale yellow-
white, with thin sap wood; probably rarely used outside of Manitoba and Saskatchewan,
except in the manufacture of paper pulp. Spruce-gum, the resinous exudations of the
Spruce-trees of northeastern America, is gathered in considerable quantities principally
in northern New England and Canada, and is used as a masticatory. Spruce-beer is
made by boiling the branches of the Black and Red Spruces.
Fig. 39
Distribution. At the north on well-drained bottom-lands and the slopes of barren stony
hills, and southward in sphagnum-covered bogs, swamps, and on their borders, from Labra-
dor to the valley of the Mackenzie River in about latitude 65° north, and, crossing the
Rocky Mountains, through the interior of Alaska to the valley of White River; southward
through Newfoundland, the maritime provinces, eastern Canada and the northeastern
United States to central Pennsylvania, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern
Virginia; and from the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta, through
northern Saskatchewan and northern Manitoba, and south to northeastern and northern
Minnesota, and central Wisconsin and Michigan; very abundant at the far north and the
largest coniferous tree of Saskatchewan and northern Manitoba, covering here large areas
and growing to its largest size; common in Newfoundland and all the provinces of eastern
Canada except southern Ontario; in the United States less abundant, of small size, and
usually only in cold sphagnum swamps (var. brevifolia Rehd.)
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree, the Black Spruce is short-lived in cultivation
and one of the least desirable of all Spruce-trees for the decoration of parks and gardens.
2. Picea rubra Link. Red Spruce.
Picea rubens Sarg.
Leaves more or less incurved above the middle, acute or rounded and furnished at the
apex with short callous points, dark green often slightly tinged with yellow, very lustrous,
marked on the upper surface by 4 rows and on the lower less conspicuously by 2 rows of
stomata on each side of the prominent midrib, ^'-f long, nearly i^e' wide. Flowers: male
oval, almost sessile, bright red; female oblong-cylindric, with thin rounded scales reflexed
and slightly erose on their margins, and obovate bracts rounded and laciniate above.
Fruit on very short straight or incurved stalks, ovoid-oblong, gradually narrowed from
near the middle to the acute apex, li'-2' long, with rigid puberulous scales entire or
slightly toothed at the apex; bright green or green somewhat tinged with purple when
PINACE^
37
fully grown, becoming light reddish brown and lustrous at maturity, beginning to fall a«i
soon as the scales open in the autumn or early winter, and generally disappearing from the
branches the following summer; seeds dark brown, about |' long, with short broad wings
full and Bounded above the middle.
A tree, usually 70°-80° and occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter,
bimnches long-persistent on the stem and clothing it to the ground, forming a narrow
rather conical head, or soon disappearing below from trees crowded in the forest, stout
pubescent light green branchlets, becoming bright reddish brown or orange-brown during
their first winter, gla-
brous the following
year, and covered in
their third or fourth
year with scaly bark.
Winter-buds ovoid,
acute, I'-Y long, with
light reddish brown
scales. Bark |'-|'
thick, and broken into
thin closely appressed
irregularly shaped red-
brown scales. Wood
light, soft, close-
grained, not strong,
pale slightly tinged
with red, with paler Fig. 40
sapwood usually about
2' thick; largely manufactured into lumber in the northeastern states, Pennsylvania, and
Virginia, and used for the flooring and construction of houses, for the sounding-boards
of musical instruments, and in the manufacture of paper- pulp.
Distribution. Well-drained uplands and mountain slopes, often forming a large part of
extensive forests, from Prince Edward Island and the valley of the St. Lawrence southward
to the coast of Massachusetts, along the interior hilly part of New England, New York,
and northern Pennsylvania and on the slopes of the Alleghany Mountains at elevations
above 2500 feet from West Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee.
Occasionally planted in the 'eastern states and in Europe as an ornamental tree, but
growing in cultivation more slowly than any other Spruce-tree.
3. Picea glauca Voss. White Spruce.
Picea canadensis B. S. P.
Leaves crowded on the upper side of the branches by the twisting of those on the lower
side, incurved, acute or acuminate with rigid callous tips, pale blue and hoary when
they first appear, becoming dark blue-green or pale blue, marked on each of the 4 sides
by 3 or 4 rows of stomata, i'-f long. Flowers: male pale red, soon appearing yellow
from the thick covering of pollen; female oblong-cylindric, with round nearly entire pale
red or yellow-green scales, broader than long, and nearly orbicular denticulate bracts.
Fruit nearly sessile or borne on short thin straight stems, oblong-cylindric, slender,
slightly narrowed to the ends, rather obtuse at apex, usually about 2' long, pale green
sometimes tinged with red when fully grown, becoming at maturity pale brown and lus-
trous, with nearly orbicular scales, rounded, truncate, and slightly emarginate, or rarely
narrowed at apex, and very thin, flexible and elastic at maturity, usually deciduous in
the autumn or during the following winter; seeds about |' long, pale brown, with narrow
wings gradually widened from the base to above the middle and very oblique at the apex.
A tree, with disagreeable smelling foliage, rarely more than 60°-70° tall, with a trunk
38
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
not more than 2° in diameter, long comparatively thick branches densely clothed with
stout rigid laterals sweeping out in graceful upward curves, and forming a broad-based
rather open pyramid often obtuse at the apex, stout glabrous branchlets orange-brown
during their first au-
tumn and winter,
gradually growing
darker grayish brown .
Winter-buds broadly
ovoid, obtuse, cov-
ered by light chest-
nut-brown scales with
thin often reflexed
ciliate margins. Bark
^'-2' thick, separat-
ing irregularly into
thin plate-like light
gray scales more or
less tinged with brown.
Wood light, soft.
Fig. 41 not strong, straight-
grained light yellow,
with hardly distinguishable sapwood; manufactured into lumber in the eastern provinces
of Canada and in Alaska, and used in construction, for the interior finish of buildings,
and for paper-pulp.
Distribution. Banks and borders of streams and lakes, ocean cliffs, and in the north the
rocky slopes of low hills, from Labrador along the northern frontier of the forest nearly
to the shores of the Arctic Sea, reaching Behring Strait in 66° 44' north latitude, and south-
ward down the Atlantic coast to southern Maine, northern New Hampshire, Vermont, and
New York, shores of Saginaw Bay, Michigan, northern Wisconsin and Minnesota, and
through the interior of Alaska.
The variety (var. alhertiana Sarg.) of the Gaspe Peninsula and the valleys of the Black
Hills of South Dakota and of the Rocky Mountains of northern Wyoming, Montana,
Alberta and northward, is a tree with a narrow pyramidal head, sometimes 150° high, with
a trunk 3° to 4° in diameter, and shorter and rather broader cones than those of the typical
White Spruce of the east, although not shorter or as short as the cones of that tree in the
extreme north.
Often planted in Canada, northern New England, and northern Europe as an orna-
mental tree; in southern New England and southward suffering from heat and dryness. '
4. Picea Engelmannii Engelm. White Spruce. Engelmann Spruce.
Leaves soft and flexible, with acute callous tips, slender, nearly straight or slightly in-
curved on vigorous sterile branches, stouter, shorter, and more incurved on fertile branches,
l'-l|' long, marked on each face by 3-5 rows of stomata, covered at first with a glaucous
bloom, soon becoming dark blue-green or pale steel-blue. Flowers: male dark purple;
female bright scarlet, with pointed or rounded and more or less divided scales, and oblong
bracts rounded or acute or acuminate and denticulate at apex or obovate-oblong and
abruptly acuminate. Fruit oblong-cylindric to ellipsoidal, gradually narrowed to the
ends, usually about 2' long, sessile or very short-stalked, produced in great numbers on the
upper branches, horizontal and ultimately pendulous, light green somewhat tinged with
scarlet when fully grown, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous, with thin flexible
slightly concave scales, generally erose-dentate or rarely almost entire on the margins,
usually broadest at the middle,wedge-shaped below, and gradually contracted above into
a truncate or acute apex, or occasionally obovate and rounded above; mostly deciduous
m the autumn or early in their first winter soon after the escape of the seeds; seeds obtuse
PINACEiE
39
at the base, nearly black, about |' long and much shorter than their broad very oblique
wings.
A tree, with disagreeable smelling foliage sometimes 120° high, with a trunk S° in diam-
eter, spreading branches produced in regular whorls and forming a narrow compact pyram-
idal head, gracefully hanging short lateral branches, and comparatively slender branch-
lets pubescent for three or four years, light or dark orange-brown or gray tinged with brown
during their first winter, their bark beginning to separate into small flaky scales in their
fourth or fifth year; at its highest altitudes low and stunted with elongated branches
pressed close to the ground. Winter-buds conic or slightly obtuse, with pale chestnut-
brown scales scarious and often free and slightly reflexed on the margins. Bark i'— |'
thick, light cinnamon-red, and broken into large thin loose scales. Wood light, soft, not
strong, close-grained, pale yellow tinged with red, with thick hardly distinguishable sap-
wood; largely manufactured into lumber used in the construction of buildings; also
employedTTor fuel and charcoal. The bark is sometimes employed in tanning leather.
Fig. 42
Distribution. High mountain slopes, often forming great forests from the mountains
of Alberta, British Columbia and Alaska, southward over the interior mountain systems
of the continent to southern New Mexico (the Sacramento Mountains) and northern
Arizona, from elevations of 5000° at the north up to 11,500° and occasionally to 12,000°
at the south, and westward through Montana and Idaho to the eastern slopes of the Cas-
cade Mountains of Washington and Oregon; attaining its greatest size and beauty north
of the northern boundary of the United States.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the New England states and northern
Europe, where it grows vigorously and promises to attain a large size; usually injured in
western Europe by spring frosts.
5. Picea pungens Engelm. Blue Spruce. Colorado Spruce.
Picea Parryana Sarg.
Leaves strongly incurved, especially those on the upper side of the branches, stout, rigid,
acuminate and tipped with long callous sharp points, l'-l|' long on sterile branches, often
not more than half as long on the fertile branches of old trees, marked on each side by 4-7
rows of stomata, dull bluish green on some individuals and light or dark steel-blue or silvery
white on others, the blue colors gradually changing to dull blue-green at the end of three or
four years. Flowers: male yellow tinged with red; female with broad oblong or slightly
obovate pale green scales truncate or slightly emarginate at the denticulate apex, and acute
bracts. Fruit produced on the upper third of the tree, sessile or short-stalked, oblong-
40
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
cylindric, slightly narrowed at the ends, usually about 3' long, green more or less tinged
with red when fully grown at midsummer, becoming pale chestnut-brown and lustrous,
with flat tough rhombic scales flexuose on the margins, and acute, rounded or truncate
at the elongated erose apex; seeds |' long or about half the length of their wings, gradually
widening to above the middle and full and rounded at apex.
A tree, usually 80°-100° or occasionally 150° high, with a trunk rarely 3° in diameter
and occasionally divided into 3 or 4 stout secondary stems, rigid horizontal branches dis-
posed on young trees in
remote whorls and de-
creasing regularly in length
from below upward, the
short stout stifiF branchlets
pointing forward and mak-
ing flat-topped masses of
foliage; branches on old
trees short and remote,
with stout lateral branches
forming a thin ragged py-
ramidal crown; branch-
lets stout, rigid, glabrous,
pale glaucous green, be-
coming bright orange-
brown during the first win-
ter and ultimately light
grayish brown. Winter-
Fig. 43 buds stout, obtuse or rare-
ly acute, l'-^' long, with
thin pale chestnut-brown scales usually reflexed on the margins. Bark of young trees
gray or gray tinged with cinnamon-red and broken into small oblong plate-like scales,
becoming on the lower part of old trunks f'-l^' thick and deeply divided into broad
rounded ridges covered with small closely appressed pale gray or occasionally bright cin-
namon-red scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, weak, pale brown or often nearly
white, with hardly distinguishable sapwood.
Distribution. Banks of streams or on the first benches above them singly or in small
groves at elevations between 6500° and 11,000° above the sea; Colorado and eastern Utah
northward to the northern end of the Medicine Bow Mountains and on the Laramie Range
in southern and on the Shoshone and Teton Mountains in northwestern Wyoming, and
southward into northern New Mexico (Sierra Blanca, alt. 8000°-l 1,000°, Sacramento
Mountains, Pecos River National Forest).
Often planted as an ornamental tree in the eastern and northern states and in western
and northern Europe, especially individuals with blue foliage; very beautiful in early life
but in cultivation soon becoming unsightly from the loss of the lower branches.
f
6. Picea Breweriana S. Wats. Weeping Spruce.
Leaves abruptly narrowed and obtuse at apex, straight or slightly incurved, rounded
and obscurely ridged and dark green and lustrous on the lower surface, flattened and con-
spicuously marked on the upper surface by 4 or 5 rows of stomata on each side of the
prominent midrib, f'-l|' long, -^^'-^' wide. Flowers: male dark purple; female oblong-
cylindric, with obovate scales rounded above and reflexed on the entire margins, and ob-
long bracts laciniately divided at their rounded or acute apex. Fruit ellipsoidal, gradually
narrowed from the middle to the ends, acute at apex, rather oblique at base, suspended
on straight slender stalks, deep rich purple or green more or less tinged with purple when
fully grown, becoming light orange-brown, 2' -4' long, with thin broadly ovate flat scales
longer than broad, rounded at apex, opening late in the autumn after the escape of the
i
PINACEiE 41
seeds, often becoming strongly reflexed and very flexible; usually remaining on the branches
until their second winter; seeds acute at base, full and rounded on the sides, |' long,
dark brown, and about one quarter the length of their wings broadest toward the full and
rounded apex.
A tree, usually 80°-100° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter above the swelling of its
enlarged and gradually tapering base, and furnished to the ground with crowded branches,
those at the top of the tree short and slightly ascending, with comparatively short pendu-
lous lateral branches, those lower on the tree horizontal or pendulous and clothed with
slender flexible whip-like laterals often 7°-8° long and not more than ^' thick and furnished
with numerous long thin lateral branchlets, their ultimate divisions slender, coated with
fine pubescence persistent until their third season, bright red-brown during their first win-
ter, gradually growing dark gray-brown. Winter-buds conic, light chestnut-brown, \'
Fig. 44
long and \' thick. Bark |'-f ' thick, broken into long thin closely appressed scales dull
red-brown on the surface. Wood heavy, soft, close-grained, light brown or nearly white,
with thick hardly distinguishable sapwood.
Distribution. Dry mountain ridges and peaks near the timber-line on both slopes of the
Siskiyou Mountains on the boundary between California and Oregon, forming small groves
at elevations of about 7000° above the sea; on a high peak west of Marble Mountain in
Siskiyou County, California; on the coast ranges of southwestern Oregon at elevations of
4000°-5000°.
7. Picea sitchensis Carr. Tideland Spruce. Sitka Spruce.
Leaves standing out from all sides of the branches and often nearly at right angles to
them, frequently bringing their white upper surface to view by a twist at their base, straight
or slightly incurved, acute or acuminate with long callous tips, slightly rounded, green,
lustrous, and occasionally marked on the lower surface with 2 or 3 rows of small conspicu-
ous stomata on each side of the prominent midrib, flattened, obscurely ridged and almost
covered with broad silvery white bands of numerous rows of stomata on the upper surface,
h'-l\' long and ^^'--t^' wide, mostly persistent 9-11 years. Flowers: male at the ends of
the pendant lateral branchlets, dark red; female on rigid terminal shoots of the branches of
the upper half of the tree, with nearly orbicular denticulate scales, often slightly truncate
above and completely hidden by their elongated acuminate bracts. Fruit oblong-cylindric,
short-stalked, yellow-green often tinged with dark red when fully grown, becoming lustrous
and pale yellow or reddish brown, 2|'-4' long, with thin stiff elliptic scales rounded toward
the apex, denticulate above the middle, and nearly twice as long as their lanceolate den-
4^
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ticulate bracts; deciduous mostly during their first autumn and winter; seeds full and
rounded, acute at the base, pale reddish brown, about |' long, with narrow oblong slightly
oblique wings i'-|' in length.
A tree, usually about 100° high, with a conspicuously tapering trunk often S°-^° in
diameter above its strongly buttressed and much-enlarged base, occasionally 200° tall,
with a trunk 15°-16° in diameter, horizontal branches forming an open loose pyramid and
on older trees clothed
with slender pendant la-
teral branches frequent-
ly 2°-3° long, and stout
rigid glabrous branch-
lets pale green at first,
becoming dark or light
orange-brown during
their first autumn and
winter and finally dark
gray-brown; at the ex-
treme northwestern lim-
its of its range occa-
sionally reduced to a
low shrub. Winter-buds
ovoid, acute or conical,
|'-|' long, with pale
Fig. 45 chestnut- brown acute
scales, often tipped with
short points and more or less reflexed above the middle. Bark i'-§' thick and broken
on the surface into large thin loosely attached dark red-brown or on young trees some-
times bright cinnamon-red scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, straight-grained, light
brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sap wood; largely manufactured into lum-
ber used in the interior finish of buildings, for fencing, boat-building, aeroplanes, cooper-
age, wooden-ware, and packing-cases.
Distribution. Moist sandy, often swampy soil, or less frequently at the far north on
wet rocky slopes, from the eastern end of Kadiak Island, southward through the coast
region of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon to Mendocino County,
California; in Washington, occasionally ranging inland to the upper valley of the Nesqually
River.
Often planted in western and central Europe and occasionally in the middle Atlantic
states as an ornamental tree.
4. TSUGA Carr. Hemlock.
Tall pyramidal trees, with deeply furrowed astringent bark bright cinnamon-red except
on the surface, soft pale wood, nodding leading shoots, slender scattered horizontal often
pendulous branches, the secondary branches three or four times irregularly pinnately rami-
fied, with slender round glabrous or pubescent ultimate divisions, the whole forming grace-
ful pendant masses of foliage, and minute winter-buds. Leaves flat or angular, obtuse
and often emarginate or acute at apex, spirally disposed, usually appearing almost 2-
ranked by the twisting of their petioles, those on the upper side of the branch then much
shorter than the others, abruptly narrowed into short petioles jointed on ultimately woody
persistent bases, with stomata on the lower surface; on one species not 2-ranked, and of
nearly equal length, with stomata on both surfaces. Flowers solitary, the male in the
axils of leaves of the previous year, globose, composed of numerous subglobose anthers,
with connectives produced into short gland-like tips, the female terminal, erect, with
nearly circular scales slightly longer or shorter than their membranaceous bracts. Fruit
PINACE^
43
an ovoidoblong, oval, or oblong-cylindric obtuse usually pendulous nearly sessile green
or rarely purple cone becoming light or dark reddish brown, with concave suborbicular or
ovate-oblong scales thin and entire on the margins, much longer than their minute bracts,
persistent on the axis of the cone after the escape of the seeds. Seeds furnished with resin-
vesicles, ovoid-oblong, compressed, nearly surrounded by their much longer obovate-
oblong wings; outer seed-coat crustaceous, light brown, the inner membranaceous, pale
chestnut-brown, and lustrous; cotyledons 3-6, much shorter than the inferior radicle.
Tsuga is confined to temperate North America, Japan, central and southwestern China,
Formosa, and the Himalayas; nine species have been distinguished.
Tsuga is the Japanese name of the Hemlock-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves flat, obtuse or emarginate at apex, with stomata only on the lower surface; cones
ovoid, oblong or oblong-ovoid.
Cones stalked.
Cone-scales broad-obovate, about as wide as long, their bracts broad and truncate.
1. T. canadensis (A).
Cone-scales narrow-oval, much longer than wide, their bracts obtusely pointed.
2. T. caroliniana (A).
Cones sessile; cone-scales oval, often abruptly contracted near the middle, their
bracts gradually narrowed to an obtuse point.
3. T. heterophylla (B, F, G).
Leaves convex or keeled above, bluntly pointed, with stomata on both surfaces; cones ob-
long-cylindric, their scales oblong-obovate, longer than broad, much longer than their
acHminate short-pointed bracts. 4. T. Mertensiana (B, F, G).
1. Tsuga canadensis Carr. Hemlock.
Leaves, rounded and rarely emarginate at apex, dark yellow-green, lustrous and ob-
scurely grooved especially toward the base on the upper surface, marked on the lower sur-
face by 5 or 6 rows of stomata on each side of the low broad midrib, |'-|' long, about yV
Fig, 46
wide, deciduous in their third season from dark orange-colored persistent bases. Flowers:
male light yellow; female pale green, with broad bracts coarsely laciniate on the margins
and shorter than their scales. Fruit on slender puberulous stalks often |' long, ovoid,
acute, I'-f long, with broad-obovate scales almost as wide as long, and broad truncate
bracts slightly laciniate on the margins, opening and gradually losing their seeds during
44
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
the winter and mostly persistent on the branches until the following spring; seeds ^'
long, usually with 2 or 3 large oil-vesicles, nearly half as long as their wings broad at
the base and gradually tapering to the rounded apex.
A tree, usually 60°-70°, and occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 2°-4° in diameter,
gradually and conspicuously tapering toward the apex, long, slender horizontal or pendu-
lous branches, persistent until overshadowed by other trees, and forming a broad-based
rather obtuse pyramid, and slender light yellow-brown pubescent branchlets, growing
darker during their first winter and glabrous and dark red-brown tinged with purple in
their third season. Winter-buds obtuse, light chestnut-brown, slightly puberulous, about
■j^^' long. Bark ^'-f ' thick, deeply divided into narrow rounded ridges covered with thick
closely appressed scales varying from cinnamon-red to gray more or less tinged with purple.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, difficult to work, liable to wind-shake
and splinter, not dm'able when exposed to the air, light brown tinged with red, with thin
somewhat darker sap wood; largely manufactured into coarse lumber employed for the out-
side finish of buildings. The astringent inner bark affords the largest part of the material
used in the northeastern states and Canada in tanning leather. From the young branches
oil of hemlock is distilled.
Distribution. Scattered through upland forests and often covering the northern slopes
of rocky ridges and the steep rocky banks of narrow river-gorges from Nova Scotia to
eastern Minnesota (Carleton County), and southward through the northern states to New-
castle County, Delaware, cliffs of Tuckahoe Creek, Queen Anne's County, Maryland,
southern Michigan, southern Indiana (bank of Back Creek near Leesville, Laurence
County), southwestern Wisconsin, and along the Appalachian Mountains to northern
Georgia, and in northern Alabama; most abundant and frequently an important element
of the forest in New England, northern New York, and western Pennsylvania; attaining
its largest size near streams on the slopes of the high mountains of North Carolina and
Tennessee.
Largely cultivated with numerous seminal varieties as an ornamental tree in the northern
states, and in western and central Europe.
2. Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Hemlock.
Leaves retuse or often erqarginate at apex, dark green, lustrous and conspicuously
grooved on the upper surface, marked on the lower surface by a band of 7 or 8 rows of
stomata on each side of
the midrib, ^'-f long,
about yV' wide, decidu-
ous from the orange-
red bases during their
fifth year. Flowers:
male tinged with pur-
ple; female purple,
with broadly ovate
bracts, scarious and
erose on the margins
and about as long as
their scales. Fruit on
short stout stalks, ob-
long, I'-l^' long, with
narrow-oval scales
gradually narrowed
and rounded at apex,
rather abruptly con-
tracted at base into distinct stipes, thin, concave, puberulous on the outer surface, twice
as long as their broad pale bracts, spreading nearly at right angles to the axis of the cone
Fig. 47
PINACEiE 45
at maturity, their bracts rather longer than wide, wedge-shaped, pale, nearly truncate or
slightly pointed at the broad apex; seeds |' long, with numerous small oil-vesicles on
the lower side, and one quarter as long as the pale lustrous wings broad or narrow at the
base and narrowed to the rounded apex.
A tree, usually 40°-50°, or occasionally 70° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 2° in
diameter, short stout often pendulous branches forming a handsome compact pyramidal
head, and slender light orange-brown pubescent branchlets, usually becoming glabrous
and dull brown more or less tinged with orange during their third year. Winter-buds
obtuse, dark chestnut-brown, pubescent, nearly |' long. Bark of the trunk |'-lj' thick,
red-brown, and deeply divided into broad flat connected ridges covered with thin closely
appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, pale
brown tinged with red, with thin nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Rocky banks of streams usually at elevations between 2500° and 4000°
on the Blue Ridge from southwestern Virginia to northern Georgia, generally singly or in
small scattered groves of a few individuals.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the northern states, and in western
Europe.
3. Tsuga heterophylla Sarg. Hemlock.
Leaves rounded at apex, conspicuously grooved, dark green and very lustrous on the
upper surface, marked beiow by broad white bands of 7-9 rows of stomata, abruptly
contracted at the base into slender petioles, Y~¥ long and xV~tV wide, mostly persistent
Fig. 48
4-7 years. Flowers: male yellow; female purple and puberulous, with broad bracts grad-
ually narrowed to an obtuse point and shorter than their broadly ovate slightly scarious
scales. Fruit oblong-ovoid, acute, sessile, f '-1' long, with slightly puberulous oval scales,
often abruptly narrowed near the middle, and dark purple puberulous bracts rounded
and abruptly contracted at apex; seeds |' long, furnished with occasional oil- vesicles,
one third to one half as long as their narrow wings.
A tree, frequently 200° high, with a tall trunk 6°-10° in diameter, and short slender
usually pendulous branches forming a narrow pyramidal head, and slender pale yellow-
brown branchlets ultimately becoming dark reddish brown, coated at first with long pale
hairs, and pubescent or puberulous for five or six years. Winter-buds ovoid, bright
chestnut-brown, about j\' long. Beirk on young trunks thin, dark orange-brown, and
V y
V-
46 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
separated by shallow fissures into narrow flat plates broken into delicate scales, becoming
on fully grown trees I'-l^' thick and deeply divided into broad flat connected ridges cov-
ered with closely appressed brown scales more or less tinged with cinnamon-red. Wood
light, hard and tough, pale brown tinged with yellow, with thin nearly white sapwood;
stronger and more durable than the wood of the other American hemlocks; now largely
manufactured into lumber used principally in the construction of buildings. The bark is
used in large quantities in tanning leather; from the inner bark the Indians of Alaska obtain
one of their principal articles of vegetable food.
Distribution. Southeastern Alaska, southward near the coast to southern Mendocino
County, California, extending eastward over the mountains of southern British Columbia,
northern Washington, Idaho and Montana, to the western slopes of the continental divide,
and through Oregon to the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, sometimes ascend-
ing in the interior to elevations of 6000° above the sea; most abundant and of its largest
size on the coast of Washington and Oregon; often forming a large part of the forests of the
northwest coast. ^
Frequently planted as an ornamental tree in temperate Europe.
4s. Tsuga Mertensiana Sarg. Mountain Hemlock. Black Hemlock.
Leaves standing out from all sides of the branch, remote on leading shoots and crowded
on short lateral branchlets, rounded and occasionally obsciu-ely grooved or on young
plants sometimes conspicuously grooved on the upper surface, rounded and slightly ribbed
Fig. 49
on the lower surface, bluntly pointed, often more or less curved, stomatiferous above and
below, with about 8 rows of stomata on each surface, light bluish green or on some indi-
viduals pale blue, |'-1' long, about y\' wide, abruptly narrowed into nearly straight or
slightly twisted petioles articulate on basc3 as long or rather longer than the petioles;
irregularly deciduous durinr; their third and fourth years. Flowers: male borne on slender
pubescent drooping stems, violet-purple; female erect, with delicate lustrous dark purple
or yellow-green bracts gradually narrowed above into slender often slightly reflexed tips
and much longer than their scales. Fruit sessile, oblong-^ylindric, narrowed toward the
blunt apex and somewhat toward the base, erect until more than half grown, pendulous or
rarely erect at maturity, f '-3' long, with thin delicate oblong-obovate scales gradually
contracted from above the middle to the wedge-shaped base, rounded at the slightly
thickened more or less erose margins, puberulous on the outer surface, usually bright
bluish purple or occasionally pale yellow-green, four or five times as long as their short-
pointed dark purple or brown bracts; seeds light brown, |' long, often marked on the
PINACEJE 47
surface next their scales with 1 or 2 large resin-vesicles, with wings nearly 5' long, broadest
above the middle, gradually narrowed below, slightly or not at all oblique at the rounded
apex.
A tree, usually 70°-100° but occasionally 150° high, with a slightly tapering trunk 4°-5*
in diameter, gracefully pendant slender branches furnished with drooping frond-like lateral
branches, their ultimate divisions erect and forming an open pyramid surmounted by the
long drooping leading shoot, and thin flexible or sometimes stout rigid branchlets light
reddish brown and covered for two or three years with short pale dense pubescence, becom-
ing grayish brown and very scaly. Winter-buds acute, about |' long, the scales of the
outer ranks furnished on the back with conspicuous midribs produced into slender decidu-
ous awl-like tips. Bark l'-l§' thick, deeply divided into connected rounded ridges broken
into thin closely appressed dark cinnamon scales shaded with blue or purple. Wood light,
soft, not strong, close-grained, pale brown or red, with thin nearly white sap-wood; occa-
sionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Exposed ridges and slopes at high altitudes along the upper border of
the forest from southeastern Alaska, southward over the mountain ranges of British Co-
lumbia to the Olympic Mountains of Washington, and eastward to the western slopes of
the Selkirk Mountains in the interior of southern British Columbia, and along the Bitter
Root Mountains to the headwaters of the Clearwater River, Idaho; along the Cascade
Mountains of Washington and Oregon, on the mountain ranges of northern California,
and along the high Sierra Nevada to the canon of the south fork of King's River, Cali-
fornia; in Alaska occasionally descending to the sea-level, and toward the southern limits
of its range often ascending to elevations of 10,000°.
Often planted as an ornamental tree in western and central Europe, and rarely in the
eastern United States.
5. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr.
Pyramidal trees, with thick deeply furrowed bark, hard strong wood, with spirally
marked wood-cells, slender usually horizontal irregularly whorled branches clothed with
slender spreading lateral branches forming broat flat-topped masses of foliage, ovoid acute
leaf-buds, the lateral buds in the axils of upper leaves, their inner scales accrescent and
marking the branchlets with ring-like scars. Leaves petiolate, linear, flat, rounded and
obtuse or acuminate at apex, straight or incurved, grooved on the upper side, marked
on the lower side by numerous rows of stomata on each side of the prominent midrib,
spreading nearly at right angles with the branch. Flowers solitary, the male axillary,
scattered along the branches, oblong-cylindric, with numerous globose anthers, their con-
nectives terminating in short spurs, the female "terminal or in the axils of upper leaves,
composed of spirally arranged ovate rounded scales much shorter than their acutely 2-lobed
bracts, with midribs produced into elongated slender tips. Fruit an ovoid-oblong acute
pendulous cone maturing in one season, with rounded concave rigid scales persistent on
the axis of the cone after the escape of the seeds, and becoming dark red-brown, much
shorter than the 2-lobed bracts with midribs ending in rigid woody linear awns, those at the
base of the cone without scales and becoming linear-lanceolate by the gradual suppression
of their lobes. Seeds nearly triangular, full, rounded and dark-colored on the upper side
and pale on the lower side, shorter than their oblong wings infolding the upper side of the
seeds in a dark covering; outer seed-coat thick and crustaceous, the inner thin and mem-
branaceous; cotyledons 6-12, much shorter than the inferior radicle.
Pseudotsuga is confined to western North America, southern Japan, southwestern China
and Formosa Four species are recognized.
Pseudotsuga, a barbarous combination of a Greek with a Japanese word, indicates the
relation of these trees with the Hemlocks.
48 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves usually rounded and obtuse at apex, dark yellow-green or rarely blue-green; cones
2'-4|' long, their bracts much exserted. 1. P. taxifoUa (B, E, F, G, H).
Leaves acuminate at apex, bluish gray; cones 4'-6|' long, their bracts slightly exserted.
2. P. macrocarpa (G).
1. Pseudotsuga taxifolia Bdtt. Douglas Spruce. Red Fir.
Pseudotsuga mucronata Sudw.
Leaves straight or rarely slightly incurved, rounded and obtuse at apex, or acute on
leading shoots, f '-li' long, -^e'-j^' wide, dark yellow-green or rarely light or dark bluish
green, occasionally persistent until their sixteenth year. Flowers: male orange-red; fe-
Fig, 50
male with slender elongated bracts deeply tinged with red. Fruit pendant on long stout
stems, 4'-6^' long, with thin slightly concave scales rounded and occasionally somewhat
elongated at apex, usually rather longer than broad, when fully grown at midsummer
slightly puberulous, dark blue-green below, purplish toward the apex, bright red on the
closely appressed margins, and pale green bracts becoming slightly reflexed above the
middle, ^'-\' wide, often extending |' beyond the scales; seeds light reddish brown and
lustrous above, pale and marked below with large irregular white spots, \' long, nearly |'
wide, almost as long as their dark brown wings broadest just below the middle, oblique
above and rounded at the apex.
A tree, often 200° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, frequently taller, with a trunk
10°-12° in diameter, but in the dry interior of the continent rarely more than 80°-100°
high, with a trunk hardly exceeding 2°-3° in diameter, slender crowded branches densely
clothed with long pendulous lateral branches, forming while the tree is young an open
pyramid, soon deciduous from trees crowded in the forest, often leaving the trunk naked
for two thirds of its length and surmounted by a comparatively small narrow head some-
times becoming flap-topped by the lengthening of the upper branches, and slender branch-
lets pubescent for three or four years, pale orange color and lustrous during their first
season, becoming bright reddish brown and ultimately dark gray-brown. Winter-buds
ovoid, acute, the terminal bud often \' long and nearly twice as large as the lateral buds.
Bark on young trees smooth, thin, rather lustrous, dark gray-brown, usually becoming on
old trunks 10'-12' thick, and divided into oblong plates broken into great broad rounded
and irregularly connected ridges separating on the surface into small thick closely ap-
PINACBiE3
49
pressed dark red-brown scales. Wood light, red or yellow, with nearly white sap wood;
very variable in density, quality, and in the thickness of the sapwood; largely manu-
factured into lumber in British Columbia, western Washington and Oregon, and used for
all kinds of construction, fuel, railway-ties, and piles; known commercially as "Oregon
pine." The bark is sometimes used in tanning leather.
Distribution. From about latitude 55° north in the Rocky Mountains and from the
head of the Skeena River in the coast range, southward through all the Rocky Mountain
system to the mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona, and of
northern Mexico, and from the Big Horn and Laramie Ranges in Wyoming and from
eastern base of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to the Pacific coast, but absent from the
arid mountains in the great basin between the Wahsatch and the Sierra Nevada ranges
and from the mountains of southern California; most abundant and of its largest size
near the sea-level in the coast region of southern British Columbia and of Washington
and Oregon, and on the western foothills of the Cascade Mountains; ascending on the
California Sierras to elevations of, 5500°, and on the mountains of Colorado to between
6000° and 11,000°, above the sea.
Often planted for timber and ornament in temperate Europe, and for ornament in
the eastern and northern states, where only the form from the interior of the continent
flourishes. (P. glauca Mayr.)
2. Pseudotsuga macrocarpa Mayr. Hemlock.
Leaves acute or acuminate, terminating in slender rigid callous tips, apparently 2-
ranked by the conspicuous twist of their petioles, incurved above the middle, \'-\\' long,
about y\' wide, dark bluish gray. Flowers: male pale yellow, inclosed for half their length
Fig. 51
in conspicuous involucres of the lustrous bud-scales; female with pale green bracts tinged
with red. Fruit produced on the upper branches and occasionally on those down to the
middle of the tree, short-stalked, with scales near the middle of the cone l^'-2' across, stiff,
thick, concave, rather broader than, long, rounded above, abruptly wedge-shaped at the
base, puberulous on the outer surface, often nearly as long as their comparatively short and
narrow bracts with broad midribs produced into short flattened flexible tips; seeds full and
rounded on both sides, rugose, dark chestnut-brown or nearly black and lustrous above,
pale reddish brown below, Y long, f wide, with a thick brittle outer coat, and wings broad-
est near the middle, about |' long, nearly \' wide, and rounded at the apex.
A tree, usually 40°-50° and rarely 90° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, remote elon-
gated branches pendulous below, furnished with short stout pendant or often erect laterals
forming an open broad-based symmetrical pyramidal head, slender branchlets dark reddish
50 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
brown and pubescent during their first year, becoming glabrous and dark or light orange-
brown and ultimately gray-brown. Winter buds ovoid, acute, usually not more than j
long, often nearly as broad as long. Bark 3'-6' thick, dark reddish brown, deeply divided
into broad rounded ridges covered with thick closely appressed scales. Wood heavy,
hard, strong, close-grained, not durable; occasionally manufactured into lumber; largely
used for fuel.
Distribution. Steep rocky mountain slopes in southern California at elevations of
S000°-5000° above the sea, often forming open groves of considerable extent, from the
Santa Inez Mountains in Santa Barbara County to the Cuyamaca Mountains.
6. ABIES Link. Fir.
Tall pyramidal trees, with bark containing numerous resin-vesicles, smooth, pale, and
thin on young trees, often thick and deeply furrowed in old age, pale and usually brittle
wood, slender horizontal wide-spreading branches in regular remote 4 or 5-branched whorls,
clothed with twice or thrice forked lateral branches forming flat-topped masses of foliage
gradually narrowed from the base to the apex of the branch, the ultimate divisions stout,
glabrous or pubescent, and small subglobose or ovoid winter branch-buds usually thickly
covered with resin, or in one species large and acute, with thin loosely imbricated scales.
Leaves linear, sessile, on young plants and on lower sterile branches flattened and mostly
grooved on the upper side, or in one species 4-sided, rounded and usually emarginate at
apex, appearing 2-ranked by a twist near their base or occasionally spreading from all sides
of the branch, only rarely stomatiferous above, on upper fertile branches and leading
shoots usually crowded, more or less erect, often incurved or falcate, thick, convex on the
upper side, or quadrangular in some species and then obtuse, or acute at apex and fre-
quently stomatiferous on all sides; persistent usually for eight or ten years, in falling
leaving small circular scars. Flowers axillary, from buds formed the previous season on
branchlets of the year, surrounded at the base by conspicuous involucres of enlarged bud-
scales, the male very abundant on the lower side of branches above the middle of the tree,
oval or oblong-cylindric with yellow or scarlet anthers surmounted by short knob-like pro-
jections, the female usually on the upper side only of the topmost branches, or in some
species scattered also over the upper half of the tree, erect, globose, ovoid or oblong, their
scales imbricated in many series, obovate, rounded above, cuneate below, much shorter
than their acute or dilated mucronate bracts. Fruit an erect ovoid or oblong-cylindric
cone, its scales closely imbricated, thin, incurved at the broad apex and generally narrowed
below into long stipes, decreasing in size and sterile toward the ends of the cone, falling at
maturity with their bracts and seeds from the stout tapering axis of the cone long-per-
sistent on the branch. Seeds furnished with large conspicuous resin-vesicles, ovoid or
oblong, acute at base, covered on the upper side and infolded below on the lower side
by the base of their thin wing abruptly enlarged at the oblique apex; seed-coat thin, of
2 layers, the outer thick, coriaceous, the inner membranaceous; cotyledons 4-10, much
shorter than the inferior radicle.
Abies is widely distributed in the New World from Labrador and the valley of the Atha-
basca River to the mountains of North Carolina, and from Alaska through the Pacific and
Rocky Mountain regions to the highlands of Guatemala, and in the Old World from Si-
beria and the mountains of central Europe to southern Japan, central China, Formosa,
the Himalayas, Asia Minor, and the highlands of northern Africa. Thirty-three species
are now recognized. Several exotic species are cultivated in the northern and eastern
states; of these the best known and most successful as ornamental trees are Abies Nord-
manniana, Spach, of the Caucasus, Abies cilicica Carr., of Asia Minor, Abies cephalonica
Loud., a native of Cephalonia, Abies Veitchii Lindl., and Abies homolepis S. & Z., of
Japan, and Abies pinsapo, Boiss., of the Spanish Sierra Nevada.
Abies is the classical name of the Fir-tree.
i
PINACE^
51
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Winter-buds subglobose, with closely imbricated scales.
Leaves flat and grooved above, with stomata on the lower surface (in Nos. 3 and 5, also
on the upper surface), rounded and often notched, or on fertile branches frequently
acute at apex.
Leaves on sterile branches spreading, not crowded.
Cones purple.
Leaves dark green and lustrous above, pale below.
Bracts of the cone-scales much longer than their scales, reflexed.
1. A. Fraseri (A).
Bracts of the cone-scales shorter or rarely slightly longer than their scales.
2. A. balsamea (A).
Leaves pale blue-green, stoma tose above. 3. A. lasiocarpa (B, F, G).
Cones green (green, yellow, and purple in No. 5).
Leaves dark green and lustrous above, pale below. 4. A. grandis (B, G).
Leaves pale blue or glaucous, often stomatose above on the upper surface.
5. A. concolor (F, G, H).
Leaves on sterile branches pointing forward, densely crowded, dark green and lus-
trous above, pale below. 6. A. amabilis (B, G).
Leaves often 4-sided, with stomata on all surfaces, blue-green, usually glaucous,
bluntly pointed or acute, incurved and crowded on fertile branches; cones purple.
Leaves of sterile branches flattened and distinctly grooved above; bracts of the
cone-scales rounded and fimbriate above, long-pointed, incurved, light green,
much longer than and covering their scales. 7. A. nobilis (G).
Leaves of sterile branches 4-sided; bracts of the cone-scales acute or acuminate
or rounded above, with slender tips shortet or longer than their scales.
8. A. magnifica (G).
Winter-buds acuminate, with loosely imbricated scales; bracts of the cone-scales pro-
duced into elongated ridged flat tips many times longer than the obtusely pointed
scales ; leaves acuminate, dark yellow-green above, white below, similar on sterile and
fertile branches. 9. A. venusta (G).
I. Abies Fraseri Poir., Balsam Fir. She Balsam.
Leaves obtusely short-pointed or occasionally slightly emarginate at apex, dark green
and lustrous on the upper surface, marked on the lower surface by wide bands of 8-12
Fig. 52
52
TREES OF NOJITH AMEBICA
rows of stomata, |' to nearly 1' long, about ^q' wide. Flowers: male yellow tinged with
red; female with scales rounded above, much broader than long and shorter than their
oblong pale yellow-green bracts rounded at the broad apex terminating in a slender
elongated tip. Fruit oblong-ovoid or nearly oval, rounded at the somewhat narrowed
apex, dark purple, puberulous, about 2|' long, with scales twice as wide as long, at maturity
nearly half covered by their pale yellow-green reflexed bracts; seeds |' long, with dark
lustrous wings much expanded and very oblique at apex.
A tree, usually 30°-4!0° and rarely 70° high, with a trunk occasionally 2^° in diameter,
and rather rigid branches forming an open symmetrical pyramid and often disappearing
early from the lower part of the trunk, and stout branchlets pubescent for three or four
years, pale yellow-brown during their first season, becoming dark reddish brown often
tinged with purple, and obtuse orange-brown winter-buds. Bark |'-|' thick, covered
with thin closely appressed bright cinnamon-red scales, generally becoming gray on
old trees. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, pale brown, with nearly white
sap wood; occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Appalachian Mountains; Cheat Mountain, near Cheat Bridge, Randolph
County, West Virginia, and from southwestern Virginia to western North Carolina and
eastern Tennessee, often forming forests of considerable extent at elevations between
4000° and 6000° above the sea-level.
Occasionally planted in the parks and gardens of the northern states and of Europe,
but short-lived in cultivation and of little value as an ornamental tree.
2. Abies balsamea Mill. Balsam Fir.
Leaves dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, silvery white on the lower surface,
with bands of 4-8 rows of stomata, Y long on cone-bearing branches to 1^' long on the
sterile branches of young trees, straight, acute or acuminate, with short or elongated rigid
Fig. 53
callous tips, spreading at nearly right angles to the branch on young trees and sterile
branches, on the upper branches of older trees often broadest above the middle, rounded
or obtusely short-pointed at apex, occasionally em^rginate on branches at the top of the
tree. Flowers: male yellow, more or less deeply tinged with reddish purple; female
with nearly orbicular purple scales much shorter than their oblong-obovate serrulate pale
yellow-green bracts emarginate with a broad apex abruptly contracted into a long slender
recurved tip. Fruit oblong-cylindric, gradually narrowed to the rounded apex, puberu-
lous, dark rich purple, 2'-4' long, with scales usually longer than broad, generally almost
twice as long; rarely not as long as their bracts, (var. phanerolepis Fern.); seeds about \'
long and rather shorter than their light brown wings.
PINACE^ 53
A tree, 50°-60° high, with a trunk usually 12'-18', or rarely 30' in diameter, spreading
branches forming a handsome symmetrical slender pyramid, the lower branches soon dying
from trees crowded in the forest, and slender branchlets pale yellow-green and coated with
fine pubescence at first, becoming light gray tinged with red, and often when four or five
years old with purple. Winter-buds nearly globose, i'-^' in diameter, with lustrous dark
orange-green scales. Bark on old trees often ^' thick, rich brown, much broken on the
surface into small plates covered with scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained,
perishable, pale brown streaked with yellow, with thick lighter colored sap wood; occasion-
ally made into lumber principally used for packing-cases. From the bark of this tree oil
of fir used in the arts and in medicine is obtained.
Distribution. From the interior of the Labrador peninsula westward to the shores of
Lesser Slave Lake, southward through Newfoundland, the maritime provinces of Canada,
Quebec and Ontario, northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan
to the shores of Saginaw Bay, and northern Minnesota and northeastern Iowa, and
along the Appalachian Mountains from western Massachusetts and the Catskills of
New York to the high mountains of southwestern Virginia; common and often forming
a considerable part of the forest on low swampy ground; on well-drained hillsides some-
times singly in forests of spruce or forming small almost impenetrable thickets; in northern
Wisconsin and vicinity occurs a form with longer and more crowded leaves and larger
cones (var. macrocarpa Kent) ; near the timber-line on the mountains of New England and
New York reduced to a low almost prostrate shrub.
Sometimes planted in the northern states in the neighborhood of farmhouses, but usually
short-lived and of little value as an ornamental tree in cultivation; formerly but now
rarely cultivated in European plantations; a dwarf form (var. hudsonia Sarg.) growing
only a few inches high and spreading into broad nests is often cultivated.
3. Abies lasiocarpa Nutt. Balsam Fir.
Leave? marked on the upper surface but generally only above the middle with 4 or 5
rows of stomata on each side of the conspicuous midrib and on the lower surface by 2
broad bands each of 7 or 8 rows, crowded, nearly erect by the twist at their base, on lower
branches 1 -If long, about i^^' wide, and rounded and occasionally emarginate at apex,
on upper branches somewhat thickened, usually acute, generally not more than |' long,
on leading shoots flattened, closely appressed, with long slender rigid points. Flowers:
male dark indigo-blue, turning violet when nearly ready to open; female with dark violet-
purple obovate scales much shorter than their strongly reflexed bracts contracted into
slender tips. Fruit oblong-cylindric, rounded, truncate or depressed at the narrowed
apex, dark purple, puberulous, 2^-4' long, with scales gradually narrowed from the broad
rounded or nearly truncate apex to the base, usually longer than broad, about three times
as long as their oblong-obovate red-brown bracts laciniately cut on the margins, rounded,
emarginate and abruptly contracted at the apex into long slender tips; seeds |' long, with
dark lustrous wings covering nearly the entire surface of the scales.
A tree, usually 80°-100°, occasionally 175°, or southward rarely more than 50° high,
with a trunk 2°-5° in diameter, short crowded tough branches, usually slightly pendulous
near the base of the tree, generally clothing the trunks of the oldest trees nearly to their
base and forming dense spire-like slender heads, and comparatively stout branchlets coated
for three or four years with fine rufous pubescence, or rarely glabrous before the end of their
first season, pale orange-brown, ultimately gray or silvery white. Winter-buds sub-
globose, I -|' thick, covered with light orange-brown scales. Bark becoming on old
trees |'-1|' thick, divided by shallow fissures and roughened by thick closely appressed
cinnamon-red scales; on the San Francisco Mountains, Arizona, thicker and spongy (var.
arizonica Lem.). Wood light, soft, not strong, pale brown or nearly white, with light-
colored sap wood; little used except for fuel.
Distribution. High mountain slopes and summits from about latitude 61° in Alaska,
southward along the coast ranges to the Olympic Mountains of Washington, over all the
54
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
high mountain ranges of British Columbia and Alberta, and southward along the Casv
cade Mountains of Washington and Oregon to the neighborhood of Crater Lake, over
Fig. 54
the mountain ranges of eastern Washington and Oregon, and of Idaho, Wyoming, Colo-
rado, and Utah to the San Francisco peaks of northern Arizona, and on the Sandia and
Mogollon Mountains of New Mexico. This southern form is now often considered a species
as Abies arizoniea Merr.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the northern United States and in northern
Europe, but of little value in cultivation.
4. Abies grandis Lindl. White Fir.
Leaves thin and flexible, deeply grooved very dark green and lustrous on upper sur-
face, silvery white on lower surface, with two broad bands of 7-10 rows of stomata, on
sterile branches remote, rounded and conspicuously emarginate at apex, 1^'-2|' long, usu-
Fig.55
ally about |' wide, spreading in two ranks nearly at right angles to the branch, on cone-
bearing branches more crowded, usually I'-l^' long, less spreading or nearly erect, blunt-
pointed or often notched at apex, on vigorous young trees ^ -f ' long, acute or acumi-
PINACEyE 55
nate, usually persistent 4-10 years. Flowers: male pale yellow sometimes tinged with
purple; female light yellow-green, with semiorbicular scales and short-oblong bracts emar-
ginate and denticulate at the broad obcordate apex furnished with a short strongly re-
flexed tip. Fruit cylindric, slightly narrowed to the rounded and sometimes retuse apex,
puberulous, bright green, 2'-4' long, with scales usually about two thirds as long as wide,
gradually or abruptly narrowed from their broad apex and three or four times as long as
their short pale green bracts; seeds f in length, light brown, with, pale lustrous wings
^'-f ' long and nearly as broad as their abruptly widened rounded apex.
A tree, in the neighborhood of the coast 250°-300° high, with a slightly tapering trunk
often 4° in diameter, long somewhat pendulous branches sweeping out in graceful curves,
and comparatively slender pale yellow-green puberulous branchlets becoming light reddish
brown or orange-brown and glabrous in their second season; on the mountains of the in-
terior rarely more than 100° tall, with a trunk usually about 2° in diameter, often smaller
and much stunted at high elevations. Winter-buds subglobose, j-Y thick. Bark becom-
ing sometimes 2' thick at the base of old trees and gray-brown or reddish brown and divided
by shallow fissures into low flat ridges broken into oblong plates roughened by thick closely
appressed scales. Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, not strong nor durable, light brown,
with thin lighter colored sapwood; occasionally manufactured into lumber in western
Washington and Oregon and used for the interior finish of buildings, packing-cases, and
wooden-ware.
Distribution. Northern part of Vancouver Island southward in the neighborhood of
the coast to northern Sonoma County, California, and along the mountains of northern
Washington and Idaho to the western slopes of the continental divide in northern Montana,
and to the mountains of eastern Oregon; near the coast scattered on moist ground through
forests of other conifers; common in Washington and northern Oregon from the sea up
to elevations of 4000° ; in the interior on moist slopes in the neighborhood of streams from
2500° up to 7000° above the sea; in California rarely ranging more than ten miles inland
or ascending to altitudes of more than 1500° above the sea.
Occasionally planted in the parks and gardens of temperate Europe, where it grows
rapidly and promises to attain a large size; rarely planted in the United States.
5. Abies concolor Lindl. & Gord. White Fir.
Leaves crowded, spreading in 2 ranks and more or less erect from the strong twist at their
base, pale blue or glaucous, becoming dull green at the end of two or three years, with 2
broad bands of stomata on the lower, and more or less stomatiferous on the upper surface,
on lower branches flat, straight, rounded, acute or acuminate at apex, 2'-3' long, about
■h' wide, on fertile branches and on old trees frequently thick, keeled above, usually fal-
cate, acute or rarely notched at apex, f -1|' long, often |' wide. Flowers: male dark red
or rose color; female with broad rounded scales, and oblong strongly reflexed obcordate
bracts laciniate above the middle and abruptly contracted at apex into short points.
Fruit oblong, slightly narrowed from near the middle to the ends, rounded or obtuse at
apex, 3-5' long, puberulous, grayish green, dark purple or bright canary-yellow, with
scales much broader than long, gradually and regularly narrowed from the rounded apex,
rather more than twice as long as their emarginate or nearly truncate bracts broad at the
apex and terminating in short slender tips; seeds ^ -|' long, acute at base, dark dull brown,
with lustrous rose-colored wings widest near the middle and nearly truncate at apex.
4 tree, on the.Califo£ni£Lsierras 200°-250° high.j^thatrunkoft^-S^-ifl-diamatex^ in fhp
interior of the mntinpnt rarpiv mnrP t>ian 1^5° tall, wi'tli a tnmV gplHnm PYPPPr^ing .S° m dj-
ameter, a najmw spire^like crown ofjhort stout branches clothed with long lateral branches
pointing forward and forming grealTrond-like masses of foliage, and glabrous lustrous com-
paratively stout branchlets dark orange color during their first season, becoming light
grayish green or pale reddish brown, and ultimately gray or grayish brown. Winter-buds
subglobose, i -|' thick. Bark becoming on old trunks sometimes 5'-6' thick near the
ground and deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken on the surfape into irregularly
56
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
shaped plate-like scales. WoodverYjight. soft, coarse-grained and not strong nor^durable,
pale brown or sometimes nearTy white ;tiQccasionally manuf actiiredjntaJiimbpii\~in^
paJifocaiajJsed for jgackjng-cases and,.butter-tubs^
Distribution. Rocky Mountains of southern Colorado, westward to the mountain
ranges of California, extending northward into northern Oregon, and southward over
Fig. 56
the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona into northern Mexico and Lower California
(Mt. San Pedro Martir Mountains) ; the only Fir-tree in the arid regions of the Great Basin,
of southern New Mexico and Arizona, and of the mountain forests of southern California.
Often planted as an ornamental tree in Europe (the California form usually as A.
Lowiana Murr.) and in the eastern states where it grows more vigorously than other Fir-
trees.
6. Abies amabilis Forbes. White Fir.
Leaves deeply grooved, very dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, silvery white
on the lower, with broad bands of 6 or 8 rows of stomata between the prominent midribs
and incurved margins, on sterile branches obtuse and rounded, or notched or occasionally
acute at apex, \'-\\' long, xV~t^' wide, often broadest above the middle, erect by a
twist at their base, very crowded, those on the upper side of the branch much shorter
than those on the lower and usually parallel with and closely appressed against it, on
fertile branches acute or acuminate with callous tips, occasionally stomatiferous on the
upper surface near the apex, ^'-\' long; on vigorous leading shoots acute, with long rigid
points, closely appressed or recurved near the middle, about f long and nearly \' wide.
Flowers: male red; female with broad rounded scales and rhombic dark purple lustrous
bracts erose above the middle and gradually contracted into broad points. Fruit oblong,
slightly narrowed to the rounded and often retuse apex, deep rich purple, puberulous, 3|'-6'
long, with scales l'-l|' wide, nearly as long as broad, gradually narrowed from the rounded
apex and rather more than twice as long as their reddish rhombic or oblong-obovate bracts
terminating in long slender tips; seeds light yellow-brown, |' long, with oblique pale brown
lustrous wings about f ' long.
A tree, often 250° tall, or at high altitudes and in the north usually not more than 70°-80°
tall, with a trunk 4°-6° in diameter, in thick forests often naked for 150°, but in open sit-
uations densely clothed to the ground with comparatively short branches sweeping down
in graceful curves, and stout branchlets clothed for four or five years with soft fine pu-
bescence, light orange-brown in their first season, becoming dark purple and ultimately
reddish brown. Winter-buds nearly globose, j-\' thick, with closely imbricated lus-
trous purple scales. Bark on trees up to 150 years old thin, smooth, pale or silvery white,
PINACE^
becoming near the ground on old trees 1|'-2|' thick, and irregu
tively small plates covered with small closely appressed reddish bi
Wood lighjt, hard, not strong, close-grained, pale brown, with e
Washington occasionally manufactured into lumber used in the ii
Fig. 57
Distribution. High mountain slopes and benches from southeastern Alaska (Boca de
Quadra Inlet and Sandfly Bay), to Vancouver Island and southward along the coast ranges
to Saddle Mountain near Astoria, Oregon, and on the Cascade Mountains to the slopes
of Old Bailey Mountain, Oregon, ranging from the sea level at the north to elevations of
from 3000^-6000° southward; attaining its largest size on the Olympic Mountains of Wash-
ington, where it is the most common Fir-tree.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern states and in western
Europe, but without developing the beauty which distinguishes this species in its native
forests.
7. Abies nobilis Lindl. Red Fir.
Leaves marked on the upper surface with a deep sharply defined groove, rounded and
obscurely ribbed on the lower surface, stomatiferous above and below, dark or light blue-
green, often very glaucous during their first season, crowded in several rows, those on the
lower side of the branch two-ranked by the twisting of their bases, the others crowded,
strongly incurved, with the points erect or pointing away from the end of the branch,
on young plants and on the lower sterile branches of old trees flat, rounded, usually slightly
notched at apex, l'-l§' long, about -^q' wide, on fertile branches much thickened and
almost equally 4-sided, acuminate, with long rigid callous tips, |'-f ' long, on leading shoots
flat, gradually narrowed from the base, acuminate, with long rigid points, about 1' long.
Flowers: male reddish purple; female often scattered over the upper part of the tree, with
broad rounded scales much shorter than their nearly orbicular bracts erose on the margins
and contracted above into slender elongated strongly reflexed tips. Fruit oblong-cylindric,
slightly narrowed but full and rounded at apex, 4'-5' long, purple or olive-brown, pu-
bescent, with scales about one third wider than long, gradually narrowed from the rounded
apex to the base, or full at the sides, rounded and denticulate above the middle and sharply
contracted and wedge-shaped below, nearly or entirely covered by their strongly reflexed
pale green spatulate bracts full and rounded above, fimbriate on the margins, with broad
midribs produced into short broad flattened points; seeds |' long, pale reddish brown,
about as long as their wings, gradually narrowed from below to the nearly truncate
slightly rounded apex.
A tree, in old age with a comparatively broad somewhat rounded head, usually 150°-
200° and occasionally 250° high, with a trunk 6°-8° in diameter, short rigid branches, short
stout remote lateral branches standing out at right angles, and slender reddish brown branch-
REES OF NORTH AMERICA
xve years and generally pointing forward. Winter-buds ovoid-
I' long. Bark becoming on old trunks l'-2' thick, bright red-
;d into broad flat ridges irregularly broken by cross fissures and
Fig. 58
covered with thick closely appressed scales. Wood light, hard, strong, rather close-grained,
pale brown streaked with red, with darker colored sapwood; occasionally manufactured
into lumber and used under the name of larch for the interior finish of buildings and for
packing-cases.
Distribution. Slopes of Mt. Baker in northern Washington and southward to the valley
of the Mackenzie River, Oregon, and the Siskiyou Mountains, California, at elevations of
from 2000°-5000° above the sea; most abundant and often forming extensive forests on
the Cascade Mountains of Washington; less abundant and of smaller size on the eastern
and northern slopes of these mountains. In Oregon sometimes called Larch.
Often planted in western and central Europe as an ornamental tree, and in the eastern
states hardy in sheltered positions as far north as Massachusetts.
8. Abies magnifica A. Murr. Red Fir.
Leaves almost equally 4-sided, ribbed above and below, with 6-8 rows of stomata on
each of the 4 sides, pale and very glaucous during their first season, later becoming
blue-green, persistent usually for about ten years; on young plants and lower branches
oblanceolate, somewhat flattened, rounded, bluntly pointed, f -1|' long, Jg' wide, those
on the lower side of the branch spreading in 2 nearly horizontal ranks by the twist at
their base, on upper, especially on fertile branches, much thickened, with more prominent
PINACE.E
59
midribs, acute, with short callous tips, Y long on the upper side of the branch to 1 j' long on
the lower side, crowded, erect, strongly incurved, completely hiding the upper side of the
branch, on leading shoots f long, erect and acuminate, with long rigid points pressed
against the stem. Flowers: male dark reddish piKple; female with rounded scales much
shorter than their oblong pale green bracts terminating in elongated slender tips more or
less tinged with red. Fruit oblong-cylindric, slightly narrowed to the rounded, truncate,
or retuse apex, dark purplish brown, puberulous, from 6'-9' long, with scales often 1|'
wide and about two thirds as wide as long, gradually narrowed to the cordate base, some-
what longer or often two thirds as long as their spatulate acute or acuminate bracts slightly
serrulate above the middle and often sharply contracted and then enlarged toward the
base; seeds dark reddish brown, f ' long, about as wide as their lustrous rose-colored ob-
ovate cuneate wings nearly truncate and often f wide at apex.
A tree, in old age occasionally somewhat round-topped, frequently 200° high, with a
trunk 8°-10° in diameter and often naked for half the height of the tree, comparatively
short small branches, the upper somewhat ascending, the lower pendulous, and stout light
yellow-green branchlets pointing forward, slightly puberulous during their first season,
becoming light red-brown and lustrous and ultimately gray or silvery white. Winter-
buds ovoid, acute, j'-|' long, their bright chestnut-brown scales with prominent midribs
produced into short tips. Baxk becoming 4'-6' thick near the ground, deeply divided into
broad rounded ridges broken by cross fissures and covered b^ dark red-brown scales.
Wood light, soft, not strong, comparatively durable, light red-brown, with thick somewhat
darker sap wood; largely used for fuel, and in California occasionally manufactured into
coarse lumber employed in the construction of cheap buildings and for packing-cases.
Distribution. Cascade Mountains of southern Oregon, southward over the mountain
ranges of northern California (summits of the Trinity and Salmon. Mountains and on the
inner north coast ranges), and along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the divide
between White and Kern Rivers; common in southern Oregon at elevations between 5000°
and 7000° above the sea, forming sometimes nearly pure forests; very abundant on the
Sierra Nevada, and the principal tree in the forest belt at elevations between 6000° and
9000°; ascending towards the southern extremity of its range to over 10,000°. Small
stunted trees from the neighborhood of Meadow Lake, Sierra County, California, with
yellowish cones have been described as var. xanthocarjpa Lemm.
Often planted as an ornamental tree in western and central Europe, and sometimes
hardy in the United States as far north as eastern Massachusetts.
A distinct form is
Abies magnifica var. shastensis Lemm. Red Fir.
On the mountains of southern Oregon and at high elevations on those of northern Cali-
fornia, and on the southern Sierra Nevada, occurs this form distinguished only by the
Fig. 60
60
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
longer rounded or obtusely pointed (not acute) bright yellow bracts which sometimes
cover nearly half their scales.
9. Abies venusta K. Koch. Silver Fir.
Abies bracteata D. Don.
Leaves thin, flat, rigid, linear or linear-lanceolate, gradually or abruptly narrowed
toward the base, often falcate, especially on fertile branches, acuminate, with long slender
callous tips, dark yellow-green, lustrous and slightly rounded on the upper surface marked
below the middle with an obscure groove, silvery white or on old leaves pale on the lower
surface, with bands of 8-10 rows of stomata between the broad midrib and the thickened
strongly revolute margins, 2-ranked from the conspicuous twist near their base and spread-
ing at nearly right angles to the branch, or pointing forward on upper fertile branches,
l¥~^¥ long, on leading shoots standing out at almost right angles, rounded on the upper
surface, more or less incurved above the middle, l^'-lf long, about i' wide. Flowers:
male produced in great numbers near the base of the branchlets on branches from the
middle of the tree upward, pale yellow; female near the ends of the branchlets of the
Fig. 61
upper branches only, with oblong scales rounded above and nearly as long as their cuneate
obcordate yellow-green bracts ending in slender elongated awns. Fruit on stout peduncles
sometimes ¥ long, oval or subcylindric, full and rounded at apex, glabrous, pale pur-
ple-brown, 8'-4' long, with thin scales strongly incurved above, obtusely short-pointed
at apex, obscurely denticulate on the thin margins, about one third longer than their
oblong-obovate obcordate pale yellow-brown bracts terminating in flat rigid tips I'-lf ' long,
above the middle of the cone pointing toward its apex and often closely appressed to its
sides, below the middle spreading toward its base and frequently much recurved, firmly
attached to the cone-scales and deciduous with them from the thick conical sharp-pointed
axis of the cone; seeds dark red-brown, about f ' long, and nearly as long as their oblong-
obovate pale reddish brown lustrous wings rounded at the apex.
A tree, 100°-150° high, with a trunk sometimes 3° in diameter, comparatively short
slender usually pendulous branches furnished with long sinuous rather remote lateral
branches sparsely clothed with foliage, forming a broad-based pyramid abruptly narrowed
IS^-^O" from the top of the tree into a thin spire-like head, and stout glabrous light reddish
brown branchlets covered at first with a glaucous bloom. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, |'-1'
long, I'-Y thick, with very thin, loosely imbricated, pale chestnut-brown, acute, boat-shaped
scales. Bark becoming near the base of the tree i'-f ' thick, light reddish brown, slightly
PINACE^ 61
and irregularly fissured and broken into thick closely appressed scales. Wood heavy,
not hard, coarse-grained, light brown tinged with yellow, with paler sapwood.
Distribution. In the moist bottoms of canons and on dry rocky summits, usually at
elevations of about 3000° above the sea on both slopes of the outer western ridge of the
Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County, California.
Occasionally and successfully grown as an ornamental tree in the milder parts of Great
Britain and in northern Italy; not hardy in the eastern United States.
7. SEQUOIA Endl.
Resinous aromatic trees, with tall massive lobed trunks, thick bark of 2 layers, the outer
composed of fibrous scales, the inner thin, close and firm, soft, durable, straight-grained
red heartwood, thin nearly white sapwood, short stout horizontal branches, terete lateral
branchlets deciduous in the autumn, and scaly or naked buds. Leaves ovate-lanceolate
or linear and spreading in 2 ranks especially on young trees and branches, or linear, acute,
compressed, keeled on the back and closely appressed or spreading at apex, the two
forms appearing sometimes on the same branch or on different branches of the same tree.
Flowers minute, solitary, monoecious, appearing in early spring from buds formed the
previous autumn, the male terminal in the axils of upper leaves, oblong or ovoid, sur-
rounded by an involucre of numerous imbricated ovate, acute, and apiculate bracts, with
numerous spirally disposed filaments dilated into ovoid acute subpeltate denticulate connec-
tives bearing on their inner face 2-5 pendulous globose 2-valved anther-cells; the female
terminal, ovoid or oblong, composed of numerous spirally imbricated ovate scales abruptly
keeled on the back, the keels produced into short or elongated points closely adnate to the
short ovule-bearing scales rounded above and bearing below their upper margin in 2 rows
5-7 ovules at first erect, becoming reversed. Fruit an ovoid or short-oblong pendulous
cone maturing during the first or second season, persistent after the escape of the seeds,
its scales formed by the enlargement of the united flower and ovuliferous scales, becoming
woody, bearing large deciduous resin-glands, gradually enlarged upward and widening
at the apex into a narrow thickened oblong disk transversely depressed through the middle
and sometimes tipped with a small point. Seeds 5-7 under each scale, oblong-ovoid, com-
pressed; seed-coat membranaceous, produced into broad thin lateral wings; cotyledons
4-6, longer than the inferior radicle.
Sequoia, widely scattered with several species over the northern hemisphere during the
cretaceous and tertiary epochs, is now confined to the coast of Oregon and California and
the mountains of California, where two species exist.
The name of the genus is formed from Sequoiah, the inventor of the Cherokee alphabet.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves mostly spreading in 2 ranks; cones maturing in one season; buds scaly.
1. S. sempervirens (G).
Leaves slightly spreading or appressed; cones maturing in their second season; buds
naked. 2. S. gigantea (G).
1. Sequoia sempervirens Endl. Redwood.
Leaves of secondary branches and of lower branches of young trees lanceolate, more or
less falcate, acute or acuminate and usually tipped with slender rigid points, slightly thick-
ened on the revolute margins, decurrent at the base, spreading in 2 ranks by a half-turn at
their base, |'-|' long, about |' wide, obscurely keeled and marked above by 2 narrow bands
of stomata, glaucous and stomatiferous below on each side of their conspicuous mid-
rib, on leading shoots disposed in many ranks, more or less spreading or appressed, ovate
or ovate-oblong, incurved at the rounded apiculate apex, thickened, rounded, and stoma-
tiferous on the lower surface, concave, prominently keeled and covered with stomata
62
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Fig. 62
on the upper surface, usually about I' long; dying and turning reddish brown at least
two years before falling. Flowers opening in December or January; male oblong, obtuse;
female with about 20 broadly ovate acute scales tipped with elongated and incurved or
short points. Fruit ripening in October, oblong, f '-1' long, ^' broad, its scales gradually
enlarged from slender
stipes abruptly dilat-
ed above into disks
penetrated by deep
narrow grooves, and
usually without tips;
seeds about ^' long,
light brown, with
wings as broad as
their body.
A tree, from 200°-
340° high, with a
slightly tapering and
irregularly lobed
trunk usually free of
branches for 75°-
100°, usually 10°-15°,
rarely 28° in diame-
ter at the much but-
tressed base, slender
branches, clothed with branchlets spreading in 2 ranks and forming while the tree is young
an open narrow pyramid, on old trees becoming stout and horizontal, and forming a nar-
row rather compact and very irregular head remarkably small in proportion to the height
and size of the trunk, and slender leading branchlets covered at the end of three or four
years after the leaves fall with cinnamon-brown scaly bark ; when cut producing from the
stump numerous vigorous long-lived shoots. Buds with numerous loosely imbricated
ovate acute scales persistent on the base of the branchlet. Bark 6'-12' thick, divided into
rounded ridges and separated on the surface into long narrow dark brown fibrous scales
often broken transversely and in falling disclosing the bright cinnamon-red inner bark.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, easily split and worked, very durable in con-
tact with the soil, clear light red; largely manufactured into lumber and used for shingles,
fence-posts, railway-ties, wine-butts, and in buildings.
Distribution. Valley of the Chetco River, Oregon, 8 miles north of the California state
line, southward near the coast to Monterey County, California; rarely found more than
twenty or thirty miles from the coast, or beyond the influence of the ocean fogs, or over
3000° above the sea-level; often forming in northern California pure forests occupying the
sides of ravines and the banks of streams; southward growing usually in small groves scat-
tered among other trees; most abundant and of its largest size north of Cape Mendocino.
Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the temperate countries of Europe, and occa-
sionally in the southeastern United States.
2. Sequoia gigantea Decne. Big Tree.
Sequoia Wellingtonia Seem.
Leaves ovate and acuminate, or lanceolate, rounded and thickened on the lower surface,
concave on the upper surface, marked by bands of stomata on both sides of the obscure
midrib, rigid, sharp-pointed, decurrent below, spreading or closely appressed above the
middle, \'-\' or on leading shoots Y Jong- Flow6rs opening in late winter and early
spring; male in great profusion over the whole tree, oblong-ovoid, with ovate acute or acumi-
nate connectives; female with 25-40 pale yellow scales slightly keeled on the back and grad-
} *
PINACE^
63
ually narrowed into long slender points. Fruit maturing in the second year, ovoid-oblong,
2'-3|' long, l|'-2^' wide, dark reddish brown, the scales gradually thickened upward from
the base to the slightly dilated apex, f'-lj' long, and I'-Y wide, deeply pitted in the middle,
often furnished with an elongated reflexed tip and on the upper side near the base with
two or three large deciduous resin-glands; seeds linear-lanceolate, compressed, ^-Y long,
light brown, surrounded by laterally united wings broader than the body of the seed, apicu-
late at the apex, often very unequal.
A tree, at maturity usually about 275° high, with a trunk 20° in diameter near the ground,
occasionally becoming 320° tall, with a trunk 35° in diameter, much enlarged and buttressed
Fig. 63
at base, fluted with broad low rounded ridges, in old age naked often for 150° with short
thick horizontal branches, slender leading branchlets becoming after the disappearance of
the leaves reddish brown more or less tinged with purple and covered with thin close or
slightly scaly bark and naked buds. Bark l°-2° thick, divided into rounded lobes 4°-5°
wide, corresponding to the lobes of the trunk, separating into loose light cinnamon-red
fibrous scales, the outer scales slightly tinged with purple. Wood very light, soft, not
strong, brittle and coarse-grained, turning dark on exposure; manufactured into lumber
and used for fencing, in construction, and for shingles.
Distribution. Western slopes of the Sierra Nevada of California, in an interrupted belt
at elevations of 5000°-8400° above the level of the sea, from the middle fork of the Ameri-
can River to the head of Deer Creek just south of latitude 36°; north of King's River in
isolated groves, southward forming forests of considerable extent, and best developed on
the north fork of the Tule River.
Universally cultivated as an ornamental tree in all the countries of western and southern
Europe; and occasionally in the middle eastern United States.
8. TAXODIUM Rich. Bald Cypress.
Resinous trees, with furrowed scaly bark, light brown durable heartwood, thin white
sapwood, erect ultimately spreading branches, deciduous usually 2-ranked lateral branch*
lets, scaly globose buds, and stout horizontal roots often producing erect woody projec-
tions (knees). Leaves spirally disposed, pale and marked with stomata below on both
sides of the obscure midrib, dark green above, linear-lanceolate, spreading in 2 ranks, or
scale-like and appressed on lateral branchlets, the two forms appearing on the same or on
different branches of the same tree or on separate trees, deciduous. Flowers unisexual,
from buds formed the previous year; male in the axils of scale-like bracts in long terminal
drooping panicles, with 6-8 stamens opposite in 2 ranks, their filaments abruptly enlarged
64
THEES of north AMERICA
into broadly ovate peltate yellow connectives bearing on their inner face in 2 rows 4-9 2«
valved pendulous anther-cells; female scattered near the ends of the branches of the pre-
vious year, subglobose, composed of numerous ovate spirally arranged long-pointed scales,
adnate below to the thickened fleshy ovuliferous scales bearing at their base 2 erect bottle-
shaped ovules. Fruit a globose or obovoid short-stalked woody cone maturing the first
year and persistent after the escape of the seeds, formed from the enlargement and union
of the flower and ovule-bearing scales abruptly dilated from slender stipes into irregularly
4-sided disks often mucronate at maturity, bearing on the inner face, especially on the
stipes, large dark glands filled with blood-red fragrant liquid resin. Seeds in pairs under
each scale, attached laterally to the stipes, erect, unequally 3-angled; seed-coat light brown
and lustrous, thick, coriaceous or corky, produced into 3 thick unequal lateral wings and
below into a slender elongated point; cotyledons 4-9, shorter than the superior radicle.
Taxodium, widely distributed through North America and Europe in Miocene and Plio-
cene times, is now confined to the southern United States and Mexico. Two species are
distinguished.
The generic name, from rd^os and eidos, indicates a resemblance of the leaves to those
of the Yew-tree.
1. Taxodium distichum Rich. Bald Cypress. Deciduous Cypress.
Leaves on distichously spreading branchlets, apiculate, |'-|' long, about i^/ wide, light
bright yellow-green or occasionally silvery white below; or on the form with pendulous
Fig. 64
compressed branchlets long-pointed, keeled and stomatiferous below, concave above
more or less spreading at the free apex, about Y long; in the autumn turning with the
branchlets dull orange-brown before falling. Flowers: panicles of staminate flowers
4'-5' long, l|'-2' wide, with slender red-brown stems, obovoid flower-buds nearly |' long,
pale silvery-gray during winter and purple when the flowers expand in the spring. Fruit
usually produced in pairs at the end of the branch or irregularly scattered along it for several
inches, nearly globose or obovoid, rugose, about 1' in diameter, the scales generally destitute
of tips; seeds with wings nearly J' long, |' wide.
A tree, with a tall lobed gradually tapering trunk, rarely 12° and generally 4°-5° in di-
ameter above the abruptly enlarged strongly buttressed usually hollow base, occasionally
150° tall, in youth pyramidal, with slender branches often becoming elongated and slightly
pendulous, in old age spreading out into a broad low rounded crown often 100° across, and
slender branchlets light green when they first appear, light red-brown and rather lustrous
during their first winter, becoming darker the following year, the lateral branchlets de-
.i
PINACEiB 65
ciduous, 3'-4' long, spreading at right angles to the branch, or in the form with acicular
leaves pendulous or erect and often 6' long. Bark l'-2' thick, light cinnamon-red and
divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges separating on the surface into long thin
closely appressed fibrous scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, very durable, easily worked,
light or dark brown, sometimes nearly black; largely used for construction, railway-ties,
posts, fences, and in cooperage.
Distribution. River swamps usually submerged during several months of the year,
low wet banks of streams,- and the wet depressions of Pine-barrens from southern New
Jersey and southern Delaware southward generally near the coast to the Everglade Keys,
southern Florida, and through the Gulf-coast region to the valley of Devil River, Texas,
through Louisiana to southern Oklahoma, through southern and western Arkansas to
southeastern Missouri, and through western and northern Mississippi to Tishomingo
County, and in western Tennessee and Kentucky to southern Illinois and southwestern
Indiana; most common and of its largest size in the south Atlantic and Gulf states, often
covering with nearly pure forests great river swamps. From the coast of North Carolina to
southern Florida, southern Alabama and eastern and western Louisiana the form with
acicular leaves ( Taxodium distichum var. imbricarium, Croom.) is not rare as a small tree in
Pine-barren ponds and swamps.
Taxodium distichum var. imbricarium is now usually and rightly considered a distinct
species for which the correct name is Taxodium ascendens Brong.; the extension of its range
into western Louisiana is not supported by specimens.
Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the northern United States, and in the coun-
tries of temperate Europe, especially the var. imbricarium (as Glyptostrobus sinensis Hort.
not Endl).
9. LIBOCEDRUS EndL
Tall resinous aromatic trees, with scaly bark, spreading branches, flattened branchlets
disposed in one horizontal plane and forming an open 2-ranked spray and often ultimately
deciduous, straight-grained durable fragrant wood, and naked buds. Leaves scale-like, in
4 ranks, on leading shoots nearly equally decussate, closely compressed or spreading, dying
and becoming woody before falling, on lateral flattened branchlets much compressed,
conspicuously keeled, and nearly covering those of the other ranks; on seedling plants
linear-lanceolate and spreading. Flowers monoecious, solitary, terminal, the two sexes on
different branchlets; male oblong, with 12-16 decussate filaments dilated into broad con-
nectives usually bearing 4 subglobose anther-cells; female oblong, subtended at base by
several pairs of leaf-life scales slightly enlarged and persistent under the fruit, composed
of 6 acuminate short-pointed scales, those of the upper and middle ranks much larger
than those of the lower rank, ovate or oblong, fertile and bearing at the base of a minute
accrescent ovuliferous scale 2 erect ovules. Fruit an oblong cone maturing in one season,
with subcoriaceous scales marked at the apex by the free thickened mucronulate border
of the enlarged flower-scales, those of the lowest pair ovate, thin, reflexed, much shorter
than the oblong thicker scales of the second pair widely spreading at maturity; those of
the third pair confluent into an erect partition. Seeds in pairs, erect on the base of the
scale; seed-coat membranaceous, of 2 layers, produced into thin unequal lateral wings, one
narrow, the other broad, oblique, nearly as long as the scale; cotyledons 2, about as long
as the superior radicle.
Libocedrus is confined to western North America, western South America, where it is
distributed from Chili to Patagonia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Formosa,
and southwestern China. Eight species are distinguished.
Libocedrus, from Xi^ds and Cedrus, relates to the resinous character of these trees.
1. Libocedrus. decurrens Terr. Incense Cedar.
Leaves oblong-obovate, decurrent and closely adnate on the branchlets except at the
callous apex, Y long on the ultimate lateral branchlets to nearly Y long on leading shoots,
those of the lateral ranks gradually narrowed and acuminate at apex, keeled and glan-
66
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
dular on the back, and nearly covering the flattened obscurely glandular-pitted and abruptly
pointed leaves of the inner ranks. Flowers appearing in January on the ends of short lat-
eral branchlets of the previous year; male tingeing the tree with gold during the winter
and early spring, ovate, nearly |' long, with nearly orbicular or broadly ovate connectives,
rounded, acute or acuminate at the apex and slightly erose on the margins; female sub-
tended by 2-6 pairs of leaf-like scales, with ovate acute light yellow-green slightly spread-
ing scales. Fruit ripening and discharging its seeds in the autumn, oblong, f '-1' long, pen-
dulous, light red-brown; seeds oblong-lanceolate, Y~¥ long, semiterete and marked below
by a conspicuous pale basal hilum; inner layer of the seed-coat penetrated by elongated
resin-chambers, filled with red liquid balsamic resin.
A tree, usually 80°-100° or rarely 150° high, with a tall straight slightly and irregularly
lobed trunk tapering from a broad base, 3° or 4° or occasionally 6° or 7° in diameter.
Fig. 65
slender branches erect at the top of the tree, below sweeping downward in bold curves,
forming a narrow open feathery crown becoming in old age irregular in outline by the
greater development of a few ultimately upright branches forming secondary stems, and
stout branchlets somewhat flattened and light yellow-green at first, turning light red-brown
during the summer and ultimately broWn more or less tinged with purple, the lateral branch-
lets much flattened, 4'-6' long, and usually deciduous at the end of the second or third
season. Bark ^'-1' thick, bright cinnamon-red, and broken into irregular ridges covered
with closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained very durable in
contact with the soil, light reddish brown, with thin nearly white sap wood; often injured
by dry rot but largely used for fencing, laths and shingles, the interior finish of buildings,
for furniture, and in the construction of flumes.
Distribution. Singly or in small groves from the southeastern slope of Mt. Hood, Ore-
gon, and southward along the Cascade Mountains; on the high mountains of northern
California, on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and in Alpine County on their
eastern slope, on the Washoe Mountains, western Nevada, in the California coast ranges
from the Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County to the high mountains in the south-
ern part of the state; on the Sierra del Pimal and the San Pedro Martir Mountains,
Lower California; most abundant and of its largest size on the Sierra Nevada, of central
California at elevations of 5000°-7000° above the sea.
Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in western and central Europe, where it grows
rapidly and promises to attain a large size; occasionally planted in the New England and
middle Atlantic states; hardy in the Arnold Arboretum.
PINACEiE 67
10. THUJA L. Arbor-vitae.
Resinous aromatic trees, with thin scaly bark, soft durable straight-grained heartwood,
thin nearly white sapwood, slender spreading or erect branches, pyramidal heads, flat-
tened lateral pendulous branchlets disposed in one horizontal plane, forming a flat frond-
like spray and often finally deciduous, and naked buds. Leaves decussate, scale-like,
acute, stomatiferous on the back, on leading shoots appressed or spreading, rounded or
slightly keeled on the back, narrowed into long slender points, on lateral branchlets much
compressed in the lateral ranks, prominently keeled and nearly covering those of the other
ranks; on seedling plants linear-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading or reflexed. Flowers
minute, monoecious, from buds formed the previous autumn, terminal, solitary, the two
sexes usually on different branchlets; male ovoid, with 4-6 decussate filaments, enlarged
into suborbicular peltate connectives bearing on their inner face 2-4 subglobose anther-
cells; female oblong, with 8-12 oblong acute scales opposite in pairs, the ovuliferous scales
at their base bearing usually 2 erect bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit an ovoid-oblong erect
pale cinnamon-brown cone maturing in one season, its scales thin (thick in one species),
leathery, oblong, acute, marked near the apex by the thickened free border of the enlarged
flower-scales, those of the 2 or 3 middle ranks largest and fertile. Seeds usually 2, erect
on the base of the scale, ovoid, acute, compressed, light chestnut-brown; seed-coat mem-
branaceous, produced except in one species into bro.-^ J lateral wings distinct at the apex;
cotyledons 2, longer than the superior radicle.
Thuja is confined to northeastern and northwestern America, to Japan, Korea and
northern China. Five species are recognized. (X the exotic species the Chinese Thuja
orientalis, L., with many varieties produced by cultivation, is frequently planted in the
United States, especially in the south and west, for the decoration of gardens, and is dis-
tinguished from the other species by the thick umbonate scales of the cone, only the 4
lower scales being fertile, and by the thick rounded dark red-purple seeds without wings.
Thuja is the classical name of some conJi'erous tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Fruit with usually 4 fertile scales. 1. T. occidentalis (A).
Fruit with usually 6 fertile scales. 2. T. plicata. (B, F, G).
1. Thuja occidentalis L. White Cedar. Arbor-vitae.
Leaves on leading shoots often nearly j' long, long-pointed and usually conspicuously
glandular, on lateral branchlets much flattened, rounded and apiculate at apex, without
glands or obscurely glandular-pitted, about i' long. Flowers opening in April and May,
liver color. Fruit ripening and discharging its seeds in the early autumn, ^'-^' long;
seeds |' long, the thin wings as wide as the body.
A tree, 50°-60° high, with a short often lobed and buttressed trunk, occasionally 6°
although usually not more than 2°-3° in diameter, often divided into 2 or 3 stout secondary
stems, short horizontal branches soon turning upward and forming a narrow compact
; pyramidal head, Ivght yellow-green branchlets paler on the lower surface than on the
upper, changing Avith the death of the leaves during their second season to light cinnamon-
Ii red, growing darker the following year, gradually becoming terete and abruptly enlarged
' at the base ar:d finally covered with smooth lustrous dark orange-brown bark, and marked
by conspicuous scars left by the falling of the short pendulous lateral branchlets. Bark i'-
Y thick, lii^ht red-brown often tinged with orange color and broken by shallow fissures into
narrow flat connected ridges separating into elongated more or less persistent scales. Wood
light, so(t, brittle, very coarse-grained, durable, fragrant, pale yellow-brown; largely used
in Canada and the northern states for fence-posts, rails, railway-ties, and shingles. Fluid
extracts and tinctures made from the young branchlets are sometimes used in medicine.
68
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
often occupying the rocky banks of streams, from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, north-
westward to the mouth of the Saskatchewan, and southward through eastern Canada
to southern New Hampshire, central Massachusetts, New York, central Ohio, northern
Fig. 66
Indiana and Illinois, and Minnesota; occasionally on the high mountains of Virginia,
West Virginia, and northeastern Tennessee, and on the mountains of western Burke
County, North Carolina, at an altitude of 3000 feet; very common at the north, less
abundant and of smaller size southward.
Often cultivated, with many, often dwarf, forms produced in nurseries, as an ornamental
tree and for hedges; and in Europe from the middle of the sixteenth century.
2. Thuja plicata D. Don. Red Cedar. Canoe Cedar.
Leaves on leading shoots ovate, long-pointed, often conspicuously glandular on the
back, frequently \' long, on lateral branchlets ovate, apiculate, without glands or obscurely
glandular-pitted, usually not more than \' long, mo.stly persistent 2-5 years. Flowers
about 1^' long, dark brown.
Fruit ripening early in the
autumn, clustered near the
ends of the branches, much
reflexed, \' long, with thin
leathery scales, conspicuously
marked near the apex by the
free border of the flower-scale
furnished with short stout
erect or recurved dark mu-
cros; seeds often 3 under each
fertile scale, rather shorter
than their usually slightly
unequal wings about \' long.
A tree, frequently 200°
high, with a broad gradually
tapering buttressed base some-
times 15° in diameter at the ^
ground and in old age often separating toward the summit into 2 or 3 erect divisions,
short horizontal branches, usually pendulous at the ends, forming a dense narrow py-
ramidal head, and slender much compressed branchlets often slightly zigzag, light bril^ht
I
PINACE^ 69
yellow-green during their first year, then cinnamon-brown, and after the falling of the
leaves, lustrous and dark reddish brown often' tinged with purple, |he lateral branchlets_
5'-6' long, light green and lustrous on the upper surface, somewhat paler on the lower sur-
face, turning yellow and falling generally at the end of their second season. Bark bright
cinnamon-red, §'-f ' thick, irregularly divided by narrow shallow fissures into broad ridges
rounded on the back and broken on the surface into long narrow rather loose plate-like
scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, easily split, dull brown tinged
with red; largely used in Washington and Oregon for the interior finish oflbuildings, doors,
sashes, fences, shingles, and in cabinet-making and cooperage. From this tree the Indians
of the northwest coast split the planks used in the construction of their lodges, carved
the totems which decorate their villages, and hollowed out their great war canoes, and
from the fibres of the inner bark made ropes, blankets, and thatch for their cabins.
Distribution. Singly and in small groves on low moist bottom-lands or near the banks
of mountain streams, from the sea-level to elevations of 6000° in the interior, from Baranoff
Island, Alaska, southward along the coast ranges of British Columbia, western Washing-
ton, and Oregon, where it is the most abundant and grows to its largest size, and through
the California-coast region to Mendocino County, ranging eastward along many of the
interior ranges of British Columbia, northern Washington, Idaho, and Montana to the
western slope of the continental divide.
Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the parks and gardens of western and central
Europe where it has grown rapidly and vigorously, and occasionally in the middle and
north Atlantic states.
11. CUPRESSUSL. Cypress.
Resinous trees, with bark often separating into long shred-like scales, fragrant durs-ble
usually light brown heartwood, pale yellow sapwood, stout erect branches often becoming
horizontal in old age, slender 4-angled branchlets, and naked buds. Leaves scale-like,
ovate, acute, acuminate, or bluntly pointed at apex, with slender spreading or appressed
tips, thickened, rounded, and often glandular on the back, opposite in pairs, becoming
brown and woody before falling; on vigorous leading shoots and young plants needle-shaped
or linear-lanceolate and spreading. Flowers minute, monoecious, terminal, yellow, the two
sexes on separate branchlets; the male oblong, of numerous decussate stamens, with short
filaments enlarged into broadly ovate connectives bearing 2-6 globose pendulous anther-
cells; female oblong or subglocose, composed of 6-10 thick decussate scales bearing in several
rows at the base of the ovuliferous scale numerous erect bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit an
erect nearly globose cone maturing in the second year, composed of the much thickened
ovule-bearing scales of the fiower, abruptly dilated, clavate and flattened at the apex,
bearing the remnants of the flower-scales developed into a short central more or less thick-
ened mucro or boss; long-persistent on the branch after the escape of the seeds. Seeds
numerous, in several rows, erect, thick, and acutely angled or compressed, with thin lateral
wings; seed-coat of 2 layers, the outer thin and membranaceous, the inner thicker and
crustaceous; cotyledons 3 or 4, longer than the superior radicle.
Cupressus with ten or twelve species is confined to Pacific North America and Mexico
in the New World and to southeastern Europe, southwestern Asia, the Himalayas, and
China in the Old World. Of the exotic species Cupressus sempervirens L., of southeastern
Europe and southwestern Asia, and especially its pyramidal variety, are often planted
for ornament in the south Atlantic and Pacific states.
Cupressus is the classical name of the Cypress- tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES
Leaves dark green.
Leaves eglandular or obscurely glandular on the back.
Leaves obtusely pointed; cones puberulous, l'-l|' in diameter; seeds light chestnut-
brown. 1. C. macrocarpa (G).
70
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Leaves acutely pointed; cones §'-§' in diameter; seeds dark brown or black.
2. C. Goveniana (G).
Leaves glandular-pitted on the back, acute.
Cones I'-l' in diameter; seeds brown, often glaucous. 3. C. Sargentii (G).
Cones i'-l' in diameter, often covered with a glaucous bloom; seeds dark chestnut-
brown. 4. C. Macnabiana (G).
Leaves pale bluish green.
Leaves obtusely pointed, with small gland-pits; bark of the trunk smooth, lustrous,
mahogany brown; branches bright red. 5. C. guadaloupensis (G).
Leaves acute, eglandular or occasionally obscurely glandular (in var. glabra con-
spicuously glandular); bark of the trunk dark brown, separating into long
narrow persistent fibres; branchlets gray. 6. C. arizonica (H).
1. Cupressus macrocarpa Gord. Monterey Cypress.
Leaves dark green, bluntly pointed, eglandular, and Y~¥ long; deciduous at the end of
three or four years. Flowers opening late in February or early in March, yellow. Fruit
clustered on short stout
stems subglobose, slightly
puberulous, I'-l^' in diam-
eter, composed of 4 or 6
pairs of scales, with broadly
ovoid thickened or occasion-
ally on the upper scales sub-
conical bosses, the scales of
the upper and lower pairs
being smaller than the others
and sterile; seeds about 20
under each fertile scale, an-
gled, light chestnut-brown,
about t'g' long.
A tree, often 60°-70° high,
with a short trunk 2°-3° or
exceptionally 5°-6° in diam-
eter, slender erect branches
forming a narrow or broad bushy pyramidal head, becoming stout and spreading in old
age into a broad flat-topped crown, and stout branchlets covered when the leaves fall at
the end of three or four years with thin light or dark reddish brown bark separating into
small papery scales. Bark f '-1' thick and irregularly divided into broad flat connected
ridges separating freely into narrow elongated thick persistent scales, dark red-brown on
young stems and upper branches, becoming at last almost white on old and exposed trunks.
Wood heavy, hard and strong, very durable, close-grained.
Distribution. Coast of California south of the Bay of Monterey, occupying an area
about two miles long and two hundred yards wide from Cypress Point to the shores of
Carmel Bay, with a small grove on Point Lobos, the southern boundary of the bay.
Universally cultivated in the Pacific states from Vancouver Island to Lower California,
and often used in hedges and for wind-breaks; occasionally planted in the southeastern
states; much planted in western and southern Europe, temperate South America, and in
Australia and New Zealand.
Fig. 68
2. Cupressus Goveniana Gord.
Cupressus pygmosa Sarg.
Leaves acutely pointed, dark green. Flowers: male obscurely 4-angled, with broadly
ovate peltate connectives : female with 6-10 ovate pointed scales. Fruit usually sessile,
VTNACEM
71
subglobose I'-l' in diameter, its scales terminating in small bosses; seeds compressed,
black, or dark brown, papillose, about |' long.
A tree rarely 75° high, with a tall trunk up to 2° 10' in diameter, often not more than 25®
high, more often a shrub with numerous stems 1°-15° tall, ascending branches, and compara-
tively stout bright reddish brown branchlets, becoming purple and ultimately dark reddisb
Fig. 69
brown ; often beginning to produce fertile cones when only 1° or 2° tall. Bark bright red-
dish brown, abotit Y thick, and divided by shallow fissures into flat ridges separating on
the surface into long thread-like scales. Wood soft, very coarse-grained, pale reddish brown.
Distribution. California: pine barrens on the western slope of Point Pinos Ridge two
miles west of Monterey, and on alkaline soil in a narrow belt beginning about three quar-
ters of a mile from the shore of Mendocino County and extending inland for three or four
miles from Ten Mile Run on the north to the Navarro River on the south; arborescent
and also of its smallest size only in this northern station.
3. Cupressus Sargentii Jeps. Sargenf s Cypress.
Cupressus Goveniana Engelm. not Gord. (SUva N. Am. x. 107 t. 527)
Leaves obscurely glandular or without glands, dark green, pungently aromatic, ^s'~i'
long, turning bright red-
brown in drying and
falling at the end of
three or four years ; on
young plants |'-|' long.
Flowers: male with thin
slightly erose connec-
tives: female of 6 or 8
acute slightly spreading
scales. Fruit often in
crowded clusters, short-
stalked, subglobose, §'-
1' in diameter, reddish
brown or purple, lus-
trous, puberulous, its 6
or 8 scales with broadly
ovoid generally rounded and flattened and rarely short-obconic bosses; seeds brown,
lustrous, often glaucous, with an acute margin, |' long, about iO under each fertile scale.
Fig. 70
72 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, shrub, or small bushy tree rarely more than 15° or 16° high, with a short trunk
2° in diameter, slender erect or spreading branches forming a handsome open head, and
thin branchlets covered with close smooth bark, at first orange-colored, becoming bright
reddish brown, and ultimately purple or dark brown. Bark Y~¥ thick, dark grayish
brown, irregularly divided into narrow ridges covered with thin persistent oblong scales.
"Wood light, soft, not strong, light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. California: dry mountain slopes usually between altitudes of 1300° and
2300° in few widely isolated stations. Red Mountain, Mendocino County, to Mt. Tamal-
pais, Marin County; Cedar Mountain, Alameda County; Santa Cruz Mountains, Santa
Cruz County; Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County; often covering great areas on
the hills of Marin County with dense thickets only a few feet high.
Occasionally cultivated as C, Goveniana in western and southern Europe as an orna-
mental tree.
4. Cupressus Macnabiana A. Murr. Cypress.
Cwpressus Bakeri Jeps.
Cupressus nevadensis Abrams.
Leaves acute or rounded at apex, rounded and conspicuously glandular on the back,
deep green, often slightly glaucous, usually not more than j^g' long. Flowers in March
and April, male nearly cylindric, obtuse, with broadly ovate rounded connectives:
female subglobose, with broadly ovate scales short-pointed and rounded at apex.
Fruit oblong, subsessile or raised on a slender stalk, |'-1' long, dark reddish brown more or
less covered with a glaucous bloom, slightly puberulous, especially along the margins of
the 6 or rarely 8 scales, their prominent bosses thin and recurved on the lower scales, and
much thickened, conical, and more or less incurved on the upper scales; seeds dark chest-
nut-brown, usually rather less than -^' long, with narrow wings.
A tree in Oregon occasionally 80° high with a tall trunk sometimes 3|° in diameter,
southward rarely more than 30° high, with a short trunk 12'-15' in diameter, slender
branches covered with close smooth compact bark, bright purple after the falling of the
leaves, soon becoming dark brown; more often a shrub with numerous stems 6°-12° tall
forming a broad open irregular head. Bark thin, dark reddish brown, broken into brown
flat ridges, and separating
on the surface into elon-
gated thin slightly attached
long-persistent scales. Wood
light, soft, very close-
grained.
Distribution. Rare and
local, usually in small groves;
dry ridges of Mount Steve
and adjacent mountains up
to altitudes of 5300°, Jo-
sephine County, southwest-
ern Oregon; California; on
lava beds, southeastern Sis-
kiyou and southwestern Mo-
Pig^ 71 no Counties (C. Bakeri)', dry
hills and low slopes, Mt.
^tna, in central Napa County; through Lake County to Red Mountain on the east side
of ['kiab Valley, Mendocino County; in Trinity County between Shasta and Whiskey-
town; and on the Sierra Nevada (Red Hill, Piute Mountains near BodfisK) Kern Count3',
£.t an altitude of 5000° (C. nevadensis).
Occasionally cultivated in western and southern Europe as an ornamental tree.
PINACE^
73
5. Cupressus guadaloupensis S. Wats. Tecate Cypress.
Leaves acute, rounded and minutely glandular-pitted or eglandular on the back, light
blue-green, about ^q' long. Fruit on stout Stems i'-F in length, subglobose to short-ob-
long, I'-ll' in diameter, puberulous especially along the margins of the six or eight scales,
with prominent flattened or conic acute often incurved bosses; seeds about 70 under each
scale, short-oblong, nearly square, light chestnut-brown up to I' in length, with a narrow
wing.
A tree in California sometimes 20°-25° in height, with a short slender or on exposed
mountain slopes a trunk occasionally 2° or 3° in diameter, few short spreading or as-
Fig. 72
cending branches forming an open head, and light red-brown lustrous branchlets becoming
purplish. Bark smooth, lustrous, without resin or fibres, mahogany brown, the thin scales
in falling leaving pale marks.
Distribution. San Diego County, California, rare and local; valley of the San Luis Rey
River between Valley Centre and Pala; at altitudes between 1100° and 4000° in the gulches
and on the summit of Mt. Tecate on the border between the United States and Lower
California; on a mountain below Descanso and Pine Valley; in Cedar Cafion between El-
nido and Dulzura; in Lower California on San Pedro Martir Mountain and Guadaloupe
Island. The insular form is a larger tree often with larger gland-pits on the leaves, and
now often cultivated in California, western Europe, and in other countries with temperate
climates.
6. Cupressus arizonica Greene. Cypress.
Leaves obtusely pointed, rounded, eglandular or rarely glandular-pitted on the back,
pale green, ^' long, dying and turning red-brown in their second season, generally falling
four years later. Flowers: male oblong, obtuse, their 6 or 8 stamens with broadly ovate
acute yellow connectives slightly erose on the margins: female not seen. Fruit on stout
pedicels |'-^' in length, subglobose, rather longer than broad, wrinkled, dark red-brown
and covered with a glaucous bloom, the six or eight scales with stout flattened incurved
prominent bosses; seeds oblong to nearly triangular, dark red-brown, i^'-f long with a
thin narrow wing.
A conical tree 40°-70° high with a trunk 2°-4° in diameter, and stout spreading branches
covered with bark separating into thin plates, leaving a smooth red surface, and branchlets
74
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
dark gray after the leaves fall. Bark on young trunks separating into large irregular curl-
ing thin scales, on old trees becoming dark red-brown and fibrous.
Distribution. Mountains above Clifton, Greenlee County, eastern Arizona; on the
Fig. 73
San Francisco Mountains, Socorro County, and San Luis Mountains, Grant County, west-
ern New Mexico; and in Chihuahua. Passing into
Cupressus arizonica var. bonita Lemm.
Cupressus glabra Sudw.
Differing from the type in the prominent oblong or circular glandular depressions on the
backs of the leaves.
A tree 30°-70° high, with a trunk 18'-24' or rarely 5° in diameter, erect branches forming
a rather compact conical head. Bark of the trunk and large branches thin, smooth, dark
Fig. 74
reddish brown, separating into small curled scale-like plates, becoming on old trees dark
gray and fibrous. Wood heavy, hard, pale straw color with lighter-colored sapwood,
PINACE^ 75
durable in contact with the ground, somewhat used for fence-posts, corral-piles, mine-
timbers and in log cabins.
Distribution. Gravelly slopes and moist gulches often in groups of considerable size
at altitudes between 4000° and 7000°, Arizona; near Camp Verde, Tonto Basin; Natural
Bridge, Payson, etc.; on the Chiracahua Mountains {J. W. Tourney^ July, 1894); on
the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Mountains, and in Oak Creek Canon twenty miles
south of Flagstaff (P. Lowell, June, 1911).
Now often cultivated in western Europe as C. arizonica.
12. CHAMiSCYPARIS.
Tall resinous pyramidal trees, with thin scaly or deeply furrowed bark, nodding leading
shoots, spreading branches, flattened, often deciduous or ultimately terete branchlets
2-ranked in one horizontal plane, pale fragrant durable heartwood, thin nearly white
sap-wood, and naked buds. Leaves scale-like, ovate, acuminate, with slender spreading or
appressed tips, opposite in pairs, becoming brown and woody before falling, on vigorous
sterile branches and young plants needle-shaped or linear-lanceolate and spreading. Flow-
ers minute, monoecious, terminal, the two sexes on separate branchlets ; the male oblong,
of numerous decussate stamens, with short filaments enlarged into ovate connectives de-
creasing in size from below upward and bearing usually 2 pendulous globose anther-cells;
the female subglobose, composed of usually 6 decussate peltate scales bearing at the base
of the ovuliferous scales 2-5 erect bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit an erect globose cone ma-
turing at the end of the first season, surrounded at the base by the sterile lower scales of
the flowers, and formed by the enlargement of the ovule-bearing scales, abruptly dilated,
club-shaped and flattened at the apex, bearing the remnants of the flower-scales as short
prominent points or knobs; persistent on the branches after the escape of the seeds. Seeds
1-5, erect on the slender stalk-like base of the scale, subcylindric and slightly compressed;
seed-coat of 2 layers, the outer thin and membranaceous, the inner thicker and crustaceous,
produced into broad lateral wings; cotyledons 2, longer than the superior radicle.
Chamaecyparis is confined to the Atlantic and Pacific coast regions of North America,
and to Japan and Formosa. Six species are distinguished. Of exotic species the Japan-
ese Retinosporas, Chamcecyparis ohtusa Endl., and Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl., with
their numerous abnormal forms are familiar garden plants in all temperate regions.
Chamcecyparis is from x^f^^-^y ^^ the ground, and KvirdpL(raos, cypress.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Bark thin, divided into flat ridges;
Branchlets slender, often compressed; leaves dull blue-green, usually conspicuously
m glandular. 1. C. thyoides (A, C).
P"" Branchlets stout, slightly flattened or terete; leaves dark blue-green, usually without
glands. 2. C. nootkatensis (B, G).
Bark thick, divided into broad rounded ridges; branchlets slender, compressed; leaves
bright green, conspicuously glandular. 3. C. Lawsoniana (G).
1. Chamaecyparis thyoides B. S. P. White Cedar.
Cupressus thyoides L.
Leaves closely appressed, or spreading at the apex especially on vigorous leading shoots,
I keeled and glandular or conspicuously glandular-punctate on the back, dark dull blue-
green or pale below, at the north becoming russet-brown during the winter, -h'-\' long,
dying during the second season and then persistent for many years. Flowers: male com-
posed of 5 or 6 pairs of stamens, with ovate connectives rounded at apex, dark brown
below the middle, nearly black toward the apex: female subglobose, with ovate acute
76 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
spreading pale liver-colored scales and black ovules. Fruit |' in diameter, sessile on a
short leafy branch, light green, covered with a glaucous bloom when fully grown, later
bluish purple and very glaucous, finally becoming dark red-brown, its scales terminat-
ing in ovate acute, often reflexed bosses; seeds 1 or 2 under each fertile scale, ovoid, acute,
full and rounded at the base, slightly compressed, gray-brown, about |' long, with wings
as broad as the body of the seed and dark red-brown.
A tree, 70°-80° high, with a tall trunk usually about 2 and occasionally 3°-4° in diam-
eter, or northward much smaller, slender horizontal branches forming a narrow spire-like
head, and 2-ranked compressed branchlets disposed in an open fan-shaped more or less de-
Fig. 75
ciduous spray, the persistent branchlets gradually becoming terete, light green tinged with
red, light reddish brown during their first winter, and then dark brown, their thin close
bark separating slightly at the end of three or four years into small papery scales. Bark
f '-1' thick, light reddish brown, and divided irregularly into narrow flat connected ridges
often spirally twisted roimd the stem, separating on the surface into elongated loose
or closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, slightly
fragrant, light brown tinged with red; largely used in boat-building and cooperage, for
woodenware, shingles, the interior finish of houses, fence-posts, and railway-ties.
Distribution. Cold swamps usually immersed during several months of the year, often
forming dense pure forests; near Concord, New Hampshire, southern Maine, southward
near the coast to northern Florida, and westward to southeastern Mississippi; most abun-
dant south of Massachusetts Bay; comparatively rare east of Boston and west of Mobile
Bay.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the eastern states and in the countries
of temperate Europe.
2. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Sudw. Yellow Cypress. Sitka Cypress.
Cwpressus nootkatensis Lamb.
Leaves rounded, eglandular or glandular-pitted on the back, dark blue-green, closely
appressed, about \' long, on vigorous leading branchlets somewhat spreading and often
j' long, with more elongated and sharper points, beginning to die at the end of their second
year and usually falling during the third season. Flowers: male on lateral branchlets of the
previous year, composed of 4 or 5 pairs of stamens, with ovate rounded slightly erose light
yellow connectives: female clustered near the ends of upper branchlets, dark liver color,
the fertile scales each bearing 2-4 ovules. Fruit ripening in September and October.
PINACEiE
77
nearly |' in diameter, dark red-brown, with usually 4 or 6 scales tipped with prominent
erect pointed bosses and frequently covered with conspicuous resin-glands; seeds 2-4
under each scale, ovoid,
acute, slightly flattened,
about I' long, dark red-
brown, with thin light red-
brown wings often nearly
twice as wide as the body
of the seed.
A tree, frequently 120°
high, with a tall trunk
5°-6° in diameter, hori-
zontal branches forming a
narrow pyramidal head,
stout distichous somewhat
flattened or terete light
yellow branchlets often
tinged with red at flrst,
dark or often bright red- Fig. 76
brown during their third
season, ultimately paler and covered with close thin smooth bark. Bark |'-f' thick,
light gray tinged with brown, irregularly fissured, and separated on the surface into large
thin loose scales. Wood hard, rather brittle, very close-grained, exceedingly durable,
bright clear yellow, with very thin nearly white sapwood; fragrant with an agreeable
resinous odor; used in boat and shipbuilding, the interior finish of houses, and the manu-
facture of furniture.
Distribution. Islands of Prince WiHiam Sound, Alaska, and southward over the coast
mountains of Alaska and British Columbia, and along the Cascade Mountains of Wash-
ington and Oregon to the northeastern slopes of Mt. Jefferson, extending eastward to
the headwaters of the Yakima River on the eastern slope of the range; on Whiskey
Peak of the Siskiyou Mountains in the southeastern corner of Josephine County, Ore-
gon and about two miles from the California line; most abundant and of its largest size
near the coast of Alaska and northern British Columbia, ranging from the sea-level up
to altitudes of 3000°; at high elevations on the Cascade Mountains sometimes a low
shrub.
Occasionally cultivated, with its several abnormal forms, as an ornamental tree in the
middle Atlantic states and in California, and commonly in the countries of western and
central Europe.
3. Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana Pari. Port Orford Cedar. Lawson Cypress.
Cwpressus Lawsoniana A. Murr.
Leaves bright green or pale below, conspicuously glandular on the back, usually not more
than ^' long on lateral branchlets, on leading shoots often spreading at the apex, §' to
nearly |' long, usually dying, turning bright red-brown and falling during their third year.
Flowers: male with bright red connectives bearing usually 2 pollen-sacs: female with dark
orvate acute spreading scales, each bearing 2-4 ovules. Fruit clustered on the upper
lateral branchlets and produced in great profusion, ripening in Septeml;>er and October,
about Y in diameter, green and glaucous when full grown, red-brown and often covered
with a bloom at maturity, its scales with thin broadly ovate acute reflexed bosses; seeds
2-4 under each fertile scale, ovoid, acute, slightly compressed, f long, light chestnut-brown,
with broad thin wings.
A tree, often 200° high, with a tall trunk frequently 12° in diameter above its abruptly
enlarged base, a spire-like head of small horizontal or pendulous branches clothed witk
78
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
remote flat spray frequently 6-8' long. Bark often 10' thick at the base of old trees and
3'-4' thick on smaller stems, dark reddish brown, with 2 distinct layers, the inner f'-^'
thick, darker, more compact, and firmer than the outer, divided into great broad-based
rounded ridges separated on the surface into small thick closely appressed scales. Wood
light, hard, strong, very close-grained, abounding in fragrant resin, durable, easily worked.
Fig. 77
light yellow, or almost white, with hardly distinguishable sapwood; largely manufactured
into lumber used for the interior finish and flooring of buildings, railway-ties, fence-posts,
and boat and shipbuilding, and on the Pacific coast almost exclusively for matches. The
resin is a powerful diuretic.
Distribution. Usually scattered in small groves from the shores of Coos Bay, south-
western Oregon, south to the mouth of the Klamath River, California, ranging inland
usually for about thirty miles; near Waldorf, in Josephine County, Oregon, on the slopes
of the Siskiyou Mountains, and on the southern flanks of Mt. Shasta, California; most abun-
dant north of Ro'gue River on the Oregon coast and attaining its largest size on the western
slopes of the Coast Range foothills, forming between Point Gregory and the mouth of the
Coquille River a nearly continuous forest belt twenty miles long.
Often cultivated with the innumerable forms originated in nurseries, in the middle
Atlantic states and California, in all the temperate countries of Europe, and in New Zealand.
13. JUNIPERUS L. Juniper.
Pungent aromatic trees or shrubs, with usually thin shreddy bark, soft close-grained
durable wood, slender branches, and scaly or naked buds. Leaves sessile, in whorls of
3, persistent for many years, convex on the lower side, concave and stomatiferous above,
linear-subulate, sharp-pointed, without glands {Oxycedrus) ; or scale-like, ovate, opposite
in pairs or ternate, closely imbricated, appressed and adnate to the branch, glandular or
eglandular on the back, becoming brown and woody on the branch, but on young plants
and vigorous shoots often free and awl-shaped (Sabina). Flowers minute, dicecious,
axillary or terminal on short axillary branches from buds formed the previous autumn on
branches of the year; the male solitary, oblong-ovoid, with numerous stamens decussate
or in 3's, their filaments enlarged into ovate or peltate yellow scale-like connectives bear-
ing near the base 2-6 globose pollen-sacs; the female ovoid, surrounded at the base by many
minute scale-like bracts persistent and unchanged under the fruit, composed of 2-6 op-
posite or ternate pointed scales alternate with or bearing on their inner face at the base
on a minute ovuliferous scale 1 or 2 ovules. Fruit a berry-like succulent fleshy blue, blue-
PINACE^ t9
black, or red strobile formed by the coalition of the flower-scales, inclosed in a membra-
naceous skin covered with a glaucous bloom, ripening during the first, second, or rarely
during the third season, smooth or marked by the ends of the flower-scales, or by the pointed
tips of the ovules, closed, or open at the top and exposing the apex of the seeds. Seeds
1-12, ovoid, acute or obtuse, terete or variously angled, often longitudinally grooved by
depressions caused by the pressure of resin-cells in the flesh of the fruit, smooth or rough-
ened and tuberculate, chestnut-brown, marked below by the large conspicuous usually
2-lobed hilum; seed-coat of 2 layers, the outer thick and bony, the inner thin, membra-
naceous or crustaceous; cotyledons 2, or 4-6, about as long as the superior radicle.
Juniperus is widely scattered over the northern hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to the
highlands of Mexico, Lower California, and the West Indies in the New World, and to the
Azores and Canary Islands, northern Africa, Abyssinia, the mountains of east tropical
Africa, Sikkim, central China, Formosa, Japan and the Bonin Islands in the Old World.
About thirty-five species are now distinguished. Of the exotic species cultivated in the
United States the most common are European forms of Juniperus communis L. with fas-
tigiate branches, and dwarf fofrms of the Eiu*opean Juniperus Sabina L., and of Juniperus
chinensis L.
Juniperus is the classical name of the Juniper.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Flowers axillary; stamens decussate; ovules 3, alternate with the scales of the flower, their
tips persistent on the fruit; seeds usually 3; leaves ternate, linear-lanceolate, prickle-
pointed, jointed at the base, eglandular, dark yellow-green, channeled, stomatose, and
glaucous above; fruit maturing in the third year, subglobose, bright blue, covered with
a glaucous bloom; buds scaly (Oxycedrus). 1. J. communis.
Flowers terminal on short axiliary branchlets; stamens decussate or in 3's; ovules in the
axils of small fleshy scales often enlarged and conspicuous on the fruit; seeds 1-12;
leaves ternate or opposite, mostly scale-like, crowded, generally closely appressed,
free and awl-shaped on vigorous shoots and young plants; buds naked {Sabina.)
Fruit red or reddish brown.
Bark of the trunk separating into long thin persistent scales; fruit matiu*ing in one
season.
Leaves closely appressed to the branchlet, obtusely pointed.
Leaves conspicuously glandular-pitted, ternate or opposite; fruit red, subglobose,
i' in diameter. 2. J. Pinchotii (C, H).
Leaves eglandular or slightly glandular; fruit reddish brown.
Leaves ternate, rarely opposite; fruit short-oblong, l'-^ in diameter.
3. J. calif ormca (G).
Leaves opposite, rarely ternate; fruit subglobose, i -i', in one form f in
diameter. 4. J. utahensis (F, G).
Leaves not closely appressed, spreading at the apex, long-pointed, glandular or
eglandular; fruit subglobose, | -§' in diameter. 5. J. fiaccida (L).
Bark of the trunk divided into thick nearly square plates; leaves eglandular or oc-
casionally glandular-pitted; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, ^' in diameter, ripen-
ing at the end of its second season. 6. C. pachyphlsea (H).
Fruit blue or blue-black, with resinous juicy flesh, subglobose to short-oblong, ^'-^ in
diameter; seeds, 1-4; cotyledons 2.
Leaves denticulately fringed, opposite or ternate; fruit maturing in one season.
Branchlets about ^^' in diameter; leaves acute, conspicuously glandular; fruit short-
oblong, \'-Y in diameter; seeds 2 or 3. 7. J. occidentalis (B. G).
Branchlets not more than ^' in diameter; leaves usually ternate; fruit short-oblong.
Seeds 1 or rarely 2, pale chestnut-brown, obtuse, prominently ridged; leaves
acute or acuminate, usually glandular. 8. J. monosperma (F).
80
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Seeds 1 or 2, dark chestnut-brown, acute, obscurely ridged; leaves obtusely
pointed, often eglandular. 9. J. mexicana (C).
Leaves naked on the margins, mostly opposite, glandular or eglandular; fruit sub-
globose.
Fruit ripening at the end of the first season.
Fruit j-y in diameter; seeds 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4; leaves acute or acuminate;
branches spreading or erect. 10. J. virginiana (A, C).
Fruit iV'~J' in diameter; seeds 1 or 2; leaves acute; branches usually pendulous.
11. J. lucayana (C).
Fruit ripening at the end of the second season, |'-|' in diameter; seeds 1 or 2;
leaves acute or acuminate. 12. J. scopulonmi (B, F).
1. Juniperus communis L. Jumper.
Leaves spreading nearly at right angles to the branchlets, |'-|' long, about j^' wide,
turning during winter a deep rich bronze color on the lower surface, persistent for many
years. Flowers : male composed of 5 or 6 whorls each of 3 stamens, with broadly ovate acute
and short-pointed connectives, bearing at the very base 3 or 4 globose anther-cells; female
Fig. 78
surrounded by 5 or 6 whorls of ternate leaf -like scales, composed of 3 slightly spreading ovules
abruptly enlarged and open at the apex, with 3 minute obtuse fleshy scales below and alter-
nate with them. Fruit maturing in the third season, subglobose or short-oblong, about
j' in diameter, with soft mealy resinous sweet flesh and 1-3 seeds; often persistent on the
branches one or two years after ripening; seeds ovoid, acute, irregularly angled or flattened,
deeply penetrated by numerous prominent thin-walled resin-glands, about |' long, the
outer coat thick and bony, the inner membranaceous.
In America only occasionally tree-like and 10°-20° tall, with a short eccentric irregularly
lobed trunk rarely a foot in diameter, erect branches forming an irregular open head, slen-
der branchlets, smooth, lustrous, and conspicuously 3-angled between the short nodes dur-
ing their first and second years, light yellow tinged with red, gradually growing darker,
their dark red-brown bark separating in the third season into small thin scales, and ovoid
acute buds about |' long and loosely covered with scale-like leaves; more often a shrub,
with many short slender stems prostrate at the base and turning upward and forming a
broad mass sometimes 20° across and 3° or 4° high (var. depressa Pursh.) ; at high elevations
and in the extreme north prostrate, with long decumbent stems and shorter and more
crowded leaves (var. montana Ait.) passing into the var. Jackii Rehdr. with long trailing
branches and broader incurved leaves. Bark about ^' thick, dark reddish brown, sepa-
PINACBiE
81
rating irregularly into many loose papery persistent scales. Wood hard, close-grained,
very durable in contact with the soil, light brown, with pale sapwood. In northern Europe
the sweet aromatic fruit of this tree is used in large quantities to impart its peculiar flavor
to gin; occasionally employed in medicine.
Distribution. Occasionally arborescent in New England, eastern Pennsylvania, and on
the high mountains of North Carolina; the var. depressa, common in poor rocky soil,
Newfoundland to southern New England, and to the shores of the Great Lakes and north-
westward; the var, montana from the coast of Greenland to northern New England, on
the high Appalachian Mountains, North Carolina, and to northern Nebraska, along the
Rocky Mountains from Alberta to western Texas, and on the Pacific coast from Alaska,
southward along mountain ranges to the high Sierras of central California, extending
eastward to the mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon, and on the high peaks of
northern Arizona up to altitudes of 10,000°-11,500° (P. Lowell); the var. Jackii on the
coast mountains from northern California to Vancouver Island; in the Old World widely
distributed in many forms through all the northern hemisphere from arctic Asia and Eu-
rope to Japan, the Himalayas and the mountains of the Mediterranean Basin.
Often planted, especially in several of its pyramidal and dwarf forms, in the eastern
United States and in the countries of western, central, and northern Europe.
2. Juniperus Pinchotii Sudw.
Leaves ternate, obtusely pointed, rounded and glandular-pitted on the back, ^' long,
dark yellow-green, turning light red-brown before falling; on vigorous shoots and seedling
Fig. 79
plants linear-lanceolate, thin, acuminate, eglandular, |'-f' in length. Fruit ripening in
one season, subglobose, bright red, j in diameter, with a thin skin and thick dry mealy res-
inous flesh and 1 seed; seed ovoid, bluntly pointed, deeply grooved, irregularly marked by
the usually two-lobed hilum, ^ -|' long and 2 cotyledons.
A tree rarely 20 feet high, with a trunk 1 foot in diameter, stout wide-spreading branches
forming an open irregular head and thick branchlets covered with dark gray-brown scaly
bark, their ultimate divisions about ■^' in diameter; more often a shrub with several stems
1 to 12° tall. Bark thin, light brown, separating into long narrow persistent scales.
Distribution. Dry rocky slopes and the rocky sides of canons, Panhandle of westerp
8d
TRIJES of north AMERICA
Texas (Armstrong, Potter and Hartley Counties), and in Hardaman, Garza, Tom Green.
Kemble, Valverde and Menard Counties; on Comanche Peak near Granbury, Hood County,
Texas; in central and on the mountains of southern Arizona.
3. Juniperus califomica Carr. Desert White Cedar. Sweet-berried Cedar.
Leaves usually in 3's, closely appressed, thickened, slightly keeled and conspicuously
glandular-pitted on the back, pointed at apex, cartilaginously fringed on the margins,
light yellow-green, about |' long, dying and turning brown on the branch at the end of two
or three years; on vigorous shoots linear-lanceolate, rigid, sharp-pointed, \'-Y long, whitish
on the upper surface.
Flowers from Janu-
ary to March; male
of 18-20 stamens, dis-
posed in 3's, with
rhomboidal short-
pointed connectives;
scales of the female
flower usually 6, ovate,
acute, spreading, ob-
literated or minute on
the fruit. Fruit short-
oblong or ovoid, |'-f '
long, reddish brown,
with a membrana-
ceous loose skin cov-
ered with a thick
Fig. 80 glaucous bloom, thick
fibrous dry sweet flesh,
and 1 or 2 seeds; seeds ovoid, obtusely pointed, irregularly lobed and angled, and 4-6
cotyledons.
A conical tree, occasionally 40° high, with a straight, large-lobed unsymmetrical trunk
l^-g** in diameter; more often shrubby, with many stout irregular usually contorted stems
forming a broad open head. Bark thin and divided into long loose plate-like scales ashy
gray on the outer surface and persistent for many years. Wood soft, close-grained, durable
in contact with the soil, light brown slightly tinged with red, with thin nearly white sap-
wood; used for fencing and fuel. The fruit is eaten by Indians fresh or ground into
flour.
Distribution. Dry mountain slopes and hills at altitudes between 400° and 4000°, from
Moraga Pass and Mt. Diabolo, Contra tIJosta County, California, southward on the coast
ranges, spreading inland to their union with the Sierra Nevada, and northward at low alti-
tudes along the western slopes of the Sierras to Kern and Mariposa Counties; on the
desert slopes of the Tehachapi Mountains, the northern foothills of the San Bernardino
Mountains, on the western slopes of the San Jacinto and Cayamaca Ranges, and south-
ward in Lower California to Agua Dulce; arborescent and probably of its largest size on the
Mohave Desert.
4. Jtmiperus utahensis Lemm. Juniper.
Leaves opposite or in 3's, rounded, usually glandular, acute or often acuminate, light
yellow-green, rather less than Y long, persistent for many years. Flowers: male with
18-24 opposite or tenate stamens, their connectives rhomboidal; scales of the female flower
acute, spreading, often in pairs. Fruit ripening during the autumn of the second season,
subglobose or short-oblong, marked by the more or less prominent tips of the flower-scales,
reddish brown, with a thick firm skin covered with a glaucous bloom and closely in-
PINACE^
83
vesting the thin dry sweet flesh, Y-Y long, with 1 or rarely 2 seeds; seeds ovoid, acute, ob-
tusely angled, marked to the middle by the hilum, with a hard bony shell, and 4-6 cotyle-
dons.
A bushy tree, rarely exceeding 20° in height, with a short usually eccentric trunk some-
times 2° in diameter, generally divided near the ground by irregular deep fissures into
broad rounded ridges, many erect contorted branches forming a broad open head, slender
light yellow-green branchlets covered after the falling of the leaves with thin light red-
brown scaly bark; more often with numerous stems spreading from the ground and fre-
quently not more than 8°-10° high. 'Bark about I' thick, ashy gray or sometimes nearly
Fig. 81
white, and broken into long thin persistent scales. Wood light brown, slightly fragrant,
with thick nearly white sapwood; largely used locally for fuel and fencing. The fruit is
eaten by Indians fresh, or ground and baked into cakes.
Distribution. Southwestern Wyoming (J. Knightii A. Nels.), southwestern Idaho (Po-
catello, Bannock County), western Colorado, eastern Utah, and western New Mexico to
northern Arizona and southeastern California at altitudes from 5000" to 8000°; the most
abundant and generally distributed tree of the Great Basin, forming in the valleys open
forests of stunted trees and shrubs, and on arid slopes more numerous and of larger size
in dense nearly pure forests.
A variety (var. megalocarpa Sarg.) occurs in eastern New Mexico and northern Arizona,
with fruit sometimes f ' in diameter. A tree often 40° high with a single erect stem some-
times 3° in diameter.
5. Juniperus flaccida Schlecht. Juniper.
Leaves opposite, acuminate and long-pointed, spreading at the apex, glandular o*
eglandular on the back, light yellow-green, about Y long* turning cinnamon-red and dy-
ing on the branch; on vigorous young shoots ovate-lanceolate, sometimes Y long, with
elongated rigid callous tips. Flowers: male slender, composed of 16-20 stamens, with
ovate pointed connectives prominently keeled on the back; female with acute or acumin-
ate spreading scales. Fruit subglobose, dull red-brown, more or less covered with a glau-
cous bloom, Y-Y in diameter, with a close firm skin and thick resinous flesh; seeds
4-12, pointed at apex, slightly ridged, often abortive and distorted, | '-^' long, with 2
cotyledons.
A tree, occasionally 30° high, with gracefully spreading branches and long slender droop-
ing branchlets, covered after the leaves fall with thin bright cinnamon-brown bark separat*
84
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ing into thin loose papery scales; often a shrub. Bark about |' thick, reddish brown, sepa-
rating into long narrow loosely attached scales.
Fig. 82
Distribution. In the United States only on the slopes of the Chisos Mountains, in
J3rewster County, southern Texas; common in northeastern Mexico, growing at elevations
of 6000°-8000° on the hills east of the Mexican table-lands.
Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of southern France and of Algeria.
6. Juniperus pachyphlaea Torr. Juniper. Checkered-bark Juniper.
Leaves appressed, acute and apiculate at apex, thickened, obscurely keeled and glan-
dular on the back, bluish green, rather less than |' long; on vigorous shoots and young
branchlets linear-lanceolate, tipped with slender elongated points, and pale blue-green like
the young branchlets. Flowers opening in February and March : the male stout, Y long,
with 10 or 12 stamens, their connectives broadly ovate, obscurely keeled on the back, short-
Fig. 83
pointed: scales of the female flower, ovate, acuminate, and spreading. Fruit ripening in
the autumn of its second season, subglobose to short-oblong, irregularly tuberculate»
|'-4' in diameter, usually marked with the short tips of the flower-scales, occasionally
opening and discharging the seeds at the apex, dark red-brown, more or less covered with
PINACE^
85
a glaucous bloom, especially during the first season and then occasionally bluish in color,
with a thin skin closely investing the thick dry mealy flesh, and usually 4 seeds; seeds
acute or obtusely pointed, conspicuously ridged and gibbous on the back, with a thick
shell and 2 cotyledons.
A tree, often 50°-60° high, with a short trunk 3°-5° in diameter, long stout spreading
branches forming a broad-based pyramidal or ultimately a compact round-topped head,
and slender branchlets covered after the disappearance of the leaves with thin light red-
brown usually smooth close bark occasionally broken into large thin scales. Bark f '-4'
thick, on young stems reddish brown becoming on old trunks whitish, deeply fissured and
divided into nearly square plates l'-2' long, and separating on the surface into small thin
closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, clear light
red often streaked with yellow, with thin nearly white sap wood; often producing vigorous
shoots from the base of the trunk or from the stumps of felled trees.
Distribution. Dry arid mountain slopes usually at elevations of 4000°-6000° above the
sea, from the Eagle and Limpio mountains in southwestern Texas, westward along the
desert ranges of New Mexico and Arizona, extending northward to the lower slopes of
many of the high mountains of northern Arizona, and southward into Mexico.
7. Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Jumper.
Leaves opposite or ternate, closely appressed, acute or acuminate, rounded and con-
spicuously glandular on the back, denticulately fringed, gray-green, about I' long. Flow-
ers: male stout, obtuse, with 12-18 stamens, their connectives broadly ovoid, rounded.
Fig. 84
acute or apiculate and scarious or slightly ciliate on the margins: scales of the female
flower ovate, acute, spreading, mostly obliterated from the fruit. Fruit subglobose or
short-oblong, 1'-^ in diameter, with a thick firm blue-black skin coated with a glaucous
bloom, thin dry flesh filled with large resin-glands, and 2 or 3 seeds; seeds ovoid, acute,
rounded and deeply grooved or pitted on the back, flattened on the inner surface, about
f long, with a thick bony shell, a thin brown inner seed-coat, and 2 cotyledons.
A tree, occasionally 60° high, with a tall straight trunk 2°-3° in diameter, more often
not more than 20° in height, with a short trunk sometimes 10° in diameter, enormous
branches, spreading at nearly right angles and forming a broad low head, and stout
branchlets covered after the leaves fall with thin bright red-brown bark broken into loose
papery scales; frequently when growing on dry rocky slopes and toward the northern
'imits of its range a shrub, with many short erect or semi-prostrate stems. Bark about
86
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
§' thick, bright cinnamon-red, divided by broad shallow fissures into wide flat irregularly
connected ridges separating on the surface into thin lustrous scales. Wood light, soft,
very close-grained, exceedingly durable, light red or brown, with thick nearly white sap-
wood; used for fencing and fuel. The fruit is gathered and eaten by the California Indians.
Distribution. Mountain slopes and high prairies of western Idaho and of eastern Wash-
ington to the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains; eastern and southern Oregon up
to altitudes of 4500° ; along the summits and upper slopes of the Sierra Nevada of Cali-
fornia, and southward to the San Bernardino Mountains, here abundant in Bear and
Holcomb valleys; attaining its greatest trunk diameter on the wind-swept peaks of the
California sierras, usually at altitudes between 6000° and 10,000° above the sea.
8. Juniperus monosperma Sarg. Juniper.
Leaves opposite or ternate, often slightly spreading at apex, acute or occasionally
acuminate, much thickened and rounded on the back, usually glandular, denticulately
fringed, gray -green, rather less than j long, turning bright red-brown before falling; on
vigorous shoots and young plants ovate, acute, tipped with long rigid points, thin, con-
Fig. 85
spicuously glandular on the back, often |' long. Flowers: male with 8-10 stamens, their
broadly ovate, rounded or pointed connectives slightly erose on the margins : female with
spreading pointed scales. Fruit subglobose or short-oblong, |'-j' long, dark blue or per-
haps occasionally light chestnut-brown with a thick firm skin covered with a thin glau-
cous bloom, thin flesh, and 1 or rarely 2 seeds; seeds often protruding from the top of
the fruit, ovoid, often 4-angled, somewhat obtuse at apex, with a small hilum, and
2 cotyledons.
A tree, occasionally 40°-50° high, with a stout much-lobed and buttressed trunk some-
times 3° in diameter, short stout branches forming an open very irregular head, and slen-
der branchlets covered after the falling of the leaves with light red-brown bark spreading
freely into thin loose scales; more often a much branched shrub sometimes only a few feet
high. Bark ashy gray, divided into irregularly connected ridges, separating into long
narrow persistent shreddy scales. Wood heavy, slightly fragrant, light reddish brown,
with nearly white sapwood and eccentric layers of annual growth; largely used for fencing
and fuel. The fruit is ground into flour and baked by the Indians, who use the thin
istrips of fibrous bark in making saddles, breechcloths, and sleeping-mats.
Distribution. Along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains from the valley of the
Platte River, Wyoming (near Alcova, Natrona County) and the divide between the
I
PINACEiE 87
Platte and Arkansas rivers in Colorado; western Oklahoma (near Kenton, Cimarron
County, common) and western Texas; on the Colorado plateau, northern Arizona; over the
mountain ranges of southwestern Wyoming, Nevada, southern New Mexico and Arizona,
and southward into northern Mexico; often covering, with the Nut Pine, in southern
Colorado and Utah, and in northern and central New Mexico and Arizona, great
areas of rolling hills 6000°-7000° above the sea-level; reaching its largest size in northern
Arizona.
9. Juniperus mexicana Sprang. Cedar. Rock Cedar.
Juniperus sabinoides Nees.
Leaves usually opposite or ternate, thickened and keeled on the back, obtuse or acute
at apex, mostly without glands, denticulately fringed, rather more than i^' long, dark
blue-green, on vigorous young shoots and seedling plants lanceolate, long-pointed, rigid.
Fig. 86
i'-|' long. Flowers: male with 12-18 stamens, their connectives ovoid, obtuse, or slightly
cuspidate: scales of the female flower ovate, acute, and spreading, very conspicuous when
the fruit is half grown, becoming obliterated at its maturity. Fruit short-oblong to subglo-
bose, $'-§' in diameter, dark blue, with a thin skin covered with a glaucous bloom, sweet
resinous flesh, and 1 or 2 seeds; seeds ovoid, acute, slightly ridged, rarely tuberculate, dark
chestnut-brown, with a small hilum, a thin outer seed-coat, a membranaceous dark brown
inner coat, and 2 cotyledons.
A tree, occasionally 100° but generally not more than 20°-30° high, with a short or elon-
gated slightly lobed trunk seldom exceeding a foot in diameter, small spreading branches
forming a wide round-topped open and irregular or a narrow pyramidal head, slender
sharply 4-angled branchlets becoming terete after the falling of the leaves, light reddish
brown or ashy gray, with smooth or slightly scaly bark; often a shrub, with numerous
spreading stems. Bark on old trees |'-|' thick, brown tinged with red, and divided into
long narrow slightly attached scales persistent for many years and clothing the trunk with
a loose thatch-like covering. Wood light, hard, not strong, slightly fragrant, brown
streaked with red; largely used for fencing, fuel, telegraph-poles, and railway-ties.
Distribution. From Brazos County over the low limestone hills of western and south-
ern Texas, and southward into Mexico; forming great thickets and growing to its largest
size on the San Bernardo River; much smaller farther westward, and usually shrubby at the
limits of vegetation on the high mountains of central Mexico.
88
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
10. Juniperus virginiana L. Red Cedar. Savin.
Leaves usually opposite, acute or acuminate or occasionally obtuse, rounded and glandu-
lar or eglandular on the back, about it' long, dark blue-green or glaucous (var. glauca C&rr.),
at the north turning russet or yellow-brown during the winter, beginning in their third
season to grow hard and woody, and remaining two or three years longer on the branches,
on young plants and vigorous branchlets linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, light yellow-
green, without glands, |'-|' long. Flowers: dioecious or very rarely monoecious: male
with 10 or 12 stamens, their connectives rounded and entire, with 4 or occasionally 5
or 6 pollen-sacs ; scales of the female flower violet color, acute and spreading, becoming
obliterated from the fruit. Fruit subglobose, J'-|' in diameter, pale green when fully
grown, dark blue and covered with a glaucous bloom at maturity, with a firm skin, thin
Fig. 87
swoetish resinous flesh, and 1 or 2 or rarely 3 or 4 seeds; seeds acute and occasionally
apiculate at apex, e'-g' long, with a comparatively small 2-lobed hilum, and 2 cotyledons.
A tree, occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, often lobed and eccentric,
and frequently buttressed toward the base, generally not more than 40°-50° tall, with short
slender branches horizontal on the lower part of the tree, erect above, forming a narrow
compact pyramidal head, in old age usually becoming broad and round-topped or irregular,
and slender branchlets terete after the disappearance of the leaves and covered with close
dark brown bark tinged with red or gray; on exposed cliffs on the coast of Maine, sometimes
only a few inches high with long branches forming broad dense mats. Bark |'-|' thick,
light brown tinged with red, and separated into long narrow scales fringed on the margins,
and persistent for many years. Wood light, close-grained, brittle, not strong, dull red,
with thin nearly white sap wood, very fragrant, easily worked; largely used for posts, the
sills of buildings, the interior finish of houses, the lining of closets and chests for the preser-
vation of woolens against the attacks of moths, and largely for pails and other small
articles of woodenware, and now for lead pencils. A decoction of the fruit and leaves is
used in medicine, and oil of red cedar distilled from the leaves and wood as a perfume.-
Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and rocky ridges, often immediately on the seacoast,
from southern Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to the coast of Georgia, the interior of
southern Alabama and Mississippi, and westward to the valley of the lower Ottawa River,
southern Michigan, eastern North and South Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas, and eastern
Texas, not ascending the mountains of New England and New York nor the high southern
AUeghanies; in middle Kentucky and Tennessee, and northern Alabama and Mississippi,
PINACE^
89
covering great areas of low rolling limestone hills with nearly pure forests of small bushy
trees.
Often cultivated, in several forms, in the northern and eastern states as an ornamental
tree and occasionally in the gardens of western and central Europe.
11. Juniperus lucayana Britt. Red Cedar.
Juniperus harhadensis Sarg. not L.
Leaves usually opposite, narrow, acute, or gradually narrowed above the middle and
acuminate, marked on the back by conspicuous oblong glands. Flowers opening in early
March: male elongated, \' to nearly \' long, with 10 or 12 stamens, their connectives
rounded, entire, and bearing usually 3 pollen-sacs : female with scales gradually narrowed
above the middle, acute at apex, and obliterated from the ripe fruit. Fruit subglobose
to short-oblong, dark blue, covered when ripe with a glaucous bloom, about ^/ in diameter,
with a thin skin, sweet resinous flesh, and 1 or 2 seeds; seeds acute, prominently ridged.
Fig. 88
A tree, sometimes 50° high, with a trunk occasionally 2° in diameter, small branches
erect when the tree is crowded in the forest, spreading when it has grown in open ground
and forming a broad flat-topped head often 30° or 40° in diameter, long thin secondary
branches erect at the top of the tree and pendulous below, and pendulous branchlets
about ijV in diameter, becoming light red-brown or ashy gray at the end of four or five
years after the disappearance of the leaves. Bark thin, light red-brown, separating into
long thin scales. Wood light, close, straight-grained, fragrant, dull red; formerly exclu-
sively used in the manufacture of the best lead pencils.
Distribution. Inundated river swamps from southern Georgia, southward to the shores
of the Indian River, Florida, and on the west coast of Florida from the northern shores
of Charlotte Harbor to the valley of the Apalachicola River, often forming great thickets
under the shade of larger trees; along streams and creeks in low woods near Houston, Harris
County, and Milano, Milam County, Texas {E. J. Palmer); common in the Bahamas, San
Domingo, eastern Cuba, and on the mountains of Jamaica and Antigua.
Often plante(f for the decoration of squares and cemeteries in the cities and towns in
the neighborhood of the coast from Florida to western Louisiana, and now often natural-
ized beyond the limits of its natural range on the Gulf coast; occasionally cultivated in
the temperate countries of Europe, and in cultivation the most beautiful of the Junipers
90
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
12. Junipenis scopulonim Sarg. Red Cedar.
Leaves usually opposite, closely appressed, acute or acuminate, generally marked on the
back by obscure elongated glands, dark green, or often pale and very glaucous. Flowers:
male with about 6 stamens, their connectives rounded and entire, bearing 4 or 5 anther-
sacs : scales of the female flower spreading, acute or acuminate, and obliterated from the
mature fruit. Fruit ripening at the end of the second season, nearly globose, i'-|' in
diameter, bright blue, with a thin skin covered with a glaucous bloom, sweet resinous
flesh, and 1 or usually 2 seeds; seeds acute, prominently grooved and angled, about ^^'
long, with a thick bony outer coat and a small 2-lobed hilum.
A tree, 30°-40'' high, with a short stout trunk sometimes 3° in diameter, often divided
near the ground into a number of stout spreading stems, thick spreading and ascendmg
Fig. 89
branches covered with scaly bark, forming an irregular round-topped head, and slender
4-angled branchlets becoming at the end of three or four years terete and clothed with
smooth pale bark separating later into thin scales. Bark dark reddish brown or gray
tinged with red, divided by shallow fissures into narrow flat connected ridges broken on the
surface into persistent shredded scales.
Distribution. Scattered often singly over dry rocky ridges, usually at altitudes of
5000° or 6000° but occasionally ascending in Colorado to 9000° above the sea, from the
eastern foothill region of the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to the Black Hills of South
Dakota, the valley of the Niobrara River, Sheridan County, northwestern Nebraska (J. M.
Bates) and to western Texas and eastern and northern New Mexico, and westward to
eastern Oregon, Nevada, and northern Arizona; descending to the sea- level in Washing-
ton on the shores of the northern part of Puget Sound and on the islands and mainland
about the Gulf of Georgia, British Columbia.
n. TAXACEJE.
Slightly resinous trees and shrubs, producing when cut vigorous stump shoots, with
fissured or scaly bark, light-colored durable close-grained wood, slender branchlets, linear-
lanceolate entire rigid acuminate spirally disposed leaves, usually appearing 2-ranked
by a twist in their short compressed petioles and persistent for many years, and small
ovoid acute buds. Flowers opening in early spring from buds formed the previous au-
tumn, dioecious or monoecious, axillary and solitary, surrounded by the persistent decus-
sate scales of the buds, the male composed of numerous filaments united into a column.
*
TAXACEiE 91
each filament surmounted by several more or less united pendant pollen-cells; the female
of a single erect ovule, becoming at maturity a seed with a hard bony shell, raised upon or
more or less surrounded by the enlarged and fleshy aril-like disk of the flower; embryo axile,
in fleshy ruminate or uniform albumen; cotyledons 2, shorter than the superior radicle.
Of the ten genera widely distributed over the two hemispheres, two occur in North America.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.
Filaments dilated into 4 pollen-sacs united into a half ring; seeds drupe-like, green or
purple, ripening at the end of the second season; albumen ruminate. 1. Torreya.
Filaments dilated into a globose head of 4-8 connate pollen-sacs; seeds berry-like, scarlet,
ripening at the end of the first season; albumen uniform. 2. Taxus.
1. TORREYA ARN.
Tumion Raf .
Glabrous foetid or pungent aromatic trees, with fissured bark and verticillate or oppo-
site spreading or drooping branches. Leaves thin, long-pointed, abruptly contracted
at base, dark green, lustrous and slightly rounded above, thickened and revolute on the
margins, with pale bands of stomata on each side of the midvein on the lower surface.
Flowers dioecious; the male crowded in the axils of adjacent leaves, on shoots of the
previous year, oval or oblong, composed of 6 or 8 close whorls each of 4 stamens, sub-
verticillately arranged on a slender axis; filaments stout and expanded above into 4 globose
yellow pollen-sacs united into a half ring, their connectives produced above the cells; the
female on shoots of the year less numerous and scattered, sessile, the ovule surrounded by
and finally inclosed in an ovoid urn-shaped fleshy sac, and becoming at the end of the second
season an oblong-ovate yellow-brown seed, rounded and apiculate at apex, acute and
marked at base by the large dark hilum; seed -coat thick and woody, its inner layer folded
into the thick white albumen, surrounded and finally inclosed in the thick green or purple
enlarged disk of the flower composed of thin flat easily separable fibers, splitting longitudin-
ally when ripe into two parts and separating from the basal scales persistent on the
short stout stalk of the seed.
Torreya is now confined to Florida and Georgia, western California, Japan, the island of
Quelpart, and central and northern China. Four species are recognized. Of the exotic
species the Japanese Torreya nucifera S. & Z. is occasionally cultivated in the eastern states.
The genus is named in honor of Dr. John Torrey, the distinguished American botanist.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves slightly rounded on the back, pale below; leaves, branches, and wood foetid;
branchlets gray or yellowish green. 1. T. taxifolia (C).
Leaves nearly flat, green below; leaves, branches and wood pungent-aromatic; branchlets
reddish brown. 2. T. califomica (G).
1. Torreya taxifolia Am. Stinking Cedar. Torreya.
Tumion taxifolium Greene.
Leaves slightly falcate, 1^' long, about \' wide, somewhat rounded, dark green and lustrous
above, paler and marked below with broad bands of stomata. Flowers appearing in March
and April; male with pale yellow anthers; female broadly ovoid, with a dark purple fleshy
covering to the ovule, \' long, and inclosed at the base by broad thin rounded scales. Seed
fully grown at midsummer, slightly obovoid, dark purple, l'-l|' long, f ' thick, with a thin
leathery covering, a light*ed-bro\NTi seed-coat furnished on the inner surface with 2 opposite
92
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
longitudinal thin ridges extending from the base toward the apex, and conspicuously
ruminate albumen.
A tree, occasionally 40° high, with a short trunk l°-2° in diameter, whorls of spreading
slightly pendulous branches forming a rather open pyramidal head tapering from a broad
base. Bark §' thick, brown faintly tinged with orange color, and irregularly divided by
Fig. 90
broad shallow fissures into wide low ridges slightly rounded on the back and covered with
thin closely appressed scales. Wood hard, strong, clear bright yellow, with thin lighter
colored sap wood; largely used for fence-posts.
Distribution. On blufifs along the eastern bank of the Apalachicola River, Florida,
from River Junction to the neighborhood of Bristol, Liberty County, and in the south-
western corner of Decatur County, Georgia (R. M. Harper). Rare and local.
Now often planted in the public grounds and gardens of Tallahassee, Florida.
»
2. Torreya califomica Terr. California Nutmeg.
Tumion californicum Greene.
Leaves slightly falcate, nearly flat, dark green and lustrous on the upper, somewhat
paler and marked below with a narrow band of stomata, tipped with slender callous
Fig. 9'
•I
TAXACEiE 93
points, l'-3y long, xV'-s' wide. Flowers appearing in March and April; male with broadly
ovate acute scales; female nearly j' long, with oblong-ovate rounded scales. Seed ovoid or
oblong-ovoid, I'-l^' long, light green more or less streaked with purple.
A tree, 50°-70° but occasionally 100° high, with a trunk l*'-2° or rarely 4" in diameter,
and whorls of spreading slender slightly pendulous branches forming a handsome pyram-
idal and in old age a round- topped head. Bark |'— |' thick, gray-brown tinged with
orange color, deeply and irregularly divided by broad fissures into narrow ridges covered
with elongated loosely appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, clear
light yellow, with thin nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fence-posts.
Distribution. Borders of mountain streams, California, nowhere common but widely
distributed from Mendocino County to the Santa Cruz Mountains in the coast region and
along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada from Eldorado to Tulare Counties at alti-
tudes of 3000°-5000° above the sea; most abundant and of its largest size on the northern
coast ranges.
Rarely cultivated as an ornamental tree in California and western Europe.
2. TAXUS L. Yew.
Trees or shrubs, with brown or dark purple scaly bark, and spreading usually horizontal
branches. Leaves flat, often falcate, gradually narrowed at the base, dark green, smooth
and keeled on the upper surface, paler, papillate, and stomatiferous on the lower surface,
their margins slightly thickened and revolute. Flowers dioecious or monoecious: the male
composed of a slender stipe bearing at the apex a globular head of 4-8 pale yellow stamens
consisting of 4-6 conic pendant pollen-sacs peltately connate from the end of a short
filament; the female sessile in the axils of the upper scale-like bracts of a short axillary
branch, the ovule erect, sessile on a ring-like disk, ripening in the autumn into an ovoid-
oblong seed gradually narrowed and short-pointed at apex, marked at base by the much-
depressed hilum, about ^' long, entirely or nearly surrounded by but free from the now
thickened succulent translucent sweet scarlet aril-like disk of the flower open at apex;
seed-coat thick, of two layers, the outer thin and membranaceous or fleshy, the inner much
thicker and somewhat woody; albumen uniform.
Taxus with six or seven species, which can be distinguished only by their leaf characters
and habit, is widely distributed through the northern hemisphere, and is found in eastern
North America where two species occur, in Pacific North America, Mexico, Europe, north-
ern Africa, western and southern Asia, China, and Japan. Of the exotic species the Euro-
pean, African, and Asiatic Taxus baccata L., and its numerous varieties, is often cultivated
in the United States, especially in the more temperate parts of the country, and is replaced
with advantage by the hardier Taxus cuspidata S. & Z., of eastern Asia in the northern
states, where the native shrubby Taxus canadensis Marsh, with monoBcious flowers is
sometimes cultivated.
Taxus, from rd^os, is the classical name of the Yew-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves usually short, yellow-green. 1. T. brevifolia (G).
Leaves elongated, usually falcate, dark green- 2. T. floridana (C).
1. Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Yew.
Leaves ^'-1' long, about ^V' wide, dark yellow-green above, rather paler below, with
stout midribs, and slender yellow petioles j^^' long, persistent for 5-12 years. Flowers
and fruit as in the genus.
A tree, usually 40°-50° but occasionally 70°-80° high, with a tall straight trunk l°-2°
or rarely 4|° in diameter, frequently unsymmetrical, with one diameter much exceeding
the other, and irregularly lobed, with broad rounded lobes, and long slender horizontal or
slightly pendulous branches forming a broad open conical head. Bark about i' thick
94
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and covered with small thin dark red-purple scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, bright
red, with thin light yellow sap wood; used for fence-posts and by the Indians of the north-
west coast for paddles, spear-handles, bows, and other small articles.
1
Fig. 92
Distribution. Banks of mountain streams, deep gorges, and damp ravines, growing usu-
ally under large coniferous trees; nowhere abundant, but widely distributed usually in
single individuals or in small clumps from the extreme southern part of Alaska, southward
along the coast ranges of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon, where it attains its
greatest size; along the coast ranges of California as far south as the Bay of Monterey, and
along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to Tulare County at altitudes between
5000° and 8000° above the sea-level, ranging eastward in British Columbia to the Selkirk
Mountains, and over the mountains of Washington and Oregon to the western slopes of
the continental divide in northern Montana; in the interior much smaller than near the
coast and often shrubby in habit.
Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of western Europe.
2. Taxus floridana Chapm. Yew.
Leaves usually conspicuously falcate, f ' to nearly 1' long, i^'-iV wide, dark green above,
pale below, with obscure midribs and slender petioles about i^' in length. Flowers ap-
pearing in March. Fruit ripening in October.
I
(
Fig. 93
TAXACEiE 95
A bushy tree, rarely 25° high, with a short trunk occasionally 1° in diameter, and numer-
ous stout spreading branches; more often shrubby in habit and 12°-15° tall. Bark Y
thick, dark purple-brown, smooth, compact, occasionally separating into large thin irregu-
lar plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, dark brown tinged with red,
with thin nearly white sap wood.
Distribution. River bluffs and ravines on the eastern bank of the Apalachicola River,
in Gadsden County, Florida, from Aspalaga to the neighborhood of B^'istol.
96 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Class 2. ANGIOSPERM^.
Carpels or pistils consisting of a closed cavity containing the ovules and be-
coming the fruit.
Division 1. Monocotyledons.
Stems with woody fibres distributed irregularly through them, but without
pith or annual layers of growth. Parts of the flower in 3's; ovary superior;
embryo with a single cotyledon. Leaves parallel-veined, alternate, long-per-
sistent, without stipules.
m. PALMiE.
Trees, growing by a single terminal bud, with stems covered with a thick rind, usually
marked below by the ring-like scars of fallen leaf -stalks, and clothed above by their long-
persistent sheaths; occasionally stemless. Leaves clustered at the top of the stem, plaited
in the bud, fan-shaped or pinnate, their rachis sometimes reduced to a narrow border,
long-stalked, with petioles dilated into clasping sheaths of tough fibres (vaginas) ; on fan-
shaped leaves, furnished at the apex on the upper side with a thickened concave body
{ligule) . Flowers minute, perfect or unisexual, in the axils of small thin mostly deciduous
bracts, in large compound clusters (spadix) surrounded by boat^-shaped bracts (spathes);
sepals and petals free or more or less united; stamens usually 6; anthers 2-celled, introrse,
opening longitudinally; ovary 3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell; styles 1-3. Fruit
a drupe or berry; embryo cylindric in a cavity of the hard albumen near the circumfer-
ence of the seed. Of the 130 genera now usually recognized and chiefly inhabitants of the
tropics, seven have arborescent representatives in the United States.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.
Leaves fan-shaped.
Leaf-stalks unarmed.
Calyx and corolla united into a short 6-lobed perianth.
Fruit white, drupaceous; albumen even. 1. Thrinax.
Fruit black, baccate; albumen channeled. 2. Coccothrinax.
Calyx and corolla distinct ; fruit baccate. 3. Sabal.
Leaf -stalks armed with marginal spines.
Filaments slender, free; fruit baccate. 4. Washingtonia.
Filaments triangular, united into a cup adnate to the base of the corolla; fruit
drupaceous. 5. Acoelorraphe.
Leaves pinnate.
Flower-clusters produced on the stem below the leaves; fruit violet-blue.
6. Roystonea.
Flower-clusters produced from among the leaves; fruit bright orange-scarlet.
7. PseudophcBnix.
1. THRINAX Sw.
Small unarmed trees, with stems covered with pale gray rind. Leaves orbicular, or
truncate at the base, thick and firm, usually silvery white on the lower surface, divided
PALM^ 97
to below the middle into narrow acuminate parted segments with thickened margins and
midribs; rachis a narrow border, with thin usually undulate margins; ligule thick, con-
cave, pointed, lined while young with hoary tomentum; petioles compressed, rounded above
and below, thin and smooth on the margins, with large clasping bright mahogany-red
sheaths of slender matted fibres covered with thick hoary tomentum. Spadix-interfoliar,
stalked, its primary branches short, alternate, flattened, incurved, with numerous slender
rounded flower-bearing branchlets; spathes numerous, tubular, coriaceous, cleft and more or
less tomentose at the apex. Flowers opening in May and June, and occasionally irregularly
in the autumn, solitary, perfect; perianth 6-lobed; stamens inserted on the base of the peri-
anth, with subulate filaments thickened and only slightly united at the base, or nearly trian-
gular and united into a cup adnate to the perianth, and oblong anthers; ovary 1 -celled, grad-
ually narrowed into a stout columnar style crowned by a large funnel-formed flat or oblique
stigma; ovule basilar, erect. Fruit a globose drupe with juicy bitter ivory-white flesh easily
separable from the thin-shelled tawny brown nut. Seed free, erect, slightly flattened at
the ends, with an oblong pale conspicuous subbasilar hilum, a short-branched raphe, a thin
coat, and uniform albumen more or less deeply penetrated by a broad basal cavity; embryo
lateral.
Thrinax is confined to the tropics of the New World and is distributed from southern
Florida through the West Indies to the shores of Central America. Seven or eight species
are now generally recognized.
The wood of the Florida species is light and soft, with numerous small fibro-vascular
bundles, the exterior of the stem being much harder than the spongy interior. The stems
are used for the piles of small wharves and turtle-crawls, and the leaves for thatch, and in
making hats, baskets, and small ropes.
Thrinax, from dpiva^, is in allusion to the shape of the leaves.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Flowers on elongated pedicels; perianth obscurely lobed; stamens much exserted, their
filaments subulate, barely united at base; stigma oblique; cavity of the seed extending
to the apex.
Perianth obscurely lobed; style abruptly enlarged into a large oblique stigma; leaves
silvery white on the lower surface. 1. T. floridana (D).
Perianth deeply lobed; style narrowed gradually into a small oblique stigma; leaves green
on both surfaces. 2. T. Wendlandiana (D).
Flowers on short pedicels; lobes of the perianth ovate, acuminate; filaments nearly trian-
gular, united below into a cup; stigma flat; cavity of the seed extending only to the
middle.
Seeds pale chestnut-brown; spadix about 6° long; leaves 3°-4° in diameter.
3. T. keyensis (D).
Seeds dark chestnut-brown; spadix less than 3° long; leaves not over 2° in diameter.
4. T. microcarpa (D).
1. Thrinax floridana Sarg. Thatch.
Leaves 2^''-3° in diameter, rather longer than broad, yellow-green and lustrous on the
upper surface, silvery white on the lower surface, with a long-pointed, bright orange-colored
ligule I' long and broad; petioles 4°-4^° long, pale yellow-green or orange color toward
the apex, coated at first with hoary deciduous tomentum, much thickened and to-
mentose toward the base. Flowers: spadix 3°-3^° long, the primary branches 6-8' long
and ivory-white, flower-bearing branches l|'-2' in length; flowers on slender pedicels
nearly \' long, ivory-white, very fragrant, with an obscurely-lobed perianth, much ex-
serted stamens barely united at the base, and a large stigma. Fruit f ' in diameter,
somewhat depressed at the ends; seed from \' to nearly \' in diameter, dark chestnut-
brown.
98
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, with a slightly tapering stem 20°-30° high and 4'-6' in diameter, clothed to tlk
middle and occasionally almost to the ground with the sheaths of dead leaf-stalks.
Fig. 94
Distribution. Florida, dry coral ridges and sandy shores of keys from Long Key to
Torch Key, and on the mainland from Cape Romano to Cape Sable.
2. Thrinax Wendlandiana Becc. Thatch.
Leaves 2^°-3° in diameter, orbicular, pale yellow-green, lustrous above, with a thick
concave ligule, acuminate or rarely rounded at apex; petioles 2°-4° long, much thick-
Fig. 95
ened and tomentose toward the base. Flowers: spadix stalked, 2*'-4° long, its primary
branches short, flattened, incurved, with numerous terete flower-bearing branchlets;
flowers on slender pedicels tV'-I' long, with a deeply lobed perianth, the lobes nearly
I
PALMiE
99
triangular, acuminate, and a small stigma. Fruit j'-f ' in diameter, globose; seed from
I'-j' in diameter, dark chestnut-brown.
A tree, in Florida, with a smooth pale trunk 20°-25° high and 3'-4' in diameter.
Distribution. Florida: Dade County, Madeira Hammock, Pumpkin Key, Flamingo,
and northwest of Cape Sable; also in Cuba and on Mugueres Island, Gulf of Honduras.
3. Thrinax keyensis Sarg. Thatch.
Leaves rather longer than broad, 3°-4° long, the lowest segments parallel with the
petiole or spreading from it nearly at right angles, light yellow-green and lustrous on the
upper surface, with bright orange-colored margins, below coated while young with decidu-
ous hoary tomentum and pale blue-green and more or less covered with silvery white pu-
bescence at maturity, with a thick pointed ligule 1' long and wide, lined at first with hoary
tomentum; petioles flattened above, obscurely ridged on the lower surface, tomentose
while young, pale blue-green, 3°-4° long. Flowers: spadix usually about 6° long, spreading
and gracefully incurved, with spathes more or less coated with hoary tomentum, large
compressed primary branches, and short bright orange-colored flower-bearing branches;
Fig. 96
flowers on short thick disk-like pedicels, about |' long, white, slightly fragrant, with a tu-
bular perianth, the lobes broadly ovate and acute, stamens with nearly triangular filaments
united at the base, and a flat stigma. Fruit ts' to nearly I' in diameter; seed brown, ts'
in diameter.
A tree, with a stem often 25° high and 10'-14' in diameter, raised on a base of thick
matted roots 2°-3° high and 18'-20' in diameter, and a broad head of leaves, the upper erect,
the lower pendulous and closely pressed against the stem.
Distribution. Dry, sandy soil close to the beach on the north side of the largest of the
Marquesas Keys, and on Crab Key, a small island to the westward of Torch Key, one of
the Bahia Honda group, Florida; on the Bahamas.
4. Thrinax microcarpa Sarg. Silvertop Palmetto. Brittle Thatch.
Leaves 2°-3° across, pale green above, silvery white below, more or less thickly coated
while young with hoary tomentum, especially on the lower surface, divided near the base
almost to the rachis, with an orbicular thick concave ligule linec with a thick coat of white
tomentum; petioles thin and flexuose. Flowers: spadix elongated, with short, com-
pressed erect branches slightly spreading below, numerous slendc* jjerdulocs fl )\^'ex';-bear)ng
branches, and long acute spathes deeply parted at the apex, coriaceous und <,oated above
the middle with thick hoary tomentum; flowers on short thick disk-like peaicels, with a
100
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
cupular perianth, the lobes broadly ovate and acute, stamens with thin nearly triangular
exserted filaments slightly united at base and oblong anthers becoming reversed and
extrorse at maturity, and a deep orange-colored ovary narrowed above into a short thick
Fig. 97
style dilated into a large funnel-formed stigma. Fruit globose, |' in diameter; seed sub»
globose, bright to dark chestnut-brown, depressed.
A tree, rarely more than 30° high, with a trunk 8'-10' in diameter.
Distribution. Dry coral soil, on the shores of Sugar Loaf Sound, and on No Name and
Bahia Honda keys, Florida; in Cuba.
2. COCCOTHRINAX Sarg.
Small unarmed trees, with simple or clustered stems or rarely stemless. Leaves orbicu-
lar, or truncate at base, pale or silvery white on the lower surface, divided into narrow
obliquely folded segments acuminate and divided at apex; rachis narrow; ligules thin,
free, erect, concave, pointed at the apex; petioles compressed, slightly rounded and
ridged above and below, thin and smooth on the margins, gradually enlarged below into
elongated sheaths of coarse fibres forming an open network covered while young by thick
hoary tomentum. Spadix interfoliar, paniculate, shorter than the leaf-stalks, its primary
branches furnished with numerous short slender pendulous flower-bearing secondary
branches; spathes numerous, papery, cleft at the apex. Flowers solitary, perfect, jointed
on elongated slender pedicels; perianth cup-shaped, obscurely lobed; stamens 9, inserted
on the base of the perianth, with subulate filaments enlarged and barely united at the base,
and oblong anthers; ovary 1-celled, narrowed into a slender style crowned by a funnel-
formed oblique stigma; ovule basilar, erect. Fruit a subglobose berry raised on the thick-
ened torus of the flower, with thick juicy black flesh. Seed free, erect, depressed-globose,
with a thick hard vertically grooved shell deeply infolded in the bony albumen; hilum
subbasilar, minute; raphe hidden in the folds of the seed-coat; embryo lateral.
Coccothrinax is confined to the tropics of the New World. Two species, of which one is
often stemless northward, inhabit southern Florida, and at least two other species are scat-
tered over several of the West Indian islands.
Coccothrinax, from k6kkos and Thrinax, is in allusion to the berry-like fruit.
,,, . ,1. Coccothrinax jucunda Sarg. Brittle Thatch.
LeariJS nearly orbioulai', the lower segments usually parallel with the petiole, thin and
brittle, 18'-24' in diameter, divided below the middle of the leaf or toward its base nearly
FALMJE
101
to the ligule, with much-thickened bright orange-colored midribs and margins, pale yellow-
green and lustrous on the upper surface, bright silvery white and coated at first on the
lower surface with hoary deciduous pubescence, with a thin undulate obtusely short-pointed
dark orange-colored rachis, and a thin concave crescent-shaped often oblique slightly un-
dulate short-pointed and light or dark orange-colored ligule f wide, ^ deep; petioles
slender, pale yellow-green, 2^°-3° long. Flowers: spadix 18-24' long, with flattened
stalks, slender much-flattened primary branches 8'-10' long, light orange-colored slen-
der terete flower-bearing branches l|'-3' long, and pale reddish brown spathes coated
toward the ends with pale pubescence; flowers opening in June and irregularly also in
the autumn on ridged sjpreading pedicels |' long, with an orange-colored ovary surmounted
by an elongated style dilated into a rose-colored stigma. Fruit ripening at the end of six
Fig. 98
months, from ^'-f ' in diameter, bright green at first when fully grown, becoming deep vio-
let color, with succulent very juicy flesh, ultimately black and lustrous; seed light tawny
brown.
A tree, with a stem slightly enlarged from the ground upward, 15°-25° high, 4'-6' thick,
covered with pale blue rind, and surmounted by a broad head of leaves at first erect, then
spreading and ultimately pendulous. Wood used for the piles of small wharves and turtle-
crawls. The soft tough young leaves are made into hats and baskets.
Distribution. Dry coral ridges and sandy flats from the shores of Bay Biscayne along
many of the southern keys to the Marquesas group (var. marquesensis Becc.) Florida;
and on the Bahamas (var. macrosperma Becc.) .
3. SABAL Adans. Palmetto.
Unarmed trees, with stout columnar stems covered with red-brown rind. Leaves fla-
bellate, tough and coriaceous, divided into many narrow long-pointed parted segments
plicately folded at base, often separating on the margins into narrow threads; rachis
extending nearly to the middle of the leaves, rounded and broadly winged toward the
base on the lower side, thin and acute on the upper side; ligule adnate to the rachis,
acute, concave, with thin incurved entire margins; petioles rounded and concave on the
lower side, conspicuously ridged on the upper side, acute and entire on the margins, with
elongated chestnut-brown shining sheaths of stout fibres. Spadix interfoliar, stalked,
decompound, with a flattened stem, short branches, slender densely flowered ultimate
branches, and numerous acuminate spatl is, the outer persistent and becoming broad and
102
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
woody. Flowers solitary, perfect; calyx tabular, unequally lobed, the lobes slightly imbri-
cated in the bud; corolla deeply lobed, with narrow ovate-oblong concave acute lobes
valvate at the apex in the bud; stamens 6, those opposite the corolla lobes rather longer
than the others, with subulate filaments united below into a shallow cup adnate to
the tube of the corolla, and ovoid anthers, their cells free and spreading at the base;
ovary of 3 carpels, 3-lobed, 3-celled, gradually narrowed into an elongated 3-lobed style
truncate and stigmatic at the apex; ovule basilar, erect. Fruit a small black 1 or 2 or 3-
lobed short-stemmed berry with thin sweet dry flesh. Seed depressed-globose, marked on
the side by the prominent micropyle, with a shallow pit near the minute basal hilum, a thin
seed-coat, and a ventral raphe; embryo minute, dorsal, in horny uniform albumen pene-
trated by a hard shallow basal cavity filled by the thickening of the seed-coat.
Sabal belongs to the New World, and is distributed from the Bermuda Islands and the
South Atlantic and Gulf states of North America through the West Indies to Venezuela
and Mexico.
Of the eight species now recognized four inhabit the United States; of these two are small
stemless plants.
The generic name is of uncertain origin.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Spadix short; fruit subglobose, 1-celled; seed-coat light chestnut color. 1. S. Palmetto (C).
Spadix elongated; fruit often 2 or 3-lobed, with 2 or 3 seeds; seed-coat dark chestnut-brown.
2. S. texana (E).
1. Sabal Palmetto R. & S. Cabbage Tree. Cabbage Palmetto.
Leaves 5°-6° long and 7°-8° broad, dark green and lustrous, deeply divided into narrow
parted recurved segments, with ligules 4' long and more or less unsymmetrical at apex;
petioles 6°-7° long and 1|' wide at apex. Flowers: spadix 2°-2^° long, with slender incurved
Fig. 99
branches, slender ultimate divisions, and thin secondary spathes flushed with red at apex
and conspicuously marked by pale slender longitudinal veins; flowers in the axils of
minute deciduous bracts much shorter than the perianth, opening in June. Fruit
ripening late in the autumn, subglobose or slightly obovoid, gradually narrowed at
base, 1-seeded, about Y in diameter; seed light bright chestnut-colored, i' broad.
A tree, often 40°-50° and occasionally 80°-90° high, with a tall clear trunk often 2° in
diameter, sometimes branched by the destruction of the terminal bud, divided by shallow
PALM^
103
frregular interrupted fissures into broad ridges, with a short pointed knob-like under-
ground stem surrounded by a dense mass of contorted roots often 4° or 5° in diameter and
5° or 6° deep, from which tough light orange-colored roots often nearly ^ in diameter pene-
trate the soil for a distance of 15° or 20°, and a broad crown of leaves at first upright,
then spreading nearly at right angles with the stem, and finally pendulous. Wood light,
soft, pale brown, or occasionally nearly black, with numerous hard fibro- vascular bundles,
the outer rim about 2' thick and much lighter and softer than the interior. In the southern
states the trunks are used for wharf-piles, and polished cross sections of the stem some-
times serve for the tops of small tables; the wood is largely manufactured into canes. From
the sheaths of young leaves the bristles of scrubbing-brushes are made. The large succulent
leaf -buds are cooked and eaten as a vegetable, and coarse hats, mats, and baskets are made
from the leaves. Pieces of the spongy bark of the stem are used as a substitute for
scrubbing-brushes.
Distribution. Sandy soil in the immediate neighborhood of the coast from the neigh-
borhood of Cape Hatteras and Smith Island at the mouth of Cape Fear River, North Caro-
lina, southward near the coast to northern Florida; in Florida extending across the penin-
sula and south to Upper Matecumbe Key, and along the west coast to Saint Andrews Bay.
Most abundant and of its largest size on the west coast of the Florida peninsula.
Often planted as a street tree in the cities of the southern states.
2. Sabal texana Becc. Palmetto.
Sabal mexicana S. Wats., not Mart.
Leaves dark yellow-green and lustrous, 5°-6° long, often 7° wide, divided nearly to the
middle into narrow divided segments, with thickened pale margins separating into long
Fig. 100
•
thin fibres, with ligules about 6' long; petioles 7°-8° long, 1^' wide at the apex. Flowers:
spadix 7°-8° long, with stout ultimate divisions; flowers in Texas appearing in March or
April in«the axils of persistent bracts half as long as the perianth. Fruit ripening early in
the summer, globose, often 2 or 3-lobed; seeds nearly ^' broad and j' wide, dark chestnut-
brown, with a broad shallow basal cavity, and a conspicuous orange-colored hilum.
A tree, with a trunk 30°-50° high, often 2|° in diameter, and a broad head of erect ul-
timately pendulous leaves. Wood light, soft, pale brown tinged with red, with thick
light-colored rather inconspicuous fibro- vascular bundles, the outer rim 1' thick, soft, and
light colored. On the Gulf coUst the trunks* are used for wharf-piles, and on the lower
Rio Grande the leaves for the thatch of houseg.
104
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Rich soil of the bottom-lands on the Bernado River, Cameron County,
and near the mouth of the Rio Grande, Texas, and southward in Mexico in the neighbor-
hood of the coast.
Frequently planted as a street tree in the towns in the lower Rio Grande valley.
4. WASHINGTONIA H. Wendl.
Trees, with stout columnar stems and broad crowns of erect and spreading finally pen-
dulous leaves. Leaves flabellate, divided nearly to the middle into many narrow deeply
parted recurved segments separating on the margins into numerous slender pale fibres;
rachis short, slightly rounded on the back, gradually narrowed from a broad base, with
concave margins furnished below with narrow erect wings, and slender and acute above;
ligule elongated, oblong, thin and laciniate on the margins; petioles elongated, broad and
thin, flattened or slightly concave on the upper side, rounded on the lower, armed irregu-
larly with broad thin large and small straight or hooked spines confluent into a thin bright
orange-colored cartilaginous margin, gradually enlarged at base into thick broad con-
cave bright chestnut-brown sheaths composed of a network of thin strong fibres. Spadix
interf oliar, stalked, elongated, paniculate, with pendulous flower-bearing ultimate divisions
and numerous long spathes. Flowers perfect, jointed on thick disk-like pedicels; calyx
tubular, scarious, thickened at base, gradually enlarged and slightly lobed at apex, the
lobes imbricated in the bud; corolla funnel-formed, with a fleshy tube inclosed in the
calyx and about half as long as the lanceolate lobes thickened and glandular on the inner
surface at the base, imbricated in the bud; stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, with
free filaments thickened near the middle and linear-oblong anthers; ovary 3-lobed, 3-
celled, with slender elongated flexuose styles stigmatic at apex; ovules lateral, erect.
Fruit a small ellipsoidal short-stalked black berry with thin dry flesh. Seed free, erect,
oblong-ovoid, concave above, with a flat base depressed in tl.3 centre, a minute sublateral
hilum, a broad conspicuous rachis, a minute lateral micropyle, and a thin pale chestnut-
brown inner coat closely investing the simple horny albumen; embryo minute, lateral, with
the radicle turned toward the base of the fruit.
Three species of Washingtonia are known: one inhabits the interior dry region of south-
ern California and the adjacent parts of Lower California, and the others the mountain
canons of western Sonora and southern Lower California.
The genus is named for George Washington.
1. Washingtonia filamentosa O. Kuntze. Desert Palm. Fan Palm.
Leaves 5°-6° long and 4°-5° wide, light green, slightly tomentose on the folds; petioles
Fig. 101
PALMiE 105
4°-6° long and about 2' broad at apex, with sheaths 16'-18' long and 12'-14' wide, and
ligules 4' long and cut irregularly into long narrow lobes. Flowers: spadix 10°-12° long,
3 or 4 being produced each year from the axils of upper leaves, the outer spathe inclosing
the bud, narrow, elongated, and glabrous, those of the secondary branches coriaceous, yel-
low tinged with brown, and laciniate at apex; flowers slightly fragrant, opening late in
May or early in June. Fruit produced in great profusion, ripening in September, ^' long;
seed i' long, |' thick.
A tree, occasionally 75° high, with a trunk sometimes 50°-60° tall and 2°-3° in diameter,
covered with a thick light red-brown scaly rind and clothed with a thick thatch of dead
pendant leaves descending in a regular cone from the broad crown of living leaves some-
times nearly to the ground. Wood light and soft, with numerous conspicuous dark orange-
colored fibro-vascular bundles. The fruit is gathered and used as food by the Indians.
Distribution. Often forming extensive groves or small isolated clumps in wet usually
alkali soil in depressions along the northern and northwestern margins of the Colorado
Desert in southern California, sometimes extending for several miles up the canons of the
San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains; and in Lower California.
Now largely cultivated in southern California, New Orleans, southern Europe, and
other temperate regions.
51 ACCELORRAPHE H. Wendl.
Paurotia Cooke.
Trees, with tall slender often clustered stems clothed for many years with the sheathing
bases of the petioles of fallen leaves. Leaves suborbicular, divided into numerous two-
parted segments plicately folded at the base; rachis short, acute; ligule thin, concave, fur-
nished with a broad membranaceous dark red-brown deciduous border; petioles slender,
flat or slightly concave on the upper side, rounded and ridged on the lower side, with a broad
high rounded ridge, thickened and cartilaginous on the margins, more or less furnished with
stout or slender flattened teeth; vagina thin and firm, bright mahogany red, lustrous,
closely infolding the stem, its fibres thin and tough. Spadix paniculate, interpetiolar, its
rachis slender, compressed, ultimate branches, numerous, slender, elongated, gracefully
drooping, hoary-tomentose, the primary branches flattened, the secondary terete in the
axils of ovate acute chestnut-brown bracts; spathes flattened, thick and firm, deeply two-
cleft and furnished at apex with a red-brown membranaceous border, inclosing the
rachis of the panicle, each primary branch with its spathe and the node of the rachis below
it inclosed in a separate spathe, the whole surrounded by the larger spathe of the node
next below. Flowers perfect, minute, sessile on the ultimate branches of the spadix,
in the axils of ovate acute chestnut-brown caducous bracts, solitary toward the end of the
branches and in two- or three-flowered clusters near their base; calyx truncate at base,
divided into three broadly ovate sepals dentate on the margins, valvate in aestivation, en-
larged and persistent under the fruit; corolla three-parted nearly to the base, its divisions
valvate in aestivation, oblong-ovate, thick, concave and thickened at apex, deciduous;
stamens six, included; filaments nearly triangular, united below into a cup adnate to the
short tube of the corolla; anthers short-oblong, attached on the back below the middle,
introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; ovary obovoid, of three carpels,
each with two deep depressions on their outer face, united into a slender style; stigma
minute, terminal, persistent on the fruit; ovule solitary, erect from the bottom of the cell,
anatropous. Fruit drupaceous, subglobose, one-seeded, black and lustrous; exocarp thin
and fleshy; endocarp thin, crustaceous; seed erect, free, subglobose, light chestnut-brown;
testa thin and hard; hilum small, suborbicular; raphe ventral, oblong, elongated, black,
slightly prominent, without ramifications; embryo lateral; albumen homogeneous.
Two species of Acoelorraphe have been distinguished; they inhabit southern Florida,
and one species occurs also in Cuba and on the Bahama Islands.
The generic name, from d priv., KotXoj and pa0^, refers to the character of the seed.
106
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Petioles furnished with stout marginal teeth throughout their entire length; leaves jcreen
on both surfaces, their primary divisions extending to the middle, secondary divisions
only from 3|'-9' long; stems forming large thickets. 1. A. Wrightii (D).
Petioles furnished with thinner teeth, usually unarmed toward the apex; leaves green or
glaucescent on the lower surface, their primary divisions extending nearly to the base,
secondary divisions often 10' long or more; stems often prostrate. 2. A. arborescens (D) .
1. Acoelorraphe Wrightii Becc.
Paurotia Wrightii Britt.
Leaves 30'-36' in diameter, thin, light green, divided only to the middle, the divisions
of the primary lobes 3^'-9' long; petioles thin, gradually tapering from the base, 40'-60'
Fig. 102
in length, armed throughout with stout straight or incurved teeth. Flowers: spadix 4°-
6° long; flowers \'-\' long, with a light chestnut-brown calyx and a pale yellow-green corolla.
Fruit \' in diameter.
A tree with numerous stems, in Florida sometimes 10 metres high, forming great thickets.
Distribution. Dade County, Florida, from the rear of Madeira Hummock to Cape
Sable, in swamps of fresh or brackish water at some distance from the coast; also in Cuba
and on the Bahamas.
2. Acoelorraphe arborescens Becc.
Serenoa arborescens Sarg.
Leaves about 2° in diameter, light yellow-green on the upper surface, blue-green oi
glaucescent on the lower surface, divided nearly to the base into numerous lobes slightly
thickened at the pale yellow midribs and margins; petioles 18'-24' long, armed, except
toward the apex, with stout flattened curved orange-colored teeth. Flowers: spadix
VAIMM
107
3°-4° long, with a slender much-flattened stalk, panicled lower branches 18'-20' in length,
and 6-8 thick firm pale green conspicuously ribbed spathes dilated at apex into a
narrow border; flowers with a light chestnut-brown calyx and a pale yellow-green corolla.
Fruit globose, \' in diameter; seed somewhat flattened below, with a pale vertical mark
on the lower side, and a hilum joined to the micropyle by a pale band.
A tree, from 30°-40° high, with 1 or several clustered erect inclining or occasionally semi-
prostrate stems 3'-4' in diameter, covered almost to the ground by the closely clasping
bases of the leaf-stalks and below with a thick pale rind.
Fig. 103
Distribution. Low undrained soil covered for many months of every year in water
from l'-18' deep, occasionally occupying almost exclusively areas of several acres in ex-
tent or more often scattered among Cypress-trees or Royal Palms, in the swamps and
along the hummocks adjacent to the Chokoloskee River and its tributaries and at the head
of East River» Whitewater Bay, in southwestern Florida.
|. 6. ROYSTONEA Cook. Royal Palm.
^■Unarmed trees, with massive stems enlarged near the middle, and terminating in long
slender bright green cylinders formed by the closely appressed sheath of the lowest leaf.
Leaves equally pinnate, with linear-lanceolate long-pointed unequally cleft plicately-folded
pinnae inserted obliquely on the upper side of the rachis, folded together at the base, with
thin midribs and margins; rachis convex on the back, broad toward the base of the leaf
and acute toward its apex; petioles semicylindric, gradually enlarged into thick elon-
gated green sheaths. Spadix large, decompound, produced near the base of the green
part of the stem, with long pendulous branches and 2 spathes, the outer semicylindric and
as long as the spadix, the inner splitting ventrally and inclosing the branches of the spadix.
Flowers monoecious, in a loose spiral, toward the base of the branch in 3-flowered clusters,
with a central staminate and smaller lateral pistillate flowers, higher on the branch the
stamina te in 2-flowered clusters; calyx of the staminate flower of minute broadly ovate
obtuse scarious sepals imbricated in the bud, much shorter than the corolla; petals nearly
equal, valvate in the bud, ovate or obovate, acute, slightly united at the base, coriaceous;
stamens 6, 9, or 12, with subulate filaments united below and adnate to the base of the
corolla, and large ovate-sagittate anthers, the cells free below; ovary rudimentary, sub-
globose or 3-lobed; pistillate flowers much smaller, ovoid-conic; sepals obtuse; corolla
erect, divided to the middle into acute erect lobes incurved at apex; staminodia 6,
scale-like, united into a cup adnate to the corolla; ovary subglobose, obscurely 2 or 3-lobed,
108
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
2 or 3-celled, gibbous, the cells crowned with a 3-lobed stigma becoming subbasilar on the
fruit; ovule ascending. Fruit a short-stalked drupe with thin crustaceous flesh. Seed ob-
long-reniform, marked by the conspicuous fibrous reticulate branches of the raphe radiating
from the narrow basal hilum, and covered with a thin crustaceous coat; embryo minute,
cylindric, lateral, in uniform albumen.
Roystonea is confined to the tropics of the New World, where two or three species occur.
The genus as here limited was named for General Roy Stone of the United States army.
1. Roystonea regia Cook. Royal Palm.
Oreodoxa regia H. B. K.
Leaves 10°-12° long, closely pinnate, the pinpse, 2^°-3° long, \\' wide near the base of
the leaf, and gradually decreasing in size toward its apex, deep green with slender conspicu-
ous veins, and covered below with minute pale glandular dots; petioles almost terete,
concave near the base, with thin edges separating irregularly into pale fibres, and enlarged
Fig. 104
into bright green cylindrical clasping bases 8" or 9° long and more or less covered with dark
chafl^y scales. Flowers: spadix about 2° long, with a nearly terete stem and slightly
ridged primary and secondary branches compressed above, abruptly enlarged at the base,
and simple slender flexuose long-pointed flower-bearing branchlets 3'-6' long, pendant and
closely pressed against the secondary branches; flowers opening in Florida in January
and February, the staminate nearly \' long and rather more than twice as long as the pis-
tillate. Fruit oblong-obovoid, full and rounded at apex, narrowed at base, violet-blue,
about I' long, with a thin outer coat and a light red-brown inner coat, loose and fibrous on
the outer surface, and closely investing the thin light brown seed.
A tree, 80°-100° high, with a trunk rising from an abruptly enlarged base, gradually
tapering from the middle to the ends and often 2° in diameter, covered with light gray rind
tinged with orange color, marked with dark blotches and irregularly broken into minute
plates, the green upper portion 8°-10° long, and a broad head of gracefully drooping leaves.
Wood of the interior of the stem spongy, pale brown, much lighter than the hard exterior
rim, containing numerous dark conspicuous fibro-vascular bundles. The outer portion of
the stem is made into canes, and the trunks are sometimes used for wharf-piles and in con-
struction.
Distribution. Florida, hummocks on Rogue River twenty miles east of Caximbas Bay,
on some of the Everglades Keys, Long's Key, and formerly on the shores of Bay Biscayne
near the mouth of Little River; common in the West Indies and Central America.
Largely cultivated as an ornamental tree in tropical countries, and often planted to form
avenues, for which its tall pale columnar stems and noble heads of graceful foliage make it
valuable.
PALM^
109
1
7. PSEUDOPHCENIX H. Wendl.
tree, with a slender stem abruptly enlarged at the base or tapering from the middle to
the ends, covered with thin pale blue or nearly white rind, and conspicuously marked by
the dark scars of fallen leaf-stalks. Leaves erect, abruptly pinnate, with crowded linear-
lanceolate acuminate leaflets increasing in length and width from the ends to the middle of
the leaf, thick and firm in texture, dark yellow-green above, pale and glaucous below;
rachis convex on the lower side, concave on the upper side near the base of the leaf, with
thin margins, becoming toward the apex of the leaf flat and narrowed below and acute above,
marked on the sides at the base with dark gland-like excrescences; petioles short, concave
above, with thin entire margins separating into slender fibres, gradually enlarged into broad
thick sheaths of short brittle fibres. Spadix interfoliar, compound, pendulous, stalked,
much shorter than the leaves, with spreading primary branches, stout and much flattened
toward the base, slender and rounded above the middle, furnished at the base with a
thickened ear-like body, slender secondary branches, short thin rigid densely flowered
ultimate divisions, and compressed light green double spathes erose on their thin dark
brown margins. Flowers on slender pedicels articulate by an expanded base, widely
scattered on the ultimate branches of the spadix, staminate and bisexual in the same in-
florescence; calyx reduced to the saucer-like rim of the thickened receptacle, undulate on
the margin, the rounded angles alternating with the petals; petals 3, valvate in the bud, ob-
long, rounded at apex, thick conspicuously longitudinally veined, persistent; stamens
6, with short flattened nearly triangular filaments slightly united at the base into a narrow
fleshy disk, and triangular cordate anthers attached at the base in a cavity on their outer
face, 2-celled, the cells opening by lateral slits; styles of the perfect flower 3-lobed at the
apex with obtuse appressed lobes, that of the sterile flower as long or longer than that of the
perfect flower, more slender and tapering into a narrow 3-pointed apex. Fruit a stalked
globose 2 or 3-lobed orange-scarlet thin-fleshed drupe marked by the lateral style and sur-
rounded' below by the withered remnants of the flower; pedicel abruptly enlarged at
base, articulate from a persistent cushion-like body furnished in the centre with a minute
point penetrating a cavity in the base of the pedicel. Seed subglobose, free, erect, with
a basal hilum and a thin light red-brown coat marked by the pale conspicuous ascend-
ing 2 or 3-branched raphe; embryo minute, basal, in uniform horny albumen.
Pseudophoenix with a single species inhabits the keys of southern Florida, and the
Bahamas.
The generic name is in allusion to a fancied resemblance to Phoenix, a genus of Palms.
1. Pseudophoenix vinifera B«cc.
Leaves 5 "-6° long, with pinnae often 18' long and 1' wide near the middle of the leaf.
Fig. 105
1 10 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
becoming at its extremities not more than half as long and wide; petioles 6'-8' in length.
Flowers: spadix 3° long and 2^° wide. Fruit ripening in May and June, |'-|' in diameter
on a peduncle I' long; seed j' in diameter.
Distribution. Florida, east end of Elliot's Key, and east end of Key Largo near the south-
ern shore, here forming a grove of 200 or 300 plants; more common on the Bahamas.
Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of southern Florida.
IV. LILIACE.®.
Leaves, alternate, linear-lanceolate. Flowers in terminal panicles; sepals and petals
nearly similar, subequal, withering-persistent; ovary with more or less deeply introduced
dorsal partitions; ovules numerous, 2-ranked in each cell; embryo subulate, obliquely placed
across the seed; cotyledon arched in germination.
Yuccse as here limited consists of two American genera, Hesperaloe, with two species,
low plants of Texas and Mexico, and Yucca.
I. YUCCA L.
Trees with simple or branched stems prolonged by axillary naked buds, dark thick corky
bark, light fibrous wood in concentric layers, and large stout horizontal roots; or often
stemless. Leaves involute in the bud, at first erect, usually becoming reflexed, abruptly
narrowed above the broad thickened clasping base, usually widest near the middle, con-
cave on the upper surface, involute toward the horny usually sharp-pointed apex, convex
and often slightly keeled toward the base, on the lower surface, the margins serrulate or
filamentose, light or dull green. Flowers fertilized by insects and opening for a single
night, on slender pedicels in 2 or 3-flowered clusters or singly at the base of the large com-
pound panicle furnished with conspicuous leathery white or slightly colored bracts, those at
the base of the pedicels thin and scarious; perianth cup-shaped, with thick ovate-lanceo-
late creamy white segments more or less united at base, usually furnished with small tufts
of white hairs at the apex, those of the outer rank narrower, shorter, and more colored than
the more delicate petal-like segments of the inner rank; stamens 6, in 2 series, free, shorter
than the ovary {as long inl), white, with club-shaped fleshy filaments, obtuse and slightly
3-lobed at the apex, and cordate emarginate anthers attached on the back, the cells
opening longitudinally, curling backward and expelling the large globose powdery pollen-
grains; ovary oblong, 6-sided, sessile or stalked, with nectar-glands within the partitions,
dull greenish white, 3-celled, gradually narrowed into a short or elongated 3-lobed ivory-
white style forming a triangular stigmatic tube. Fruit oblong or oval, more or less dis-
tinctly 6-angled, 6-celled, usually beaked at the apex, baccate and indehiscent or capsular
and 3-valved, the valves finally separating at the apex; pericarp of 2 coats, the outer at
maturity thick, succulent and juicy, thin, dry and leathery, or thin and woody. Seeds
compressed, triangular, obovoid, or obliquely ovoid or orbicular, thick, with a narrow
2-edged rim, or thin, with a wide or narrow brittle margin; seed-coat thin, black, slightly
rugose or smooth; embryo in plain or rarely ruminate hard farinaceous oily albumen; coty-
ledon much longer than the short radicle turned toward the small oblong white hilum.
Yucca is confined to the New World and is distributee from Bermuda and the eastern
Antilles, through the south Atlantic and GuK states to Oklahoma and Arkansas, and
through New Mexico and northward along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to
South Dakota, westward to middle California, and southward through Arizona, Mexico,
and Lower California to Central America. About thirty species with many varieties
and probable hybrids are recognized. Of the species which inhabit the territory of the
United States nine assume the habit and attain the size of small trees. The root-stalks
of Yucca are used as a substitute for soap, and ropes, baskets, and mats are made from
the tough fibres of the leaves. Many of the species are cultivated, especially in countries
of scanty rainfall, for their great clusters of beautiful flowers, or in hedges tcf protect gar-
dens from cattle.
The generic name is from the Carib name of the root of the Cassava.
LILIACE^
111
CONSPECTUS OF THE ABORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Flower-clusters usually sessile, or short-stalked.
Fruit pendulous, with thick succulent flesh; seeds thick; albumen ruminate.
Segments of the perianth slightly united at the base.
Panicle glabrous or puberulous.
Ovary stipitate; leaves sharply toothed on their horny margins, smooth, dark
green, slightly concave. 1. Y. aloifolia (C).
Ovary sessile.
Leaves concave, blue-green, rough on the lower surface. 2. Y. Treculeana (E).
Leaves concave above the middle, light yellow-green, smooth.
Style elongated. 3. Y. macrocarpa (E, H).
Style short. 4. Y. mohavensis (G, H).
Panicle coated with hoary tomentum; leaves concave, smooth, light yellow-green.
5. Y. Schottii (H).
Segments of the perianth united below into a narrow tube; leaves flat,, smooth, dark
green. 6. Y. Faxoniana (E).
Fruit erect or spreading, the flesh becoming thin and dry at maturity; seeds thin; albu-
men entire.
Leaves rigid, concave above the middle, blue-green, sharply serrate.
7. Y. brevifolia (F. G).
Leaves thin, flat or concave toward the apex, nearly entire, rough on the lower
surface, dull or glaucous green. 8. Y. gloriosa (C).
Flower-clusters long-stalked; fruit capsular, erect, finally splitting between the carpels
and through their backs at the apex; seeds thin; albumen entire; leaves thin, flat,
filamentose on the margins, smooth, pale yellow-green. 9. Y. data (E, H).
I. Yucca aloifolia L. Spanish Bayonet.
Leaves 18-32' long, 1|'-2|' wide, erect, rigid, conspicuously narrowed above the light
green base, widest above the middle, slightly concave on the upper surface, smooth, dark
Fig. 106
rich green, with a stiff dark red-brown tip, and horny finely and irregularly serrate mar-
gins; long-persistent. Flowers from June until August on stout pedicels, in nearly sessile
glabrous or slightly pubescent panicles 18-24' long; perianth I'-l^' in length and 3' or 4'
across when fully expanded, the segments ovate, thick and tumid toward the base, those
of the outer rank rounded and often marked with purple at apex, the inner acuminate
112
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and short-pointed; stamens as long or sometimes a little longer than the light green ovary
raised on a short stout stipe. Fruit ripening from August to October, elongated, ellipsoidal,
hexagonal, 3'-4' long, Ij'-l^' thick, light green when fully grown, and in ripening turning
dark purple, the outer and inner coats forming a thick succulent mass of bitter-sweet juicy
flesh, finally becoming black and drying on its stalk; seeds \'-Y wide, about x^' thick,
with a thin narrow ring-like border to the rim.
A tree, occasionally 25° high, usually much smaller, with an erect or more or less inclining
simple or branched trunk slightly swollen at base, and rarely more than 6' in diameter;
sometimes with numerous clustered stems. Bark near the base of the trunk thick, rough,
dark brown, marked above by scars left by falling leaves.
Distribution. Sand dunes of the coast from North Carolina to eastern Louisiana; west
of the Apalachicola River attaining its largest size and sometimes ranging inland through
Pine-forests for thirty or forty miles; and in Yucatan (var. jrucatana Trel.).
A common garden plant in all countries with a temperate climate, and long naturalized
in the southern states far beyond the limits of its natural range, in some of the West Indian
islands and on the Gulf coast of Mexico. Forms with leaves variously striped with white,
yellow, and red or with recurving leaves are frequent in cultivation.
2. Yucca Treculeana Carr. Spanish Bayonet. Spanish Dagger.
Leaves 2^°-4° long, 2'-3j' wide, slightly or not at all contracted above the dark red
lustrous base, concave, stiff, rigid, dark blue-green, rough on the lower surface, nearly
smooth on the upper, with a short stout dark red-brown tip, and dark brown margins
roughened by minute deciduous teeth and ultimately separating into slender dark fibres;
Fig. 107
persistent for many years, the dead leaves hanging closely appressed against the trunk
below the terminal crown of closely imbricated living leaves. Flowers in March and April
on slender pedicels, in dense many-flowered glabrous or puberulous panicles 2°-4° long and
raised on short stout stalks; perianth l'-2' long, 2'-4' in diameter when fully expanded,
with narrow elongated ovate-lanceolate to ovate segments, j wide, acute, thin and delicate,
furnished at apex with a conspicuous tuft of short pale hairs; filaments slightly papillose,
about as long as the prismatic ovary gradually narrowed above and crowned by the deeply
divided stigmatic lobes. Fruit ripening in the summer, 3'-4' long, about 1' thick, dark
reddish brown or ultimately black, with thin succulent sweetish flesh; seeds about I'
wide, nearly i^' thick, with a narrow border to the rim.
A tree, occasionally 25°-30° high, with a trunk sometimes 2° in diameter and numerous
stout wide-spreading branches; usually smaller and often forming broad low thickets 4°-
LILIACE^
113
5° tall. Bark on old trunks I'-Y thick, dark red-brown and broken into thin oblong plates
covered by small irregular closely appressed scales. jWood light brown, fibrous, spongy,
heavy, difficult to cut and work.
Distribution. Shores of Matagorda Bay, southward through western Texas into Nuovo
Leon, and through the valley of the Rio Grande to the eastern base of the mountains of
western Texas; forming open stunted forests on the coast dunes at the mouth of the Rio
Grande; farther from the coast often spreading into great impenetrable thickets.
Cultivated as an ornamental plant in the gardens of central and western Texas. and
in other southern States, and occasionally in those of southern Europe.
3. Yucca macrocarpa Coville. Spanish Dagger.
Leaves l^°-2° long, l'-2' wide, gradually narrowed from the dark red lustrous base to
above the middle, rigid, concave, yellow-green, rough on the lower surface and frequently
also on the upper surface, with a stout elongated dark tip, and thickened margins sep-
Fig. 108
arated into stout gray filaments. Flowers in March and April in densely flowered sessile
or short-stalked glabrous or occasionally pubescent panicles; perianth usually about i'
long, with acuminate segments, those of the outer* and inner rows nearly of the same size;
stamens shorter than the elongated style. Fruit 3'-4' long, about 1^' thick, abruptly
contracted at apex into a stout point, nearly black when fully ripe, with sweet succulent
flesh; seeds about Y wide, |' thick, with a narrow border to the rim.
A tree, rarely exceeding 15° in height, with a usually simple stem 6'-8' in diameter, and
often clothed to the ground with living leaves. Bark dark brown and scaly.
Distribution. Arid plains from western Texas to eastern Arizona and southward in
Chihuahua.
4. Yucca mohavensis Sarg. Spanish Dagger.
Leaves 18'-20' long, about 1^' wide, abruptly contracted above the dark red lustrous
base, gradually narrowed upward to above the middle, thin and concave except toward the
slightly thickened base of the blade, dark green, smooth on both surfaces, with a stout rigid
sharp-pointed tip, and entire bright red-brown margins soon separating into numerous
pale filaments. Flowers from March to May on slender erect ultimately drooping pedicels
I'-l^' long, in densely flowered sessile or short-stemmed panicles 12'-18' in length; perianth
l'-2' long, the segments united at the base into a short tube, thickened and hood-shaped at
the apex, those of the outer rank often deeply flushed with purple, but little longer than the
less prominently ribbed usually wider and thinner segments of the inner rank; stamens
114
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
with more or less pilose filaments nearly as long as the short style. Fruit ripening in Au-
gust and September, 3-4' long, about 1|' thick, usually much constricted near the middle,
abruptly contracted at apex into a short stout point, dark dull brown or nearly black,
with flesh often nearly ^' thick; seeds I' wide, rather less than |' thick, with a narrow border
to the rim.
A tree, rarely exceeding 15° in height, with a trunk usually simple or occasionally fur-
nished with short spreading branches, and 6'-8' in diameter, usually surrounded by a clus-
ter of shorter more or less spreading stems and often clothed to the ground with living leaves.
Bark dark brown and scaly. Wood soft, spongy, light brown.
Distribution. Southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona across the Mohave Desert
to the California coast, extending northward to the neighborhood of Monterey, California,
and southward into northern Lower California; common and attaining its largest size
on the Mohave Desert, and sometimes ascending arid mountain slopes to altitudes of 4000"
above the sea.
5. Yucca Schottii Engelm. Spanish Dagger.
Leaves 2§°-3° long, about 1^' wide, gradually narrowed upward from the comparatively
thin lustrous red base to above the middle, flat except toward the apex, smooth, light
Fig. 110
LILIACE^
115
yellow-green, with a long rigid sharp light red tip, and thick entire red-brown margins
finally separating into short thin brittle threads. Flowers from July to September in erect
stalked tomentose panicles; perianth I'-lf long, the broad oval or oblong-obovate thin
segments pubescent on the outer surface toward the base and furnished at the apex with
conspicuous clusters of white tomentum; stamens about two thirds as long as the ovary,
with filaments pilose at the base, and only slightly enlarged at the apex. Fruit ripening in
October and November, obscurely angled, 3^'-4' long, about Ij thick, often narrowed
above the middle, with a stout thick point, and thin succulent flesh; seeds j' wide, about
I' thick, with a thin conspicuous marginal rim.
A tree, in Arizona rarely 18°-20° high, with a trunk often crooked or slightly inclining
and simple or furnished with 2 or 3 short erect branches, covered below with dark brown
scaly bark, roughened for many years by persistent scars of fallen leaves, and clothed above
by the pendant dead leaves of many seasons.
Distribution. Dry slopes of the mountain ranges of Arizona near the Mexican boundary
usually at altitudes between 5000° and 6000°, and southward into Sonora.
6. Yucca Faxoniana Sarg. Spanish Dagger.
Leaves 2|°-4° long, 2^'-3' wide, abruptly contracted above the conspicuously thickened
lustrous base, widest above the middle, flat on the upper surface, thickened and rounded
«5)n the lower surface toward the base, rigid, smooth and clear dark green, with a short stout
Fig. 1 1 1
dark tip, and brown entire margins breaking into numerous stout gray or brown fibres
short and spreading near the apex of the leaf, longer, more remote, and forming a thick
cobweb-like mass at their base. Flowers appearing in April on thin drooping pedicels,
in dense many-flowered glabrous panicles 3°-4° long, with elongated pendulous branches;
perianth 2^' long, the segments thin, concave, widest above the middle, narrowed at the ends,
united at base into a short tube, those of the outer rank being about half as wide as those
of the inner rank and two thirds as long; stamens much shorter than the ovary, with slender
filaments pilose above the middle and abruptly dilated at apex; ovary conspicuously
ridged, light yellow marked with large pale raised lenticels, and gradually narrowed into
an elongated slender style. Fruit ripening in early summer, slightly or not at all angled,
abruptly contracted at apex into a long or short hooked beak, 3'-4' long, I'-l^' thick, light
orange-colored and lustrous when first ripe, becoming nearly black, with thick succulent
bitter-sweet flesh; seeds j' long, about Y thick, with a narrow nearly obsolete margin to
the rim.
A tree, often 40° high, with a trunk sometimes 2° in diameter above the broad abruptly
116
TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA
enlarged base, unbranched or divided into several short branches, and covered above by a
thick thatch of the pendant dead leaves of many seasons; frequently smaller and until ten or
twelve years old clothed from the ground with erect living leaves. Bark near the base of old
trees dark reddish brown, Y~¥ thick, broken on the surface into small thin loose scales.
Distribution. Common on the high desert plateau of southwestern Texas.
7. Yucca brevifolia Engelm. Joshua Tree.
Yucca arborescens Trel.
Leaves 5'-8' or on young plants rarely 10'-12' long, j'-|' wide, rigid, crowded in dense
clusters, lanceolate, gradually tapering from the bright red-brown lustrous base, bluish
green and glaucous, smooth or slightly roughened, concave above the middle, with a sharp
dark brown tip, and thin yellow margins armed wi'th sharp minute teeth; persistent
Fig. 112
for many years. Flowers appearing from March until the beginning of May, the creamy
white closely imbricated bracts of the nearly sessile pubescent panicle forming before
its appearance a conspicuous cone-like bud 8' or 10' long; perianth globose to oblong,
l'-2' long, greenish white, waxy, dull or lustrous, its segments slightly united at the base,
keeled on the back, thin below the middle, gradually thickened upward into the concave
incurved rounded tip, those of the outer rank rather broader, thicker, and more prominently
keeled than those of the inner rank, glabrous or pubescent; stamens about half as long as
the ovary, with filaments villose-papillate from the base; ovary conic, 3-lobed above the
middle, bright green, with narrow slightly developed septal nectar-glands, and a sessile
nearly equally 6-lobed stigma. Fruit ripening in May or June, spreading or more or less
pendant at maturity, oblong-ovoid, acute, slightly 3-angled, 2'-4' long, l|'-2' thick, light
red or yellow-brown, the outer coat becoming dry and spongy at maturity; seeds nearly
¥ long, rather less than ■^' thick, with a broad well-developed margin to the rim, and a
large conspicuous hilum.
A tree, 70°- 60° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, rising abruptly from a broad thick
basal disk, thick tough roots descending deeply into the soil, and stout branches spreading
into a broad, often symmetrical head formed by the continued forking of the branches at
the base of the terminal flower-clusters; the stem until 8°-10° high simple and clothed to the
ground with leaves erect until after the appearance of the first flowers, then spreading at
right angles and finally becoming reflexed. Bark l'-l|' thick, deeply divided into oblong
plates frequently 2° long. Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work, light brown or
nearly white; sometimes cut into thin layers and used as wrapping material or manufac-
tured into boxes and other small articles. The seeds are gathered and eaten by Indians.
LILIACEiE
117
Distribution. Southwestern Utah to the western and northern rim of the Mohave Desert
in California; most abundant and of its largest size on the foothills on the desert slope of
the Tehachapi Mountains, California.
8. Yucca gloriosa L. Spanish Dagger.
Leaves 2°-2|° long, gradually narrowed above the broad base and then gradually broad-
ened to above the middle, thin, flat or slightly concave toward the apex, frequently
longitudinally folded, dull often glaucous green, roughened on the under surface especially
above the middle, with a stout dark red tip, and pale margins serrulate toward the base
of the leaf, with minute early deciduous teeth, or occasionally separating into thin fibres.
Flowers in October, in pubescent or glabrate panicles, 2°-4° long, on stout stalks sometimes
Fig. 113
3°-4° in length, their large creamy white bracts forming before the panicle emerges a con-
spicuous egg-shaped bud 4'-6' long; perianth when fully expanded 3§'-4' across, its seg-
ments thin, ovate, acute, or lance-ovate, often tinged with green or purple, slightly
united at the base, pubescent at apex; stamens about as long as the ovary, with hispid or
slightly papillose filaments and deeply emarginate anthers; ovary slightly lobed, 6-sided,
light green, gradually narrowed into the elongated spreading stigmatic lobes. Fruit very
rarely produced, prominently 6-ridged, pendulous, 3' long, 1' in diameter, cuspidate, raised
on a short stout stipe, with a thin leathery almost black outer coat; seeds Y wide and about
■^^' thick, with a smooth coat and a narrow marginal rim.
A tree, with a trunk occasionally 6°-8° high and 4'-6' in diameter, simple or rarely fur-
nished with a few short branches and usually clothed to the base with pendant dead leaves;
in cultivation often becoming much larger, with a stout trunk covered with smooth light
gray bark, and erect or in one form (var. recurvifolia Engelm.) pendulous leaves.
Distribution. Sand dunes and the borders of beaches of the seacoast from North Caro-
lina to northern Florida.
Often cultivated with many forms in the gardens and pleasure-grounds of all temperate
countries.
9. Yucca elata Engehn. Spanish Dagger.
1. Yucca radiosa Trel.
Leaves 20'-30.' long, \'-\' wide, rigid, gradually narrowed from the thin base, tapering
toward the apex, or sometimes somewhat broadest at the middle, thin, flat on the upper
surface, slightly thickened and rounded on the lower surface toward the base, smooth, pale
118
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
yellow-green, with a slender stiff red-brown tip, and thickened entire pale margins soon
splitting into long slender filaments. Flowers in May and June on slender spreading more
or less recurved pedicels, in glabrous much-branched panicles 4°-6° long, raised on stout
naked stem 3°-7° in length; perianth ovoid and acute in the bud, when fully expanded
3^'-4' across, its segments united at the base into a short slender distinct tube, ovate or
slightly obovate, those of the outer rank usually acute, not more than half as broad as those
of the inner rank; stamens as long or a little longer than the ovary, with slender nearly
terete filaments; ovary sessile, almost terete, pale green, abruptly contracted into the stout
elongated style. Fruit an erect oblong capsule rounded and obtuse at the ends, tipped by
a short stout mucro, conspicuously 3-ribbed, with rounded ridges on the back of the car-
pels, l|'-2' long, l'-l|' wide, with a thin firm light brown ligneous outer coat closely ad-
Fig. 1 14
•
herent to the lustrous light yellow inner coat, in ripening splitting from the top to the
bottom between the carpels, and through their backs at the apex; seeds f' wide and about
■^j thick, with a smooth coat and a thin brittle wide margin to the rim.
A tree, with a rough much-branched underground stem penetrating deep into the soil
and a trunk often 15°-20° high and 7'-8' in diameter, covered above with a thick thatch
of the pendant dead leaves of many years, simple, or branched at the top with a few short
stout branches densely covered with leaves at first erect, then spreading nearly at right
angles, and finally pendulous. Bark dark brown, irregularly fissured, broken into thin
plates, about |' thick. Wood light, soft, spongy, pale brown or yellow.
Distribution. High desert plateaus from southwestern Texas to southern Arizona;
southward into northern Mexico; most abundant and of its largest size on the eastern slope
of the continental divide in southern New Mexico and along the northern rim of the
Tucson Desert in Arizona.
Division II. Dicotyledones.
Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith, and increasing by the addition of an
annual layer of wood inside the bark. Parts of the flower mostly in 4's and
5's; embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Leaves netted-veined.
Subdivision 1. Apetalse. Flowers without a corolla and sometimes with-
out a calyx (with a corolla in Olacaceae),
Section 1. Flowers in unisexual aments {female flowers of Juglans and
Quercus solitary or in spikes) ; ovary inferior {superior in Leitneriacece) when
calyx is present.
SALICACE^ 119
V. SALICACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, alternate simple stalked deciduous leaves with stip-
ules, soft light usually pale wood, astringent bark, scaly buds, and often stoloniferous roots.
Flowers appearing in early spring usually before the leaves, solitary in the axils of the scales
of unisexual aments from buds in the axils of leaves of the previous year, the male and
female on different plants; perianth 0; stamens 1, 2 or many, their anthers introrse, 2-celled,
the cells opening longitudinally; styles usually short or none; stigmas 2-4, often 2-lobed.
Fruit a 1-celled 2-4-valved capsule, with 2-4 placentas bearing below their middle numer-
ous ascending anatropous seeds without albumen and surrounded by tufts of long white
silky hairs attached to the short stalks of the seeds and deciduous with them; embryo
straight, filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons flattened, much longer than the short
radicle turned toward the minute hilum.
The two genera of this family are widely scattered but most abundant in the northern
hemisphere, with many species, and are often conspicuous features of vegetation.
CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.
Scales of the aments laciniate; flowers surrounded by a cup-shaped often oblique disk;
stamens numerous; buds with numerous scales. 1. Poptilus.
Scales of the aments entire; disk a minute gland-like body; stamens 1, 2 or many; buds with
a single scale. 2. Sails'
1. POPULUS L. Poplar.
Large fast-growing trees, with pale furrowed bark, terete or angled branchlets, resinous
winter-buds covered by several thin scales, those of the first pair small and opposite, the
others imbricated, increasing in size from below upward, accrescent and marking the base
of the branchlet with persistent ring-like scars, and thick roots. Leaves involute in the
bud, usually oyate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, dentate with usually glandular teeth, or
lobed, penni veined, turning yellow in the autumn; petjolea. long, often laterally com-
pressed, sometimes furnished at the apex on the upper side with 2 nectariferous glands,
leaving in falling oblong often obcordate, elliptic, arcuate, or shield-shaped leaf-scars
displaying the ends of 3 nearly equidistant fibro- vascular bundles; stipules caducous, thos0
of the first leaves resembling the bud-scales, smaller higher on the branch, and linear-
lanceolate and scarious on the last leaves. Flowers in pendulous stalked aments, the pis-
tillate lengthening and rarely becoming erect before maturity; scales obovate, gradually
narrowed into slender stipes, dilated and lobed, palmately cleft or fimbriate at apex, mem-
branaceous, glabrous or villose, more crowded on the staminate than on the pistillate
ament, usually caducous; disk of the flower broadly cup-shaped, often oblique, entire,
dentate or irregularly lobed, fleshy or membranaceous, stipitate, usually persistent under
the fruit; stamens 4-12 or 12-60 or more, inserted on the disk, their filaments free, short,
light yellow; anthers ovoid or oblong, purple or red; ovary sessile in the bottom of the disk,
oblong-conical, sub-globose or ovoid-oblong, cylindric or slightly lobed, with 2 or 3 or
rarely 4 placentas; styles usually short; stigmas as many as the placentas, divided into fili-
form lobes or broad, dilated, 2-parted or lobed. Fruit ripening before the full growth of
the leaves, greenish, reddish brown, or buff color, oblong-conic, subglobose or ovoid-oblong,
separating at maturity into 2-4 recurved valves. Seeds broadly obovoid or ovoid, rounded
or acute at the apex, light chestnut-brown; cotyledons elliptic.
Populus in the extreme north often forms great forests, and is common on the alluvial
bottom-lands of streams and on high mountain slopes, ranging from the Arctic Circle to
northern Mexico and Lower California and from the Atlantic to the Pacific in the New
World, and to northern Africa, the southern slopes of the Himalayas, central China, and
1^0 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Japan in the Old World. Of the thirty-four species now generally recognized fifteen are
found in North America. The wood of many of the American species is employed in large
quantities for paper-making, and several species furnish wood used in construction and in
the manufacture of small articles of woodenware. The bark contains tannic acid and is
used in tanning leather and occasionally as a tonic, and the fragrant balsam contained in
the buds of some species is occasionally used in medicine. The rapidity of their growth,
t^eb hardiness and the ease with which they can be propagated by cuttings, make many of
the species useful as ornamental trees or in wind-breaks, although planted trees often suffer
severely from the attacks of insects boring into the trunks and branches. Of the exotic
species, the Abele, or White Poplar, Populus alba L., of Europe and western Asia, and its
fastigiate form, and the so-called Lombardy Poplar, a tree of pyramidal habit and a form
of the European and Asiatic Populus nigra L., and one of its hybrids, have been largely
planted in the United States.
Pojmlus, of obscure derivation, is the classical name of the Poplar.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Stigmas 2, 2-lobed, their lobes filiform; leaf stalks elongated, laterally 'compressed; buds
slightly resinous.
Leaves finely serrate; winter-buds glabrous. 1. P. tremiiloides (A, B, F, G).
Leaves coarsely serrate; winter-buds tomentose or pubescent. 2. P. grandidentata.
Stigmas 2-4, 2-lobed and dilated, their lobes variously divided; buds resinous.
Leaf-stalks round.
Leaves tomentose below early in the season, broadly ovate, acute or rounded at apex.
3. P. heterophylla (A, C).
Leaves glabrous or pilose below.
Leaves dark green above, pale, rarely pilose below.
Ovary and capsule glabrous. 4. P. tacamahacca (A, B, F).
Ovary and capsule tomentose or pubescent. 5. P. trichocarpa (B, F).
Leaves light green on both surfaces, glabrous.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. 6. P. angustifolia (F).
Leaves rhombic-lanceolate to ovate. 7. P. acuminata (F).
Leaf-stalks laterally compressed.
Leaves without glands at apex of the petiole, coarsely serrate, thick.
Pedicels shorter than the fruit.
Disk cup-shaped.
Branchlets stout; capsule | '-§' long. *8. P. Fremontii (G, F).-
Branchlets slender; capsule not more than I' long. 9. P. arizonica (F, H).
Disk minute.
, Branchlets glabrous; leaves broad-ovate to deltoid, long-pointed and acum^
inate at apex. 10. P. texana (C).
Branchlets pubescent; leaves broad-ovate, abruptly short-pointed or acute ai
apex. 11. P. McDougallii (G, H).
Pedicels 2 or 3 times longer than the fruit; leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly short-
pointed. 12. P. Wislizenii (E, F).
Leaves furnished with glands at apex of the petiole.
Branchlets stout; leaves thick.
Winter-buds puberulous; leaves coarsely serrate; branchlets light yellow.
13. P. Sargentii (F).
Winter-buds glabrous; leaves less coarsely serrate; branchlets gray or reddisk
brown. 14. P. balsamifera (A, C).
Branchlets slender; leaves thin, ovate, cuneate or rounded at base, finely serrate.
15. P. Pahneri (E),
SALICACE.E
121
1. Populus tremtiloides Michx. Aspen. Quaking Asp.
Leaves ovate to broad-ovate or rarely renif orm (var. reniformis Tidestrom) abruptly short*
pointed or acuminate at apex rounded or rarely cuneate at the wide base, closely crenately
serrate with glandular teeth, thin, green and lustrous above, dull green or rarely pale below,
up to 4|' long and broad with a prominent midrib, slender primary veins and conspicuous
reticulate veinlets; petioles slender, compressed laterally, l^'-S' long. Flowers: aments
l|'-2§' long, the pistillate becoming 4' in length at maturity; scales deeply divided into
3-5 linear acute lobes fringed with long soft gray hairs; disk oblique, the staminate entire,
the pistillate slightly crenate; stamens 6-12; ovary conic, with a short thick style and erect
stigmas thickened and club-shaped below and divided into linear diverging lobes. Fruit
maturing in May and June, oblong-conic, light green, thin-walled, nearly j' long; seeds
obovoid, light brown, about sV in length.
A tree, 20"'-40° high, with a trunk 18'-20' in diameter, slender remote and often con-
torted branches somewhat pendulous toward the ends, forming a narrow symmetrical
Fig. 115
round-topped head, and slender branchlets covered with scattered oblong orange-colored
lenticels, bright red-brown and very lustrous during their first season, gradually turning
light gray tinged with red, ultimately dark gray, and much roughened for two or three
years by the elevated leaf-scars. Winter-buds slightly resinous, conic, acute, often in-
curved, about Y long, narrower than the more obtuse flower-buds, with 6 or 7 lustrous
glabrous red-brown scales scarious on the margins. Bark thin, pale yellow-brown or
orange-green, often roughened by horizontal bands of circular w^rt-like excrescences, fre-
quently marked below the branches by large rows of lunate dark scars. Wood light
brown, with nearly white sapwood of 25-30 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Southern Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson's Bay and north-
westerly to the' mouth of the Mackenzie River, through the northern states to the moun-
tains of Pennsylvania, northern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, eastern and central Iowa
and northeastern Missouri; common and generally distributed usually on moist sandy
soil and gravelly hillsides; most valuable in the power of its seeds to germinate quickly in
soil made fertile by fire and of its see^dlings to grow rapidly in exposed situations; west-
ward passing into thejyar. aurea Daniels, with thicker rhombic to semiorbicular or broad-
ovate generally smaller leavei. , usually pale on the lower surface, rounded or acute and
minutely short-pointed at ap ^x, rounded or cuneate at base, often entire with slightly
1^
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
thickened margins, or occasionally coarsely crenately serrate, with inconspicuous reticulate
veinlets, turning bright golden yellow in the autumn before falling.
A tree occasionally 100° high with a trunk up to 3° in diameter, with pale often white
bark, becoming near the base of old stems 2' thick, nearly black, and deeply divided into
broad flat ridges broken on the surface into small appressed plate-like scales.
Distribution. Valley of the Yukon River to Saskatchewan, and southward through the
mountain ranges of the Rocky Mountain region to southern New Mexico, the San Francisco
Mountains of Arizona, and westward to the valley of the Skeena River, British Columbia,
western Washington and Oregon, the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and the high
mountains of southern California, and eastward to North and South Dakota and western
Nebraska; on the mountains of Chihuahua, and on the Sierra de Laguna, Lower California.
•
PoptUus tremuloides var. vancouveriana Sarg.
Populus vancouveriana Trel.
Leaves broadly ovate to semiorbicular, abruptly short-pointed or rounded at apex,
rounded or slightly cordate at the broad base, coarsely crenately serrate and sometimes
obscurely crispate on the margins, when they unfold covered below and on the petioles with
Fig. 116
a thick coat of long matted pale hairs, and slightly villose, glabrous or nearly glabrous above,
soon glabrous, and at maturity thick dark green, lustrous and scabrate on the upper surface,
paler on the lower surface, 3'-4^' long and broad, with a prominent midrib and primary
veins; petioles slender, compressed, becoming glabrous, 2'-3' in length. Flowers: stami-
nate aments slightly villose; pedicels pubescent; disk of the flower puberulous toward the
base; flowers as in the species; pistillate aments 2'-2j' long, becoming 3-3^' in length at
maturity; the rachis, pedicels and slightly lobed disk of the flower densely villose-pubes-
cent; ovary conic, pubescent, with a short style and stigma divided into narrow divergent
lobes. Fruit on pedicel not more than ^\' in length, oblong-conic, pubescent or glabrous.
V long.
A tree 30°-36° high, with a trunk 12'-16' in diameter, stout spreading branches forming
a round-topped head, stout, reddish brown pubescent or puberulous branchlets often be-
coming glabrous during their first sunuaer. Winter-budi acute, tomentose, pubescent
or glabrous.
SALICACEiE
123
Coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia and shores of Puget Sound; Tualitin,
Washington County, and valley of the Willamette River at Corvallis, Benton County,
Oregon,
2. Populus grandidentata Michx. Poplar.
Leaves semiorbicular to broad-ovate, short-pointed at apex, rounded, abruptly cuneate
or rarely truncate at the broad entire base, coarsely repand-dentate above with few stout
incurved teeth, covered like the petioles early in the season with white tomentum, soon
glabrous, thin and firm in texture, dark green above, paler on the lower surface, 2'-3' long,
2'-2|' wide, with a prominent yellow midrib, conspicuously forked veins, and reticulate
veinlets; petioles slender, laterally compressed, 1|'-2|' long. Flowers: aments pubescent,
W~^¥ long, the pistillate becoming 4'-5' long at maturity; scales pale and scarious below,
livided above into 5 or 6 small irregular acute lobes covered with soft pale hairs; disk shal-
low, oblique, the staminate entire, the pistillate slightly crenate; stamens 6-12, with short
slender filaments and light red anthers; ovary oblong-conic, bright green, puberulous, with
I
Fig. 117
a short style, and spreading stigmas divided nearly to the base into elongated filiform lobes.
Fruit ripening before the leaves are fully grown, often more or less curved above the mid-
dle, light green and puberulous, thin-walled, 2-valved, about f long; pedicel slender,
pubescent, about i*?' in length; seeds minute dark brown.
A tree, often 60°-70° high, with a trunk occasionally 2° in diameter, slender rather rigid
branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and stout branchlets marked by scattered
oblong orange-colored lenticels, coated when they first appear with thick hoary deciduous
tomentum, becoming during their first year dark red-brown or dark orange-colored, gla-
brous, lustrous, or covered with a delicate gray pubescence, and in their second year dark
gray sometimes slightly tinged with green and much roughened by the elevated 3-lobed
leaf-scars; generally smaller, and usually not more than 30°-40° tall. Winter-buds terete,
broadly ovoid, acute, with light bright chestnut-brown scales, pubescent during the winter
especially on their thin scarious margins, about j long and not more than half the size of
the flower-buds. Bark thin, smooth, light gray tinged with green, becoming near the base
of old trunks f '-1' thick, dark brown tinged with red, irregularly fissured and divided into
broad flat ridges roughened on the surface by small thick closely appressed scales. Wood
light brown, with thin nearly white sapwood of 20-30 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Rich moist sandy soil near the borders of swamps and streams; Nova
Scotia, through New Brunswick, southern Quebec and Ontario to northern Minnesota,
124
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
southward through the northern states to Pennsylvania, northern Ohio, and eastern (Mus-
catine County) and central Iowa, and westward to central Kentucky and Tennessee;
passing into the var. meridionalis Tidestrom with broad-ovate acuminate leaves with more
numerous teeth, often 4'-5' long and 3' wide; the common form in Maryland, northern
Delaware, the piedmont region of Virginia and North Carolina, southern Ohio^ and south-
ern Indiana and Illinois; rare northward to northern New England.
3. Populus heterophylla L. Swamp Cottonwood. Black Cottonwood.
Leaves broadly ovate, gradually narrowed and acute, short-pointed or rounded at apex,
slightly cordate or truncate or rounded at the wide base, usually furnished with a narrow
deep sinus, finely or coarsely crenately serrate with incurved glandular teeth, covered as they
unfold with thick hoary deciduous tomentum, becoming thin and firm in texture, dark
deep green above, pale and glabrous below, with a stout yellow midrib, forked veins and
conspicuous reticulate veinlets, 4'-7' long, 3'-6' wide; petioles slender terete tomentose or
nearly glabrous 2^'-3^ in length. Flowers: staminate aments broad, densely flowered,
1' long, erect when the flowers first open, becoming pendulous and %'-St\' long; scales nar-
rowly oblong-obovate, brown, scarious and glabrous below, divided into numerous elon-
Fig. 118
gated filiform light red-brown lobes; disk oblique, slightly concave; stamens 12-20, with
slender filaments about as long as the large dark red anthers; pistillate aments slender,
pendulous, few-flowered, l'-2' long, becoming erect and 4'-6' long before maturing, their
scales concave and infolding the flowers, linear-obovate, brown and scarious, laterally
lobed, fimbriate above the middle, caducous; disk thin, irregularly divided in numerous
triangular acute teeth, long-stalked; ovary ovoid, terete or obtusely 3-angled, with a short
stout elongated style and 2 or 3 much-thickened dilated 2 or 3-lobed stigmas. Fruit on
elongated pedicels, ripening when the leaves are about one third grown, ovoid, acute, dark
red-brown, rather thick-walled, 2 or 3-valved, about |' long; seeds obovoid, minute, dark
red-brown.
A tree, 80°-90° high, with a tall trunk 2°-3° in diameter, short rather slender branches
forming a comparatively narrow round-topped head, and stout branchlets, marked by
small elongated pale lenticels, coated at first with hoary caducous tomentum, becoming
dark brown and rather lustrous or ashy gray, or rarely pale orange color and glabrous or
slightly puberulous, or covered with a glaucous bloom in their first winter, growing darker
in their second year and much roughened by the large thickened leaf-scars; usually much
smaller and at the north rarely more than 40" tall. Winter-buds slightly resinous, broadly
ovoid, acute, with bright red-brown scales, about \' long and about one half the siae of the
SALICACE-®
125
flower-buds. Bark on young trunks divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges sepa-
rating on the surface into thick plate-like scales, becoming on old trunks f'-l' thick, light
brown tinged with red, and broken into long narrow plates attached only at the middle and
sometimes persistent for many years. Wood dull brown, with thin lighter brown sapwood
of 12-15 layers of annual growth; now often manufactured into lumber in the valley of the
Mississippi River and in the Gulf states, and as black poplar used in the interior finish of
buildings.
Distribution. Southington, Connecticut, and Northport, Long Island, southward near
the coast to southern Georgia, and the valley of the lower Apalachicola River, Florida,
through the Gulf states to western Louisiana, and through eastern Arkansas to southeastern
Missouri, western Kentucky and Tennessee, southern Illinois, northern Indiana (Laporte
and Wells Counties), and in central and northern Ohio (Williams, Ottawa and Lake Coun-
ties); in the north Atlantic states in low wet swamps, rare and local; more common south
and west on the borders of river swamps; very abundant and of its largest size in the valley
of the lower Ohio and in southeastern Missouri, eastern Arkansas, and western Mississippi.
4. Populus tacamahaca Mill. Balsam. Tacamahac.
Populus balsamifera Du Roi, not L.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually narrowed and acuminate at apex, cordate or rounded
at base, or narrow-elliptic and acute or acuminate at the ends, finely crenately serrate, with
slightly thickened revolute margins, coated when they unfold with the gummy secretions
Fig. 119
of the bud, glabrous, or puberulous on the under side of the midrib, becoming thin and firm
in texture, deep dark green and lustrous above, pale green or glaucous and more or less
rusty and conspicuously reticulate-venulose below, S'-5' long, I|'-3' wide, with thin veins
running obliquely almost to the margins; petioles slender, terete, 1^' long, glabrous or
rarely puberulous. Flowers: aments long-stalked, the pistillate becoming 4'-5' long before
the fruit ripens, glabrous or pubescent; scales broadly obovate, light brown and scarious,
often irregularly 3-parted at apex, cut into short thread-like brown lobes; disk of the
staminate flower oblique, short-stalked; stamens 20-30, with short filaments and large
light red anthers; disk of the pistillate flower cup-shaped; ovary ovoid, slightly 2-lobed,
with two nearly sessile large oblique dilated crenulate stigmas. Fruit ovoid-oblong, acute
and often curved at apex, 2-valved, light brown, about j-Y long, nearly sessile or short-
stalked, i'-|' in length; seeds oblong-obovoid, pointed at apex, narrowed and truncate at
base, light brown, about 12' long.
A tree, often 100° high, with a tall trunk 6°-7° in diameter, stout erect branches usually
126 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
more or less contorted near the ends, forming a comparatively narrow open head, and
glabrous or occasionally pubescent branchlets marked by oblong bright orange-colored
lenticels, much roughened by the thickened leaf-scars, at first red-brown and glabrous or
pubescent, becoming bright and lustrous in their first winter, dark orange-colored in their
second year, and finally gray tinged with yellow-green; usually much smaller toward the
southern limits of its range. Winter-buds saturated with a yellow balsamic sticky exuda-
tion, ovoid, terete, long-pointed; terminal 1' long, ^' broad; axillary about f long, tV'
broad, with 5 oblong pointed concave closely imbricated thick chestnut-brown lustrous
scales. Bark light brown tinged with red, smooth or roughened by dark excrescences, be-
coming on old trunks f'-l' thick, gray tinged with red, and divided into broad rounded
ridges covered by small closely appressed scales. Wood light brown, with thick nearly
white sap wood. '
Distribution. Low often inundated river-bottom lands and swamp borders; Labrador
to latitude 65° north in the valley of the Mackenzie River, and to the Alaskan coast, south
to northern New England and N^w York, central Michigan, Minnesota (except in southern
and southwestern counties). Turtle Mountains, Rolette County, North Dakota, the Black
Hills of South Dakota, northwestern Nebraska (basin of Hat Creek), and in Colorado; the
characteristic tree on the streams of the prairie region of British America, attaining its
greatest size on the islands and banks of the Peace, Athabasca, and other tributaries of the
Mackenzie; common in all the region near the northern boundary of the United States
from Maine to the western limits of the Atlantic forests; the largest of the sub-Arctic
American trees, and in the far north the most conspicuous feature of vegetation; passing
into the variety Michauxii Farwell, with more cordate leaves, slightly pilose on the under
side of the midrib and veins; common from Aroostook County, Maine, to the Province of
Quebec, Newfoundland, and the shores of Hudson Bay.
Often planted at the north for shelter or ornament.
Populus candicans Ait., the Balm of Gilead of which only the pistillate tree is known,
has often been considered a variety of the North American Balsam Poplar. This tree has
been long cultivated in the northeastern part of the country and has sometimes escaped
from cultivation and formed groves of considerable extent, as on the banks of Cullasagee
Creek on the western slope of the Blue Ridge in Macon County, North Carolina. The
fact that only one sex is known suggests hybrid origin but of obscure and possibly partly
of foreign origin.
5. Populus trichocarpa Hook. Black Cottonwood. Balsam Cottonwood.
Leaves broad-ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, rounded or abruptly cuneate at base,
finely crenately serrate, glabrous, dark green above, pale and rusty or silvery white and
conspicuously reticulate- venulose below, 3'-4' long, 2-2^' wide; petioles slender, pubes-
cent, puberulous, pilose or rarely glabrous, l^'-2' in length. Flowers: aments stalked,
villose-pubescent, the staminate densely flowered, l|'-2' long, Y thick, the pistillate loosely
flowered, 2|'-3' long, becoming 4'-5' long before the fruit ripens; scales dilated at the apex,
irregularly cut into numerous filiform lobes, glabrous or slightly puberulous on the outer
surface; disk of the staminate flower broad, slightly oblique; stamens 40-60, with slender
elongated filaments longer than the large light purple anthers; disk of the pistillate flower
deep cup-shaped, with irregularly crenate or nearly entire revolute margins; ovary sub-
globose, coated with thick hoary tomentum, with 3 nearly sessile broadly dilated deeply
lobed stigmas. Fruit subglobose, nearly sessile, pubescent, thick-walled, 3-valyed; seeds
obovoid, apiculate at the gradually narrowed apex, light brown, puberulous toward the
ends, Tz' long.
A tree, 30°-100° high, with a trunk l°-3° in diameter, erect branches forming an open
head, and slender branchlets terete or slightly angled while young, marked by many orange-
colored lenticels, glabrous or when they first appear coated with deciduous rufous or pale
pubescence, reddish brown during their first year, gradually becoming dark gray, and
roughened by the greatly enlarged and thickened elevated leaf-scars. Winter-buds resin-
SALICACEiE H7
ous, fragrant, ovoid, long-pointed, frequently curved above the middle, f ' long and Y
thick, with 6 or 7 light orange-brown slightly puberulous scales scarious on the margins.
Bark ^'-2^' thick, ashy gray, deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken on the
surface into thick closely appressed scales. Wood light, dull brown, with thin nearly
white sap wood.
Fig. 120
Distribution. In California in small groves with widely scattered individuals on the
coast ranges, the western slope of the Sierra Nevada up to elevations of 6000^-8000°, and
on the southern mountains to Mt. Palomar in San Diego County; on the California islands,
and on the western slopes of the San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California.
On the high Sierra Nevada and in northern California passing into the var. hastata A,
Henry, differing in its thicker leaves, usually longer in proportion to their width, often
long-acimainate, rounded or cordate at base, frequently 5' or 6' long and 3' or 4' wide, with
glabrous petioles and larger sometimes nearly glabrous capsules on glabrous or pubescent
aments, sometimes 10'-12' in length, and in its glabrous young branchlets.
A tree sometimes 200° high, with a trunk 7°-8° in diameter, and the largest deciduous-
leaved tree of northwestern North America. The wood is largely used in Oregon and
Washington for the staves of sugar barrels and in the manufacture of woodenware.
Distribution. In open groves on rich bottom lands of streams from Siskiyou County,
California, to southern Alaska; eastward in the United States through Oregon and
Washington to western and southern Idaho; and to the mountains of western Nevada;
in British Columbia to the valley of the Columbia River; on the banks of the east fork of
the Kaweah River, Tulare County, California, at 10,000° above the sea.
6. Populus angustifolia James. Narrow-leaved Cottonwood.
Popidus foriissima A. Nels &; Macbr.
Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, elliptic or rarely obovate, narrowed to the taper-
ing acute or rounded apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate or rounded at base, finely
or on vigorous shoots coarsely serrate, thin and firm, bright yellow-green above,
glabrous or rarely puberulous and paler below, 2'-3' long, ^'-1' wide, or on vigorous shoots
occasionally 6'-7' long, and 1^' wide, with a stout yellow midrib and numerous slender-
oblique primary veins arcuate and often united near the slightly thickened revolute mar-
gins; petioles slender, somewhat flattened on the upper side, and in falling leaving small
nearly oval obcordate scars. Flowers: aments densely flowered, glabrous, short-stalked,
|'-2|' long, the pistillate becoming 2^'-4' long before the fruit ripens; scales broadly
obovate, glabrous, thin, scarious, light brown, deeply and irregularly cut into numerous
ns
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
dark red-brown filiform lobes; disk of the staminate flower cup-shaped, slightly oblique,
short-stalked; stamens 12-20, with short filaments and large light red anthers; disk of the
pistillate flower shallow, cup-shaped, slightly and irregularly lobed, short-stalked; ovary
ovoid, more or less 2-lobed, with a short or elongated style and 2 oblique dilated irregu-
larly lobed stigmas. Fruit broadly ovoid, often rather abruptly contracted above the
middle, short-pointed, thin-walled, 2-valved; pedicels often |' long; seeds ovoid or obovoid,
rather obtuse, light brown, nearly |' long.
Fig. 121
A tree, 50°-60° high, with a trunk rarely more than 18' in diameter, slender erect branches
forming a narrow and usually pyramidal head, and slender glabrous or rarely puberulous
branchlets marked by pale lenticels, at first light yellow-green, becoming bright or dark
orange color in their first season, pale yellow in their second winter, and ultimately ashy
gray. Winter-buds very resinous, ovoid, long-pointed, covered by usually 5 thin concave
chestnut-brown scales; terminal j-Y long and nearly twice as large as the axillary buds.
Bark |'-1' thick, light yellow-green, divided near the base of old trees by shallow fissures
into broad flat ridges, smooth and much thinner above. Wood light brown, with thin
nearly white sap wood of 10-30 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Banks of streams usually at altitudes of 5000°-l 0,000° above the sea;
southern Alberta to the Black Hills of South Dakota and northwestern Nebraska (basin
of Hat Creek) westward through Wyoming, Montana and Idaho to Yakima County,
Washington, and southward to central Nevada, southwestern New Mexico (Silver City,
Grant County) and northern Arizona; the common Cottonwood of northern Colorado,
Utah, Wyoming, southern Montana, and eastern Idaho; on the mountains of Chihuahua.
7. Populus acuminata Rydb. Cottonwood.
Leaves rhombic-lanceolate to ovate, abruptly acuminate, gradually or abruptly nar-
rowed and cuneate or concave-cuneate, or rarely broad and rounded at the mostly entire
base, coarsely crenately serrate except near the apex, dark green and lustrous above, dull
green below, 2'-4' long, f '-2' wide, with a slender yellow midrib, thin remote primary veins
and obscure reticulate veinlets; petioles slender, nearly terete, l'-3' long. Flowers:
aments slender, short-stalked, 2'-3' long, the pistillate becoming 4' or 5' long before the
fruit ripens; scales scarious, light brown, glabrous, dilated and irregularly divided into
filiform lobes; disk of the staminate flower wide, oblique, and membranaceous; stamens
numerous, with short filaments and dark red anthers; disk of the pistillate flower deep
cup-shaped; ovary broad-ovoid, gradually narrowed above, with large laonniately lobed
nearly sessile stigmas. Fruit pedicellate, oblong-ovoid, acute, thin-walled, slightly pitted.
SALICACE^
129
about y long, 3 or rarely 2-valved; seeds oblong-obovold, rounded at the apex, light
brown, about j^' in length.
A tree, usually about 40° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, stout spreading and
ascending branches forming a compact round-topped head, and slender terete or slightly
4-angled pale yellow-brown branchlets roughened for two or three years by the elevated
oval horizontal leaf-scars. Winter-buds acuminate, resinous, about Y long, with 6 or 7
light chestnut-brown lustrous scales. Bark on young stems and large branches smooth,
nearly white, becoming on old trunks pale gray-brown, about |' thick, deeply divided
into broad flat ridges.
Fig. 122
Distribution. Banks of streams In the arid eastern foothill region of the Rocky Moun-
tains; Assiniboia to the Black Hills of South Dakota, northwestern Nebraska, eastern
Wyoming, southern Colorado, and southwestern New Mexico (Fort Bayard, Grant
County); in Colorado crossing the Continental Divide to southeastern Utah; passing into
the var. Rehderi Sarg. differing in the larger leaves on longer petioles, and in the pubes-
cent branchlets and winter-buds. Borders of streams southeastern New Mexico.
Sometimes planted as a shade-tree in the streets of cities in the Rocky Mountain region.
X Populus Andrewsii Sarg. intermediate in its character between P. acuminata and P.
Sargentii and believed to be a natural hybrid of these species has been found growing
naturally near Boulder and Walsenburg, Colorado, and as a street tree in Montrose,
Colorado.
8. Populus Fremontii S. Wats. Cottonwood.
Leaves deltoid or reniform, generally contracted into broad short entire points, or rarely
rounded or emarginate at apex, truncate, slightly cordate or abruptly cuneate at the entire
base, coarsely and irregularly serrate, with few or many incurved gland-tipped teeth,
coated like the petioles when they unfold with short spreading caducous pubescence, at
maturity thick and firm, glabrous bright green and lustrous, 2'-2|' long, 2^'-3' wide, with a
thin yellow midrib and 4 or 5 pairs of slender veins; petioles flattened, yellow, l^'-3' long.
Flowers.: staminate aments densely flowered, l^'-2' long, nearly Y thick, with slender
glabrous stems, the pistillate sparsely flowered, with stout glabrous or puberulous stems,
becoming before the fruit ripens 4' or 5' long; scales light brown, thin and scarious, dilated
and irregularly cut at apex into filiform lobes; disk of the staminate flower broad, oblique,
slightly thickened on the entire re volute margin; stamens 60 or more, with large dark red
130
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
anthers; disk of the pistillate jflower cup-shaped; ovary ovoid or ovoid-oblong, with 3 or
rarely 4 broad irregularly crenately lobed stigmas. Emit ovoid, acute or obtuse, slightly
Fig. 123
pitted, thick-walled, 3 or rarely 4-valved, |'-|' long; pedicel stout, from ^V-}' long; seeds
ovoid, acute, light brown, nearly j in length.
A tree, occasionally 100° high, with a short trunk 5°-Q° in diameter, stout spreading
branches pendulous at the ends and forming a broad rather open graceful head, and slender
terete branchlets light green and glabrous, becoming light yellow before winter, dark or
Fig. 124
light gray more or less tinged with yellow in their second year, and only slightly roughened
by the small 3-lobed leaf-scars. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, with light green lustrous
SALICACEiE , 131
scales, the terminal usually about |' long and usually two or three times as large as the
lateral buds. Bark on young stems light gray-brown, thin, smooth or slightly fissured,
becoming on old trees l^'-2' thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and deeply and
irregularly divided into broad connected rounded ridges covered with small closely ap-
pressed scales. Wood light brown, with thin nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Banks of streams; valley of the upper Sacramento River southward
through western California to the San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California; most
abundant in the San Joaquin Valley, and ascending the western slopes of the southern
Sierra Nevada to altitudes of 3000°.
Often planted in southern California as a shade-tree, and for the fuel produced quickly
and abundantly from pollarded trees.
In San Bernardino and San Diego Counties, California, generally replaced by the var.
pubescens Sarg., differing in its pubescent branchlets and ranging eastward to southwestern
Nevada and southern Utah. In southern Arizona and near Silver City, Grant County,
New Mexico, represented by the var. Thornberii Sarg., differing from the typical P. Fre-
montii in the more numerous serratures of the leaves, in the ellipsoidal not ovoid capsules
with smaller disk and shorter pedicels, and by the var. Toumeyi Sarg., differing from the
type in the shallow cordate base of the leaves, gradually narrowed and cuneate to the in-
sertion of the petiole, and in the larger disk of the fruit (Fig. 124). The var. macrodisca
Sarg. with a broad disc nearly inclosing the ellipsoidal fruit is known only in the neigh-
borhood of Silver City.
X Populus Parryi Sarg., a probable hybrid of P. Fremontii and P. trichocarpa, with char-
acters intermediate between those of its supposed parents, grows naturally along Cotton-
wood Creek on the west side of Owens Lake, Inyo County, and in the neighborhood of
Fort Tejon, Kern County, and as a street tree is not rare in San Bernardino, California.
9, Populus arizonica Sarg. Cottonwood.
Populus mexicana Sarg. not Wesm.
Leaves deltoid or reniform, gradually or abruptly long-pointed at the acuminate entire
itpex, truncate or broad-cuneate at the wide base, finely serrate with numerous teeth, as
I
Fig. 125
they unfold dark red covered below with pale pubescence, pubescent above, ciliate on
the margins, thin, glandular with brignt red caducous glands, soon becoming glabrous, at
132 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
maturity subcoriaceous, bright yellow-green, very lustrous, l|'-2' long and broad, with a
slender yellow midrib and obscure primary veins; petioles laterally compressed, sparingly
villose when they first appear, soon glabrous, l^'-2' long; leaves on vigorous leading shoots
often rounded at apex, cuneate at base, and often 2' long and 3' wide, with petioles often
3' in length. Flowers: staminate aments dense, cylindric, l'-l§' long, the pistillate
slender, many-flowered, l|'-2' long, becoming 3'-4' long before the fruit ripens; disk of the
staminate flower broad-oblong; stamens numerous; disk of the pistillate flower deep cup-
shaped, nearly entire; ovary ovoid, rounded at apex, slightly 3 or 4-angled, short-stalked,
nearly inclosed in the cup-shaped membranaceous disk. Fruit on short stout pedicels,
round-ovoid, buflp color, slightly 3 or 4-lobed, deeply pitted, thin-walled, about i' long.
A tree, 50°-70° high, with a trunk occasionally 3° in diameter, gracefully spreading and
ascending branches forming a broad open head of wide-spreading branches, and slender often
pendulous branchlets, pale green and glabrous or puberulous when they first appear, soon
becoming glabrous, and light yellow diu-ing their first season. Winter-buds narrow, acute,
light orange-brown, puberulous toward the base of the outer scales, the terminal about Y
long, and two or three times as large as the much-compressed oblong lateral buds. Bark
pale gray or rarely white, and deeply divided into broad flat ridges.
Distribution. Banks of mountain streams; southwestern California (Mill Creek, above
Forest Home, San Bernardino Mountains) and southern and central Arizona; widely dis-
tributed through northern Mexico (var. Jonesii Sarg.) ; well distinguished from the other
Cottonwoods of the United States by its small fruit.
Often planted as a street tree in the towns of southern Arizona.
10. Populus texana Sarg.
Leaves thin, glabrous, broadly ovate, gradually narrowed, long-pointed and acuminate
at apex, truncate at base, coarsely crenately serrate below the middle, entire above, 3'-3|:
Fig. 126
long and 2j'-2^' wide; petioles slender, compressed, l|'-2^' in length. Flowers not seen.
Fruit: aments slender, glabrous, 2^'-3' long; fruit oblong-ovoid, acute, deeply pitted,
glabrous, thin-walled, 3-valved, ^ in length; disk slightly lobed; pedicel slender, jV'-i' in
length; seeds ovoid, acuminate, xV long.
A tree up to 60° high, with a trunk sometimes 3° in diameter, stout more or less pendu»
lous branches and stout glabrous pale yellow-brown branchlets. Winter-buds acuminate,
glabrous.
In canons and along the streams of northwestern Texas, where it appears to be the
only Cottonwood.
SALICACE.E
133
11. Populus MacDougalii Rose.
Leaves broadly ovate, abruptly short-pointed or acute at apex, broadly or acutely
cuneate or truncate, or on vigorous shoots rarely slightly cordate at base, finely or often
coarsely crenately serrate, bluish green, thin, pubescent on the under sides of the midrib
and primary veins early in the season, otherwise glabrous, l|'-3' long and broad, with slen-
der midribs and veins; petioles slender, slightly compressed, pubescent early in the season,
becoming glabrous, l|'-2' in length. Flowers not seen. Fruit: aments glabrous, short-
stalked, 2'-2|' long; fruit ovoid and acute at apex to ellipsoidal and acute or acuminate at
ends, glabrous, slightly pitted, thin-walled, 3-valved, -i^'-^' long; disk not more than \'
in diameter; pedicels glabrous, ^'-3^' in length; seeds oblong-ovoid, acuminate, \' long.
[
Fig. 127
A tree rarely 90°-110° high, usually much smaller, with ^ect branches and slender
branchlets pubescent or puberulous when they first appear, sometimes becoming glabrous
during their first season, and sometimes pubescent during two years.
Distribution. Banks ot streams and springs, San Bernardino County, California (Cot-
tonwood Springs, Meca, etc.), and eastward to the bottoms of the Colorado River from
Clark County, Nevada, to Yuma, Arizona, and probably the only Cottonwood in this
arid region.
Often planted as a street tree in the towns of southwestern California and of adjacent
Nevada and Arizona. *
12. Populus Wislizenii Sarg. Cottonwood.
Leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly short- or long-pointed at apex, truncate or sometimes
cordate at the broad entire base, coarsely and irregularly crenately serrate except toward
the entire apex, coriaceous, glabrous, yellow-green and lustrous, 2'-2^' long, usually about
3' wide, with a slender yellow midrib, thin remote primary veins and conspicuous reticulate
veinlets; petioles slender, glabrous, l^'-2' long; on vigorous shoots often 3^'-4' long and
wide with petioles 3|'-4' in length. Flowers: aments 2'-4' long, the pistillate becoming
4'-5' long before the fruit ripens; scales scarious, light red, divided at the apex into elon-
gated filiform lobes; disk of the staminate flower broad and oblique; stamens numerous,
with large oblong anthers and short filaments; disk of the pistillate flower cup-shaped,
134
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
irregularly dentate, inclosing to the middle the long stalked ovary full and rounded at apex,
with 3 broad crenulate lobed stigmas raised on the short branches of the style. Fruit
oblong-ovoid, thick-walled, acute, 3 or 4-valved, slightly ridged, buff color, j long; j)edi-
cels slender, Y~¥ ^ length and placed rather remotely on the slender glabrous rachis of
the ament.
A large tree, with wide-spreading branches, and stout light orange-colored glabrous branch-
Fig. 128
lets. Winter-buds acute lustrous, puberulous. Bark pale gray-brown, deeply divided
into broad flat ridges. Wood used as fuel, for fence-posts and the rafters of Mexican
houses.
Distribution. Western Texas through New Mexico to the valley of Grand River, west-
ern Colorado (Grand Junction, Mesa County); common in the valley of the Rio Grande
in western Texas and New Mexico, and the adjacent parts of Mexico.
Often planted as a shade tree in New Mexico.
♦ 13. Populus Sargentii Dode.
Popvl'US deltoides var. occidentalis Rydb.
Leaves ovate, usually longer than broad, abruptly narrowed into a long slender entire
acuminate point or rarely rounded at apex, truncate or slightly cordate at base, and
coarsely crenately serrate, as they unfold slightly villose above and tomentose on the mar-
gins, soon glabrous, light green and very lustrous, 3'-3^' long, 3|'-4' wide, with a thin mid-
rib slender primary veins and reticulate veinlets occasionally furnished on the upper side
at the insertion of the petiole with one or two small glands; petioles slender, compressed
laterally, 2^'-3^' long. Flowers: aments short-stalked, glabrous, the staminate 2'-2j' in
length, the pistillate becoming 4'-8' long before the fruit ripens; scales fimbriately divided
at apex, scarious, light brown; disk of the staminate flower broad, oblique, slightly thickened
on the margins; stamens 20 or more, with short filaments and yellow anthers; disk of the
pistillate flower cup-shaped, slightly lobed on the margin; ovary subglobose, with 3 or 4
sessile dilated or laciniately lobed stigmas. Fruit oblong-ovoid, gradually or abruptly
narrowed to the blunt apex, thin-walled, about f ' long and three or four times longer than
the pedicel; seeds oblong-obovoid, rounded at apex, about iV' io length.
A tree 60°-90'' tall with a trunk often 6° or 7° in diameter, erect and spreading branches
forming a broad open head, and stout glabrous light yellow often angular branchlets
conspicuously roughened by the elevated scars of fallen leaf-stalks. Winter-buds ovoid.
SALICACE^
135
acute, with light orange-brown puberulous scales. Bark pale, thick, divided by deep fissures
into broad rounded ridges broken into closely appressed scales.
Fig. 129
Distribution. The common Cottonwood along the streams in the eastern foothill region
of the Rocky Mountains from Saskatchewan to New Mexico, and ranging east to the Da-
kotas, western Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas.
Often planted as a shade and street tree in the Rocky Mountain states; hardy in Mas-
sachusetts.
14. Populus balsamifera L. Cottonwood.
Populus angidata Michx. f.
Leaves ovate, longer than broad, abruptly acuminate and often long-pointed at apex,
subcordate or rarely truncate at the wide base, finely crenately serrate with glandular
teeth, furnished on the upper surface at the insertion of the petiole with two glands, thick,
glabrous, green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler below, 5'-7' long and 4'-5' wide, ,
with stout midribs and conspicuous primary veins sometimes sparingly pilose below early
in the season; petioles much compressed laterally, often more or less tinged with red, S'-4i'
in length. Flowers: aments glabrous, short-stalked, the staminate densely flowered,
l^'-2' long, Y~¥ in diameter, the pistillate slender, sparsely flowered, S'-S^ in length;
scales scarious, light brown, glabrous, dilated and irregularly divided at apex into filiform
lobes; disk of the staminate flower broad, oblique, slightly thickened and revolute on
the margins; stamens 60 or more, with short filaments and large dark red anthers; disk
of the pistillate flower broad, slightly crenate, inclosing about 5' of the ovoid obtusely
pointed ovary, with 3 or 4 sessile dilated lacinately lobed stigmas. Fruit on aments 8'-12' in
length, ellipsoidal, pointed, thin-walled, 3 or 4-valved, Y long, the disk little enlarged;
pedicels i'-j' in length; seeds oblong-obovoid, rounded at apex, light brown, about
T*^' long.
A large tree with massive spreading branches and stout yellow-brown often angular
branchlets. Winter-buds resinous, acute, f long with light chestnut brown lustrous
scales.
136
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Shores of Lake Champlain (Shelburne Point, Chittenden County), Ver-
mont; western New York; Island of the Delaware River above Easton, Northampton
County, Pennsylvania; Baltimore County, and Bare Hills, Maryland; northern banks of
the Potomac River opposite Plummer's Island near Washington, D.C.; Artesia, Lowndes
County, and Starkville, Oktibbeha County, Mississippi; rare and local.
Populus balsamifera var. virginiana Sarg. Cottonwood.
Populus deltoidea Marsh, at least in part.
Populus nigra j8 virginiana Castiglioni.
Leaves deltoid to ovate-deltoid, acuminate with entire points, truncate, slightly cordate
or occasionally abruptly cuneate at the entire base, crenately serrate above, with incurved
glandular teeth, fragrant with a balsamic odor, glabrous, thick and firm, light bright green
and lustrous, paler on the lower than on the upper surface, 3'-5' long and broad, with a stout
yellow midrib often tinged with red toward the base, raised and rounded on the upper
side, and conspicuous primary veins; petioles slender, pilose at first, soon glabrous, com-
pressed laterally, yellow often more or less tinged with red, 2|'-3^' long. Flowers and
Fruit: as on the type.
A tree, sometimes 100° high, with a trunk occasionally 7°-8° in diameter, divided often
20°-30° above the ground into several massive limbs spreading gradually and becoming
pendulous toward the ends, and forming a graceful rather open head frequently 100° across,
or on young trees nearly erect above and spreading below almost at right angles with the
stem, and forming a symmetrical pyramidal head, and stout branchlets marked with long
pale lenticels, terete, or, especially on vigorous trees, becoming angled in their second year,
with thin more or less prominent wings extending downward from the two sides and from
the base of the large 3-lobed leaf-scars. Winter-buds very resinous, ovoid, acute, the lateral
much flattened, ^ long, with 6 or 7 light chestnut-brown lustrous scales. Bark thin,
smooth, light yellow tinged with green on young stems and branches, becoming on old
trunks 1^-2' thick, ashy gray, and deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken into
closely appressed scales. Wood dark brown, with thick nearly white sapwood, warping
badly in ch-ying and diflBcult to season.
SALICACE^
137
Distribution. Banks of streams, often forming extensive open groves, and toward the
western limits of its range occasionally in upland ravines and on bluffs; Province of Quebec
and the shores of Lake Champlain, through western New England, western New York,
Pennsylvania west of the Alleghany Mountains, and westward to southern Minnesota,
North and South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas, and
southward through the Atlantic states from Delaware to western Florida (valley of the
Apalachicola River), and through the Gulf states to western Texas (Brown County). In
the south Atlantic states and the valley of the Lower Ohio River and southward sometimes
replaced by a variety with leaves covered above when they unfold with soft white hairs and
below with close pubescence more or less persistent during the season especially on the
midribs and veins (f. pilosa Sarg.).
\
Fig. 131
Often planted for shelter and ornament on the treeless plains and prairies between the
Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, and as an ornamental tree in the eastern
United States and largely in western and northern Europe.
X Pojmlus canadensis Moench, believed to be a hybrid between the northern glabrous
form of P. balsamifera and the European P. nigra L., with several varieties, is cultivated in
Europe and occasionally in the United States. The best known of these varieties, X P. cana-
densis var. Eugenie Schelle, the Carolina Poplar of American nurseries, believed to be a
hybrid of the northern Cottonwood with the Lombardy Poplar, has been planted in the
United States in immense numbers.
X Populus Jackii Sarg., believed to be a hybrid of the northern Cottonwood with P.
tacamahacca, with characters intermediate between those of its supposed parents, grows
spontaneously near the mouth of the Chateaugay River and at Beauharnois, Province of
Quebec, and at South Haven, Michigan, and is now occasionally cultivated.
15. Populus Palmeri Sarg.
Leaves thin, ovate, gradually or abruptly contracted at apex into a narrow acuminate
entire point, cuneate or rounded at the broad base, finely serrate with incurved teeth, ciliate
on the margins when they unfold, otherwise glabrous, 2^'-5' long and l^-^V wide; petioles
slender, glabrous, 1|'-2|' in length. Flowers not seen. Fruit: aments glabrous, 12-15cm.
long; fruit ovoid, obtuse, slightly pitted, puberulous, thin-walled, 4-valved, i -|' long, the
disk deeply lobed; pedicel slender, Y~¥ in length.
A tree 60° tall, with a straight trunk 3° in diameter, erect smooth pale branches forming
an open pyramidal head, the lower branches smaller, horizontal or pendulous, and slender
glabrous branchlets light reddish brown early in tbe season, becoming pale grayish brown
13«
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
in their second year. Bark pale, 3'-4' thick, deeply divided by wide fissures into narro\f
ridges.
Distribution. In moist fertile soil near springs, at the base of high chalky bluJOfs of
Fig. 132
Nueces Canon of the upper Nueces River, Uvalde County, growing with Salix nigra var.
Lindheimeri, Carya pecan, Morus rubra and Ulmus crassifolia, and at Strawn, Palo Pinto
County, Texas.
2. SALIX L. WiUow.
Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, scaly bark, soft wood, slender terete tough branchlets
often easily separated at the joints, and winter-buds covered by a single scale of 2 coats,
the inner membranaceous, stipular, rarely separable from the outer, inclosing at its base
2 minute opposite lateral buds alternate with 2 small scale-like caducous leaves coated
with long jmle or rufous hairs. Leaves variously folded in the bud, alternate, simple,
lanceolate, obovate, rotund or linear, penniveined ; petioles sometimes glandular at
the apex, and more or less covering the bud, in falling leaving U-shaped or arcuate
elevated leaf-scars displaying the ends of 3 small equidistant fibro- vascular bundles;
stipules oblique, serrate, small and deciduous, or foliaceous and often persistent, generally
large and conspicuous on vigorous young branches, leaving in falling minute persistent
scars. Flowers in sessile or stalked aments, terminal and axillary on leafy branchlets;
scales of the ament lanceolate, concave, rotund or obovate, entire or glandular-dentate,
of uniform color or dark-colored toward the apex, more or less hairy, deciduous or per-
sistent; disk of the flower nectariferous, composed of an anteriof and posterior or of a single
posterior gland-like body; stamens 3-12 or i or 2, inserted on the base of the scale, with slender
filaments free or rarely united and usually light yellow, glabrous, or hairy toward the base,
and small ovoid or oblong anthers generally rose-colored before anthesis, becoming orange
or purple; ovary sessile or stipitate, conic, obtuse to subulate-rostrate, glandular at the
base, glabrous, tomentose or villose, with an abbreviated style divided into 2 short re-
curved retuse or 2-parted stigmas; ovules 4-8 on each of the 2 placentas. Fruit an acum-
mate 1-celled capsule separating at maturity into 2 recurved valves. Seeds minute, nar-
rowed at the ends, dark chestnut-brown or nearly black; cotyledons oblong.
Salix inhabits the banks of streams and low moist ground, the alpine sunmiits of moun'
SALICACEiE 139
tains, and the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of the northern hemisphere, ranging south
in the New World, with a few species, through the West Indies and Central America to
Brazil, and the Andes of Chili, and in the Old World to Madagascar, southern Africa,
the Himalayas, Burmah, the Malay peninsula, Java, and Sumatra. Of the 160 or 170 species
which are now recognized about seventy are found in North America. Of these twenty-
four attain the size and habit of trees, the others being small and sometimes prostrate
shrubs. Of exotic species, Salix alba, L., and Salixjragilis L., important European timber-
trees, are now generally naturalized in the northeastern states. The flexible tough branches
of several species are used in making baskets; the bark is rich in tannic acid and is used in
tanning leather and yields salicin, a bitter principle valuable as a tonic. Many of the
species are cultivated as ornamental trees.
Salix is the classical name of the Willow-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES
Scales of the flowers deciduous, pale straw color.
Stamens 3 or more.
Leaves green on both surfaces; petioles without glands at the base of the leaves;
branchlets easily separable.
Branchlets reddish or grayish purple; leaves mostly narrow-lanceolate; capsule
glabrous. 1. S. nigra (A, C, E).
Branchlets yellowish-gray; leaves lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate; capsule often
more or less pubescent. 2. S. Gooddingii (F, G, H).
Leaves (at least when fully grown) pale or glaucous below.
Petioles without glands.
Branchlets easily separable.
Leaves narrow-lanceolate to lanceolate; petioles less than Y long.
3. S.Harbisonii (C).
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, caudate; petioles \'-\' long.
4. S. amygdaloides (A, B).
Branchlets not easily separable.
Capsules short-stalked (pedicels hardly more than ■^^' long), ovoid-conic, up
to F in length ; leaves more or less narrow-lanceolate, petioles glabrous or
nearly so. 5. S. Bonplandiana (H).
Capsules long-stalked (pedicels iV'-i' long), more or less acuminate.
Petioles puberulous; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; stipules without
glands on their inner surface; capsules hardly more than \' long.
6. S. laevigata (G, F).
Petioles hairy-tomentose; leaves lanceolate; stipules glandular on their inner
surface; capsules \'-\' long. 7. S. longipes (C, D.)
Petioles glandular; leaves lanceolate to broadly ovate, caudate; branchlets easily
separable.
Leaves distinctly pale or glaucous below, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate.
8. S. lasiandra (B, G).
Leaves pale green below, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, abruptly caudate-acu-
minate. 9. S. lucida (A).
Stamens 2.
Stigmas linear, 4 or 5 times longer than broad.
Leaves linear, hardly more than \' long; anthers very small, globose; aments small,
in fruit hardly up to f in length. 10. S. taxifolia (H).
Leaves linear-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate; up to 2' in length; anthers ellipsoid;
aments longer 11. S. sessilifolia (B, G).
Stigmas short, hardly 2 or 3 times longer than broad.
140 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Mature leaves covered below with appressed white silky hairs, those of flowering
branchlets entire or barely denticulate. 12. S. ezigua (B, F, G).
Mature leaves glabrous below, those of flowering branchlets more or less dis-
tinctly denticulate. 13. S. longifolia (A, F).
Scales of the flowers persistent, dark brown or fuscous, at least toward the apex (in S.
Bebbiana more or less straw-colored or tawny).
Stamens 2.
Ovaries glabrous.
Leaves more or less denticulate or serrate; styles short.
Base of leaf cuneate or rounded.
Leaves acute, oblanceolate to narrowly lanceolate; filaments mostly united
below. 14. S. lasiolepis (G).
Leaves mostly acuminate; filaments free.
Branchlets glabrous, lustrous; leaves oblanceolate to narrowly obovate,
up to 2' in length; pedicels f'-^' long; stipules small.
15. S. Mackenzieana (A, G).
Branchlets pubescent; leaves narrowly lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 4'-6'
long; pedicels 1.5-2.5 mm. long. 16. S. missouriensis (A).
Base of leaf mostly more or less cordate; leaves glabrous; filaments free; pedicels
long. 17. S. pyrifolia (A).
Leaves entire, oval to broad-obovate; branchlets villose-pubescent during their first
season. 18. S. amplifolia.
Ovaries pubescent (glabrous often in No. 23).
Leaves covered with a soft dense felt-like tomentum, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-
lanceolate. 19. S. alaxensis (B).
Leaves glabrous or more or less villose-pubescent below.
Bracts of the flowers pale or tawny, often reddish at the tip; pedicels up to
^' in length; leaves elliptic-lanceolate to obovate, reticulate beneath in
age, pubescent or glabrate. 20. S. Bebbiana.
Bracts of the flowers brown or fuscous.
Stipules more or less distinctly developed; pedicels several times longer
than the short styles.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic; mostly glabrous in age.
21. S. discolor (A, B, F).
Leaves oblanceolate to cuneate-obovate, covered beneath with short
hairs or at maturity with a gray villose-pubescence.
22. S. Scouleriana (A, B).
Stipules usually wanting; pedicels hardly longer than the distinct styles;
leaves broad-elliptic to obovate-oblong, more or less grayish villose
beneath. 23. S. Hookeriana (B, G).
Stamens usually 1; leaves obovate-oblong, densely covered below with lustrous silvery
white silky tomentum. 24. S. sitchensis (B, G).
1. Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow.
Leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, often falcate, gradually cuneate or rounded at
base, finely serrate, thin bright light green, rather lustrous, with obscure reticulate veins,
glabrous or often pubescent on the under side of the midribs and veins and on the short
slender petioles, 3'-6' long, j-j wide; at the north turning light yellow before falling in
the autumn; stipules semicordate, acuminate, foliaceous, persistent, or ovoid, minute,
and deciduous. Flowers: aments terminal on leafy pubescent branches, narrowly cylin-
dric, l'-3' long; scales yellow, elliptic to obovate, rounded at apex and coated on the inner
surface with pale hairs; stamens 3-5, with filaments hairy toward the base; ovary ovoid,
short-stalked, glabrous, gradually narrowed above the middle to the apex, with nearly
sessile slightly divided stigmatic lobes. Fruit ovoid-conic, short-stalked, glabrous, about
I' long, light reddish brown.
SALICACE^
141
A tree, usually 30°-40° high, with usually several clustered stout stems, thick spreading
upright branches forming a broad somewhat irregular open head, and reddish brown or
gray-brown branchlets pubescent when they first appear, soon glabrous, and easily separated
at the joints. Winter-buds acute, about i' long. Bark l'-l|' thick, dark brown or
nearly black and deeply divided into broad flat connected ridges separating freely into
Fig. 133
thick plate-like scales and becoming shaggy on old trunks. Wood light, soft, weak, light
reddish brown, with thin nearly white sapwood ; now sawed into lumber in the valley of
the lower Mississippi River and largely used for packing cases, cellar and barn floors, in
furniture, and in the manufacture of toys and other purposes where strength is not im-
portant as it does not warp, check or splinter.
Distribution. Low moist alluvial banks of streams and lakes; southern New Brunswick
through southern Quebec and Ontario to the region north of Lake Superior, southward to
northern and western North Carolina, through the Piedmont region of South Carolina and
Georgia to eastern .and central Alabama, and westward to southeastern North Dakota,
eastern South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, the valley of Wichita River, Oklahoma, and
central and western Texas to Valverde County.
In southern Arkansas, in Louisiana and in eastern Texas Salix nigra is often replaced by
var. altissima Sarg., differing from the type in the more pubescent young branchlets, leaves
and petioles, in the more acute base of the leaves and longer petioles, and in its later
flowering. A tree sometimes 120 feet high and the tallest of American Willows.
Salix nigra var. Lindheimeri Schiv
Salix Wrightii Sarg. not Anders.
Leaves lanceolate, often slightly falcate, long-pointed and acuminate at apex, cuneate
at base, finely glandular-serrate, glabrous, light green on the upper surface, paler below,
4'-5' long, Y~¥ wide; petioles pubescent early in the season, becoming glabrous, |'-f' in
length. Flowers: aments slender, densely villose, 2'-3' long; scales ovate, acute or rarely
rounded at apex, covered with matted white hairs, more abundant on the inner surface;
stamens 4 or 5; filaments villose below the middle; ovary ovoid, gradually narrowed to the
apex, the 2-lobed stigmas nearly sessile. Fruit ovoid-conic; pedicels about Y long.
Atree, 50°-70°,high with a trunk often 3° in diameter, large erect spreading branches
forming an open irregular head, and slender branchlets light green and slightly pubescent
14S
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
when they first appear, becoming Hght orange or yellow-brown and lustrous. Bark thick,
pale yellow-brown, deeply furrowed, the surface sometimes separating into long plate-like
scales.
Fig. 134
Distribution. River banks, central and western Texas from Grayson and Dallas Coun-
ties and the lower valley of the Brazos River to the valleys of the San Antonio and upper
Guadalupe Rivers; in Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas.
2. Salix Gooddingii Ball.
Salix vaUicola Britt.
Leaves lanceolate to narrow elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, acutely cuneate at
base, finely glandular-serrate, often slightly falcate, silky pubescent when they unfold es-
pecially below, glabrous and dull green at maturity, l^'-3' long, j'-^' wide, or on vigorous
shoots 5' or 6' long and f wide; petioles pubescent, usually becoming glabrous, i'-^' in
Fig. 135
SALICACE^
143
length; stipules orbicular-cordate, coarsely glandular-serrate, pubescent. Flowers: aments
pubescent terminal on leafy pubescent branchlets, narrow-cylindric, l'-2' long; scales
linear-oblanceolate,acute, yellow, hoary tomentose; stamens 3-5; filaments villose toward
the base; ovary ovoid-conic, gradually narrowed to the acuminate apex, pubescent or
glabrous; style distinct, 2-lobed. Fruit ovoid, acute, light reddish brown, glabrous or
pubescent, j' long; pedicels glabrous or rarely pubescent, tV~s' in length.
A tree, 25°-50° high, with slender light orange-colored or grayish glabrous or pubescent
easily separable branchlets. Bark rough, thick, deeply furrowed, sometimes nearly black.
Distributioii. River banks; Reed Creek, Shasta County, and Red Bluff, Tehama
County, California, southward in the interior valleys and on the western foothills of the
Sierra Nevada to the mountain valleys in the southern part of the state, and to north-
ern Lower California ; eastward through central and southern Arizona; in southeastern
Nevada; through southern New Mexico to western Texas (El Paso, El Paso County, and
Fort Davis, Jeff Davis County) ; and southward into northern Mexico.
3. Salix Harbisonii Schn.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrow-elliptic or rarely obovate-Ianceolate, acute or short-
acuminate, obtusely or acutely cuneate at the base, and finely glandular dentate; when the
flowers open more or less pubescent especially below or glabrous, and at maturity green on
Fig. 136
the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, glabrous, 4' or 5' long, f ' broad; petioles villose
early in the season, becoming glabrous, \' in length, minutely glandular at apex; stipules
wanting or minute, semicordate, acute, pubescent on vigorous leading branches and some-
times \' long. Flowers: aments terminal on leafy branchlets, 2|'-3' in length, their rachis
villose-pubescent; scales ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute; stamens usually 5-7, rarely
3-9; filaments densely villose; ovary ovoid, long-acuminate, glabrous, long-stalked; style
short, distinct, 2-lobed. Fruit acuminate and long-pointed, acute at base, \' long and
about as long as its pedicel.
A tree, 30°-50° high, with a trunk 10' or 12' in diameter, with often pendulous branches,
and slender branchlets more or less densely pubescent or tomentose or nearly glabrous
when they first appear, becoming glabrous and dark reddish purple in their second season,
144
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and easily separable at the joints; often only a large shrub. Bark thick, deeply furrowed,
dark red-brown, separating on the surface into small appressed scales.
Distribution. River banks and the borders of swamps; Dismal Swamp, Norfolk County,
Virginia; near Goldsboro, Wayne County, North Carolina; common in the coast region of
South Carolina and Georgia, extending up the Savannah River at least as far as Augusta,
Richmond County, and through southern Georgia to the valley of the Flint River; swamps
near Jacksonville, Duval County, and in the neighborhood of Apalachicola, Florida.
4. Salix amygdaloides Anders. Peach Willow. Almond Willow.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, frequently falcate, gradually or abruptly nar-
rowed into a long slender point, cuneate or gradually rounded and often unequal at base,
finely serrate, slightly puberulous when they unfold, becoming at maturity thin and firm
in texture, light green and lustrous above, pale and glaucous below, 1\'-^' long, f'-lj'
wide, with a stout yellow or orange-colored midrib, prominent veins and reticulate veinlets;
petioles slender, nearly terete \'-^ in length; stipules reniform, serrate, often \' broad on
vigorous shoots, usually caducous. Flowers: aments on leafy branchlets, elongated, cylin-
dric, slender, arcuate, stalked, pubescent or tomentose, 2'-3' long; scales yellow, sparingly
villose on the outer, densely villose on the inner face, the staminate broadly ovate, rounded
Fig. 137
at the apex, the pistillate oblong-obovate, narrower, caducous; stamens 5-9, with free fila-
ments slightly hairy at the base; ovary oblong-conic, long-stalked, glabrous, with a short
style and emarginate stigmas. Fruit globose-conic, light reddish yellow, about \' in length.
A tree, sometimes 60°-70° high, with a single straight or slightly inclining trunk rarely
more than 2° in diameter, straight ascending branches, and slender glabrous or rarely
pilose (f. pilosiuscula Schn.) branchlets marked with scattered pale lenticels, dark orange
color or red-brown and lustrous, becoming in their first winter light orange-brown. Win-
ter-buds broadly ovoid, gibbous, dark chestnut-brown, very lustrous above the middle,
light orange-brown below, |' long. Bark ^'-f thick, brown somewhat tinged with red,
and divided by irregular fissures into flat connected ridges separating on the surface into
thick plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick nearly
white sap wood.
Distribution. Banks of streams; Province of Quebec from the neighborhood of Montreal
to Winnipeg, and along the fiftieth degree of north latitude to southeastern British Colum-
bia, and to central New York, along the southern shores of Lake Erie, and through northern
Ohio to northern Indiana, southwestern Illinois, northern and central Missouri, and to
SALICACEiE
145
Kansas, northwestern Oklahoma and northwestern Texas; in Colorado, Utah and Nevada
to central Oregon and southeastern Washington.
Saliz amygdaloides var. Wrightii Schn.
Salix Wrightii Anders.
Leaves lanceolate, gradually acuminate and long-pointed at apex, cuneate at base, finely
serrate, occasionally slightly falcate, glabrous, yellow-green on the upper surface, pale on
the lower surface, l|'-2' long, j'-f wide, and on vigorous summer shoots sometinjes 4' or 5'
long and |' wide; petioles slender, glabrous, |'-|' in length. Flowers and Fruit as in the
species.
Fig. 138
A small or large tree best distinguished from S. amygdaloides by the distinctly yellow or
yellowish brown glabrous branchlets.
Distribution. Barstow, Ward County, common along the Rio Grande near El Paso
and at Belon, El Paso County, and on Amarillo Creek, Potter County, western Texas;
through southern New Mexico to the Sacramento Mountains, Otero County.
5. Salix Bonplandiana var. Toumeyi Schn.
Salix Toumeyi. Britt.
Leaves 4'-6' long, ^'-f wide, linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate with a
long slender point at apex, gradually narrowed and often unequal at the cuneate base,
obscurely serrate with glandular teeth, or entire with revolute margins, thick and firm,
reticulate-venulose, yellow-green and lustrous above, silvery white below, with a broad
yellow midrib; falling irregularly during the winter; petioles stout, grooved, reddish;
stipules ovate, rounded, slightly undulate, thin and scarious, |'-J' broad, often persistent
during the summer. Flowers: aments on leafy branchlets, cylindric, erect, slender, short-
stalked, the staminate I'-l^' long and somewhat longer than the pistillate; scales
broadly obovate, rounded at the apex, light yellow, villose on the outer surface and glabrous
or slightly hairy above the middle on the inner surface; stamens usually 3, with free fila-
ments slightly hairy at the base; ovary slender, oblong-conic, short-stalked, glabrous, with
nearly sessile much-thickened club-shaped stigmas, sometimes nearly encircled below by
the large broad ventral gland. Fruit ovoid-conic, rounded at base, light reddish yellow.
A tree, rarely more than 30° high, with a trunk 12'-15' in diameter, slender erect and
spreading branches often pendulous at the ends, forming a broad round-topped head, and
146
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
slender glabrous branchlets marked with occasional pale lenticels, light yellow, becoming
light or dark red-brown and lustrous, and paler orange-brown in their second year. Win-
ter-buds narrowly ovoid, long-pointed, more or less falcate, bright red-brown, lustrous,
J' long. Bark ^'-f ' thick, dark brown or nearly black, and deeply divided by narrow
fissures into broad flat ridges separating on the surface into closely appressed scales.
Fig. 139
Distribution. Banks of streams in the canons of the mountains of central and southern
Arizona (Sycamore Canon near Flagstaff and Sabino Canon, Santa Catalina Mountains);
and southwestern New Mexico (canon. Saint Louis Mountains, Grant County); in Chi-
huahua, Sonora and Lower California.
The typical S. Bonplandiana H. B. K. with broader and more coarsely serrate leaves,
and flower-aments appearing from July to January from the axils of mature leaves is
widely distributed in Mexico and ranges to Guatemala.
6. Salix laevigata Bebb. Red Willow.
Leaves obovate, narrowed and rounded or acute and mucronate at apex, cuneate at base,
with slightly revolute obscurely serrate margins, on sterile branches lanceolate or oblong*
Fig. 140
SALICACEiB
147
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, when they unfold light blue-green and coated on the lower
surface with long pale or tawny deciduous hairs, at maturity glabrous, dark blue-green and
lustrous above, paler and glaucous below, 3'-7' long, f'-l^' wide, with a broad flat yel-
low midrib; petioles broad, grooved, puberulous, rarely ^' long; stipules ovate, acute,
finely serrate, usually small and caducous. Flowers: aments cylindric, slender, lax,
elongated, 2'-4' long, on leafy branchlets; scales peltate, dentate at apex, covered with
long pale hairs, the staminate obovate, rounded, the pistillate narrower and more or less
truncate; stamens usually 5 or 6, with free filaments hairy at the base; ovary conic, acute,
rounded below, short-stalked, glabrous, with broad spreading emarginate stigmatic lobes.
Fruit elongated, conic, long-stalked, nearly j' in length.
A tree, 40°-50° high, with a straight trunk 2° in diameter, slender spreading branches,
and slender light or dark orange-colored or bright red-brown glabrous, or in one form
tomentose or villose (f. araquipa Jeps.) branchlets; often much smaller, with an average
height of 20°-30°. Winter-buds ovoid, somewhat obtuse, pale chestnut-brown, I'-j' long.
Bark |'-1' thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red and deeply divided into irregular
connected flat ridges broken on the surface into thick closely appressed scales. Wood
light, soft, light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Banks of streams; western California from the Oregon boundary to the
southern borders of the state, ascending to altitudes of 4500° on the western slopes of the
southern Sierra Nevada, and eastward to Mohave and Yavapai Counties, Arizona, south-
eastern Nevada and southwestern Utah.
7. Salix longipes Shuttl.
Salix amphibia Small.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate or on fertile branches occasionally rounded at the apex,
rounded or cuneate at the base, finely serrate, hoary-tomentose early in the season, becom«
ing glabrous above, and pale and glabrous or pmbescent below, 2'-4' long, |'-|' wide; pe**
Fig. 14t
oles hoary-tomentose, Y-Y long; stipules minute, ovate, acute, hoary-tomentose, caducous,
on vigorous shoots foliaceous, reniform, serrate above the middle, often f in diameter.
Flowers: aments terminal on leafy tomentose or glabrous branchlets, narrow-cylindric, 3'
or 4' long; scales ovate, rounded at the apex, yellow, densely villose-pubescent; sta-
mens 3-7, usually 5 or 6, the filaments hairy toward the base; ovary ovoid-conic, acute,
cuneate at the base with a short 2-lobed style, and pedicels up to Y in length. Fruit ovoid,
often rather abruptly contracted above the middle, Y in length.
148
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, 20°-30°, high with a trunk occasionally 12'-18' in diameter, spreading branches,
and glabrous or pubescent red-brown or gray-brown branchlets; or more often a shrub.
Bark dark, sometimes nearly black, deeply divided into broad ridges covered by small
closely appressed scales.
Distribution. Borders of swamps and streams; coast of North Carolina southward to
the Everglade Keys of Florida, ranging westward in Florida to the valley of the Saint
Marks River, Wakulla County; in Cuba.
A variety with narrower summer leaves and longer petioles is var. venulosa Schn.
Distribution. Newbern, Craven County, North Carolina, southward near the coast to
northern and western Florida, ranging inland in Georgia to the banks of the Savannah
River near Augusta, Richmond' County, and to Traders Hill, Charlton County; in the
neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana (Drummond) ; in southwestern Oklahoma and in
western Texas (Blanco, Kendall, Kerr, Bandera and Uvalde Counties).
A variety with obtuse stipules, usually glabrous branchlets and lanceolate or narrow
elliptic-lanceolate leaves is distinguished as var. Wardii Schn.
A shrub or small tree.
Distribution. Banks of the Potomac River, District of Columbia, and Alleghany
County, Maryland to Natural, Rockbridge, Fairfax and Elizabeth Counties, Virginia;
northern Kentucky; northern Tennessee; northeastern Mississippi (nearluka, Tishomingo
County); St. Clair and Madison Counties, Illinois; more abundant in Missouri from Pike
County southward to southwestern Kansas, western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma.
8. Salix lasiandra Benth. Yellow Willow.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate and long-pointed at apex, cuneate or
rounded at base, often slightly falcate, finely serrate, glabrous, dark green and lustrous
above, pale or glaucous below, l|'-3' long, about \' wide, on vigorous summer shoots often
Fig. 142
6' or 7' long and 1^' wide; petioles slender, glabrous, glandular at apex, \' in length, or on
summer shoots stout and I'-l^' long; stipules reniform, caducous. Flowers: aments ter-
minal on leafy puberulous branchlets, narrow-cylindric, 2^'-3' in length; scales pale pubes-
cent, those of the staminate ament lanceolate-acuminate to obovate and rounded at apex
and entire, those of the pistillate ament obovate and usually dentate near the apex; sta-
mens 5-9; filaments hairy below the middle; ovary rather abruptly narrowed above the
middle and acuminate, long-stalked; style short with slightly emarginate lobes. Fruit
light red-brown, \' long; pedicels about ^z' in length.
Jhll
SALICACE.B
149
A tree often 60° in height with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, or sometimes shrubby, and with
straight ascending branches and rather stout branchlets, at first dark purple, reddish
brown, or yellow, pilose with scattered hairs or pubescent or tomentose, and often covered
by glaucous bloom, becoming dark purple, bright reddish brown or bright orange color.
Winter-buds broadly ovate, acute, light chestnut brown and • lustrous above the middle,
pale at base, and nearly i' in length. Bark ^'-f ' thick, dark brown, slightly tinged with
red, and divided by shallow fissures in broad flat scaly ridges broken by cross fissures into
oblong plates.
Distribution. Valley of the Yukon River near Dawson, Yukon, Vancouver Island,
and southward near the coast of Washington and Oregon, and on the western slope of
the Sierra Nevada and on the coast ranges to southern California, ranging from the sea-
level to altitudes of 8500° on the southern Sierra Nevada; in New Mexico (Glenwood,
Soccoro County, and Santa Fe, Santa Fe County) ; in Colorado (Buena Vista, Chaffee
County, Alice Eastwood). Passing into var. caudata Sudw., distinguished by its caudate-
acuminate leaves green on both surfaces, and by its bright yellow or orange-yellow branch-
lets, and ranging from northeastern Oregon and eastern Washington through Idaho, and
from northern Wyoming to southern Colorado, Utah and Nevada.
A variety (var. lancifolia Bebb), differing from the typical S. lasiandra in the gray or
rusty villose pubescence covering the branchlets during their first and sometimes their
second season and the lower surface of the young leaves, is distributed from Dawson in the
valley of the Yukon River southward to the valley of the upper Nesqually River, Wash-
in^on, to the valley of the Willamette River (Salem, Oregon), to Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz
County, and to the San Bernardino Mountains, California.
9. Salix lucida Muehl. Shining Willow.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, or narrow lanceolate (f. angustifolia Anders.), acuminate and
long-pointed at apex, cuneate or rounded at base, finely serrate, S'-5' long, I'-l^' wide,
covered when they unfold with scattered pale caducous hairs, at maturity coriaceous,
smooth and lustrous, dark green above, paler below, with a broad yellow midrib, and slender
, •
Fig. 143
primary veins arcuate and united near the margins; petioles stout, yellow, puberulous,
glandular at the apex, with several dark or yellow conspicuous glands, j-^ long; stipules
nearly semicircular, glandular-serrate, membranaceous, i'-|' wide, often persistent during
the summer. Flowers: aments erect, tomentose, on stout puberulous peduncles terminal
I
150
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
on short leafy branchlets, the staminate oblong-cylintkic, densely flowered, about 1^' in
length, the pistillate slender, elongated, l^'-2' long, often persistent until late in the season;
scales oblong or obovate, rounded, entire, erose or dentate at apex, light yellow, nearly
glabrous or coated on the outer surface with pale hairs, often ciliate on the margins; stamens
usually 5, with elongated free filaments slightly hairy at base; ovary narrowly cylindric,
long-stalked, elongated, glabrous, with nearly sessile emarginate stigmas. Fruit : cylindric,
lustrous, about |' long.
A tree, occasionally 25° high, with a short trunk 6'-8' in diameter, erect branches forming
a broad round-topped symmetrical head, and stout glabrous branchlets dark orange color
and lustrous in their first season, becoming darker and more or less tinged with red the
following year; usually smaller and shrubby in habit. Winter-buds narrowly ovoid, acute,
light orange-brown, lustrous, about \' long. Bark thin, smooth, dark brown slightly
tinged with red.
Distribution. Banks of streams and swamps; Newfoundland to the shores of Hudson's
Bay and northwestward to the valley of the Mackenzie River and the eastern base of the
Rocky Mountains, southward to southern Pennsylvania, northeastern Iowa, the Turtle
Mountains, North Dakota, and eastern Nebraska; very abundant at the north, rare south-
ward; a variety from extreme northeastern New England and adjacent New Brunswick and
Quebec (var. intonsa Fernald) is distinguished by its often linear leaves rufous pubescent
during the season on the under side of the veins and by its pubescent branchlets; a shrub
or tree up to 25°.
10. Salix taxifolia H. B. K.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed at the ends, acute, slightly falcate, mucronate at the
apex, entire or rarely obscurely dentate above the middle, coated as they unfold with long
Fig. 144
soft white hairs, at maturity pale gray-green, slightly puberulous, \'-\Y long, tV'-F wide,
with a slender midrib, thin arcuate veins, and thickened slightly re volute margins; petioles
stout, puberulous, rarely j^' long; stipules ovate, acute, scarious, minute, caducous. Flow^
ers: aments densely flowered, oblong-cylindric or subglobose, \'-Y long, terminal, or ter-
minal and axillary on the staminate plant, on short leafy branchlets; scales oblong or
obovate, rounded or acute and sometimes apiculate at apex, coatea on the outer surface
with hoary tomentum and pubescent or glabrous on the inner; stamens 2, with free fila-
ments hairy below the middle; ovary ovoid-conic, short-stalked or subsessile, villose, with
SALICACE^
151
nearly sessile deeply emarginate stigmas. Fruit cylindric, long-pointed, bright red-brown,
more or less villose, short-stalked, about j long.
A tree, often 40°-50° high, with a trunk 18' in diameter, erect and drooping branches
forming a broad open head, and slender branchlets covered during their first season with
hoary tomentum, becoming light reddish or purplish brown and much roughened by the
elevated persistent leaf-scars. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, dark chestnut-brown, puberu-
lous, about Ts' long and nearly as broad as long. Bark of the trunk |'-1' thick, light gray-
brown, and divided by deep fissures into broad flat ridges covered by minute closely ap-
pressed scales.
Distribution. Near El Paso, Texas; southwestern New Mexico, and along mountain
streams in southern Arizona; southward through Mexico to Guatemala, and on the Sierra
de la Victoria, Lower California. '
11. Saliz sessilifolia Nutt.
Leaves linear-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at apex, cuneate at
base, entire or furnished above the middle with a few remote apiculate glandular teeth,
bluish green and thickly covered with silky white hairs most abundant on the lower side of
the midrib, l'-2' long, |'-f' wide, or on vigorous summer shoots often 4' long and 1 j' wide;
petioles densely villose-pubescent, tV'-s' in length; stipules ovate to lanceolate, acute, en-
tire or denticulate. Flowers: aments appearing after the leaves, terminal on leafy
branchlets, densely hoary-tomentose, 12^-21' long; scales broadly elliptic, acute or rounded
Fig. 145
at apex, cuneate at base, densely villose-tomentose; stamens 2; filaments villose below the
middle; ovary sessile, villose, the stigmas sessile, deeply 2-lobed. Fruit ovoid-acuminate,
densely villose, pubescent.
A shrub or small tree occasionally 20° high, with short hairy tomentose branchlets.
Distribution. River banks, southwestern British Columbia; Whitcomb County, Wash-
ington, and on the Umpqua and Willamette Rivers, western Oregon. Southward passing
into
Var. Hindsiana Anders., a large shrub with numerous stems often 20° high, diflFering in its
more linear or narrow lanceolate usually entire leaves on longer petioles, smaller aments
and pubescent, not tomentose, branchlets; and distributed from the valleys of central Cali-
fornia to southwestern Oregon. A shrubby form of S. sessilifolia (var. leucodendroides
Schn.) with longer and broader leaves is common on the baiJts of streams in southern
California.
152
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
12. Salix exigua Nutt.
Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, acuminate at the ends, often slightly falcate, minutely
glandular-serrate above the middle, bluish green and glabrous above, covered below with
appressed silky white hairs, l^'-3' long, i'-j' wide, or on summer shoots sometimes 4^' long
and 1^' wide; petioles glabrous, ig' long or less; stipules minute or wanting. Flowers:
aments terminal and solitary or terminal and axillary, on leafy glabrous brapchlets, l'-2'
in length; scales hoary pubescent, lanceolate and acute on staminate aments, often wider,
obovate and rounded at the apex on pistillate aments; stamens, 2, filaments hairy
below the middle; ovary sessile, villose, the stigmatic lobes sessile. Fruit ovoid, acuminate,
glabrous.
A shrub with stems 10° or 12° tall, or rarely a tree 25° high, with a trunk 5' or 6' in
diameter, thin spreading branches forming a round-topped head, and slender glabrous red-
brown branchlets. Bark of the trunk thin, longitudinally fissured, grayish brown.
Fig. 146
Distribution. Southern Alberta and valley of the Fraser River (Clinton), British Colum-
bia, southward through western Washington and Oregon to San Diego County, California,
and southeastern Nevada, and eastward to southern Idaho, central Nevada and western
Wyoming (Yellowstone National Park).
Apparently only truly a tree on the banks of the Palouse and other streams of eastern
Washington.
Several shrubby forms of S. exigua found in Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, western Ne-
braska and in Lower California are distinguished.
13. Salix longifolia Muehl. Sand Bar Willow.
Salix fluviatalis Sarg. not Nutt.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, gradually narrowed at the ends, long-
pointed, dentate with small remote spreading callous glandular teeth, 2'-6' long, Y~¥
wide, when they unfold coated below with soft lustrous silky hairs, at maturity thin, gla-
brous, light yellow-green, darker on the upper than on the lower surface, with a yellow mid-
rib, slender arcuate primary veins, and slender reticulate veinlets; petioles grooved, ^-j
long; stipules ovate-lanceolate, foliaceous> about j long, deciduous Flowers: aments
cylindric on leafy branchlets, pubescent, the staminate about 1' long, Y broad, terminal and
axillary, the pistillate elongated, 2' or 3' long, about Y broad; scales obovate-oblong, en-
tire, erose or dentate above the middle, light yellow-green, densely villose on the outer
SALICACE^
153
surface, slightly hairy on the inner; stamens 2, with free filaments slightly hairy at the base;
ovary oblong-cylindric, acute, short-stalked, glabrous or pubescent, with large sessile
deeply lobed stigmas. Fruit light brown, glabrous or villose, about j' long.
A tree, usually about 20° high, with a trunk only a few inches in diameter, spreading by
stoloniferous roots into broad thickets, short slender erect branches, and slender glabrous
light or dark orange-colored or purplish red branchlets, growing darker after their first sea-
son; occasionally 60°-70° high, with a trunk 2° in diameter; often a shrub not more than
5°-6° tall. Winter-buds narrowly ovoid, acute, chestnut-brown, about |' long. Bark
I'-i' thick, smooth, dark brown slightly tinged with red and covered with small closely
appressed irregularly shaped scales. Wood light, soft, light brown tinged with red, with
thin light brown sapwood.
Distribution. River banks, sand bars and alluvial flats; shores of Lake St. John,
Quebec to Manitoba, and southward through western New England to northeastern Vir-
ginia, southern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, western Kentucky, south Tennessee, to the
mouth of the Mississippi River, and westward to southwestern South Dakota, southwestern
Wyoming, northeastern Colorado, western Kansas and Oklahoma, and northern Texas.
Fig, 147
From central and northwestern Texas to northeastern Mexico and southern New Mexico
represented by var. angustissima Anders., differing in the absence of a dorsal gland in the
male flowers and in the silky pubescence of the young ovary.
In the northern Rocky Moimtains region replaced by var. pedunculata Anders., differ-
ing from the type in its narrower linear leaves, glabrous ovaries and longer pedicels of the
fruit, and ranging from western South Dakota and northwestern Wyoming, through eastern
Montana, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, to the valley of the Yukon River in the neighbor-
hood of Dawson.
A shrubby form with leaves densely covered with silky pubescence (var. Wheeleri Schn.)
is distributed from New Brunswick to North Dakota, Nebraska and Beckham County,
Oklahoma.
14. Salix lasiolepis Benth. Arroyo Willow.
Leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, often inequilateral and occasionally falcate,
acute or acuminate or rarely rounded at apex, gradually or abruptly cuneate or rounded at
base, entire or remotely serrate, pilose above and coated below with thick hoary tomentum
when they unfold, at maturity thick and subcoriaceous, conspicuously reticulate-venulose,
dark green and glabrous above, pale or glaucous and pubescent or puberulous below, 3'-6'
long, \'-V wide, with a broad yellow midrib and slender arcuate veins forked and united
154
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
within the sHghtly thickened and re volute margins; petioles slender, |'-|' long; stipules
ovate, acute, coated with hoary tomentum, minute and caducous, or sometimes folia-
ceous, semilunar, acute or acuminate, entire or denticulate, dark green above, pale below,
persistent. Flowers: aments erect, cylindric, slightly flexuose, densely flowered, nearly
sessile on short tomentose branchlets, 1^' long, die staminate |' thick, and nearly twice as
thick as the pistillate; scales oblong-obovate, rounded or acute at the apex, dark-colored,
clothed with long crisp white hairs, persistent under the fruit; stamens 2, with elon-
gated glabrous filaments more or less united below the middle; ovary narrow, cylindric
acute and long-pointed, dark green, glabrous, with a short style and broad nearly sessile
stigmas. Fruit oblong-cylindric, light reddish brown, about j long.
A tree, 20°-35° high, with a trunk 3'-7' iii diameter, slender erect branches forming a
loose open head, and stout branchlets coated at first with hoary tomentum, bright yellow or
dark reddish brown and puberulous or pubescent during their first year, becoming darker
Fig. 148
and glabrous in their second season; or often at the north and at high altitudes a low shrub.
Winter-buds ovoid, acute, compressed, contracted laterally into thin wing-like margins,
light brownish yellow, glabrous or puberulous. Bark on young stems and on the branches
thin, smooth, light gray-brown, becoming on old trunks dark, about Y thick, roughened
by small lenticels and broken into broad flat irregularly connected ridges. Wood light,
soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood; in southern California
often used as fuel.
Distribution. Banks of streams in low moist ground; valley of the IQamath River,
California, southward along the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, the central valley, and on
the Coast Ranges to southern California; on Santa Catalina Island and on the mountains of
southern Arizona; on the Sierra de Laguna, Lower California; occasionally ascending
to altitudes of 4000° above the sea.
15. Salix Mackenzieana Barr.
Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, or elliptic, long-pointed at apex, cuneate or rounded
at base, finely crenately serrate, reddish and pilose with caducous pale hairs when they un-
fold, at maturity thin and firm in textiu-e, light green above, pale below, l|'-2' long, about
i'_i' wide, on summer shoots, often 4' long and 1^' wide, with a slender yellow midrib,
arcuate veins, and obsCure reticulate veinlets; petioles thin, yellow, about Y long; stipules
reniform, conspicuously veined, about y^^' broad. Flowers: aments densely flowered, gla-
brous, erect, often more or less curved, about 1^' long, terminal on short leafy branchlets;
scales oblanceolate, acute, dark-colored; stamens 2, with elongated free glabrous filaments;
SALICACE^
155
ovary cylindric, long-stalked, elongated, gradually narrowed into a short style, with spread-
ing emarginate stigmas. Fruit ovoid, acuminate, light brown, about |' long; pedicels
about i' in length.
A small tree, with a slender trunk, upright branches forming a narrow shapely head,
and slender branchlets marked with scattered lenticels, glabrous or slightly puberulous
and often tinged with red when they first appear, soon becoming yellow and lustrous, grow-
ing lighter colored in their second year. Winter-buds ovoid, rounded on the back, com-
pressed and acute at the apex, bright orange color, about Y long.
Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps; shores of Great Slave Lake southward
through the region at the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to Saskatchewan, northern
Fig. 149
Idaho, and northwestern Wyoming, and to western Nevada (Lake County; M. S. Bebb), and
on the high Sierra Nevada in Calaveras and Mariposa Counties, California (W. L.Jepson).
16. Salix missouriensis Bebb.
Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate and long-pointed at apex, gradually nar-
Towed from above the middle to the cuneate or rounded base, finely glandular-serrate.
156
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
coated with pale hairs on the lower surface and pilose on the upper surface when they un-
fold, soon becoming nearly glabrous, at maturity thin and firm, dark green above, pale and
often silvery white below, 4'-6' long, l'-l|' wide, with slender veins often united near the
margins and connected by coarse reticulate veinlets; petioles stout, pubescent or tomen-
tose, i'-j long; stipules foliaceous, semicordate, pointed or rarely reniform and obtuse,
serrate with incurved teeth, dark green and glabrous on the upper side, coated on the lower
with hoary tomentum, reticulate-venulose, often |' long, deciduous or persistent during
the season. Flowers : aments oblong-cylindric, densely flowered, appearing early in Feb-
ruary on short leafy branchlets, the staminate 1^' long and nearly ^' wide and rather longer
than the more slender pistillate aments becoming at maturity lax and 3'-4' long; scales
oblong-obovate, light green, and covered on the outer surface with long straight white
hairs; stamens 2, with elongated free glabrous filaments; ovary cylindric, short-stalked,
beaked, glabrous, with a short style and spreading entire or slightly emarginate stigmas.
Fruit narrow, long-pointed light reddish brown, Y in length; pedicels about half the length
of the scales.
A tree, 40°-50° high, with a tall straight trunk 10'-12' or rarely 18' in diameter, rather
slender upright slightly spreading branches forming a narrow open symmetrical head, and
slender branchlets marked by small scattered orange-colored lenticels, light green and
coated during their first year with thick pale pubescence, becoming reddish brown and
glabrous or puberulous in their second winter. Winter-buds ovoid, round, or flattened,
acute at the apex, reddish brown, hoar-tomentose, nearly 1' long. Bark thin, smooth,
light gray, slightly tinged with red, and covered with minute closely appressed plate-like
scales. Wood dark red-brown, with thin pale sap wood; durable, used for fence-posts.
Distribution. Deep sandy alluvial bottom-lands of the Missouri River in southwestern
Nebraska to western Missouri; through northeastern Kansas and eastern Oklahoma to
Cache Creek, Comanche County {G. W. Stevens) ; and from the neighborhood of St. Louis
to southeastern and western Iowa; and to the neighborhood of Olney, Richland County,
Illinois {R. Ridgway).
17. Salix pyrifolia Anders.
Salix balsamifera Barr.
Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute at apex, broad and rounded and usually sub-
cordate at base, finely glandular serrulate, balsamic particularly while young, when
they unfold thin, pellucid, red and coated below with long slender caducous hairs, at ma-
turity thin and firm, dark green above, pale and glaucous below, 2'-4' long, l'-l|' wide.
. Fig. 151
SALICACEiB
157
with a yellow midrib and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; petioles reddish or yellow, i'-|'
long; stipules often wanting or on vigorous shoots foliaceous, broadly ovate and acute.
Flowers: aments cylindric, I'-l^' long, on short leafy branchlets, the staminate I'-lj'
long and f ' in diameter and shorter and broader than the pistillate ament; scales obovate,
rose-colored, coated with long white hairs; stamens 2, with free filaments and reddish ulti-
mately yellow anthers; ovary narrow-ovoid, long-stalked, gradually contracted above the
middle, with a short style and emarginate stigmas. Fruit ovoid-conic, j long, dark orange
color; pedicels I' in length.
Usually a shrub, often making clumps of crowded slender erect stems generally destitute
of branches except near the top, rarely arborescent, with a height of 25°, a trunk 12'-14' in
diameter, erect branches, and comparatively stout reddish brown branchlets becoming
olive-green in their second year and marked with narrow slightly raised leaf-scars. Winter-
buds acute, much-compressed, bright scarlet, very lustrous, about $' long. Bark thin,
smooth, dull gray.
Distribution. Cold wet bogs; Newfoundland and the coast of Labrador to the valley
of the Saskatchewan and the Mackenzie, and British Columbia, and to northern Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Michigan, and northeastern South Dakota; reported to
become arborescent only near Fort Kent on the St. John River, Aroostook, Maine.
18. Salix amplifolia Gov.
Leaves oval to broadly obovate, rounded or broadly pointed at apex, gradually or
abruptly narrowed at the cuneate base, dentate-serrulate or entire, densely villose when
they unfold, with long matted white hairs, at maturity nearly glabrous, pale yellow-green
above, slightly glaucous below, 2'-2§' long, I'-l^' wide, with a midrib broad and hoary-
tomentose toward the base of the leaf and thin and glabrous above the middle; petioles
Fig. 152
slender, tomentose. Flowers: aments appearing about the middle of June, stout, peduncu-
late, tomentose, on leafy branchlets, the staminate l|'-2' long and shorter than the pis-
tillate; scales oblanceolate or lanceolate, dark brown or nearly black, covered with long pale
hairs; stamens 2, with slender elongated glabrous filaments; ovary ovoid-lanceolate, short-
stalked? glabrous or slightly pubescent, gradually narrowed into the elongated slender style
crowned with a 2-lobed slender stigma. Fruit ovoid-lanceolate, glabrous, short-stalked,
r long.
A tree, occasionally 25° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, and stout branchlets con-
spicuously roughened by the large elevated U-shaped leaf-scars, and marked by occasional
pale lenticels, coated at first with thick villose pubescence, becoming during their second
and third years dark dull reddish purple.
158
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Sand dunes on the shores of Yakutat Bay and Disenchantment Bay,
Alaska.
19. Salix alaxensis Gov. Feltleaf Willow.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to obovate, acute, acuminate or occasionally rounded at apex,
gradually narrowed into a short thick petiole, coated above as they unfold with thin
pale deciduous tomentum and covered below with a thick mass of snowy white lustrous
hairs persistent on the mature leaves, entire, often somewhat wrinkled, dull yellow-green
above, 2'-4' long, I'-l^' wide, with a broad yellow midrib; stipules linear-lanceolate to fili-
form, entire, |'-f' long, usually persistent until midsummer. Flowers: aments appearing
in June when the leaves are nearly fully grown, stout, erect, tomentose, stalked, on leafy
branchlets, the staminate l'-l|' long, much shorter than the pistillate; scales oblong-
ovate, rounded at apex, dark-colored, and coated with long silvery white soft hairs;
stamens 2, with slender elongated filaments; ovary acuminate, short-stalked, covered with
soft pale hairs, gradually narrowed into the elongated slender style, with 2-lobed stigmas.
Fruit nearly sessile, ovoid, acuminate covered with close dense pale tomentum, j long.
A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a trunk 4)'-6' in diameter, and stout branchlets thickly
Fig. 153
coated at first with matted white hairs, becoming in their second year glabrous, dark
purple, lustrous, marked by large elevated pale scattered lenticels and much roughened by
large U-shaped leaf-scars; often shrubby, and in the most exposed situations frequently
only a foot or two high, with semiprostrate stems.
Distribution. Coast of Alaska from the Alexander Archipelago to Cape Lisbourne, and
eastward to the valley of the Mackenzie River and to the shores of Coronation Gulf; the
only arborescent Willow in the coast region west and north of Kadiak Island; attaining its
largest size from the Shumagin Islands eastward.
20. Salix Bebbiana Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate to oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, acuminate and short-pointed or
acute at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate or rounded at base, remotely and irregularly
serrate usually only above the middle, or rarely entire, when they unfold pale gray-green,
glabrous or villose, and often tinged with red on the upper surface and coated on the lower
with pale tomentum or pubescence, at maturity thick and firm, dull green and glabrous
or puberulous above, blue or silvery white and covered with pale rufous pubescence below,
especially along the midrib, veins, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets, l'-3' long, ^'-1'
wide; petioles slender, often pubescent, reddish, l'-^' long; stipules foliaceous, semicordate,
ftlandular-dentate, sometimes nearly Y long on vigorous shoots, deciduous. Flowers:
SALICACE.E
159
aments terminal on short leafy branchlets; scales ovate or oblong, rounded at apex, broader
on the staminate than on the pistillate plant, yellow below, rose color at apex, villose with
long pale silky hairs, persistent under the fruit; staminate aments cylindric, obovoid, nar-
rowed at base, densely flowered, |'-1' long, ^'-1' thick; pistillate aments oblong-cylindric,
loosely flowered, I'-li' long, |' thick; stamens 2, with free glabrous filaments; ovary
cylindric, villose; with long silky white hairs, gradually narrowed at apex, with broad sessile
entire or emarginate spreading yellow stigmas; pedicel villose, about |' in length, and
about as long as the scale. Fruit elongated-cylindric, gradually narrowed into a long thin
beak, and raised on a slender stalk sometimes |' long.
A bushy tree, occasionally 25° high, with a short trunk 6'-8' in diameter, stout ascending
branches forming a broad round head, and slender branchlets coated at first with hoary
deciduous tomentum, varying during their first winter from reddish purple to dark orange-
brown, marked by scattered raised lenticels and roughened by conspicuous elevated leaf-
scars, growing lighter-colored and reddish brown in their second year; usually much smaller
and often shrubby in habit. Bark thin, reddish or olive-green or gray tinged with red, and
Fig. 154
slightly divided by shallow fissures into appressed plate-like scales. Winter-buds oblong,
gradually narrowed and rounded at apex, full and rounded on the back, bright light chest-
nut-brown, nearly Y long.
Distribution. Borders of streams, swamps, and lakes, hillsides, open woods and forest
margins, usually in moist rich soil; valley of the St. Lawrence River to the shores of Hud-
son's Bay, the valley of the Mackenzie River within the Arctic Circle, Cook Inlet, Alaska,
and the coast ranges of British Columbia, forming in the region west of Hudson's Bay al-
most impenetrable thickets, with twisted and often inclining stems; common in all the
northern states, ranging southward to Pennsylvania and westward to Minnesota and
through the Rocky Mountain region from western Idaho and northern Montana to north-
ern North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, northeastern and central Iowa, and western
Nebraska, and southward through Colorado to northern Arizona; ascending as a low shrub
in Colorado to an altitude of 10,000°.
21. Salix discolor Muehl. Glaucous Willow.
Leaves lanceolate to elliptic, gradually narrowed at the ends, remotely crenulate-serrate,
as they unfold thin, light green often tinged with red, pubescent above and coated with a
pale tomentum below, at maturity thick and firm, glabrous, conspicuously reticulate- venu-
lose, bright green above, glaucous or silvery white below, 3'-5' long, f '-1.I' wide, with
160
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
a broad yellow midrib and slender arcuate primary veins; petioles slender, ^'-1' long; stip-
ules foliaceous, semilunar, acute, glandular-dentate, about j' long, deciduous. Flowers:
aments appearing late in winter or in very early spring, erect, terminal on short scale-
bearing branchlets coated with thick white tomentum, oblong-cylindric, about 1' long and
f thick, the staminate soft and silky before the flowers open and densely flowered; scales
oblong-obovate, dark reddish brown toward the apex, covered on the back with long silky
silvery white hairs; stamens 2, with elongated glabrous filaments; ovary oblong-cylindric,
narrowed above the middle, villose, with a short distinct style and broad spreading entire
stigmas; pedicel glabrous, about twice the length of the scale. Fruit cylindric, more or
less contracted above the middle, long-pointed, light brown, coated with pale pubescence.
A tree, rarely more than 25° high, with a trunk about 1° in diameter, stout ascending
Fig. 155
branches forming an open round-topped head, and stout branchlets marked by occasional
orange-colored lenticels, dark reddish purple and coated at first with pale deciduous pubes-
cence; more often shrubby, with numerous tall straggling stems. Winter-buds semiterete,
flattened and acute at the apex, about f ' long, dark reddish purple and lustrous. Bark Y
thick, light brown tinged with red, and divided by shallow fissures into thin plate-like
oblong scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, brown streaked with red, with lighter
brown sapwood.
Distribution. Moist meadows and the banks of streams and lakes; Nova Scotia to
Manitoba, and southward to Delaware, southern Indiana and Illinois, eastern and south-
western Iowa, the Black Hills of South Dakota, and northeastern Missouri; common.
A form of Salix discolor with more densely flowered and more silvery pubescent aments
is described as var. eriocephala Schn. and a form with loosely flowered aments with less
tomentose fruits with longer styles and with narrower leaves as var. prinoides Schn.
22. Salix Scouleriana Barr. Black Willow.
Salix Nuttallii Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate to elliptic, acute or abruptly acuminate with a short or long*
pointed apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at the often unsymmetrical base, entire or
remotely and irregularly crenately serrate, thin and firm, dark yellow-green and lustrous
above, pale or glaucous and glabrous or pilose below, lj'-4' long, ^'-1^' wide, with a broad
yellow pubescent midrib and slender veins forked and arcuate within the slightly thickened
and revolute margins and connected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets; petioles slender.
SALICACE^
161
puberulous, \'-^' in length; stipules foliaceous, semilunar, glandular-serrate, j-^' long, ca-
ducous. Flowers : aments appearing before the leaves, oblong-cylindric, erect, nearly sessile
on short tomentose scale-bearing branchlets, the staminate about 1' long and rather more
than Y thick, the pistillate 1^' long, about y\' thick; scales oblong, narrowed at the ends,
dark-colored, covered with long white hairs, persistent under the fruit; stamens 2, with free
glabrous filaments; ovary cylindric, short-stalked, with a distinct style and broad emar-
ginate stigmas; pedicels less than half the length of the scale, villose. Fruit oblong-ovoid,
acuminate, light reddish brown, pale pubescent, about Y long-
A tree, occasionally 30° high, with a short trunk rarely exceeding 1° in diameter, slender
pendulous branches forming a rather compact round-topped shapely head, and stout
branchlets marked by scattered yellow lenticels, coated when they first appear with pale
early deciduous pubescence, becoming bright yellow or dark orange color, and in their
second year dark red-brown and much roughened by the conspicuous leaf-scars; or more
often a shrub. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, nearly terete or slightly flattened, with narrow
lateral wing-like margins, light or dark orange color, glabrous or pilose at the base, about
Fig. 156
I' long. Bark thin, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and divided into broad flat ridges.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sap-
wood.
Distribution. Cook's Inlet, coast of Alaska, and valley of the Yukon River near Daw-
son southward through western British Columbia to northern California, ranging eastward
through Washington and northwestern Oregon to northern Idaho and Montana.
From central California to San Bernardino County represented by the variety crassijulis
Andr. (S. brachystachys Benth.) with shorter and broader obovate leaves rounded at apex,
pubescent and tomentose branchlets and larger pubescent winter-buds. A tree sometimes
70** high with a trunk often 2^° in diameter.
On the high Sierra Nevada eastward to the eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains of
Colorado and to northern New Mexico, northern Wyoming and the Black Hills of South
Dakota represented by the var. fiavescens Schn. A shrub or rarely a small tree with obo-
vate rounded yellowish leaves and branchlets.
23. Salix Hookeriana Barr.
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, acute or abruptly acuminate, or rarely rounded and
frequently apiculate at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate or rounded at base, coarsely
crenately serrate, especially those on vigorous shoots, or entire, when they unfold vil-
162
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
lose with pale hairs, or tomentose above and clothed below with silvery white tomentum,
at maturity thin and firm, bright yellow-green and lustrous, nearly glabrous or tomentose
on the upper surface, pale and glaucous and tomentose or pubescent on the lower surface,
especially along the midrib and slender arcuate primary veins and conspicuous reticulate
veinlets, 2'-6' long, I'-l^' wide; petioles stout, tomentose, i'-^' long. Flowers: aments
oblong-cylindric, erect, rather lax, often more or less curved, about 1^' long, on short
tomentose scale-bearing branchlets, the staminate f ' thick and rather thicker than the
pistillate; scales oblong-obovate, yellow, coated with long pale hairs, the staminate rounded
above and rather shorter than the more acute scales of the pistillate ament persistent under
the fruit; stamens 2, with free elongated glabrous filaments; ovary conic, glabrous, stalked,
with a slender stalk about one third as long as the scale, gradually narrowed above, with a
slender elongated bright red style and broad spreading entire stigmas. Fruit oblong-
cylindric, narrowed above, about i' long.
Fig. 157
A tree, occasionally 30° high, with a trunk about 1° in diameter, and stout branchlets
marked by large scattered orange-colored lenticels, covered during their first season with
hoary tomentum and rather bright or dark red-brown and pubescent in their second sum-
mer; more often shrubby, with numerous stems 4'-8' thick and 15°-20° high; frequently a
low bush, with straggling almost prostrate stems. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, nearly terete,
dark red, coated with pale pubescence, about I' long. Bark nearly j thick, light red-
brown, slightly fissured and divided into closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood fight,
soft, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thin nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Borders of salt marshes and ponds and sandy coast dunes; Vancouver
Island southward along the shores of Puget Sound and the Pacific Ocean to southern
Oregon.
24. Salix sitchensis Sanson.
Leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, entire or minutely glandular dentate, acute or
acuminate, or rounded and short-pointed, or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed and
cuneate at base, when they imfold pubescent or tomentose on the upper surface, and coated
on the lower with lustrous white silky pubescence or tomentum persistent during the
season or sometimes deciduous from the leaves of vigorous young shoots, at maturity thin
and firm, dark green, lustrous and glabrous above, with the exception of the pubescent
midrib, 2'-5' long, |'-1^' wide, with conspicuous slender veins arcuate and united within
the margins and prominent reticulate veinlets; petioles stout, pubescent, rarely |' long;
stipules rarely produced, foliaceous, semilunar, acute or rounded at apex, glandular-
dentate, coated below with hoary tomentum, often 5' long, caducous. Flowers: aments
MYRICACE^
163
cylindric, densely flowered, erect on short tomentose leafy branchlets, the staminate
l^'-2' long and ^' thick, the pistillate 2^'-3' long, and \' thick; scales yellow or tawny, the
staminate oblong-obovate, rounded at the apex, covered with long white hairs, much longer
than the more acute pubescent scales of the pistillate ament; stamen 1, with an elongated
glabrous filament, or very rarely 2, with filaments united below the middle or nearly to the
apex; ovary short-stalked, ovoid, conic, acute, pubescent and gradually narrowed int«
the elongated style, with entire or slightly emarginate short stigmas. Fruit ovoid, nar^
rowed above, light red-brown, pubescent about j' long.
Fig. 158
A much-branched tree, occasionally 25°-30° high, with a short contorted often inclining
trunk sometimes 1° in diameter, and slender brittle branchlets coated at first with hoary
tomentum, pubescent and tomentose and dark red-brown or orange color during their first
winter, becoming darker, pubescent or glabrous, and sometimes covered with a glaucous
bloom in their second season; more often shrubby and 6°-15° tall. Winter-buds acute,
nearly terete, light red-brown, pubescent or puberulous, about Y long. Bark about |'
thick and broken into irregular closely appressed dark brown scales tinged with red. Wood
light, soft, close-grained, pale red, with thick nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Banks of streams and in low moist ground; Cook Inlet and Kadiak Island,
Alaska, southward in the neighborhood of the coast to Santa Barbara, California; on the
Marble Creek of the Kaweah River at 6900° altitude (f. Ralphiana Jeps.)
VI. MYRICACE^.
Aromatic resinous trees and shrubs, with watery juice, terete branches, and small scaly
buds. Leaves alternate, revolute in the bud, serrate, resinous-punctate, persistent in our
gpecies, in falling leaving elevated semiorbicular leaf-scars showing the ends of three nearly
equidistant fibro-vascular bundles. Flowers unisexual, dioecious or monoecious, usually
subtended by minute bractlets, in the axils of the deciduous scales of unisexual or androgy-
nous simple oblong aments from buds in the axils of the leaves of the year, opening in early
spring, the staminate below the pistillate in androgynous aments; staminate, perianth 0;
stamens 4 or many, inserted on the thickened base of the scales of the ament; filaments
slender, united at the base into a short stipe; anthers ovoid, erect, 2-celled, introrse, open-
ing longitudinally; ovary rudimentary or 0; pistillate flowers single or in pairs; ovary ses
sile, 1-celled; styles short, divided into 2 elongated filiform stigmas stigmatic on the inner
face; ovule solitary, erect from the base of the cell, orthotropous, the micropyle superior.
Fruit a globose or ovoid dry drupe usually covered with wax; nut hard, thick- walled. Seed
164
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
erect, with a thin coat, without albumen; embryo straight; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy;
radicle short, superior, turned away from the minute basal hilum.
The family consists of the genus Myrica L., of about thirty or forty species of small
trees and shrubs, widely distributed through the temperate and warmer parts of both
hemispheres. Of the seven North American species three are trees. Wax is obtained
from the exudations of the fruit of several species. The bark is astringent, and sometimes
used in medicine, in tanning, and as an aniline dye. Myrica rubra Sieb and Zucc, of
southern Japan and China, is cultivated for its succulent aromatic red fruit.
The generic name is probably from the ancient name of some shrub, possibly the Tarn*
arisk.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Flowers dioecious.
Leaves oblanceolate, usually acute or rarely rounded at apex, mostly coarsely serrate
above the middle, yellow-green, coated below with conspicuous orange-colored
glands. 1. M. cerifera (A, C).
Leaves usually broadly oblong-obovate, rounded or rarely acute at apex, entire, dark
green and lustrous. 2. M. inodora (C).
Flowers monoecious; leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, dark green
and lustrous. 3. M. califomica (G).
1. Myrica cerifera L. Wax Myrtle.
Leaves oblanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate, acute or rarely gradually narrowed
and rounded at apex, cuneate at base, decurrent on short stout petioles, coarsely serrate
above the middle or entire, yellow-green, covered above by minute dark glands and below
Fig. 159
by bright orange-colored glands, 1| -4' long and l'-^ wide, with a slender pale midrib often
puberulous below, and few obscure arcuate veins, fragrant with a balsamic resinous odor;
gradually deciduous at the end of their first year. Flowers in small oblong aments, with
ovate acute ciliate scales, those of the staminate plant ^'-f long, about twice as long as
those of the pistillate plant; stamens few, with oblong slightly obcordate anthers at first
tinged with red, becoming yellow; ovary gradually narrowed into 2 slender spreading stig-
mas longer than its scale. Fruit in short spikes, ripening in September and October and
persistent on the branches during the winter, irregularly deciduous in the spring and early
summer, globose, about j in diameter, slightly papillose, light green, coated with thick
pale blue wax; seed pale, minute.
MYRICACE^
165
A tree, occasionally 40° high, with a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, or more often a large
or small shrub, with slender upright or slightly spreading branches forming a narrow round-
topped head, and slender branchlets marked by small pale lenticels, coated at first with
loose rufous tomentum and caducous orange-colored glands, bright red-brown or dark
brown tinged with gray, usually lustrous and nearly glabrous during their first winter,
finally becoming dark brown; generally smaller, frequently shrubby. Winter-buds oblong,
acute, T^'-i' long, with numerous ovate acute fmbricated scales, the inner scales becoming
nearly ^' long, and often persistent until the young branch has completed its growth. Bark
of the trunk j' thick, compact, smooth, light gray. Wood light, soft and brittle, dark
brown, with thin lighter-colored sapwood.
Distribution. In the neighborhood of the coast; Cape May, New Jersey, southern Dela-
ware and Maryland to the keys of southern Florida, and through the Gulf states to the
shores of Aranzas Pass, San Patricio County, Texas, ranging inland over the coastal plain of
Georgia to the neighborhood of Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi, the valley of the Red
River (Natchitoches, Louisiana and Fulton, Arkansas), and to Cherokee County, Texas,
and northward to the valley of the Ouachita River, Arkansas; on the Bermuda and Bahama
Islands and on several of the Antilles; most abundant and of its largest size on the south
Atlantic and Gulf coasts in sandy swamps and pond holes; the most common woody plant
and forming great thickets on the Everglades east of Lake Okeechobee, Florida; in the
sandy soil of Pine-barrens and on dry arid hills of the interior, often only a few inches in
height, var. pumila Michx.
2. Myrica inodora W. Bartr. Wax Myrtle.
I Leaves broadly oblong-obovate or rarely ovate, rounded or sometimes pointed and occa-
sionally apiculate at apex, narrowed at base, decurrent on short stout petioles, entire or
Fig. 160
rarely obscurely toothed toward the apex, thick and coriaceous, glandular-punctate, dark
green and very lustrous above, bright green below, 2'-4' long, f '-1|' wide, with a broad con-
spicuously glandular midrib slightly pubescent on the lower side, and few remote slender
obscure primary veins forked and arcuate near the much-thickened and revolute margins ;
gradually deciduous from May until midsunmier. Flowers in aments f'-l' long, with
ovate acute glandular scales; stamens numerous, with oblong slightly emarginate yellow
anthers; pistillate flowers usually in pairs, with an ovate glabrous ovary and slender bright
red styles. Fruit produced sparingly in elongated spikes, oblong, Y-^' long, papillose,
black, and covered with a thin coat of white wax: seed oblong-oval, acute at apex, rounded
at base, |' long, bright orange-brown, with a pale yellow hilum.
Usually a shrub, with numerous slender stems, occasionally arborescent and 18°-20''
166
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
high, with a straight trunk 6°-8° tall and 2'-3' in diameter, and stout branchlets roughened
by small scattered lenticels, coated at first with dense pale tomentum, soon becoming bright
red-brown, scurfy, and glabrous or pubescent. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, nearly I' long,
with numerous loosely imbricated lanceolate acute red-brown scurfy-pubescent scales.
Bark thin, smooth, nearly white.
Distribution. Small non-alluvial swamps mostly within fifty miles of the coast. Round
Lake, Jackson County, and Apalachicola, and Saint Andrews Bay, Florida; nejir Mobile
and Stockton, Alabama; near Poplarville, Pearl County, Mississippi, and Bogalusa, Wash-
ington Parish, Louisiana.
3. Myrica califomica Cham. Wax Myrtle.
Leaves oblanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute at apex, remotely serrate except at the
gradually narrowed base with small incurved teeth, decurrent on a short stout petiole,
thin and firm, dark green and lustrous above, yellow-green, glabrous or puberulous and
Fig. 161
marked by minute black glandular dots below, 2'-4' long, |'-f ' wide, with a narrow yellow
midrib and numerous obscure primary veins arcuate near the thickened and revolute
margins, slightly fragrant, gradually deciduous after the end of their first year^ Flowers
subtended by conspicuous bractlets, those of the two sexes on the same plant; staminate
in oblong simple aments often 1' long, pistillate in shorter aments in the axils of upper
leaves, androgynous aments occurring between the two with staminate flowers at their base
and pistillate flowers above, or with staminate flowers also mixed with the pistillate at their
apex; scales of the aments ovate, acute, coated with pale tomentum; stamens numerous,
with oblong slightly emarginate dark red-purple anthers soon becoming yellow; ovary ovoid,
with bright red exserted styles. Fruit in short crowded spikes ripening in the early au-
tumn and usually falling during the winter, globose, papillose, dark purple, covered with
a thin coat of grayish white wax; seed pale reddish brown, minute.
A tree, occasionally 40° high, with a trunk 14'-15' in diameter, short slender branches
forming a narrow compact round-topped head, and stout branchlets coated at first with
loose tomentum, dark green or light or dark red-brown, glabrous or pubescent during their
first season, becoming in their second year much roughened by the elevated leaf-scars, darker
and ultimately ashy gray; usually smaller at the north and toward the northern and south-
ern limits of its range reduced to a low shrub often only 3°-4° tall. Winter-buds ovoid,
acute, about Y thick, with loosely imbricated ovate acute dark red-brown tomentose scales
nearly Y long when fully grown and long-persistent on the branch. Bark smooth, compact,
■^/-l' thick, dark gray or light brown on the surface and dark red-Lrown internally. Wood
heavy, very hard and strong, brittle, cJose-^ained, light rose color, with thick lighter
colored sapwood.
LEITNERIACRSJ 167
Distribution. Ocean sand-dunes and moist hillsides in the vicinity of the coast from the
shores of Puget Sound to the neighborhood of Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, CaK-
fornia; of its largest size on the shores of the Bay of San Francisco.
Occasionally used in California as a garden plant. "
Vn. LEITNERIACEJS.
A tree or shrub, with pale slightly fissured bark, scaly buds, stout terete pithy branchlets
marked by pale conspicuous nearly circular lenticels and by elevated crescent-shaped
angled or obscurely 3-Iobed leaf-scars, very light soft wood, and thick fleshy stoloniferous
yellow roots. Leaves involute in the bud, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate or
acute and short-pointed at apex, gradually narrowed at base, entire, with slightly revolute
undulate margins, penniveined, with remote primary veins arcuate and united near the
margins, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets, petiolate, at first coated on the lower surface
and on the petioles with thick pale tomentum and puberulous on the upper surface, thick
and firm at maturity, bright green and lustrous above, pale and villose-pubescent below,
deciduous. Flowers in unisexual aments, with ovate acute concave tomentose scales, the
male and female on diflFerent plants, opening in early spring from buds formed the previous
autumn and covered with acute chestnut-brown hairy scales; the staminate clustered near
the end of the branches, their scales bearing on the thickened stipe a ring of 3-12 stamens,
with slender incurved filaments and oblong light yellow introrse 2-celled anthers opening
longitudinally; perianth 0; pistillate aments scattered, shorter and more slender than the
staminate, their scales bearing in their axils a short-stalked pistil surrounded by a rudi-
mentary perianth of small gland-fringed scales, the 2 larger lateral, the others next the axis
of the inflorescence; ovary superior, pubescent, 1-celled, with an elongated flattened style
inserted obliquely, curving inward above the middle in anthesis, grooved and stigmatic on
the inner face; ovule solitary, attached laterally, ascending, semianatropous; micropyle
directed upward. Fruit an oblong compressed dry drupe thick and rounded on the ventral,
narrowed on the dorsal edge, rounded at base, thin and pointed at apex, chestnut-brown,
rugose, with a thick dry exocarp closely investing the thin-walled light brown crustaceous
rugose nutlet. Seed flattened, rounded at the ends, light brown, marked on the thick
edge with the oblong nearly black hilum; embryo erect, surrounded by thin fleshy albu-
men; cotyledons oblong, flattened; radicle superior, conical, short, and fleshy.
The family consists of a single genus, Leitneria Chapm., with one species of the south-
ern United States, named for a German naturalist killed in Florida during the Seminole
War.
1. Leitneria floridana Chapm. Cork Wood.
Leaves 4'-6' long, 1| -2|' wide, with petioles 1-2' in length. Flowers opening at the
end of February or early in March; staminate aments 1 -1|' long, Y thick, and twice as
long as the pistillate. Fruit solitary or in clusters of 2-4, ripening when the leaves are
about half grown, f ' long, \' wide.
A shrub or small tree, occasionally 20° high, with a slender straight trunk 4'-5' in diame-
ter above the swollen gradually tapering base, spreading branches forming a loose open
head, and branchlets at first light reddish brown and thickly coated with gradually decidu-
ous hairs, becoming in their first winter glabrous or puberulous, especially toward the ends,
and dark red-brown. Winter-buds: terminal broad, conic, \' long, covered by 10 or 12
oblong nearly triangular closely imbricated scales coated with pale tomentum and long-
persistent at the base of the branch; lateral scattered, ovoid, flattened. Bark about j/
thick, dark gray faintly tinged with brown, divided by shallow fissures into narrow rounded
ridges. Wood soft, exceedingly light, close-grained, the layers of annual growth hardly
distinguishable, pale yellow, without trace of heartwood; occasionally used for the floats <i
fishing-nets.
Distribution. Borders of swamps of the lower Altamaha River, Georgia {C. L. BoynUm)',
W
168
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
muddy saline shores on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico near Apalachicola, Florida;
swampy prairies, Velasco (E. J. Palmer), and swamps of the Brazos River near Columbia,
Brazoria County, Texas; Vamer, Lincoln County {B. F. Bush), and Moark, Clay County
Fig. 162
(E. J. Palmer) Arkansas; and in Butler and Dunklin Counties, southeastern Missouri, here
sometimes occupying muddy sloughs of considerable extent to the exclusion of other woody
plants.
Vm. JUGLANDACRffi).
Aromatic trees, with watery juice, terete branchlets, scaly buds, the lateral buds often
superposed, 2-4 together, and alternate unequally pinnate deciduous leaves with elongated
grooved petioles and without stipules, the leaflets increasing in size from the lowest up-
ward, penniveined, sessile, short-stalked or the terminal usually long-stalked. Flowers
monoecious, opening after the unfolding of the leaves, the staminate in lateral aments and
composed of a 3-6-lobed calyx in the axil of and adnate to an ovate acute bract, and numer-
ous stamens inserted on the inner and lower face of the calyx in 2 or several rows, with
short distinct filaments and oblong anthers opening longitudinally; the pistillate in a spike
terminal on a branch of the year and composed ot a 1-3-celled ovary subtended by an in-
volucre free toward the apex and formed by the union of an anterior bract and 2 lateral
bractlets, a 1 or 4-lobed calyx inserted on the ovary, a short style with 2 plumose stigmas
stigmatic on the inner face, and a solitary erect orthotropous ovule. Fruit drupaceous,
the exocarp (husk) indehiscent or 4-valved, inclosing a thick- or thin-shelled nut divided
by partitions extending inward from the shell, and like the shell more or less penetrated
by internal longitudinal cavities often filled with dry powder. Seed solitary, 2-lobed
from the apex nearly to the middle, light brown, its coat thin, of 2 layers, without albumen;
cotyledons fleshy and oily, sinuose or corrugated, 2-lobed; radicle short, superior, filling
the apex of the nut. Of the six genera of the Walnut family two occur in North America.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.
Aments of staminate flowers simple; husk of the fruit indehiscent; nut scidptured; pith in
plates. 1. Juglans.
Aments of staminate flowers branched; husk of the fruit 4-valved; nut not sculptured;
pith solid. 2. Carya
JUGLANDACBiB 169
1. JUGLANS L. Walnut.
Trees, with furrowed scaly bark, durable dark-colored wood, stout branchlets, laminate
pith, terminal buds with 2 pairs of opposite more or less open scales often obscurely pinnate
at apex, those of the inner pair more or less leaf-like, and obtuse slightly flattened axillary
buds formed before midsummer and covered with 4 ovate rounded scales, closed or open
during winter. Leaves with numerous leaflets, and terete petioles leaving in falling large
conspicuous elevated obcordate 3-lobed leaf-scars displaying 3 equidistant U-shaped clus-
ters of dark fibro- vascular bundle-scars; leaflets conduplicate in the bud, ovate, acute or
acuminate, mostly unequal at base, with veins arcuate and united near the margins.
Aments of the staminate flowers many-flowered, elongated, solitary or in pairs from lower
axillary buds of upper nodes, appearing from between persistent bud-scales in the autumn
and remaining during the winter as short cones covered by the closely imbricated bracts of
the flowers; calyx 3-6-lobed, its bract free only at the apex; stamens 8-40, in 2 or several
ranks, their anthers surmounted by a conspicuous dilated truncate or lobed connective;
pistillate flowers in few-flowered spikes, their involucre villose, free only at the apex and
variously cut into a laciniate border shorter than the erect calyx-lobes; ovary rarely of 3
carpels; stigmas club-shaped, elongated, fimbriately plumose. Fruit ovoid, globose or
pyriform, round or obscurely 4-angled, with a fleshy indehiscent glabrate or hirsute husk;
nut ovoid or globose, more or less flattened, hard, thick-walled, longitudinally and irregu-
larly rugose, the valves alternate with the cotyledons, and more or less ribbed along the
dorsal sutures and in some species also on the marginal sutures. Seed more or less com-
pressed, gradually narrowed or broad and deeply lobed at base, with conspicuous dark
veins radiating from the apex and from the minute basal hilum.
Juglans is confined to temperate North America, the West Indies, South America from
Venezuela to Peru, western and northern China, Korea, Manchuria, Japan, and Formosa.
Eleven species are known. Of exotic species Juglans regia L., an inhabitant probably
originally of China, is cultivated in the middle Atlantic and southern states and largely
in California for its edible nuts, which are an important article of commerce. The wood
of several species is valued for the interior finish of houses and for furniture.
Juglans, from Jupiter and glands, is the classical name of the Walnut-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Fruit racemose; nut 4-ribbed at the sutures'with smaller intermediate ribs, 2-celled at the
base; heartwood light brown; leaflets 11-17, oblong-lanceolate. 1. J. cinerea (A, C).
Fruit usually solitary or in pairs; nut without sutural ribs, 4-celled at the base; heartwood
dark brown.
Nuts prominently and irregularly ridged with often interrupted ridges; leaflets 15-23,
ovate-lanceolate. 2. J. nigra (A, C)
Nuts more or less deeply longitudinally grooved.
Nuts up to lY in diameter; leaflets 9-13, rarely 19, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acumi-
nate, coarsely serrate. 3. J. major (F, H).
Nuts not more than f ' in diameter.
Leaflets 17-23, narrow-lanceolate, long-pointed. 4. J. rupestris (C) .
Leaflets 11-15 or rarely 19, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the lower often
rounded at the apex, 5. J. calif ornica (G).
Nuts obscurely or not at all grooved, up to 2' in diameter; leaflets 15-19, ovate-lanceolate
to lanceolate, long-pointed. 6. J. Hindsii (G).
1. Juglans cinerea L. Butternut.
Leaves 15'-30' long, with stout pubescent petioles, and 11-17 oblong-lanceolate acute
or acuminate leaflets 2'-3' long, l|'-2' wide, finely serrate except at the unequal rounded
170
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
base, glandular and sticky as they unfold, at maturity thin, yellow-green and rugose above;
pale and soft-pubescent below; turning yellow or brown and falling early in the autumn.
Flowers: staminate in thick aments 3'-5' long; calyx usually 6-lobed, light yellow-green,
puberulous on the outer surface, j' long, its bract rusty-pubescent, acute at apex;
stamens 8-12, with nearly sessile dark brown anthers and slightly lobed connectives;
pistillate in 6-8-flowered spikes, constricted above the middle, about Y long, its bract
and bractlets coated with sticky white or pink glandular hairs and rather shorter than
the linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes; stigmas bright red, |' long. Fruit in 3-5 fruited droop-
ing clusters, obscurely 2 or rarely 4-ridged, ovoid-oblong, coated with rusty clammy
matted hairs, lY~^¥ long with a thick husk; nut ovoid, abruptly contracted and acu-
minate at apex, with 4 prominent and 4 narrow less conspicuous ribs, light brown, deeply
sculptured between the ribs into thin broad irregular longitudinal plates, 2-celled at the
base and 1-celled above the middle; seed sweet, very oily, soon becoming rancid.
A tree, occasionally 100° high, with a tall straight trunk 2°-3° in diameter, and some-
times free of branches for half its height; more frequently divided 20° or 30" above the
ground into many stout limbs spreading horizontally and forming a ^ toad low symmetrical
Ffe. 163
found-topped head, and dark orange-brown or bright green rather lustrous branchleti
coated at first with rufous pubescence, covered more or less thickly with pale lenticels,
gradually becoming puberulous, brown tinged with red or orange in their second year and
marked by light gray leaf-scars with large black fibro- vascular bundle-scars and elevated
bands of pale tomentum separating them from the lowest axillary bud. Winter-buds:
terminal ^'-f long, Y wide^ flattened and obliquely truncate at apex, their outer scales
coated with short pale pubescence; axillary buds ovoid, flattened, rounded at apex, |' long,
covered with rusty brown or pale pubescence. Bark of young stems and of the branches
smooth and light gray, becoming on old trees f'-l' thick, light brown, deeply divided into
broad ridges separating on the surface into small appressed plate-like scales. Wood
light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, light brown, turning darker with exposure, with
thin light-colored sapwood composed of 5 or 6 layers of annual growth; largely employed
in the interior finish of houses, and for furniture. The inner bark possesses mild cathartic
properties. Sugar is made from the sap, and the green husks of the fruit are used to dye
cloth yellow or orange color.
Distribution. Rich moist soil near the banks of streams and on low rocky hills, southern
New Brunswick to the valley of the St. Lawrence River in Ontario, the northern penin-
sular of Michigan, southern Minnesota, eastern South Dakota, eastern Iowa, southeastern
Nebraska, and southward to central Kansas, northern Arkansas, Delaware, eastern
JUGLANDACE^ 171
Virginia, and on the Appalachian Mountains and their foothills to northern Georgia; in
northern Alabama, southern Illinois and western Tennessee; most abundant northward.
Occasionally cultivated.
X Juglans quadrangulata A. Rehd., a natural hybrid of J. cinerea and the so-called Eng-
lish Walnut (J. regia) is not uncommon in eastern Massachusetts, and a hybrid of J.
cinerea with the Japanese J. Sieboldiana Maxm. has appeared in the United States.
2. Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut.
Leaves l°-2° long, with pubescent petioles, and 15-23 ovate-lanceolate leaflets 3'-3|'
long, I'-lj' wide, long-pointed, sharply s' irate except at the more or less rounded often
unequal base, thin, bright yellow-green, lustrous and glabrous above, soft-pubescent
below, especially along the slender nvdrib and primary veins; turning bright clear
yellow in the autumn before falling. Flowers: staminate in stout puberulous aments
8'-5' long, calyx rotund, 6-lobed, with nearly orbicular lobes concave and pubescent on the
outer surface, its bract \' long, nearly triangular, coated with rusty brown or pale
tomentum; stamens 20-30, arranged in many series, with nearly sessile purple and trun-
cate connectives; pistillate in 2-5 flowered spikes, ovoid, gradually narrowed at the apex,
I' long, their bract and bractlets coated below with pale glandular hairs and green and
Fig. 164
puberulous above, sometimes irregularly cut into a laciniate border, or reduced to an
obsciu'e ring just below the apex of the ovary; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, light green, puber-
ulous on the outer, glabrous or pilose on the inner surface; stigmas yellow-green tinged
on the margins with red, |'-f ' long. Fruit solitary or in pairs, globose, oblong and pointed
at apex, or slightly pyriform, light yellow-green, roughened by clusters of short pale artic-
ulate hairs, l|'-2' in diameter, with a thick husk; nut oval or oblong, slightly flattened,
If'-ll' in diameter, dark brown tinged with red, deeply divided on the outer surface into
thin or thick often interrupted irregular ridges, 4-celled at base and slightly 2-celled at the
apex; seed sweet, soon becoming rancid.
A tree, frequently 100° and occasionally 150° high, with a straight trunk often clear of
branches for 50°-60° and 4°-6° in diameter, thick limbs spreading gradually and forming
a comparatively narrow shapely oimd-topi ed head of mostly upright rigid branches, and
stout branch lets covered at first with pale or rusty matted hairs, dull orange-brown and
pilose or puberulous during *■ 'r Ji'*''. ""'ter, marked by raised conspicuous orange-
colored lenticels and elevated > le reai-- a rs^ gradually growing darker and ultimately
light brown. Winter-buds: t', trjnal ovoid, slightly flattened, obliquely rounded at apex,
coated with pale silky tomen/ im, Y long, with usually 4 obscurely pinnate scales; axillar^^
172
TREES OP NORTH AMERICA
I' long, tomentose, their outer scales opening at the apex during the winter. Bark of
young stems and branches light brown and covered with thin scales, becoming on old trees
2'-3' thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and deeply divided into broad rounded
ridges broken on the surface into thick appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, .
rather coarse-grained, very durable, rich dark brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood
of 10-20 layers of annual growth; largely used in cabijjet-making, the interior finish of
houses, gun-stocks, air-planes, and in boat and shipbuilding. '
Distribution. Rich bottom-lands and fertile hillsides, western Massachusetts to south-
ern Ontario, southern Michigan, southeastern Minnesota, central and northern Nebraska,
central Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, and southward to western Florida, central Alabama and
Mississippi, Louisiana, and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas; most abundant in
the region west of the Alleghany Mountains, and of its largest size on the western slopes of
the high mountains of North Carolina and Tern ^ssee, and on the fertile river bottom-lands
of southern Illinois and Indiana, southwestern Arkansas, and Oklahoma; largely destroyed
for its valuable timber, and now rare.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern United States, and in west-
ern and central Europe. X Juglans intermedia Carr., a natural hybrid, of J. nigra with the
so-called English Walnut (J. regia) has appeared in the United States and Europe, and on
the banks of the James River in Virginia has grown to a larger size than any other re-
corded Walnut-tree. In California a hybrid, known as " Royal," between J. nigra and
J. Hindsii has been artificially produced.
3. Juglans major Hell. Nogal.
Juglans rwpestris var. major Torr.
Juglans rwpestris Sarg., in part, not Engelm.
Leaves 8'-12' long, with slender pubescent petioles and rachis, and 9-13 rarely 19 oblong-
lanceolate to ovate acuminate often slightly falcate coarsely serrate leaflets cuneate or
rounded at base, coated when they first appear with scurfy pubescence, soon becoming
Fig. 165
glabrous, or at maturity slightly pubescent on che Rdrib j^low, 3'-4', or those of the lower
pairs l^'-2' long, and I'-l^' wide, thin, yellow-green, with 3- thin conspicuous yellow midrib
and primary veins. Flowers: staminate in slender puberui'ous or pubescent aments 8'-10'
JUGLANDACRE
17S
iong; calyx nearly orbicular, long-stalked, pale yellow-green, 5 or 6-lobed, the lobes ovate,
acute, hoary pubescent on the outer surface, their bract acute, coated with thick pale
tomentum; stamens 30-40, with nearly sessile yellow anthers, and slightly divided con-
nectives; pistillate not seen. Fruit su'jglobose to slightly ovoid or oblong, abruptly con-
tracted at apex into a short point {J. elceopyren Dode), densely tomentose when half
grown, V-iy in diameter, with a thin husk covered with close rufous pubescence; nut dark
brown or black, slightly compressed, usually rather broader than high, or ovoid, rounded
or bluntly acute at apex, rounded and sometimes depressed at base, longitudinally grooved
with broad deep grooves, thick shelled; seed small and sweet,
A tree sometimes 50" high, with a straight trunk occasionally 3°-4° in diameter, or
divided at the ground into several large steins, stout branches forming a narrow head, and
slender branchlets thickly coated when they first appear with rufous pubescence, becoming
red-brown, pubescent or puberulous and marked by many small pale lenticels at the end
of their first season and ashy gray the following year.
Distribution. Near Fort Worth, Tarrant Country, Texas (E. /. Palmer); and banks of
strea^as in the canons of central and southern New Mexico and Arizona, and on Oak Creek
near Flagstaff, Arizona on the Colorado plateau (P. Lowell).
4. Juglans rupestris Engelm. Walnut.
Leaves 9'-12' long, with slender pubescent or puberulous petioles and rachis, and 13-23
narrow lanceolate long-pointed usually falcate finely serrate leaflets entire or nearly entire
on their incurved margins, cuneate or rounded at base, thin, light green, glabrous or pubes-
Fig. 166
cent on the midrib below, 2'-3' long and |'-|' wide. Flowers: staminate in slender
aments, 3'-4' long, pubescent when they first appear, becoming glabrous; calyx short-
stalked, nearly orbicular, light yellow-green, puberulous on the outer surface, 3-5-lobed
with rounded lobes, their bracts ovate-lanceolate, coated with hoary tomentum; stamens
about 20, with nearly sessile yellow anthers and slightly lobed connectives; pistillate flowers
oblong, narrowed at the ends, thickly coated with rufous pubescence; bract and bractlets
irregularly divided into a laciniate border rather shorter than the ovate acute calyx-lobes;
stigmas green tinged with red, Y long. Fruit globose or subglobose, tipped with the persis-
tent remnants of the calyx, pubescent or puberulous with rusty hairs, |'-f ' in diameter,
with a thin husk; nut subglobose to slightly ovoid, sometimes obscurely 4-ridged from the
apex nearly to the middle (J. subrupestris Dode), deeply grooved with longitudinal sim-
ple or forked grooves, 4-celled at base, 2-celled at apex, thick shelled; seed small and
sweet.
A shrubby round-headed tree occasionally 20°-30° high, with a short generally leaning
174
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
trunk 18'-30' in diameter, usually branching from near the ground, and slender branchlets
coated with pale scurfy pubescence often persistent for two or three years, orange-red and
marked by pale lenticels in their first winter and ultimately ashy gray; often a shrub with
clustered stems only a few feet high. Winter-buds : terminal, Y-¥ long, compressed, nar-
rowed and often oblique at apex, covered with pale toiaentum; axillary j long, compressed,
coated with pale pubescence. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rich dark brown with thick
white sapwood. The beauty of the veneers obtained from the stumps of the large trees is
fast causing their destruction.
Distribution. Limestone banks of the streams of southern, central and western Texas
from the Rio Grande to the mountains in the western part of the state; western Oklahoma
(Kiowa, Greer, Beckham, Rogel, Mills and Ellis Counties); southeastern New Mexico.
Occasionally cultivated in the eastern United States and in Europe, and hardy as far
north as eastern Massachusetts; interesting as producing the smallest nuts of any of the
known Walnut-trees.
5. Juglans califomica S. Wats.
Leaves 6'-9' long, with glandular pubescent petioles and rachis, and 11-15, rarely 19,
oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate glabrous finely serrate leaflets cuneate or rounded
at base, l'-2|' long and ^-f wide, the lower often rounded at apex. Flowers: staminate
in slender glabrous or puberulous aments 2'-3' long; calyx puberulous on the outer surface
with acute or rarely rounded lobes, its bract, puberulous; stamens 30-40, with yellow
anthers and short connectives bifid at apex; the pistillate subglobose, puberulous; stigmas
Fig. 167
yellow, I' long. Fruit globose, |'-f ' in diameter, with a thin dark-colored puberulous husk;
nut nearly globose, deeply grooved with longitudinal grooves, thick shelled, 4-celled at base,
imperfectly 2-celled at apex; seed small and sweet.
A shrubby round-headed tree or shrub generally 12°-20°, rarely 40°-50° high, usually
branching from the ground or with a short trunk 1° or rarely 2°-3° in diameter, and slender
branchlets coated with scurfy rufous pubescence when they first appear, glabrous, reddish
brown and marked by pale lenticels at the end of their first season and gray the following
year. Winter-buds coated with rufous tomentum.
Distribution. Banks of streams and bottom-lands in the southern California coast
region from Santa Barbara and the Ojai valley to San Fernando and the Sierra Santa
Monica, and along the foothills of the Sierra Madre to the San Bernardino Mountains and
southward to the Sierra Santa Anna.
^
JUGLANDACEiE
175
A curious seminal variety (var. quercina Babcock) with compound leaves composed of
3 oval leaflets, the terminal long-stalked and 2 or 3 times larger than the lateral leaflets,
is occasionally cultivated in California.
<$. Juglans Hindsii Rehd.
Juglans californica S. Wats., in part.
Juglans calif<yrnica var. Hindsii Jep.
Leaves 9'-12' long, with slender villose pubescent petioles and rachis, and 15-19, usually
19, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate long-pointed often slightly falcate leaflets, serrate with
remote teeth except toward the usually rounded cuneate or rarely cordate base, thin,
puberulous above while young, becoming bright green, lustrous and glabrous on the upper
Fig. 168
surface, below furnished with conspicuous tufts of pale hairs, and villose-pubescent along
the midrib and primary veins, 2|'-4' long and f '-1' wide. Flowers : staminate in slender
glabrous or sparingly villose aments 3'-5' long; calyx elongated, coated like its bract with
scurfy pubescence, divided into 5 or 6 acute lobes; stamens 30-40, with short connectives
bifid at apex; ovary of the pistillate flower oblong-ovoid, thickly covered with villose pubes-
cence, I' long, the border of the thin bract and bractlets much shorter than the calyx-lobes;
stigma yellow. Fruit globose, l|'-2' in diameter, with a thin dark-colored husk covered
with short soft pubescence; nut nearly globose, somewhat flattened at the ends, faintly
grooved with remote longitudinal depressions, thick shelled; seed small and sweet.
A tree usually 30°-40°, occasionally 75° high, with a tall trunk l°-2° in diameter, stout
pendulous branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and comparatively slender
branchlets thickly coated when they first appear with villose pubescence, reddish brown and
puberulous, and marked by pale lenticels and small elevated obscurely 3-lobed leaf scars
during their first winter, becoming darker and nearly glabrous in their second year. Win-
ter-buds coated with hoary tomentum; terminal acute, compressed, more or less enlarged
at apex, l'-^' long; axillary usually solitary, nearly globose, about -^q' in diameter. Bark
gray-brown, smoothish, longitudinally fissured into narrow plates. Wood heavy, hard,
rather coarse-grained, dark brown often mottled, with thick pale sapwood of from 8 to
10 layers of annual growth. •
176 TREES OF NORTH AMETtlCA
Distribution. Coast region of central California; banks of the lower Sacramento River;
along streams near the western base of Mt. Diablo, and on eastern slope of the Napa
Range near Atlas Peak east of Napa Valley; near Loyalton in the Sierra Valley.
Often cultivated in California as a shade tree and as stock on which to graft varieties
of Juglans regia L., and rarely in the eastern states and in Em-ope. In California, a hybrid
known as " Paradox " between J. Hindsii and J. regia has been artificially produced.
2. CARYA NUTT. Hickory.
Hicoria Rafn.
Trees, with smooth gray bark becoming on old trunks rough or scaly, strong hard tough
brown heartwood, pale sapwood and tough terete flexible branchlets, solid pith, buds covered
with few valvate or with numerous imbricated scales, the axillary buds much smaller than
the terminal. Leaves often glamlular-dotted, their petioles sometimes persistent on the
branches during the winter, and in falling leaving large elevated oblong or semiorbicular
more or less 3-lobed emarginate leaf-scars displaying small marginal clusters and central
radiating lines of dark fibro-vascular bundle-scars; leaflets involute in the bud, ovate or
obovate, usually acuminate, thick and firm, serrate, mostly unequal at base, with veins
forked and running to the margins; turning clear bright yellow in the autumn. Aments of
the staminate flowers ternate, slender, solitary or fascicled in the axils of leaves of the
previous or rarely of the current year, or at the base of branches of the year from the
inner scales of the terminal bud, the lateral branches in the axils of lanceolate acute per-
sistent bracts; calyx usually 2 rarely 3-lobed, its bract free nearly to the base and usually
much longer than the ovate rounded or acuminate calyx-lobes; stamens 3-10, in 2 or 3
series, their anthers ovate-oblong, emarginate or divided at apex, yellow or red, pilose or
hirsute, as long or longer than their slender connectives; pistillate flowers sessile, in 2-10-
flowered spikes, with a perianth-like involucre, slightly 4-ridged, unequally 4-lobed at apex,
villose and covered on the outer surface with yellow scales more or less persistent on the
fruit, the bract much longer than the bractlets and the single calyx-lobe; stigmas short,
papillose-stigmatic. Fruit ovoid, globose or pyrif orm, with a thin or thick husk becoming hard
and woody at maturity, 4-valved, the sutures alternate with those of the nut, sometimes
more or less broadly winged, splitting to the base or to the middle; nut oblong, obovoid
or subglobose, acute, acuminate, or rounded at apex, tipped by the hardened remnants of
the style, narrowed and usually rounded at base, cylindric, or compressed contrary to the
valves, the shell thin and brittle or thick, hard, and bony, smooth or variously rugose or
ridged on the outer surface, 4-celled at base, 2-celled at apex. Seed compressed, variously
grooved on the back of the flat or concave lobes, sweet or bitter.
Carya is confined to the temperate region of eastern North America from the valley
of the St. Lawrence River to the highlands of Mexico, and to southern China where one
species occurs. Of the seventeen species, fifteen inhabit the territory of the United States.
The generic name is from Kapva an ancient name of the Walnut.
CONSPECTUS OF THE SPECffiS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Bud-scales valvate, the inner straj>-shaped and only occasionally slightly accrescent; fruit
more or less broadly winged at the sutures; the thin partitions of the nut containing
cavities filled with dark astringent powder (absent in 3 and 5).
Shell of the nut thin and brittle; leaflets more or less falcate.
Aments of staminate flowers nearly sessile, usually on branches of the previous year:
lobes of the seed entire or slightly notched at apex.
Leaflets 9-17; nut ovoid-oblong, cylindric; seed sweet. 1. C. pecan (A, C).
Leaflets 7-13; nut oblong, compressed; seed bitter. 2. C. texana (C).
Aments of staminate flowers pedunculate, on branches of the year or of the previous
year; lobes of the bitter seed deeply 2-lobed.
JUGLAM>ACii.i±i 177
Leaflets 7-9; nut cylindric or slightly compressed. 3. C. cordifonnis (A, C).
Leaflets 7-13; nut compressed, usually conspicuously wrinkled. 4. C. aquatica (C).
Shell of the ellipsoidal cylindric nut thick and hard; lobes of the sweet seed deeply 2-lobed;
leaflets 7-9, occasionally 5, rarely slightly falcate; aments of staminate flowers long-
pedunculate at the base of branches of the year. 5. C. mj/risticseformis (C).
Bud-scales imbricated, the inner becoming much enlarged and often highly colored; aments
of staminate flowers on peduncles from the base of branches of the year, rarely from the
axils of leaves; fruit usually without wings; partitions of the nut thick without cavities
filled with astringent powder; seed sweet, its lobes deeply 2-lobed.
Branchlets usually stout (slender in 7); involucre j'-|' in thickness, opening freely
to the base.
Bark on old trunks separating into long, broad, loosely attached plates; nuts pale.
Branchlets light red-brown; shell of the nut thin.
Leaflets 5 or rarely 7, obovate to ovate, acute or acuminate; nut much compressed,
often long-pointed at apex ; branchlets glabrous or pubescent. 6. C. ovata (A, C) .
Leaflets 5, lanceolate, acuminate; nut little compressed, acute at apex; branchlets
slender, glabrous. 7. C. carolinae-septentrionalis (C).
Branchlets pale orange color, pubescent; leaflets usually 7-9; shell of the nut thick.
8. C. laciniosa (A, C).
Bark not scaly, on old trunks dark, deeply ridged; leaflets 7-9, often subcoriaceous,
pubescent below; nut reddish brown, often long-pointed, thick shelled; branchlets
pubescent. 9. C. alba (A, C).
Branchlets slender; leaves 5-7-foliolate; involucre of the fruit tardily dehiscent to the
middle, indehiscent or opening freely to the base; shell of the nut thick, bark close,
(sometimes scaly in 13).
Branchlets and leaves not covered when they first appear with rusty brown pubescence.
Involucre of the fruit 3-5.5 mm. in thickness, opening freely to the base, leaves
usually 7-foliolate; winter-buds pubescent.
Leaflets hoary tomentose below in early spring, slightly pubescent at maturity;
petioles and rachis glabrous; fruit broad-obovoid; branchlets glabrous.
10. C. leiodermis (C).
Leaflets covered in early spring with silvery scales, pale and pubescent below
during the season; petioles and rachis more or less thickly covered with fasci-
cled hairs; fruit ellipsoidal to obovoid or globose; branchlets glabfous or
slightly pubescent. 11. C. pallida (A, C).
Involucre of the fruit 1-3 mm. in thickness; winter-buds glabrous or puberulous.
Leaves 5, rarely 7-foliolate, glabrous or rarely slightly pubescent; fruit obovoid,
often narrowed below into a stipitate base, the involucre indehiscent or tardily
dehiscent. 12. C. glabra (A, C).
Leaves generally 7-foliolate, glabrous or rarely pubescent; fruit ellipsoidal, sub-
globose or obovoid, the involucre opening freely to the base; bark often more
or less scaly. 13. C. ovalis (A, C).
Branchlets and leaves densely covered when they first appear with rusty brown pubes-
cence; leaflets usually 5-7; winter-buds rusty pubescent.
Fruit obovoid; the involucre 2-3 mm. in thickness; peduncles of the aments of
staminate flowers often from the axils of leaves; branchlets soon becoming
glabrous. 14. C. floridana (C).
Fruit subglobose to broadly obovoid, ellipsoidal or pyriform, the involucre on the
different varieties 2-13 mm. in thickness; branchlets pubescent through their
first season. 15. C. Buckleyi (A, C).
1. Carya pecan Engl. & Graebn. Pecan.
Leaves 12'-20' long, with slender glabrous or pubescent petioles, and 9-17 lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate more or less falcate long-pointed coarsely often doubly serrate leaflets
178
TREES OF NORTH AMI^AICA
rounded or cuneate at the unequal base, sessile, except the terminal leaflet, or short-stalked,
dark yellow-green and glabrous or pilose above, and pale and glabrous or pubescent below,
4'-8' long, l'-3' wide, with a narrow yellow midrib and conspicuous veins. Flowers:
staminate in slender puberulous clustered aments 3'-5' long, from buds formed in the axils
of leaves of the previous year or occasionally on shoots of the year, sessile or short-stalked,
light yellow-green and hirsute on the outer surface, with broadly ovate acute lobes rather
shorter than the oblong or obovate bract; stamens 5' or 6'; anthers yellow, slightly villose;
pistillate in few or many flowered spikes, oblong, narrowed at the ends, slightly 4-angled
and coated with yellow scurfy pubescence. Fruit in clusters of 3-11, pointed at apex,
bounded at the narrowed base, 4-winged and angled, l'-2^' long, ^'-1' broad, dark brown
and more or less thickly covered with yellow scales, with a thin, brittle husk splitting at
maturity nearly to the base and often persistent on the branch during the winter after the
discharge of the nut; nut ovoid to ellipsoidal, nearly cylindric or slightly 4-angled toward
the pointed apex, rounded and usually apiculate at base, bright reddish brown, with irreg-
Fig. 169
ular black markings with a thin shell and papery partitions; seed s^eet, red-brown, its
nearly flat lobes grooved from near the base to the apex by 2 deep longitudinal grooves.
A tree, 100^-180° high, with a tall massive trunk occasionally 6° or 7° in diameter above
its enlarged and buttressed base, stout slightly spreading branches forming in the forest
a narrow symmetrical and inversely pyramidal head, or with abundant room a broad
round-topped crown, and branchlets at first slightly tinged with red and coated with loose
pale tomentum, becoming glabrous or puberulous in their first winter, and marked by
numerous oblong orange-colored lenticels and by large oblong concave leaf-scars with
a broad thin membranaceous border surrounding the lower axillary bud. Winter-
buds acute, compressed, covered with clusters of bright yellow articulate hairs and pale
tomentum; terminal Y long; axillary ovoid, often stalked, especially the large upper
bud. Bark I'-l^' thick, light brown tinged with red, and deeply and irregularly divided
into narrow forked ridges broken on the surface into thick appressed scales. Wood heavy,
hard, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thin light brown
sapwood; less valuable than that of most Hickories, and used chiefly for fuel, and occa-
sionally in the manufacture of wagons and agricultural implements. The nuts, which
vary in size and shape and in the thickness of their shells and in the quality of the kernels,
are an important article of commerce.
Distribution. Low rich ground in the neighborhood of streams; in the valley of the Mis-
sissippi River, Iowa (Clinton and Muscatine Counties), southern Illinois, southwestern
JUGLANDACE^
179
(ndiana (Sullivan and Spencer Counties), western Kentucky and Tennessee, western Mis-
sissippi and Louisiana, extreme western and southwestern Missouri (Jackson County south-
ward, common only on the Marais de Cygne River), eastern Kansas to Kickapoo Island
in the Missouri River near Fort Leavenworth, Oklahoma to the valley of the Salt Fork
of the Arkansas River (near Alva, Woods County) and to creek valleys near Cache, Co-
manche County (G. W. Stevens), through Arkansas; and in Texas to the valley of the Devil's
River and to that of Warder's Creek, Hardiman County; reappearing on the mountains of
Mexico; most abundant and of its largest size in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.
Largely cultivated in the Southern States, in many selected varieties, for its valuable
nuts.
2. Carya tezana Schn. Bitter Pecan.
Leaves 10'-12' long, with slender petioles, and 7-13 lanceolate acuminate finely serrate
leaflets, hoary-tomentose when they unfold, and more or less villose in the autumn, thin
and firm, dark yellow-green and nearly glabrous above, pale yellow-green and puberulous
below, 3'-5' long, about 1^' wide, the terminal leaflet gradually narrowed to the acute base
and short-stalked, the lateral often falcate, unsymmetrical at the base, subsessile or short-
Fig. 170
stalked. Flowers: staminate in villose aments 2'-3' long, light yellow-green and villose
on the outer surface, with oblong-ovate roimded lobes; pistillate in few fruited spikes,
oblong, slightly 4-angled, villose. Fruit oblong or oblong-obovoid, apiculate at apex,
slightly 4-winged at base, dark brown, more or less covered with yellow scales, l^'-2' long,
with a thin husk; nut oblong-ovoid or oblong-obovoid, compressed, acute at the ends,
short-pointed at apex, apiculate at base, obscurely 4-angled, bright red-brown, rough and
pitted, with a thin brittle shell, thin papery walls, and a low basal ventral partition; seed
very bitter, bright red-brown, flattened, its lobes rounded and slightly divided at apex,
longitudinally grooved and deeply penetrated on the outer face by the prominent reticu-
lated folds of the inner surface of the shell of the nut.
A tree, sometimes 100° high on the bottoms of the Brazos River, with a tall straight
trunk 3° in diameter, and ascending branches, or on the borders of prairies in low wet
woods usually 15°-25° tall, with a short trunk 8'-10' in diameter, small spreading branches
forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender branchlets coated at first with thick
hoary tomentum sometimes persistent until the autumn, bright red-brown and marked by
occasional large pale lenticels during th|ir first winter and by the large concave obcordate
leaf-scars nearly surrounding the lowest axillary bud, becoming darker in their second
season and dark or light gray-brown in their third year. Winter-buds covered with light
180
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
yellow articulate hairs; the terminal oblong, acute, or acuminate, somewhat compressed,
about I' long, and rather longer than the upper lateral bud. Bark ^'-f ' thick, light reddish
brown, and roughened by closely appressed variously shaped plate-like scales. Wood
close-grained, tough and strong, light red-brown, with pale brown sapwood.
Distribution. Bottom-lands and low wet woodr^; valley of the lower Brazos River,
Texas; near Lake Charles, Calcasieu Parish, and Laurel Hill, West Feliciana Parish, Lou-
isiana; near Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi; valley of the Arkansas River (Arkansas
Post, Arkansas County, and Van Buren, Crawford County), Arkansas.
3. Carya cordifonnis K. Koch. Pignut. Bittemut.
Leaves 6'-10' long, with slender pubescent or hirsute petioles, and 7-9 lanceolate to
ovate-lanceolate or obovate long-pointed sessile leaflets coarsely serrate except at the
equally or unequally cuneate or subcordate base, thin and firm, dark yellow-green and gla-
brous above, lighter and pubescent below, especially along the midrib, 4'-6' long, |'-1|'
wide, or occasionally 2'-4' wide (var. latijolia Sarg.). Flowers: staminate in slightly
Fig. 171
pubescent aments, 3'-4' long, coated with rufous hairs like its ovate acute bract; stamens
4, with yellow anthers deeply emarginate and villose at apex; pistillate in 1 or 2-flowered
spikes, sUghtly 4-angled, covered with yellow scurfy tomentum. Fruit cylindric or slightly
compressed, f '-I2' long, obovoid to subglobose, or oblong and acute at apex (var. elongata
Ashe), 4-winged from the apex to about the middle, with a thin puberulous husk, more or
less thickly coated with small yellow scales; nut ovoid or oblong, often broader than long,
compressed and marked at base with dark lines along the sutures and alternate with them,
depressed or obcordate, and abruptly contracted into a long or short point at apex, gray
tinged with red or light reddish brown, with a thin brittle shell; seed bright reddish brown,
very bitter, much compressed, deeply rugose, with irregular cross-folds.
A tree, often 100° high, with a tall straight trunk 9t°-3° in diameter, stout spreading
branches forming a broad handsome head, and slender branchlets marked by oblong
pale lenticels, bright green and covered more or less thickly with rusty hairs when they first
appear, reddish brown and glabrous or puberulous during their first summer, reddish
brown and lustrous during the winter and ultimately light gray, with small elevated ob-
scurely 3-lobed obcordate leaf-scars. Winter-buds compressed, scurfy pubescent, bright
yellow; terminal j-l' long, oblique at apex, witl\ 2 pairs of scales; lateral 2-angled, often
stalked, |'-^' long, with ovate pointed slightly accrescent scales keeled on the back.
Bark Y-l' thick, light brown tinged with red, and broken into thin plate-like scales sepa-
JUGLANDACEiE
181
rating on the surface into small thin flakes. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, close-
grained, dark brown, with thick light brown or often nearly white sap wood; largely used
for hoops and ox-yokes, and for fuel.
Distribution. Low wet woods near the borders of streams and swamps or on high rolling
uplands often remote from streams, southern Maine to Quebec and Ontario, the northern
shores of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, northern Minnesota, southeastern Nebraska,
eastern Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, and southward to northwestern Florida, Dallas County,
Alabama, West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, and eastern Texas; generally distributed, but
not very abundant in all the central states east and west of the Appalachian Mountains;
ranging farther north than the other species, and growing to its largest size on the bottom-
lands of the lower Ohio basin; the common Hickory of Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas. Very
common in West Feliciana Parish, and up to 170 feet in height (R. S. Cocks).
A natural hybrid, X C. Brownii Sarg. of C. cordiformis with C. pecan, with characters
intermediate between those of its supposed parents, occurs on bottom-land of the Arkansas
River near Van Buren, Crawford County, Arkansas; Missouri (Richards, Vernon County)
and Kansas (Arkansas City, Cowley County). Probably of the same parentage is the so-
called Galloway Nut found in Hamilton County, Ohio. Another hybrid, X C. Brownii
var. varians Sarg., probably of the same parentage also, occurs near Van Buren, Arkansas,
and near Natchez, Mississippi, X C. Laneyi Sarg., a natural hybrid evidently of C. cordi-
formis with C. ovata, has been found in Rochester, New York, and trees considered varieties
of the same hybrid, var. chateaugayensis Sarg., occur near the mouth of the Chateaugay
River, Province of Quebec, and at Summertown, Ontario.
4. Carya aquatica Nutt. Water Hickory.
Leaves 9'-15' long, with slender dark red puberulous or tomentose petioles, and 7-13
ovate-lanceolate long-pointed falcate leaflets symmetrical and rounded or cuneate and un-
symmetrical and oblique at base, finely or coarsely serrate, sessile or stalked, 3'-5' long.
k
Fig. 172
|'-1|' wide, covered with yellow glandular dots, thin, dark green above, brown and lus-
trous or tomentose on the lower surface, especially on the slender midrib and primary
veins, the terminal leaflet more or less decurrent by its wedge-shaped base on a slender
stalk or rarely nearly sessile. Flowers: staminate in solitary or fascicled hirsute aments
2^'-3' long, covered like their bract with yellow glandular pubescence; stamens 6, with
yellow puberulous antlers; pistillate in several flowered spikes, oblong, slightly flat-
182
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
tened, 4-angIed, glandular-pubescent. Fruit often in 3 or 4-fruited clusters, much com-
pressed, usually broadest above the middle, rounded at the slightly narrowed base, rounded
or abruptly narrowed at apex, conspicuously 4-winged, dark brown or nearly black, covered
more or less thickly with bright yellow scales, 1|' long, I'-l^' wide, with a thin brittle
husk splitting tardily and usually only to the middle; nut flattened, slightly obovoid,
nearly as broad as long, rounded and abruptly short-pointed at apex, rounded at the nar-
row base, 4-angled and ridged, dark reddish brown, and longitudinally and very irregularly
wrinkled, with a thin shell; seed oblong, compressed, dark brown, irregularly and usually
longitudinally furrowed, very bitter.
A tree, occasionally 80°-100° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 2° in diameter, slender
upright branches forming a narrow head, and slender dark reddish brown or ashy gray
lustrous branchlets marked by numerous pale lenticels, at first slightly glandular and
coated with loose pale tomentum, glabrous or puberulous during the summer, and marked
during the winter by small nearly oval or obscurely 3-lobed slightly elevated leaf-scars,
growing dark red-brown and ultimately gray. Winter-buds slightly flattened, acute,
dark reddish brown, covered with caducous yellow scales; terminal i'-|' long, often
villose; axillary much smaller, frequently nearly sessile, often solitary. Bark ^'-f thick,
separating freely into long loose plate-like light brown scales tinged with red. Wood heavy,
strong, close-grained, rather brittle, dark brown, with thick light-colored or often nearly
white sap wood; occasionally used for fencing and fuel.
Distribution. River swamps often inundated during a considerable part of the year from
southeastern Virginia southward through the coast regions to the shores of Indian River
and the valley of the Suwanee River, Florida, through the maritime portions of the Gulf
states to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, and northward through western Louisiana
to southeastern Missouri, and to northeastern Louisiana, western Mississippi, and southern
Illinois; passing into the var. australis Sarg. with narrower leaflets, smaller ellipsoidal fruit,
pale red-brown nuts without longitudinal wrinkles, and with close not scaly bark of the
trunk. A large tree in dry sandy soil; high banks of the St. John's River, near San Mateo,
Putnam County, near Jupiter, Palm Beach County, banks of the Caloosahatchee River at
Alva and La Belle, Lee County, and Old Town, Dixie Cyunty, Florida; near Marshall, Har-
rison County, Texas.
5. Carya myristicaeformis Nutt. Nutmeg Hickory.
Leaves 7'-14' long, with slender terete scurfy-pubescent petioles, and 7-9, occasionally
5, ovate-lanceolate to broadly obovate acute leaflets usually equally or sometimes un«
equally cimeate or rounded at the narrow base, coarsely serrate, short-stalked or nearly
Fig. 173
JUGLANDACEiE
183
sessile, thin and firm, dark green above, more or less pubescent or nearly glabrous and sil-
very white and very lustrous below, 4-5' long, I'-l^' wide, with a pale scurfy pubescent
midrib; changing late in the season to bright golden-bronze color and then very conspicu-
ous. Flowers: staminate in aments 3'-4' long and coated like the ovate-oblong acute
bract and calyx of the flower with dark brown scurfy pubescence; stamens 6, with yellow
anthers; pistillate oblong, narrowed at the ends, slightly 4-angled, covered with thick
brown scurfy pubescence. Fruit usually solitary, ellipsoidal or slightly obovoid, 4-ridged
to the base, with broad thick ridges, 1|' long, coated with yellow-brown scurfy pubescence,
the husk not more than -j^' thick, splitting nearly to the base; nut ellipsoidal or some-
times slightly obovoid, 1' long, f broad, rounded and apiculate at the ends, smooth, dark
reddish brown, and marked by longitudinal broken bands of small gray spots covering
the entire surface at the ends with a thick hard and bony shell, a thick partition, and a
low thin dorsal division; seed sweet, smaU, dark brown; the lobes deeply 2-lobed at apex.
A tree, 80°-100° high, with a tall straight trunk often 2° in diameter, stout slightly
spreading branches forming a comparatively narrow rather open head, and slender branch-
lets coated with lustrous golden or brown scales often persistent until the second year,
light brown or ashy gray during their first winter, ultimately dark reddish brown, and
marked by small scattered pale lenticels and small oval emarginate elevated leaf-scars.
Winter-buds covered with thick brown scurvy pubescence; terminal |'-|' long, ovoid,
rather obtuse: axillary much smaller, acute, slightly flattened, sessile or short-stalked,
often solitary. Bark |'-|' thick, dark brown tinged with red, and broken irregularly into
small thin appressed scales. Wood hard, very strong, tough, close-grained, light brown,
with thick lighter colored sapwood of 80-90 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Banks of rivers and swamps in rich moist soil or rarely on higher ground;
eastern South Carolina, central Alabama, eastern, and northwestern (bluffs of the Yazoo
River at Yazoo City) Mississippi, southern and central Arkansas northward to Faulkner
County, western Louisiana, southeastern Oklahoma to Clear Boggy Creek, western Choc-
taw County, and in Beaumont County, Texas; on the mountains of northeastern Mexico;
rare and local; abundant only near Selma, Alabama, and in southern Arkansas.
J8. Carya ovata K. Koch. Shellbark Hickory. Shagbark Hickory.
Leaves 8'-14' long, with stout glabrous or pubescent petioles, and 5 or rarely 7 ovate
to ovate-lanceolate or obovate leaflets, acuminate or rarely rounded at apex, more or less
Fig. 174
thickly ciliate on the margins, finely serrate except toward the usually cuneate base, dark
yellow-green and glabrous above, paler, glabrous and lustrous or puberulous below, the
terminal leaflet decurrent on a slender stalk, 5'-7' long, 2'-3' wide, rather larger than the
l84 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
sessile or short-stalked upper leaflets, and two or three times as large as those of the lowest
pair. Flowers: staminate opening after the leaves have grown nearly to their full size, in
slender light green glandular-hirsute aments 4'-5' long, glandular-hirsute, their elongated
ovate-lanceolate acute bract two or three times as long as the ovate concave rounded or
acute calyx-lobes; stamens 4, with yellow or red anthers hirsute above the middle; pistillate
in 2-5-flowered spikes, ^ long, clothed with rusty tomentum. Fruit solitary or in pairs,
subglobose, rather longer than broad or slightly obovoid, depressed at apex, dark reddish
brown or nearly black at maturity, roughened by small pale lenticels, glabrous or pilose,
I'-^Y long, the husk, I'-Y thick, splitting freely to the base; nut oblong, nearly twice as
long as broad, or obovoid and broader than long, compressed, prominently or obscurely
4-ridged and angled, acute and gradually or abruptly narrowed or rounded or nearly
truncate at apex, gradually narrowed and rounded at base, pale or nearly white, with a
usually thin shell; seed light brown, lustrous, sweet, with an aromatic flavor.
A tree, 70°-90° and occasionally 120** high, with a tall straight trunk 3°-4° in diameter,,
in the forest often free of branches for 50°-Q0° above the ground and then divided into a
few small limbs forming a narrow head, or with more space sometimes dividing near the
ground or at half the height of the tree into stout slightly spreading limbs, forming a
narrow inversely conic round-topped head of more or less pendulous branches, and stout
branchlets marked with oblong pale lenticels, covered at first with caducous brown scurf
and coated with pale glandular pubescence, soon bright reddish brown, and lustrous, gla-
brous or pubescent, growing dark gray in their second year and ultimately light gray, and
marked by pale and slightly elevated ovate semiorbicular or obscurely 3-lobed leaf-scars.
Winter-buds: terminal broadly ovoid, rather obtuse, ^'-f long, y-|' broad, the 3 or 4
outer scales nearly triangular, acute, dark brown, pubescent and hirsute on the outer
surface, the exterior scales often abruptly narrowed into long rigid points and deciduous
before the unfolding of the leaves, the inner scales lustrous, covered with resinous glands,
yellow-green often tinged with red, oblong-obovate, pointed, becoming 2|'-3' long and
Y broad, usually 'persistent until after the fall of the staminate aments; axillary buds
coated at first with thick white tomentum, becoming Y~¥ long when fully grown. Bark
light gray, f '-1' thick, separating in thick plates often a foot or more long and 6'-8' wide,
and more or less closely attached to the trunk by the middle, giving it the shaggy appear-
ance to which this tree owes its common name. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, tough,
close-grained, flexible, light brown, with thin nearly white sap wood; largely used in the
manufacture of agricultural implements, carriages, wagons, and for axe-handles, baskets,
and fuel. The nut is the common Hickory nut of commerce.
Distribution. Low hills and the neighborhood of streams and swamps in rich deep
moderately moist soil; southern Maine to the valley of the St. Lawrence River near Mon-
treal, along the northern shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario to central Michigan, central
Wisconsin, southeastern Minnesota, eastern Iowa and southeastern Nebraska, and south-
ward to western Florida, northern Alabama and Mississippi, and to eastern Kansas, eastern
Oklahoma, and eastern Texas; ranging further north than other Hickories with the excep-
tion of C cordiformis ; and in the Carolinas ascending to 3000° above the sea in valleys on
the western slope of the Blue Ridge. Variable in the size and shape of the nut and in the
character and amount of pubescence on the leaves and branchlets. These varieties are
distinguished: var. Nuttallii Sarg., with nuts rounded, obcordate or rarely pointed at
apex, rounded or abruptly pointed at base, much compressed, and only about f long and
f'-|' broad; not rare and widely distributed northward. Var. complanata Sarg., with
oblong-obovoid fruit and broadly obovoid much compressed slightly angled nuts cuneate
at base and rounded, truncate or slightly obcordate at apex; a single tree on the Drushel
Farm near Mt. Hope, Holmes County, Ohio. Var. ellipsoidalis Sarg., with ellipsoidal
much compressed nuts abruptly long-pointed at apex, and slender reddish branchlets;
near Hannibal, Marion County, and Oakwood, Rolles County, northeastern Missouri,
and Indian River, Lewis County, and near Rochester, Monroe County, Ne;jv York. Var.
pubescens Sarg., differing in the dense pubescence of pale fascicled hairs on the young
branchlets, and on the petioles, rachis and under surface of the leaflets; bottoms of the
JUGLANDACILE
185
Savannah River, Calhoun Falls, Abbeville County, South Carolina, bottoms of Little
River, Walker County, Georgia, Chattanooga Creek, Hamilton County, Tennessee..
Valley Head, DeKalb County, Alabama, and Columbus, Lowndes County, Starkville,
Oktibbeha County, and Brookville, Noxubee County, Mississippi. More distinct is
Carya ovata var. fraxinifolia Sarg. ^
Leaves 7'-9' long, with slender glabrous or puberulous petioles and 5 lanceolate to
slightly oblanceolate acuminate finely serrate leaflets glabrous except on the under side of
the midrib, the terminal leaflet 4'-7' long and 1|'-1' wide, the lateral sessile, unsymmetri-
Fig. 175
cal at base, those of the upper pair often larger than the terminal leaflet, those of the lower
pair 2'-2|' long and l'-l|' wide. Flowers as in the species. Fruit obovoid, usually
rounded at apex, compressed, about 1|' long, the husk splitting freely to the base, ^'-^'
in thickness; nut much compressed, rounded at the ends, prominently angled.
A large tree with bark separating in long loose plates, and slender reddish glabrous or
puberulous branchlets.
Distribution. Near Rochester, Monroe County, New York; common; near Kingston,
Ontario, and westward through Ohio and Indiana; at Keosauqua, Van Buren County,
Iowa, and near Myers, Osage County, Oklahoma.
7. Carya carolinae-septentrionalis Engl. & Graebn. Shagbark Hickory.
Leaves 4'-8' long, with slender glabrous petioles, and usually 5 but occasionally 3 lanceo-
late long-pointed leaflets gradually narrowed at the acuminate symmetrical or unsymmetri-
cal base, coarsely serrate, ciliate with long white hairs as the leaves unfold, thin, dark green
above, pale yellow-green and lustrous below, the upper leaflets 3'-4' long, I'-l^' wide, and
about twice as large as those of the lower pair, turning dull brown or yellow-brown some
time before falling. Flowers: staminate in slightly villose aments, glandular-hirsute on
the outer surface, with linear elongated acuminate villose bracts; stamens 4; anthers
puberulous; pistillate usually in 2-flowered spikes, oblong and covered with clustered golden
hairs, their bract linear and ciliate on the margins. Fruit broader than high, or short-
oblong, slightly depressed at apex, f'-l|' wide, dark red-brown, roughened by small pale
lenticels, the husk |'-f ' thick, splitting freely almost to the base; nut ovoid, compressed,
prominently 4-angled, acute at ends, nearly white or pale brown, with a thin shell; seed
light brown, sweet.
A tree, on moist bottom-lands sometimes 80° tall, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, and
L
186
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
short small branches forming a narrow oblong head, or on dry hillsides usually not more
than 20°-30° tall, with a trunk generally not exceeding a foot in diameter, and slender
red-brown branchlets marked by numerous small pale lenticels and by the small low
truncate or slightly obcordate leaf-scars, becoming ultimately dull gray-brown. Winter*
buds: terminal ovoid, gradually narrowed to the obtuse apex, about |' long, with glabrous
bright red-brown and lustrous acute and apiculate strongly keeled spreading outer scales,
the inner scales becoming when fully grown bright yellow, long-pointed, and sometimes 2*
Fig. 176
long; axillary buds oblong, obtuse, not more than ^' long. Bark light gray, Y-\' thick,
separating freely into thick plates often a foot or more long, 3' or 4' wide, and long-persist-
ent, giving to the trunk the shaggy appearance of the northern Shagbark Hickory. Wood
hard, strong, very tough, light reddish brown, with thin nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Dry limestone hills, river-bottoms and low flat often inundated woods,
frequently in clay soil; central North Carolina to northern Georgia, and through western
North Carolina to eastern Tennessee, eastern Mississippi, and in Cullman and Dallas
Counties, Alabama.
8. Carya laciniosa Loud. Big Shellbark. "King Nut.
Leaves 15'-22' long, with stout glabrous or pubescent petioles often persistent on the
branches during the winter, and 5-9, usually 7, ovate to oblong-lanceolate or broadly
obovate leaflets, the upper 5'-9' long and 3'-5' wide and generally two or three times as
large as those of the lowest pair, usually equilateral and acuminate at apex, equally or un-
equally cuneate or rounded at the often oblique base, finely serrate, sessile or short-stalked,
dark green and lustrous above, pale yellow-green or bronzy brown and covered with soft
pubescence below. Flowers: staminate in aments 5'-8' long, glabrous or covered with
rufous scurfy tomentum, with linear-lanceolate acute bracts two or three times as long
as the broad rounded calyx-lobes; anthers hirsute, yellow, more or less deeply emarginate;
pistillate in 2-5-flowered spikes, oblong-ovoid, about twice as long as broad, slightly
angled, clothed with pale tomentum, their linear bracts acute much longer than the nearly
triangular bractlets and calyx-lobe. Fruit solitary or in pairs, ellipsoidal, ovoid or sub-
globose, depressed at apex, roughened with minute orange-colored lenticels, downy or
glabrous, light orange-colored or dark chestnut-brown at maturity, li'-2|' long and \\'-9!
broad, with a hard woody husk pale and marked on the inside with dark delicate veins, and
\'-\' thick; nut ellipsoidal or slightly obovoid, longer than broad or sometimes broader
than long, flattened and roimded at the ends, or gradually narrowed and rounded at bas«
.
JUGLANDACB^
187
and occasionally acuminate at apex, more or less compressed, prominently 4-ridged and
angled or often 6-ridged, furnished at base with a stout long point, light yellow to reddish
brown, Ij-iY long and iF'lf wide, with a hard bony shell sometimes |' thick; seed
light chestnut-brown, very sweet.
A tree, occasionally 120° high, with a straight slender trunk often free of branches for
more than half its height and rarely exceeding 3° in diameter, comparatively small spread-
ing branches forming a narrow oblong head, and stout dark or light orange-colored branch-
lets at first pilose or covered with pale or rufous pubescence or tomentum, roughened by
scattered elevated long pale lenticels, orange-brown and glabrous or puberulous during
their first winter, and marked by oblong 3-lobed emarginate leaf-scars. Winter-buds:
terminal ovoid, rather obtuse, sometimes 1' long and f wide, and three or four times as
large as the axillary buds, usually covered by 11 or 12 Scales, the outer dark brown, puber-
ulous, generally keeled, with a long point at apex, the inner scales obovate, pointed or
rounded at apex, light green tinged with red, or bright red or yellow, covered with silky
pubescence on the outer face, slightly resinous, becoming 2'-3' long and 1' wide. Bark
l'-2' thick, light gray, separating into broad thick plates frequently 3°-4° long, sometimes
Fig. 177
remaining for many years hanging on the trunk. Wood heavy, very hard, strong and
tough, close-grained, very flexible, dark brown, with comparatively thin nearly white
sapwood. The large nuts are often sold in the markets of western cities and commercially
are not often distinguished from those of the Shellbark Hickory.
Distribution. Rich bottom-lands usually inundated during several weeks of every year;
central and western New York and southeastern Ontario, and westward through southern
Ohio, southern Michigan, Indiana a,nd Illinois to southeastern Iowa and southeastern
Neteaska, through Missouri and Arkansas to southeastern Kansas and northeastern Okla-
homa, and southward through eastern Pennsylvania to western West Virginia; in south-
eastern Tennessee; banks of the Alabama River, Dallas County, Alabama, and in West
Feliciana Parish, Louisiana.
X Carya Nussbaumerii Sarg. with leaves like those of C. ladniosa, slender branchlets,
and large fruit of the shape of that of the Pecan but without sutural wings and white or
nearly white nuts, believed to be a hybrid of these species, has been found near Fayette-
ville, St. Clair County, Illinois, at Mt. Vernon, Posey County, Indiana, near Burlington, Des
Moines County, Iowa, and from the neighborhood of Rockville, Bates County, Missouri.
Trees intermediate in character between C. ladniosa and C. ovata growing on the bottoms
of the Grenessee River at Golah, Monroe County, New York, and believed to be hybrids
of these species, are X C. Dunharii Sarg.
188
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
9. Carya alba K. Koch. Hickory.
Leaves glandular, resinous, fragrant, 8-12' long, with petioles covered like the rachis
and the under surface of the leaflets with fascicled hairs, and 5 or 7 oblong-lanceolate to ob-
ovate-lanceolate leaflets gradually or abruptly acuminate, mostly equilateral, equally or
unequally rounded or cuneate at base, minutely or coarsely serrate, sessile or short-
stalked, dark yellow-green and rather lustrous above, lustrous, paler or light orange-
colored or brown on the lower surface, the upper leaflets 5'-8' long and 3'-5' wide, and
two or three times as large as those of the lowest pair. Flowers : staminate in aments
4'-5' long, with slender light green stems coated with fascicled hairs, pale yellow-
green, scurfy-pubescent, with elongated ovate-lanceolate bracts ending in tufts of long
pale hairs, and three or four times* as long as the calyx-lobes; stamens 4, with oblong
bright red hirsute anthers; pistillate in crowded 2-5-flowered spikes, slightly contracted
above the middle, coated with pale tomentum, the bract ovate, acute, sometimes |'
long, about twice as long as the broadly ovate nearly triangular bractlets and calyx-
lobes; stigmas dark red. Fruit ellipsoidal or obovoid, gradually narrowed at the ends,
acute at apex, abruptly contracted toward the base, rarely obovoid with a stipe-like base
Fig. 178
(var. ficoides Sarg.), or ovoid with a long acuminate apex (var. ovoidea Sarg.), pilose or
nearly glabrous, dark red-brown, l^'-i' long, with a husk about I' thick splitting to the
middle or nearly to the base; nut nearly globose, ellipsoidal, obo void-oblong or ovoid,
narrowed at ends, rounded at base, acute, and sometimes attenuated and long-pointed at
apex, much or only slightly compressed, obscurely or prominently 4-ridged, light reddish
brown, becoming darker and sometimes red with age, with a very thick hard shell and
partitions; in drying often cracking transversely; seed small, sweet, dark brown, and
lustrous.
A tree, rarely 100° high, usually much smaller, with a tall trunk occasionally 3° in
diameter, comparatively small spreading branches forming a narrow or often a broad round-
topped head of upright rigid or of gracefully pendulous branches, and stout branchlets
clothed at first with pale fascicled hairs, rather bright brown, nearly glabrous or more or
less pubescent, and marked by conspicuous pale lenticels during their first season, be-
coming light or dark gray, with pale emarginate leaf-scars almost equally lobed, or elon-
gated with the lowest lobe two or three times as long as the others. Winter-buds: ter-
minal broadly ovoid, acute or obtuse, Y~¥ long, two or three times as large as the axillary
buds, the three or four outer bud-scales ovate, acute, often keeled and apiculate, thick and
firm, dark reddish brown and pilose, usually deciduous late in the autumn, the inner scales
JUGLANDACB^
189
ovate, rounded or acute and short-pointed at apex, light green covered with soft silky
pubescence on the outer, and often bright red and pilose on the inner surface, becoming
I'-l^' long and |' broad. Bark |'-f' thick, close, slightly ridged by shallow irregular
interrupted fissures and covered by dark gray closely appressed scales. Wood very heavy,
hard, tough, strong, close-grained, flexible, rich dark brown, with thick nearly white sap-
wood; used for the same purposes as that of the Shell bark Hickory.
Distribution. Eastern Massachusetts southward to Lake County, Florida, and east-
ern Texas, and through Ohio, southwestern Ontario, southern Michigan, Illinois and Indi-
ana to southeastern Iowa, and through Missouri to eastern Oklahoma; comparatively rare
at the north, growing on dry slopes and ridges and less commonly on alluvial bottom-
lands; absent from eastern Canada, northern and western New England, and New York
except in the neighborhood of the coast; the most abundant and generally distributed Hick-
ory-tree of the southern states, growing to its largest size in the basin of the lower Ohio
River and in Missouri and Arkansas; commonly in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas,
and occasionally in other southern states represented by var. subcoriacea Sarg., differing
in its larger, thicker, more pubescent leaflets, more prominently angled fruit with a thicker
husk, larger nuts, and in its longer winter-buds often f ' long and f ' in diameter.
X Gary a Schneckn Sarg., believed to be a hybrid of C. alba and C. yecan, has been
found at Lawrenceville, Lawrence County, Illinois, and near Muscatine, Muscatine
County, Iowa.
10. Carya leiodennis Sarg.
Leaves 12'-14' long, with slender petioles and rachis slightly or densely pubescent with
fascicled hairs, becoming glabrous or nearly glabrous, and 7 or rarely 5 thin finely serrate
leaflets, long-pointed at apex, and gradually narrowed, cuneate and unsymmetrical at base.
Fig. 179
at first hoary tomentose below and pubescent above, becoming dark green and lustrous
on the upper surface and pale and slightly pubescent op the lower surface, especially on
the stout midrib, the terminal oblong-obovate with a stalk i'-f ' in length, or nearly ses-
sile, of the same shape and often smaller than the nearly sessile upper leaflets, 4'-5' long and
2'-2^' wide, and much larger than the lanceolate lower leaflets. Flowers: staminate open-
ing after the leaves have grown nearly to their full size, in slender puberulous aments
190
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
4'-4|' long; bract of the flower ovate, lanceolate, ciliate on the margins with long white
hairs mixed with stipitate glands, a third longer than the ciliate calyx-lobes; stamens 4,
anthers red, covered with long rigid white hairs; pistillate in short spikes, their involucre
and bracts densely clothed with white hairs. Fruit broadly obovoid, smooth, glabrous or
puberulous, covered with scattered white scales, 1|'-1|' long, about lY in diameter, the
husk I' to nearly |' thick, opening freely to the base usually only by two sutures; nut el-
lipsoidal or slightly obovoid, little compressed, rounded at the ends, tinged with red, with
a shell \'-Y thick; seed small and sweet.
A tree 60°-75° tall with a trunk occasionally S° in diameter, stout often pendulous
branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender reddish brown lustrous branch-
lets puberulous or pubescent when they first appear, becoming glabrous or nearly gla-
brous by the end of their first season. Winter-buds: terminal acute, about |' long, the
outer scales pubescent, the inner covered with appressed pale hairs and ciliate on the
margins; axillary buds ovoid and rounded at apex or subglobose. Bark close, pale, only
slightly ridged.
Distribution. Low wet woods; Louisiana to southern Arkansas, and in northwestern
Mississippi (blufifs, Yazoo County) ; most abundant in western Louisiana from the neighbor-
hood of the coast to the valley of Red River, and in Tangipahoa Parish east of the Missis-
sippi River.
Passing into var. callicoma Sarg., diflFering in the thinner husk of the fruit and in the
bright red color of the unfolding leaves.
Distribution. Low wet woods; valley of the Calcasieu River (near Lake Charles), west-
ern Louisiana to that of the Neches River (near Beaumont), Texas; in western and
southern Mississippi (Warren, Adams, Hinds, Lafayette, Copiah, Lowndes and Oktibbeha
Counties).
11. Carya pallida Engl. & Graebn.
Leaves 7'-15' long, with slender petioles and rachis covered, like the under side of the mid-
rib, with prominent persistent clusters of fascicled hairs mixed with silvery scales, and
Fig. 180
usually 7, rarely 9, lanceolate or oblanceolate leaflets, the terminal riarely obovate, finely
serrate, resinous, fragrant, acuminate and long-pointed at apex, cuneate or rounded and
often unsymmetrical at base, covered in spring with small silvery peltate scales, and at ma-
turity light gi-een and lustrous above, pale and pubescent or puberulous below, the terminal
short-stalked or nearly sessile, 4'-6' long and l'-2' wide, and as large or slightly larger
than the upper lateral leaflets, those of the lower pairs usually not more than 2' long and
JUGLANDACE^ 191
Y wide. Flowers: staminate in aments covered with fascicled hairs and silvery scales,
2j'-5' long, puberiilous and glandular on the outer surface, with linear acuminate bracts;
stamens 4, anthers hirsute; pistillate usually solitary, oblong, covered with yellow scales,
their bract ovate-lanceolate, ciliate on the margin. Fruit pubescent and covered with
yellow scales, ellipsoidal to obovoid, broad-obovoid, subglobose to depressed-globose, and
from |'-1|' in length, with a husk from j-^' in thickness, splitting tardily to the base by 2
or 3 of the sutures, or occasionally remaining unopened until midwinter; nut white, rounded
at the ends, or obcordate or obtusely pointed at apex, compressed, more or less prominently
ridged nearly to the base, with a shell I'-j^' thick; seed small and sweet.
A tree occasionally 90**-! 10° high, with a tall trunk 2|°-3° in diameter, usually not more
than SO'^-^O*' tall, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, stout branches, the upper erect, the lower
often pendulous, and slender red-brown glabrous or pubescent branchlets. Winter-buds
acute or obtuse, reddish brown, puberulous and covered with silvery scales, the terminal
^' long with 6-9 scales and rather larger than the lateral buds usually covered with fewer
scales. Bark of large trees grown in good soil pale and slightly ridged, that of trees
on dry ridges, rough, deeply furrowed, dark gray and southward often nearly black. Wood
brown with nearly white sap wood; probably little used except as fuel.
Distribution. Sandy soil in the neighborhood of Cape May, New Jersey, in southern
Delaware, and in the southern part of the Maryland peninsula; common in rich soil in
Gloucester and James City Counties, Virginia, growing here to its largest size, and south-
ward from southea* Virginia through the Piedmont region of North and South Carolina,
ascending to altitudes of 2200° in the mountain valleys of these states; common in north-
ern and central Georgia and southeastern Tennessee, occasionally reaching the Georgia
coast and the southwestern part of that state; in western Florida, through northern and
central Alabama to Dallas County, and through southern Mississippi to northeastern
Louisiana (near Kentwood, Tangipahoa Parish) ; in Mississippi extending northward to
the valley of the Yazoo River in Yazoo County; in southern Tennessee (Lexington, Hender-
son County) ; in Alabama the common Hickory on the dry gravelly and poor soils of the
upland table-lands and ridges of the central part of the state.
12. Carya glabra Sweet. Pignut.
,' Carya porcina Nutt.
Leaves 8'-12' long, with slender glabrous petioles and raehis, and 5 or rarely 7 lanceolate
or oblanceolate finely serrate leaflets acuminate at the ends, yellow-green and glabrous
above, glabrous, or pubescent on the midrib below, the terminal leaflet sometimes obo-
vate, 4i'-4>Y long and 5' or 6' wide, and raised on a glabrous or sparingly pubescent stalk,
^'-|' in length, the lateral leaflets sessile, those of the upper pair about the size of the
terminal leaflet, and two or three times larger than those of the lower pair. Flowers: stamin-
ate in short-stalked pubescent aments 2'-2|' long, yellow-green, the bract villose, much
longer than the calyx-lobes; stamens 4, anthers yellow, villose toward the apex; pistillate
in few-flowered spikes, oblong, coated with hoary tomentum like the lanceolate acuminate
bract. Fruit obovoid, compressed, rounded at apex, gradually narrowed below and often
abruptly contracted into a stipe-like base, about 1' long and f ' wide, with a husk from
T!j'-|' in thickness, opening late by one or two sutures or often remaining closed; nut
obovoid, compressed, without ridges, rounded or slightly obcordate at apex, gradually nar-
rowed and rounded below, with a hard thick shell; seed small and sweet.
A tree 60°-90° high, with a trunk 2°-2^° in diameter, with small spreading often drooping
branches forming a tall narrow head, and slender glabrous reddish branchlets marked by
pale lenticels. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, light brown, glabrous, Y-¥ long and i'-^' in
diameter, the inner scales covered with close pubescence. Bark close, ridged, light gray.
Wood heavy, hard, strong and tough, flexible, light or dark brown, with thick lighter-
colored sap wood; used for the handles of tools and in the manufacture of wagons and agri-
cultural implements, and largely for fuel.
192
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Hillsides and dry ridges; southwestern Vermont to western New York,
southeastern Ontario, southern Indiana and southwestern Illinois, and southward to Dela-
Fig. 161
ware, the District of Columbia and eastern Virginia, and along the Appalachian Mountains
to North Carolina; in northern, central and eastern Georgia, northern Alabama and eastern
Mississippi.
The name " Pignut " usually applied to this tree and to the forms of C. ovalis Sarg.,
especially in the north, properly belongs to C. cordiformis Schn.
Passing into
Carya glabra var. megacarpa Sarg.
Carya megacarpa Sarg.
Leaves 12'-14' long, with slender glabrous petioles and 5-7 lanceolate to oblanceolate
leaflets long-pointed and acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed and unsymmetrical at
base, finely serrate, glabrous or very rarely pubescent, often furnished below with small
clusters of axillary hairs, the three upper 8'-10' long and 1|'-2|' wide and about twice as
large as those of the lowest pair. Flowers: staminate in slightly villose aments 2^'-3' in
length, villose, their bract long-pointed, acuminate, villose, twice longer than the calyx-
lobes, stamens 4-6, anthers yellow, villose above the middle; pistillate in short-stalked
spikes, their involucre only slightly angled, covered with pale yellow hairs, the bract acu-
minate, twice longer than the bractlets and calyx-lobes. Fruit oblong-obovoid with a stipe-
like base to short-obovate and rounded or abruptly cuneate at base, rarely depressed at
apex, slightly flattened, often covered with bright yellow scales, V-i' long, I'-l^' in diameter,
with a husk 1'-^ in thickness, opening tardily to the middle usually by one or by two su-
tures, or often remaining closed; nut broadest toward the rounded apex or oblong and oc-
casionally acute at apex, gradually narrowed and acute at base, often compressed, slightly
or rarely prominently angled (f. angulata Sarg.), with a shell \'-\' in thickness; seed small
and sweet.
A tree 50°-70° high, with a trunk up to 2° in diameter, stout spreading and drooping
branches, and stout or rarely slender glabrous branchlets, reddish brown at the end of their
JUGLANDACE^
193
first season, becoming dark gray-brown. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, glabrous, up to ^'
in length, the inner scales puberulous. Bark close, only slightly ridged, light or dark gray.
Distribution. Rochester, Monroe County, New York, through southern Ohio and
Indiana to southern Illinois (Tunnel Hill, Johnson County); coast of New Jersey; District
Fig. 182
of Columbia and southward to the shores of Indian River and the valley of the Caloosa-
hatchee River, Florida, and through southern Alabama to western Louisiana; one of the
commonest Hickories in the coast region of the south Atlantic and east Gulf states, occa-
sionally ranging inland to central and northern Georgia and western Mississippi.
13. Carya ovalis Sarg.
Leaves 6'-10' long, with slender petioles often scurfy-pubescent early in the season,
soon glabrous, and 7 or rarely 5 lanceolate to oblanceolate, or occasionally obovate finely
serrate leaflets, long-pointed and acuminate or rarely rounded at apex, cuneate and un-
symmetrical at base, early in the season often scurfy-pubescent and furnished below with
small axillary tufts of pale hairs, soon glabrous, the upper 6' or 7' long and l|'-2' wide, and
raised on a stalk i'-^' in length, the lateral sessile, those of the upper pairs as large or
slightly smaller than the terminal leaflet. Flowers: staminate in puberulous aments 6'-7'
long, pubescent, their bracts twice longer than the ovate acute calyx-lobes; stamens 4, an-
thers yellow, thickly covered with pale hairs; pistillate in 1 or 2-flowered spikes, obovoid,
more or less thickly covered with yellow scales. Fruit ellipsoidal, acute or rounded at apex,
rounded at base, puberulous, I'-lj' long, about f ' in diameter, with a husk xV~to' i^ thick-
ness, splitting freely to the base; nut pale, oblong, slightly flattened, rounded at base, acute
or acuminate and 4-angled at apex, the ridges extending for one-third or rarely for one-
half of its length, with a shell rarely more than ^ in thickness; seed small and sweet.
A tree sometimes 100° high, with a tall trunk occasionally 3° in diameter, small spread-
ing branches forming a narrow often pyramidal head, and slender lustrous red-brown
branchlets marked by pale lenticels, often slightly pubescent when they first appear, soon
glabrous. Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse, acute or acuminate; the terminal often §' long and
twice as large as the lateral, the outer scales red-brown, lustrous and glabrous, the inner cov-
erecl with close pale tomentum. Bark slightly ridged, pale gray, usually separating freely
into small plate-like scales, or occasionally close. Wood heavy, hard and tough, flexible,
light or dark brown, with thick lighter-colored sap wood; used for the handles of tools, in thi
manufacture of wagons and agricultural implements, and largely for fuel.
194
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Hillsides and rich woods; western New York, eastern Pennsylvania and
the District of Columbia to southern Illinois and central Iowa (Ames, Story County), and
southward to the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and to central Georgia and
Alabama; usually rare and local; most abundant and generally distributed in Indiana. With
its varieties usually but incorrectly called " Pignut."
The following varieties difiFering in the shape of their fruit are distinguished:
Carya ovalis var. obcordata Sarg.
Carya microcarpa Darling, in part.
Hicoria microcarpa Britt. in part.
Fruit subglobose to short-oblong or slightly obovoid, V-lY in diameter, with a husk
^'-|' in thickness, splitting freely to the base or nearly to the base by often narrow-winged
Fig. 184
sutures; nut much compressed, slightly angled and often broadest above the middle,
rounded and usually more or less obcordate at apex, narrowed and rounded at base.
JUGLANDACEiE
195
Distribution. Southern New England to southern Wisconsin, southwestern Missouri,
western North Carohna, central and eastern Georgia, eastern Mississippi and central
Alabama; the common and most widely distributed northern variety of Carya ovalis; com-
mon in the mountain districts of central Alabama and West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana;
varying to the f . vestita Sarg. with stouter branchlets covered during their first year with
rusty tomentum and more or less pubescent in their second and third seasons, leaflets
slightly pubescent below, and with more compressed nuts and puberulous winter-buds.
A single tree near Davis Pond, Knox County, Indiana.
Carya ovalis var. odorata Sarg.
Carya microcarpa Darling, in part.
Hicoria microcarpa Britt. in part.
Hicoria glabra var. odorata Sarg. in part.
Fruit subglobose or slightly longer than broad, much flattened, |'-|' in diameter, with a
husk not more than -^' in thickness, splitting freely to the base by sutures sometimes fur-
Fig. 185
nished with narrow wings; nut compressed, rounded at apex, rounded or acute at base,
slightly or not at all ridged, pale or nearly white, with a shell xV' or less in thickness.
Distribution. Southern New England, eastern Pennsylvania and the District of Colum-
bia to western New York, and southeastern Ontario, and through Ohio and Indiana to
southern Illinois, southeastern Missouri and Heber Springs, Arkansas; near Atlanta,
Georgia, and Starkville, Oktibbeha County, Mississippi; less variable in the size and shape
of the fruit than the other varieties of C. ovalis.
Carya ovalis var. obovalis Sarg.
Hicoria glabra Sarg. in part.
Fruit more or less obovoid, about 1' long and i' in diameter, with a husk ^'-Y thick,
splitting freely to the base. (Fig. 186.)
Distribution. Southern New England to Missouri and northern Arkansas; on the
mountains of North Carohna, on the coast of Georgia and in north central Alabama, and
West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana. The common "Pignut" in the middle western states,
varying to f . acuta Sarg. with nuts pointed at the ends and closer bark; only near Rochester,
Monroe County, New York.
Other forms of C. ovalis are var. hirsuta Sarg. {Hicoria glabra hirsuta Ashe) with obovoid
compressed fruit narrowed into a stipitate base, with a husk |'-|' in thickness, scaly
bark, pubescent winter-buds, leaves with pubescent petioles and leaflets pubescent on
the lower surface; a common tree on the mountains of North Carolina up to altitudes of
2000° above the sea; and var. borealis Sarg. {Hicoria borealis Ashe) with pubescent branch-
196
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Fig. 186
lets and winter-buds, leaves pubescent early in the season, ellipsoidal or ovoid flattened
fruit with a husk I'-Y in thickness, an ovoid nut ridged to the base, and scaly bark; only
in southeastern Michigan.
14. Carya floridana Sarg.
Leaves 6'-8' long, with slender petioles rusty pubescent when they first appear, soon
glabrous, with 5 or rarely 7 lanceolate to oblanceolate leaflets long-pointed and acuminate
at apex, unsymmetrical and rounded or cuneate at base, serrate with remote cartilaginous
teeth, sessile or the terminal leaflet short-stalked, covered when they unfold with rufous
Fig. 187
pubescence, soon glabrous, at maturity thin, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, yellow-
green above, often brownish below, the upper three 3|'-4' long, l'-2' wide, and about twice
larger than those of the lowest pair. Flowers: staminate in long-stalked scurfy pubescent
aments I'-l^' in length, produced at the base of branchlets of the year from the axils of
JUGLANDACElflS
197
bud-scales, and often of leaves, scurfy pubescent, their bract ovate, acuminate, a third
longer than the calyx-lobes; stamens 4 or 5, anthers yellow, slightly villose near the apex;
pistillate in 1 or 2-flowered spikes, obovoid, thickly covered, like their bracts, with yellow
scales. Fruit obovoid, gradually narrowed, rounded and sometimes slightly depressed at
apex, narrowed below into a short stipe-like base, occasionally slightly winged at the sutures,
often roughened by prominent reticulatie ridges, puberulous and covered with small yellow
scales, f '-1|' long, f '-1' in diameter with a husk xV~l' thick, splitting freely to the base
by 2 or 3 sutures; nut pale or reddish, subglobose, not more than f in diameter, or ovoid
or rarely oblong, acute at base, narrowed and rounded at apex, slightly compressed, with
a shell T^^'-l' in thickness.
A tree 50°-70° high with a trunk up to 20' in diameter, slender spreading branches form-
ing a broad head, and slender branchlets at first coated with rufous pubescence, soon puber-
ulous or glabrous, bright red-brown and marked by pale lenticels during their first winter;
or in dry sand often a shrub producing abundant fruit on stems 3° or 4° high. Winter-
buds ovoid, acute or obtuse, the outer scales covered with thick rusty pubescence and more
or less thickly with yellow or rarely silvery scales, the inner coated with pale pubescence;
the terminal ^-f in length and twice as large as the axillary buds. Bark slightly ridged,
close dark gray-brown. Wood dark brown, with pale sapwood; probably used only for fuel.
Distribution. Dry sandy ridges and low hills, Florida; east coast, Volusia County to
Jupiter Island, Palm Beach County; in the interior of the peninsula as a shrub, from
Orange to De Soto Counties, and on the shores of Pensacola Bay.
15. Caiya Buckle3ri Durand.
Carya texana Buckl, not Le Conte
Leaves 8'-12' long, with slender petioles rusty pubescent and sparingly villose early in
the season, and 5-7, usually 7, lanceolate to oblanceolate acuminate bluntly serrate sessile
Fig. 188
I
leaflets, the terminal occasionally broadly obovate and abruptly pointed, and sometimes
raised on a winged stalk l'-^ in length, when they unfold thickly covered with rusty pubes-
cence mixed with small white scales and villose on the lower side of the midrib and veins.
198 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and at maturity dark green, lustrous, glabrous or puberulous along the midrib above,
paler, glabrous or sparingly villose and furnished with small tufts of axillary hairs below,
the upper three leaflets 4'-6' long and 2'-2|' wide, and twice the size of those of the lowest
pair. Flowers: staminate in rusty pubescent aments 2'-3' long, their bract slender, long
acuminate, 3 or 4 times longer than the acuminate calyx-lobes; stamens 4 or 5, anthers
yellow, slightly villose toward the apex; pistillate in 1 or 2-flowered short-stalked spikes,
slightly angled, thickly coated with rufous hairs like the bract and bractlets. Fruit sub-
globose, puberulous, ll'-lf ' in diameter, with a husk xV'-f thick, splitting freely to the base
by slightly winged sutures; nut slightly compressed, rounded at base, abruptly narrowed
and acute at apex, 4-angled above the middle or nearly to the base, dark reddish brown,
conspicuously reticulate-venulose with pale veins, with a shell about Y thick; in drying
often cracking longitudinally between the angles; seed small and sweet.
A tree, usually 30°-45° or rarely 60° high, with a trunk 12'-24' in diameter, large spread-
ing often drooping more or less contorted branches forming a narrow head, and slender light
red-brown branchlets marked by pale lenticels, more or less densely rusty pubescent during
their first season and dark gray-brown and glabrous or nearly glabrous the following year.
Winter-buds ovoid, covered with rusty pubescence mixed with silvery scales, furnished at
apex with long pale hairs; the terminal bud abruptly contracted and long-pointed at apex,
f'-l' in length and i'-|' in diameter, and 2 or 3 times larger than the flattened acute lateral
buds. Bark thick, deeply furrowed, rough, dark often nearly black. Wood hard, brittle,
little used except for fuel.
Distribution. Dry sandy uplands with Post and Black Jack Oaks; northern and eastern
Texas (Grayson, Cherokee, San Augustine and Atascosa Counties), and in central Okla-
homa (dry sand hills, Muskogee County).
Carya Buckleyi var. arkansana Sarg.
Carya arkansana Sarg.
Differing from Carya Buckleyi in the shape of the fruit and sometimes in the bark of the
trunk. Fruit obovoid, rounded at apex, rounded or gradually narrowed or abruptly con-
tracted into a more or less developed stipe at base, or ellipsoidal, or ovoid and rounded at the
ends, I'-lg' in length and in diameter, with a husk j^'-Y thick, splitting to the middle or
nearly to the base by slightly winged sutures; nut oblong to slightly obovoid, rounded at
JUGLANDACEiE
199
the ends, compressed, slightly 4-angled occasionally to the middle, pale brown, with a
shell l'-}' in thickness; seed small and sweet.
A tree from 60°-75° high, with a trunk 2° in diameter; southward usually much smaller.
Bark on some trees dark gray, irregularly fissured, separating into thin scales, and on others
close, nearly black and deeply divided into rough ridges.
Distribution. Dry hillsides, rocky ridges, or southward on sandy upland; southwestern
Indiana (Knox County), southern Illinois, northeastern Missouri and southward through
Missouri and Arkansas to eastern Oklahoma, western Louisiana and northern and eastern
Texas to the valley of the Atascosa River, Atascosa County; the common Hickory of the
Ozark Mountain region, Arkansas, and here abundant on dry rocky ridges at altitudes
of 1200°-1800°; in Texas the common Hickory from the coast to the base of the Edwards
Plateau; trees with the smallest fruit northward; those with the largest fruit with thickest
husks in Louisiana, and in southern Arkansas (f. pachylemma Sarg.), a tree with slender
nearly glabrous branchlets, deeply fissured pale gray bark, rusty pubescent winter-buds
and fruit 2^' long and 2' in diameter, with a husk Y in thickness.
Carya Bucklejd var. villosa Sarg.
Hicoria glabra var. villosa Sarg.
Hicoria villosa Ashe.
Carya villosa Schn.
Carya glabra var. villosa Robins.
Leaves 6'-10' long, with slender petioles and rachis pubescent with fascicled hairs early in
the season, generally becoming glabrous, and 5-7, usually 7, lanceolate to oblanceolate finely
serrate leaflets long-pointed and acuminate at apex, cuneate or rounded and often unsym-
metrical at base, sessile or the terminal leaflet sometimes short-stalked, dark green and gla-
I
Fig. 190
brous above, pale and pubescent below, the lower side of the midrib often covered with fasci-
cled hairs, the upper leaflets 3'-4' long and l'-l|' wide, and twice as long as those of the low-
est pair. Flowers : staminate in aments pubescent with fascicled hairs, 4'-8' long, pubescent,
their bract acuminate, not much longer than the rounded calyx-lobes; pistillate in 1 or
2-flowered spikes, rusty pubescent, slightly angled. Fruit obovoid to ellipsoidal, rounded
at apex, cuneate and often abruptly narrowed into a stipitate base, rusty pubescent and
covered with scattered yellow scales, about 1' long and I' in diameter, with a husk -^j' in
thickness, splitting tardily to the base by 1 or 2 sutures or indehiscent; nut ovoid, rounded
200 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
at base, pointed at apex, only slightly angled, faintly tinged with red, with a shell rarely
more than ■^^' in thickness ; seed small and sweet.
A tree 30°-40° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, stout often contorted branches and
slender branchlets covered at first with rusty pubescence mixed with fascicled hairs and
pubescent or glabrous during their first winter. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, covered with
rusty pubescence mixed with yellow scales, often furnished near the apex with tufts of
white hairs, the terminal |' long and about twice as large as the compressed axillary
buds.
Distribution. Dry rocky hills, AUenton, Saint Louis County, Missouri, to southern
Illinois, northern Arkansas, and northeastern Oklahoma. Distinct from other forms of
Gary a Buckleyi in the often indehiscent fruit and more numerous and longer fascicled hairs,
and possibly better considered a species.
K. BETULACE^.
Trees, with sweet watery juice, without terminal buds, their slender terete branchlets
marked by numerous pale lenticels and lengthening by one of the upper axillary buds
formed in early summer, and alternate simple penniveined usually doubly serrate deciduous
stalked leaves, obliquely plicately folded along the primary veins, their petioles in falling
leaving small semioval slightly oblique scars showing three equidistant fibro-vascular
bundle-scars; stipules inclosing the leaf in the bud, fugacious. Flowers vernal, appearing
with or before the unfolding of the leaves, or rarely autumnal, monoecious, the staminate
1-3 together in the axils of the scales of an elongated pendulous lateral ament and composed
of a 2-4-parted membranaceous calyx and 2-20 stamens inserted on a receptacle, with dis-
tinct filaments and 2-celled erect extrorse anthers opening longitudinally, or without a
calyx, the pistillate in short lateral or capitate aments, with or without a calyx, a 2-celled
ovary, narrowed into a short style divided into two elongated branches longer than the
scales of the ament and stigmatic on the inner face or at the apex, and a single anatropous
pendulous ovule in each cell of the ovary. , Fruit a small mostly 1-celled 1-seeded nut, the
outer layer of the shell light brown, thin and membranaceous, the inner thick, hard, and
bony. Seed solitary by abortion, filling the cavity of the nut, suspended, without albu-
men, its coat membranaceous, light chestnut-brown; cotyledons thick and fleshy, much
longer than the short superior radicle turned toward the minute hilum.
Of the six genera, all confined to the northern hemisphere, five are found in North
America; of these only Corylus is shrubby.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.
Scales of the pistillate ament deciduous; nut wingless, more or less Inclosed in an involucre
formed by the enlargement of the bract and bractlets of the flower; staminate flowers
solitary in the axils of the scales of the ament; caylx 0; pistillate flowers with a
calyx.
Staminate aments covered during the winter: involucre of the fruit flat, 3-cleft, foli-
aceous. !• Carpinus.
Staminate aments naked during the winter: involucre of the fruit bladder-like, closed.
2. Ostrya.
Scales of the pistillate ament persistent and forming a woody strobile; nut without an in-
volucre, more or less broadly winged; staminate flowers 3-6 together in the axils of the
scales of the ament; calyx present; pistillate flowers without a calyx.
Pistillate aments solitary, their scales 3-lobed, becoming thin, brown, and woody, de-
ciduous; stamens 2; filaments 2-branched, each division bearing a half-anther;
winter-buds covered by imbricated scales. 3. Betula.
Pistillate aments racemose, their scales erose or 5-toothed, becoming thick, woody, and
dark-colored, persistent; stamens 1-3 or 4; filaments simple; wings of the nut often
reduced to a narrow border; winter-buds without scales. 4. Alnus.
BETULACE^
201
1. CARPINUS L. Hornbeam.
Trees, with smooth close bark, hard strong close-grained wood, elongated conic buds
covered by numerous imbricated scales, the inner lengthening after the opening of the
buds. Leaves open and concave in the bud, ovate, acute, often cordate; stipules strap-
shaped to oblong-obovate. Flowers: staminate in aments emerging in very early spring
from buds produced the previous season near the ends of short lateral branchlets of the
year and inclosed during the winter, composed of 3-20 stamens crowded on a pilose
receptacle adnate to the base of a nearly sessile ovate acute coriaceous scale longer than
the stamens; filaments short, slender, 2-branched, each branch bearing a 1-celled oblong
yellow half-anther hairy at the apex; pistillate in lax semi-erect aments terminal on leafy
branches of the year, in pairs at the base of an ovate acute leafy deciduous scale, each
flower subtended by a small acute bract with two minute bractlets at its base; calyx adnate
to the ovary and dentate on the free narrow border. Nut ovoid, acute, compressed, con-
spicuously longitudinally ribbed, bearing at the apex the remnants of the calyx, marked
on the broad base by a large pale scar and separating at maturity in the autumn from the
leaf-like 3-lobed conspicuously serrate green involucre formed by the enlargement of the
bract and bractlets of the flower and inclosing only the base of the nut, fully grown at
mid-summer and loosely imbricated into a long-stalked open cluster. (Eucarpinns .)
Carpinus is confined to the northern hemisphere, and is distributed from the Province
of Quebec through the eastern United States to the highlands of Central America in the
New World, and from Sweden to southern Europe, Asia Minor, the temperate Himalayas,
Korea, southern China, Japan and Formosa in the Old World. Fifteen or sixteen species
are recognized. Of the exotic species, the European and west Asian Carpinus Betulus L.
is frequently planted as an ornamental tree in the northeastern United States, where some
of the species of eastern Asia promise to become valuable.
Carpinus is the classical name of the Hornbeam.
1. Carpinus caroliniaiia Walt. Hornbeam. Blue Beech.
Leaves often somewhat falcate, long-pointed, sharply doubly serrate with stout spread-
ing glandular teeth, except at the rounded or wedge-shaped often unequal base, pale
fr
F«. 191
bronze-green, and covered with long white hairs when they unfold, at maturity thin and
firm, pale dull blue-green above, light yellow-green and glabrous or puberulous below, with
small tufts of white hairs in the axils of the veins, 2'-4' long, I'-lf wide, with a slender
yellow midrib, numerous slender veins deeply impressed and conspicuous above, ano
prominent cross veinlets; turning deep scarlet and orange color late in the autumn,*
202 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
petioles slender, terete, hairy, about §' long, bright red while young; stipules ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, pubescent, hairy on the margins, bright red below, light yellow-green at the
apex, Y loiig- Flowers: staminate aments 1^' long when fully grown, with broadly ovate
acute boat-shaped scales green below the middle, bright red above; pistillate aments Y~¥
long, with ovate acute hairy green scales; styles scarlet. Fruit: nut f long, its involucre
short-stalked, with one of the lateral lobes often wanting, coarsely serrate, but usually on
one margin only of the middle lobe, I'-l^' long, nearly 1' wide, crowded on slender terete
pubescent red-broAvn stems 5'-6' in length.
A bushy tree, rarely 40° high, with a short fluted trunk occasionally 2° in diameter,
long slightly zigzag slender tough spreading branches pendulous toward the ends, and
furnished with numerous short thin lateral branches growing at acute angles, and branch-
lets at first pale green coated with long white silky hairs, orange-brown and sometimes
slightly pilose during the summer, becoming dark red and lustrous during their first winter
and ultimately dull gray tinged with red. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, about |' long, with
ovate acute chestnut-brown scales white and scarious on the margins. Bark light gray-
brown, sometimes marked with broad dark brown horizontal bands, jg'-i' thick. "Wood
light brown, with thick nearly white sap wood; sometimes used for levers, the handles of
tools, and other small articles.
Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps, generally in deep rich moist soil; Nova
Scotia and southern and western Quebec to the northern shores of Georgian Bay, south-
ward nearly to the shores of Indian River and those of Tampa Bay, Florida, and westward
to central Minnesota, eastern Iowa, eastern Nebraska (reported), eastern and southern
Missouri, eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas; reappearing on the mountains of southern
Mexico and Central America; common in the eastern and central states; most abundant
and of its largest size on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains and
in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.
2. pSTRYA Scop. Hop Hornbeam.
Trees, with scaly bark, heavy hard strong close-grained wood, and acute elongated
winter-buds formed in early summer and covered by numerous imbricated scales, the
inner lengthening after the opening of the bud. Leaves open and concave in the bud;
petioles slender, nearly terete, hairy; stipules strap-shaped to oblong-obovate. Flowers:
staminate in long clustered sessile or short-stalked aments developed in early 'summer
from lateral buds near the ends of short lateral branchlets of the year and coated while
young with hoary tomentum, naked and conspicuous during the winter, and composed of
3-14 stamens crowded on a pilose receptacle adnate to the base of an ovate concave scale
rounded and abruptly short-pointed at the apex, ciliate on the margins, longer than the
stamens; filaments short, 2-branched, each branch bearing a 1-celled half-anther hairy at
the apex; pistillate in erect lax aments terminal on short leafy branches of the year, in pairs
at the base of an elongated ovate acute leaf-like ciliate scale persistent until midsummer,
each flower inclosed in a hairy sack-like involucre formed by the union of a bract and 2
bractlets; calyx adnate to the ovary, denticulate on the free narrow border. Nut ovoid,
acute, flattened, obscurely longitudinally ribbed, crowned with the remnants of the calyx,
marked at the narrow base by a small circular pale scar, inclosed in the much enlarged pale
membranaceous conspicuously longitudinally veined reticulate-venulose involucres of the
flower, short, pointed and hairy at the apex, hirsute at the base, with sharp rigid stinging
hairs, imbricated into a short strobile fully grown at midsummer, and suspended on a
slender hairy stem.
Ostrya is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere from Nova Scotia to Texas,
northern Arizona, and to the highlands of southern Mexico and Guatemala in the New
World, and through southern Europe and southwestern Asia, and in northern Japan and
on the Island of Quelpart in the Old World. Of the four species now recognized two are
North American.
Ostrya is the classical name of the Hop Hornbeam.
BBTULACBiE
203
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at apex.
Leaves elliptic or obovate, acute or rounded at apex.
1. O. virginiana (A, C).
2. O. Knowltonii (F).
1. Ostrya virginiana K. Koch. Hop Homb^ai^. Ironwood.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually narrowed into a long slender point or acute at apex,
narrowed and rounded, cordate, or wedge-shaped at the often unequal base, sharply serrate,
with slender incurved callous teeth terminating at first in tufts of caducous hairs, when they
unfold light bronze-green, glabrous above and coated below on the midrib and primary
veins with long pale hairs, at maturity thin and extremely tough, dark dull yellow-green
above, light yellow-green and furnished with conspicuous tufts of pale hairs in the axils of
the veins below, 3'-5' long, l|'-2' wide, with a slender midrib impressed and puberulous
above, light yellow and pubescent below, and numerous slender veins forked near the
margins; turning clear yellow before falling in the autumn; petioles hairy about i' long;
stipules rounded and often short-pointed at apex, ciliate on the margins with long pale
hairs, hairy on the back, about §' long and |' wide. Flowers: staminate aments about
§' long during their first season, with light red-brown rather loosely imbricated scales nar-
Rg. 192
rowed into a long slender point, beconung when the flowers open 2' long, with broadly
obovate scales rounded and abri4)tly contracted at apex into a short point, ciliate on the
margins, green tinged with red above the middle, light brown toward the base; pistillate
aments slender, about j long, on thin hairy stems, their scales lanceolate, acute, light
green, often flushed with red above the middle, hirsute at the apex, decreasing in size from
the lowest. Fruit: nuts Y long, about |' wide, rather abruptly narrowed below the apex,
their involucres in clusters l|'-2' long and |'-1' wide, on slender hairy stems about 1' in
length.
A tree, occasionally 50°-60° high, with a short trunk 2° in diameter, usually not more than
20°-30° tall, with a trunk 18'-20' thick, long slender branches drooping at the ends and
forming a round-topped or open head frequently 50° across, and slender, very tough branch*
lets, light gi'cen, coated with pale appressed hairs when they first appear, becoming light
orange color and very lustrous by midsummer, glabrous, dark red-brown and lustrous during
their first winter, and then growing gradually darker brown and losing their lustre; or cov-
ered like the petioles and peduncles with short erect glandular hairs (var. glandulosa Sarg.).
204 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Winter-buds ovoid, light chestnut-brown, slightly puberulous, Y loog- Bark about |'
thick, broken into thick narrow oblong closely appressed plate-like light brown scales
slightly tinged with red on the surface. Wood strong, hard, tough, durable, light brown
tinged with red or often nearly white, with thick pale sapwood of 40-50 layers of annual
growth; used for fence-posts, handles of tools, mallets, and other small articles.
Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and ridges often in the shade of oaks and other large
trees; Island of Cape Breton and the shores of the Bay of Chaleur, through the valley of
the St. Lawrence River, and along the northern shores of Lake Huron to western Ontario,
Manitoba, Minnesota, eastern North Dakota, the foothills of the Black Hills of South Da-
kota, eastern, northern and northwestern Nebraska, eastern Kansas and Oklahoma, and
southward to central Florida and eastern Texas; most abundant and of its largest size in
southern Arkansas and in Texas. From Quebec and Ontario to western New England,
western New York, Ohio and in Central Michigan, the glandular form prevails: the two
forms occur in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana, northern Illinois, southwestern Mis-
souri, Oklahoma, and southward on the high Appalachian Mountains.
2. Ostrya Knowltonii Gov. Ironwood.
Leaves elliptic to obovate, acute or round at apex, gradually narrowed and often un-
equal at the rounded cuneate rarely cordate base, sharply serrate with small triangular
callous teeth, covered with loose pale tomentum when they unfold, at maturity dark
yellow-green and pilose above, pale and soft-pubescent below, l'~2' long, I'-l^' wide, with
a slender yellow midrib slightly raised on the upper side, and slender primary veins con-
nected by obscure reticulate veinlets; turning dull yellow in the autumn before falling;
petioles |'-^' long; stipules pale yellow-green, often tinged with red toward the apex,
I' long, about ^' wide. Flowers: staminate aments on stout stalks covered with rufous
tomentum and sometimes |' long, rarely sessile, about Y ^ong during their first season, with
F^. 193
dark brown puberulous scales gradually contracted into a long slender subulate point,
becoming when the flowers open I'-l^' long, with broadly ovate concave scales ab-
ruptly narrowed into a nearly triangular point, yellow-green near the base, bright red
above the middle; pistillate aments about I' long, with ovate-lanceolate light yellow-green
puberulous scales ciliate on the margins. Fruit: nuts |' long, gradually narrowed at the
apex, their involucres 1' long, nearly glabrous at the apex, sometimes slightly stained
with red toward the base, in clusters l'-l|' long and about f broad, on stems §' in
length.
BETULACEiE 205
A tree 20*'-30° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, usually divided 1° or 2** above the
ground into 3 or 4 stout upright stems 4'-5' thick, slender pendulous often much contorted
branches forming a narrow round-topped symmetrical head, and slender branchlets dark
green and coated with hoary tomentum when they first appear, dark red-brown and pu-
bescent during their first summer, becoming light cinnamon-brown, glabrous, and lustrous
in the winter, and ultimately ashy gray. Winter-buds ovoid, dark brownish red, about |'
long. Bark internally bright orange color, |' thick, separating into loose hanging plate-
like scales light gray slightly tinged with red, and l'-2' long and wide. Wood light red-
dish brown, with thin sapwood.
Distribution. On the southern slope of the canon of the Colorado River in Coconino
County, Arizona, at altitudes of 6000°-7000° above the sea (Hance trail, seventy miles
north of Flagstaff) ; in the canon of Oak Creek, south of Flagstaff (P. Lowell) ; and on
Grand River, Utah (Moab, Grant County, M. E. Jones).
3. BETULA L. Birch.
Trees, with smooth resinous bark marked by long longitudinal lenticels, often separat-
ing freely into thin papery plates, becoming thick, deeply furrowed, and scaly at the base of
old trunks, short slender branches more or less erect and forming on young trees a narrow
symmetrical pyramidal head, becoming horizontal and often pendulous on older trees,
tough branchlets, short stout spur-like 2-leaved lateral branchlets much roughened by
the crowded leaf-scars of many years, and elongated winter-buds covered by numerous
ovate acute scales, and fully grown and bright green at midsummer. Leaves open and
convex in the bud, often incisely lobed; stipules ovate and acute or oblong-obovate, scarious.
Flowers in 3-flowered cymes, the lateral flowers of the cyme subtended by bractlets adnate
to the base of the scale of the ament; staminate aments long, pendulous, solitary or clus-
tered, appearing in summer or autumn in the axils of the last leaves of a branchlet or near
the ends of short lateral branchlets, erect and naked during the winter, their scales in the
spring broadly ovate, rounded, short-stalked, yellow or orange-color below the middle and
dark chestnut-brown and lustrous above it; staminate flowers composed of a membrana-
ceous 4-lobed calyx often 2-lobed by suppression, the anterior lobe obovate, rounded at apex,
as long as the stamens, much longer than the minute posterior lobe, and of 2 stamens in-
serted on the base of the calyx, with short 2-branched filaments, each branch bearing an
erect half-anther; pistillate aments oblong or cylindric, terminal on the short spur-like
lateral branchlets, their scales closely imbricated, oblong-ovate, 3-lobed, light yellow, often
tinged with red above the middle, accrescent, becoming brown and woody at maturity,
and forming sessile or stalked erect or pendulous short or elongated strobiles usually ripen-
ing in the autumn, deciduous with the nuts from the slender rachis; calyx of the pistillate
flower 0; ovary sessile, compressed, with styles stigmatic at apex. Nut minute, oval or
obovoid, compressed, bearing at the apex the persistent stigmas, marked at the base by
a small pale scar, the outer coat of the shell produced into a marginal wing interrupted at
1 the apex.
Betula is widely distributed from the Arctic circle to Texas in the New World, and to
southern Europe, the Himalayas, China, and Japan in the Old World, some species form-
ing great forests at the north, or covering high mountain slopes. Of the twenty-eight or
thirty species now recognized twelve are found in North America; of these nine are trees.
Of exotic species the European and Asiatic Betula pendula Roth, in a number of forms is a
common ornamental tree in the northern states, where several of the Birch-trees of eastern
Asia also flourish. Many of the species produce wood valued by the cabinet-maker, or used
in the manufacture of spools, shoe-lasts, and other small articles. The thin layers of the
bark are impervious to water and are used to cover buildings, and for shoes, canoes, and
boxes. The sweet sap provides an agreeable beverage.
Betula is the classical name of the Birch-tree.
306 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Strobiles oblong-ovoid, nearly sessile, erect, the lateral lobes of their scales broad and slightly
divergent; wing not broader than the nut; leaves with 9-11 pairs of veins; bark of young
branches aromatic.
Leaves heart-shaped or rounded at base; scales of the strobiles glabrous; bark dark
brown, not separating into thin layers. 1. B. lenta (A, C).
Leaves cuneate or slightly heart-shaped at base; scales of the strobiles pubescent; bark
yellow, or silvery white, rarely dull yellowish brown; separating into thin layers.
2. B. lutea (A).
Strobiles oblong or cylindric, erect, spreading or pendant, on slender peduncles; wing
broader than the nut; leaves with 5-9 pairs of veins.
Strobiles oblong, erect, ripening in May or June, their scales pubescent, deeply lobed, the
lateral lobes erect; leaves rhombic-ovate, glaucescent and more or less silky-pubescent
beneath; bark light reddish-brown, separating freely into thin persistent scales.
3. B. nigra (A, C).
Strobiles cylindric, pendant or spreading.
Scales of the strobiles pubescent, with recurved lateral lobes, the middle lobe triangu-
lar, nearly as broad as long; leaves long-pointed; petioles slender, elongated.
Leaves triangular to rhombic, bright green and lustrous; bark chalky white, not
separable into thin layers. 4. B. populifolia (A).
Leaves ovate, cuneate to truncate or rounded at base, dull blue-green; bark white
tinged with pink, lustrous, not easily separable into thin layers.
5. B. ccEruIea (A).
Scales of the strobiles with ascending or spreading lateral lobes, the middle lobe usu-
ally acuminate, longer than broad; leaves acute or acuminate.
Bark separating freely into thin layers; scales of the strobiles glabrous.
Bark creamy white, or in some forms orange-brown; leaves ovate.
6. B. papyrifera (A, B, C, F).
Bark dull reddish brown or nearly white; leaves rhombic to deltoid-ovate.
7. B. alaskana (A, B).
Bark not separable into thin layers, dark brown; scales of the strobiles glabrous
or puberulous; branchlets glandular.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, truncate or rounded at the broad base.
8. B. fontinalis (B, F, G).
Leaves broad-ovate to elliptic, acute, rounded or abruptly short-pointed, cuneate
at base. 9. B. Eastwoodae (F).
1. Betula lenta L. Cherry Birch. Black Birch.
Betula alleghaniensis Britt.
Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed and often un-
equal at the cordate or rounded base, sharply serrate with slender incurved teeth, or very
rarely laciniately lobed (f . laciniata Rehdr.), when they unfold light green, coated on the
lower surface with long white silky hairs, and slightly hairy on the upper surface, at ma-
turity thin and membranaceous, dark dull green above, light yellow-green below, with
small tufts of white hairs in the axils of the veins, 2^'-6' long, l|'-3' wide, with a yellow mid-
rib and primary veins prominent and hairy on the lower surface, and obscure reticulate
cross veinlets; turning bright clear yellow late in the autumn; petioles stout, hairy, deeply
grooved on the upper side, f '-1' long; stipules ovate, acute, light green or nearly white,
scarious and ciliate above the middle. Flowers: staminate aments during the winter about
f ' long, nearly \' thick, with ovate acute apiculate scales bright red-brown above the middle
and light brown below it, becoming 3'-4' long; pistillate aments |'-f ' long, about |' thick,
with ovate pale green scales rounded at the apex; styles light pink. Fruit: strobiles ob-
long-ovoid, sessile, erect, glabrous, l'-l|' long, about \' thick; nut obovoid, pointed at
base, rounded at apex, about as broad as its wing.
BETULACE^
207
A tree, with aromatic bark and leaves, 70°-80° high, with a trunk 1°-5° in diameter,
slender branches spreading almost at right angles, becoming pendulous toward the ends
and gradually forming a narrow round-topped open graceful head, and branchlets light
green, slightly viscid and pilose when they first appear, soon turning dark orange-brown,
lustrous during the summer, bright red-brown in their first winter, becoming darker and
finally dark dull brown slightly tinged with red. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, about \'
long, with ovate acute light chestnut-brown loosely imbricated scales, those of the inner
ranks becoming |'-f ' long. Bark on young stems and branches close, smooth, lustrous,
dark brown tinged with red, and marked by elongated horizontal pale lenticels, becoming
on old trunks |'-|' thick, dull, deeply furrowed and broken into large thick irregular plates
Fig. 194
covered with closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained,
dark brown tinged with red, with thin light brown or yellow sapwood of- 70-80 layers of
annual growth; largely used for floors, in the manufacture of furniture and for fuel, and
occasionally in ship and boatbuilding. Sweet birch-oil distilled from the wood and bark is
used for medicinal purposes and for flavoring as a substitute for oil of wintergreen, and
beer is obtained by fermenting the sugary sap.
Distribution. Rich uplands from southern Maine to northwestern Vermont, and eastern
Ohio and southward to northern Delaware and along the Appalachian Mountains up to al-
titudes of 4000° to northern Georgia; in Alabama, and in eastern Kentucky and Tennes-
isee; a common forest tree at the north, and of its largest size on the western slopes of the
southern Alleghany Mountains.
X Betula Jackii Schn., a natural hybrid of B. tenia with B. pumila Michx., has appeared
in the Arnold Arboretum.
2. Betula lutea Michx. Yellow Birch. Gray Birch.
Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, acuminate or acute at apex, gradually narrowed to the
rounded cuneate or rarely heart-shaped usually oblique base, sharply doubly serrate,
when they unfold bronze-green or red, and pilose with long pale hairs above and on the
under side of the midrib and veins, at maturity dull dark green above, yellow-green below,
3'-4|' long, l^'-i' wide, with a stout midrib and primary veins covered below near the
base of the leaf with short pale or rufous hairs; turning clear bright yellow in the autumn;
petioles slender, pale yellow, hairy, f'-l' long; stipules ovate, atute, light green tinged with
pink above the middle, about Y long. Flowers: staminate aments during the winter f'-l'
long, about |' thick, with ovate rounded scales light chestnut-brown and lustrous above
the middle, ciliate on the margins, becoming 3'-3|' long and Y thick; pistillate aments
208
TREES OP NORTH AMERICA
about f long, with acute scales, pale green below, light red and tipped with clusters of long
white hair at apex, and pilose on the back. Fruit: strobiles erect, sessile, short-stalked,
pubescent, l'-l|' long, about f thick; nut ellipsoidal to obovoid, about f long, rather
broader than its wing.
A tree, with slightly aromatic bark and leaves, occasionally 100° high, with a trunk
3°-4° in diameter, spreading and more or less pendulous branches forming a broad round-
topped head, and branchlets at first green and covered with long pale hairs, light orange-
brown and pilose during their first summer, becoming glabrous and light brown slightly
tinged with orange, and ultimately dull and darker. Winter-buds about l' long, some-
what viscid and covered with loose pale hairs during the summer, becoming light chest-
nut-brown, acute, and slightly puberulous in winter. Bark of young stems and of the
branches bright silvery gray or light orange color, very lustrous, separating into thin loose
persistent scales more or less rolled on the margins, becoming on old trees Y thick, reddish
Fg. 195
brown, and di^^ded by narrow irregular fissures into large tWn plates covered with minute
closely appressed scales, or sometimes dull yellowish brown (B. aUeghaniensio Britt.).
Wood heavy, very strong, hard, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thin nearly
white sapwood; largely used for floors, in the manufacture of furniture, button and tassel
moulds, boxes, the hubs of wheels, and for fuel.
Distribution. Moist uplands, and southward often in swamps; one of the largest decid-
uous-leaved trees of northeastern America; Newfoundland and along the northern shores
of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the valley of Rainy River, and southward to Long Island
(Cold Spring Harbor) and western New York, Pennsylvania, northern Delaware, south-
eastern Ohio, northern Indiana, southwestern Wisconsin, northern, northeastern and cen-
tral Iowa, and from the mountains of Virginia and West Virginia to the highest peaks of
North Carolina and Tennessee at altitudes between 3000° and 5000°; very abundant and
of its largest size in the eastern provinces of Canada and in northern New York and New
England; small and rare in southern New England and southward.
X Betula Purpusii Schn. believed to be a natural hybrid of B. lutea with B. pumila
var. glandvlijera Regel has been found in Michigan and in Tamarack Swamps in Hennepin,
Pine and Anoka Counties, Minnesota.
3. Betula nigra L. Red Birch. River Birch.
Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute, abruptly or gradually narrowed and cuneate at basa
doubly serrate, and on vigorous young branches often more or less laciniately cut into acute
BETULACTEIfi
@09
doubly serrate lobes, when they unfold light yellow-green and pilose above and coated
below, especially on the midrib and petioles, with thick white tomentum, at maturity
thin and tough, l|'-3' long, l'-2' wide, deep green and lustrous above, glabrescent, pu-
bescent or ultimately glabrous below, except on the stout midrib and remote primary
veins; turning dull yellow in the autumn; petioles slender, slightly flattened, tomentose,
about Y long; stipules ovate, rounded or acute at apex, pale green, covered below with
white hairs. Flowers: staminate aments clustered, during the winter about |' long and
•3^ thick, with ovate rounded dull chestnut-brown lustrous scales, becoming 2'-3' long
and I' thick; pistillate aments about |' long, with bright green ovate scales pubescent on
the back, rounded or acute at apex, and ciliate with long white hairs. Fniit ripening
in May and June; strobiles cylindric. pubescent, l'-l|' long, ^' thick, erect on stout tomen-
F^196
tose peduncles |' long? nut ovoid to ellipsoidal, |' in length, pubescent or puberulous at
apex, about as broad as its thin puberulous wing, ciliate on the margin.
A tree, 80°-90° high, with a trunk often divided 15°-20° above the ground into 2 or
3 slightly diverging limbs, and sometimes 5° in diameter, slender branches forming in old
age a narrow irregular picturesque crown, and branchlets coated at first with thick pale
or slightly rufous tomentiun gradually disappearing before winter, becoming dark red and
lustrous, dull red-brown in their second year, and then gradually growing slightly darker
until the bark separates into the thin flakes of the older branches; or often sending up from
the ground a clump of several small spreading stems forming a low bushy tree. Winter-
buds ovoid, acute, about |' long, covered in summer with thick pale tomentum, glabrous
or slightly puberulous, lustrous and bright chestnut-brown in winter, the inner scales
strap-shaped, light brown tinged with red, and coated with pale hairs. Bark on young
stems and large branches thin, lustrous, light reddish brown or silvery gray, marked by
narrow slightly darker longitudinal lenticels, separating freely into large thin papery scales
persistent for several years, and turning back and showing the light pink-brown tints of
the freshly exposed inner layers, becorning at the base of old trunks from f '-1' thick, dark
red-brown, deeply furrowed and broken on the surface into thick closely appressed scales.
Wood light, rather hard, strong, close-grained, light brown, with pale sapwood of 40-50 lay-
ers of annual growth; used in the manufacture of furniture, woodenware, wooden shoes,
and in turnery.
Distribution. Banks of streams, ponds, and swamps, in deep rich soil often inundated
for several weeks. at a time; near Manchester, Hillsboro County, New Hampshire, north-
eastern Massachusetts, Long Island, New York, southward to northern Florida through
the region east of the Alleghany Mountains except in the immediate neighborhood of the
210
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
coast, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Navasota River, Brazos County, Texas,
and through Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma, southeastern Kansas, and Missouri to Tennessee
and Kentucky, southern and eastern Iowa, southern Minnesota, the valley of the Eau
Claire River, Eau Claire County, Wisconsin, southern Illinois, the valley of the Kankakee
River, Indiana, and southern Ohio; the only semiaquatic species and the only species
ripening its seeds in the spring or early summer; attaining its largest size in the damp
semitropical lowlands of Florida, Louisiana, and Texas; the only Birch-tree of such warm
regions.
Often cultivated in the northeastern states as an ornamental tree, growing rapidly in
cultivation.
4. Betula populifolia Marsh. Gray Birch. White Birch.
Leaves nearly triangular to rhombic, long-pointed, coarsely doubly serrate with stout
spreading glandular teeth except at the broad truncate or slightly cordate or cuneate base,
thin and firm, dark green and lustrous and somewhat roughened on the upper surface early
in the season by small pale glands in the axils of the conspicuous reticulate veinlets, 2|'-3'
long, l^'-^Y wide, with a stout yellow midrib covered with minute glands, and raised and
rounded on the upper side, and obscure yellow primary veins; turning pale yellow in the
autumn; petioles slender, terete, covered with black glands, often stained with red on the
upper side, f'-l' long; stipules broadly ovate, acute, membranaceous, light green slightly
tinged with red. Flowers: staminate aments usually solitary or rarely in pairs, Ij'-l^'
long, about |' thick during the winter, becoming 2|'-4<' long, with ovate acute apiculate
scales; pistillate aments slender, as long as their glandular peduncles about i' in length.
Fig. 197
with ovate acute pale green glandular scales. Fruit: strobile^ cylindric, pubescent, ob-
tuse at apex, about f long and Y thick, pendant or spreading on slender stems; nut ellip-
soidal to obovoid, acute or rounded at base, a little narrower than its obovate wing.
A short-lived tree, 20°-30° or exceptionally 40° high, with a trunk rarely 18' in diameter,
short slender often pendulous more or less contorted branches usually clothing the stem to
the ground and forming a narrow pyramidal head, and branchlets roughened by small
raised lenticels, resinous-glandular when they first appear, gradually growing darker, bright
yellow and lustrous before autumn like the young stems, bright reddish brown during their
first winter, and ultimately white near the trunk; often growing in clusters of spreading
stems springing from the stumps of old trees. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, pale chestnut-
brown, glabrous, about j' long. Bark about I' thick, dull chalky white on the outer sur-
face, bright orange on the inner, close and firm, with dark triangular markings at the
BETULACEJE
211
insertion of the branches, becoming at the base of old trees thicker, nearly black, and
irregularly broken by shallow fissures. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, not
durable, light brown, with thiclj nearly white sap wood; used in the manufacture of spools,
shoe-pegs and wood pulp, for the hoops of barrels, and largely for fuel.
Distribution. Dry gravelly barren soil or on the margins of swamps and ponds ; Prince
Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the valley of the lower St. Lawrence
River southward to northeastern, central and on South Mountain, Franklin County,
Pennsylvania, and northern Delaware, and westward through northern New England and
New York, ascending sometimes to altitudes of 1800°, to the southern shores of Lake
Ontario, and at the foot of Lake Michigan, Indiana; rare and local in the interior, very
abundant in the coast region of New England and the middle states; springing up in great
numbers on abandoned farm-lands or on lands stripped by fire of their original forest cover-
ing; most valuable in its ability to grow rapidly in sterile soil and to afford protection to
the seedlings of more valuable and less rapid-growing trees.
A form with deeply divided leaves (var, laciniata Loud.) and one with purple leaves
(var. purpurea E & B) are occasionally cultivated.
A shrub believed to be a natural hybrid of B. populifolia with B. pumila Michx. has
been found near Mt. Mansfield, Vermont.
5. Betula coenilea Blanch. Blue Birch.
Leaves ovate, long-pointed, broadly or narrowly toncave-cuneate at the entire often
unequal base, sharply mostly doubly serrate above with straight or incurved glandular
often apiculate teeth, covered above when they unfold with pale deciduous glands, at
maturity dull bluish green above, pale yellow-green below, and sparingly villose along the
under side of the slender yellow midrib and primary veins, 2'-2|' long, !'-!§' wide:
(
Fig. 198
petioles slender, f'-ll' long, yellow more or less deeply tinged with red. Flowers: stam-
inate aments usually in pairs, or singly or in 3's, 1^-1' long, about y^' thick, with ovate
rounded short-pointed scales; pistillate aments slender, about Y long, with acuminate pale
green much reflexed scales. Fruit: strobiles cylindric, pubescent, slightly narrowed at the
obtuse apex, about 1' long and \' thick, pendant on slender peduncles \'-\' in length; nut
ellipsoidal, much narrower than its broad wing,
A tree, rarely more than 30° high, with a trunk 8'-10' in diameter, small ascending
finally spreading branches, and slender branchlets marked by numerous small raised pale
lenticels, purplish and sparingly villose when they first appear, soon glabrous, becoming
SIS
TREES OP NORTH AMERICA
bright red-brown; often forming clumps of several stems. Bark thin, white tinged with
rose, lustrous, not readily separable into layers, the inner bark light orange color.
Distribution. Moist slopes, Stratton and Windham, Windham County, Vermont, at alti-
tudes of about 1800° (W. H. Blanchard), Haystack Mountain, Aroostook County, Maine
(M. L. Fernald); the American representative of the European Betula pendula Roth., and
probably widely distributed over the hills of northern New England and eastern Canada.
Perhaps with its variety best considered a natural hybrid between B. papyrifera and B.
populifolia.
Apparently passing into a form with larger leaves often rounded and truncate at the
broad base, 3'-3|' long and 2' wide, stouter staminate aments, and strobiles frequently
I5' long and ^' thick (var. Blanchardii Sarg. fig. 198 A). This under favorable conditions
is a tree 60°-70° high, with a trunk 18' in diameter; common with Betula coerulea at Wind-
ham and Stratton, Vermont (W. H. Blanchard), and on a hill near the coast in Washington
County, Maine {M. L. Fernald).
6. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Canoe Birch. Paper Birch.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate with a short broad point, coarsely usually doubly and
often very irregularly serrate except at the rounded abruptly cuneate or gradually nar-
rowed base, bright green, glandular-resinous, pubescent and clothed below on the midrib
and primary veins and on the petioles with long white hairs when they unfold, at maturity
thick and firm, dull dark green and glandless or rarely glandular on the upper surface, light
yellow-green and glabrous or puberulous, with small tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the
primary veins and covered with many black glands on the lower surface, 2'-3' long, l|'-2'
wide, with a slender yellow midrib marked, like the remote primary veins, with minute
F%. 199
black glands, turning light clear yellow in the auutmn; petioles stout, yellow, glandular,
glabrous or pubescent, ^'-|' long; stipules ovate, acute, ciliate on the margins with pale
hairs, light green. Flowers: staminate aments clustered during the winter, f'-li' long,
about i' thick, with ovate, acute scales light brown below the middle, dark red-brown
above it, becoming 3|'-4' long, and about |' thick; pistillate aments I'-l j' long, about ^q'
thick, with light green lanceolate scales long-pointed and acute or rounded at apex; styles
bright red. Fruit: strobiles cylindric, glabrous, about 1^' long and f thick, hanging on
slender stalks, their scales very rarely entire (var. elobata Sarg.); nut ellipsoidal, about
j^' long, much narrower than its thin wing.
A tree, usually 60°-70° tall, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, becoming in old age, or
when crowded by other trees, branchless below and supporting a narrow open head of
BETULACB^ S13
short pendulous branches, and branchlets at first light green, slightly viscid, marked by
scattered orange-colored oblong lenticels and covered with long pale hairs, dark orange
color and glabrous or pubescent during the summer, becoming dull red in their first winter,
gradually growing dark orange-brown, lustrous for four or five years and ultimately covered
with the white papery bark of older branches. Winter-buds obovoid, acute, about |' long,
pubescent below the middle and coated with resinous gum at midsummer, dark chestnut-
brown, glabrous and slightly resinous during the winter, their inner scales becoming strap-
shaped, rounded at apex, about |' long and Y wide. Bark on young trunks and large
limbs thin, creamy white or rarely bronze color or orange-brown and lustrous on the outer
surface, bright orange color on the inner, marked by long narrow slightly darker colored
raised lenticels, separating into thin papery layers, pale orange color when first exposed to
the, light, becoming on old trunks for a few feet above the ground sometimes |' thick, dull
brown or nearly black, sharply and irregularly furrowed and broken on the surface into
thick closely appressed scales. "Wood light, strong, hard, tough, very close-grained, light
brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sap wood; largely used for spools, shoe-lasts ,
pegs, and in turnery, the manufacture of wood-pulp, and for fuel. The tough resinous
durable bark impervious to water is used by all the northern Indians to cover their canoes
and for baskets, bags, drinking-cups, and other small articles, and often to cover their
wigwams in winter.
Distribution. Rich wooded slopes and the borders of streams, lakes, and swamps
scattered through forests of other trees; Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson's Bay,
and southward to Long Island, New York, northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan, north-
ern Indiana, northern Wisconsin, northern-central Iowa, eastern Nebraska, North and
South Dakota and Wyoming; common in the maritime provinces of Canada and North of
the Great Lakes, and in northern New England and New York; small and comparatively
rare in the coast region of southern New England and southward; on the highest mountains
of New England and northward the var. minor S. Wats and Gov. is common as a small shrub.
Often planted in the northeastern states as an ornamental tree.
X Betula Sandbergii Britt. and its f. maxima Rosend. generally believed to be natural
hybrids of B. papyrifera and B. pumila var. glandulifera Regl. occur in Tamarack swamps
in Hennepin Gounty, Minnesota.
Passing into the following varieties.
Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia Fern.
Leaves ovate, abruptly pointed and acuminate or acute at apex, cordate at base, coarsely
doubly serrate, glabrous or pilose on the under side .of the midrib and veins, often furnished
Fig. 200
«14
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
below with axillary tufts of pale hairs, l|'-3' long, l'-2|' wide; petioles glabrous or rarely
villose, ^ -f in length. Fruit: strobiles f '-2' long and |'-§' thick, on villose peduncles up
to I' in length; scales glabrous or pubescent.
A tree rarely more than 30° tall, with slender glabrous or pubescent branchlets, and at
high altitudes on the New England mountains reduced to a low shrub. Bark separating
in thin layers, white or dark reddish brown.
Distribution. Labrador and Newfoundland to northern New England, and westward
to the shores of Green Bay, Wisconsin, and those of Lake Superior, Minnesota (Grand
Marais, Cook County); on Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina, at an altitude of 5550® (JV. W,
Ashe).
Betula papyrifera var. subcordata Sarg.
Betula subcordata Rydb.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, slightly cordate or rounded at base, rarely
slightly lobed above the middle, finely often doubly serrate with teeth pointing forward or
spreading, glabrous, 2'-2|' long, l'-l|' wide; petioles sparingly villose or glabrous, Y-%
in length. Fruit: strobiles drooping on slender peduncles l'-l|' long, about \' thick,
Fig. 201
their scales puberulous, ciliate on the margins, the middle lobe acute, rather longer than the
broad truncate lateral lobes; nut obovoid, cuneate at base, tV long, narrower than its
wings.
A tree 25°-40° or occasionally 60° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, and slightly
glandular glabrous red-brown branchlets. Bark separatmg freely into thin layers, white or
occasionally dark reddish brown or orange color.
Distribution. Alberta (Crow Nest Pass, neighborhood of Jasper and Cypress Hills),
through northern Montana and Idaho to western Washington, northeastern Oregon
(Minum River Valley) and British Columbia.
Betula papyrifera var. montanensis Sarg.
Betula montanensis Butler.
Leaves broadly ovate, acute at apex, truncate or rounded at base to oblong-ovate oF
lanceolate and long-pointed and acuminate at apex, narrowed and rounded at base, coarsely
doubly serrate, thick, dark green above, paler, sparingly pubescent and furnished with
BBTULACE^
S15
conspicuous tufts of axillary hairs below, 3'-5' long, 2 -2^' wide; petioles puberulous,
I'-l' in length. Flowers unknown. Fruit: strobiles cylindric, l|'-2' long, ^' thick,
pendent on puberulous peduncles |'-f ' in length, their scales puberulous, finely ciliate on
Fig. 202
the margins, the slender base of those below the middle of the ament rather more than
twice as long as the expanded upper portion of the scale.
A tree 40°-50° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, and slender branchlets red-brown,
lustrous, marked by small pale lenticels and puberulous during their first season. Winter-
buds narrow-obovoid, acuminate, dark red-brown, resinous, |' long. Bark white, or dark
gray or brown.
Distribution. Shore of Yellow Bay, Flathead Lake, Flathead County, Montana, and
at Sandpoint, Bonner County^ Idaho.
Betula papyrifera var. occidentalis Sarg.
Betula occidentalis Hook.
Leaves ovate, acute, or abruptly acuminate at apex, rounded or occasionally cordate
or rarely cuneate at the broad base, coarsely and generally doubly serrate with straight or
incurved glandular teeth, thin and firm in texture, dull dark green above, pale yellow-green
below, and puberulous on both sides of the stout yellow midrib and slender primary veins,
3'-4' long, l|'-2' wide; petioles stout, glandular, at first tomentose, ultimately pubescent
or puberulous, about f ' long; stipules oblong-obovate, rounded and acute or apisculate
at apex, ciliate on the margin, puberulous, glandular-viscid. Flowers: staminate aments
during the winter about f ' long and %' thick, with ovate scales rounded or abruptly nar-
rowed and acute at apex, puberulous on the outer surface, ciliate on the margins, becoming
3'-4' long and about \' thick; pistillate aments about 1' long and -^^' thick, with acuminate
bright green scales. Fruit: strobiles cylindric, puberulous, spreading, lj'-l|' long, \'-\'
thick, on stout peduncles f ' in length, their scales ciliate on the margins; nut oval, about
■^•^' in length, and nearly as wide as its wings.
A tree, 100°-120° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, comparatively small branches
often pendulous on old trees, and pale orange-brown branchlets more or less glandular and
coated with long pale hairs when they first appear, becoming bright orange-brown and
nearly destitute of glands during their first winter, and in their second year orange-
brown, glabrous, and very lustrous. Winter-buds acute, bright orange-brown, \'-\' long,
their light brown inner scales sometimes becoming f in length. Bark thin, marked by
iong oblong horizontal raised lenticels, dark orange-brown or white, very lustrous, sepa*
S16
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
rating freely into thin papery layers displaying in falling the bright orange-yellow inn^
bark.
Distribution. Banks of streams and lakes; southwestern British Columbia and north-
western Washington and eastward through eastern Washington and northern Idaho to
Fig. 203
northern Montana west of the continental divide; nowhere common and probably of its
largest size on the alluvial banks of the lower Fraser River, and on the islands of Puget
Sound.
Betula papyrif era var. kenaica A. Henry. Red Birch. Black Birch.
Betula kenaica Evans.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, broadly cuneate or somewhat rounded at the entire
baje, irregularly coarsely often doubly serrate, glabrous, dark dull green above, pale yel-
Fig. 204
loW'green below, l^'-i' long, I'-lf wide, with a slender yellow midrib and 5 pairs of thi»
primary veins; petioles slender, | -1' long. Flowers : staminate aments clustered, I'long;
BBTULACEffi
217
with ovate acute scales apiculate at apex, puberulous on the outer surface; pistillate aments,
-Y long, about js' thick, on slender glandular pubescent peduncles ^'-f in length; scales
3
acuminate light green strongly reflexed; styles bright red. Fruit: strobiles cylindric, gla-
brous, 1' long, their scales ciliate on the margins; nut oval, somewhat narrower than its
thin wing.
A tree, 30°-40° high, with a trunk 12'-20' in diameter, wide-spreading branches, stout
branchlets marked by numerous small pale lenticels, bright red-brown during 2 or 3 years,
gradually becoming darker. Bark thin, more or less furrowed, very dark brown or nearly
black near the base of the trunk, grayish white or light reddish brown and separating into
thin layers higher on the stem and on the branches.
Distribution. Coast of Alaska from Cook Inlet southward to the head of the Lynn
Canal.
7. Betula alaskana Sarg. White Birch.
Leaves rhombic to deltoid-ovate, long-pointed, truncate, rounded or broadly cuneate*
or on leading shoots occasionally cordate at the entire base, coarsely and often doubly
glandular-serrate, thin, dark green above, pale and yellow-green below, l^'-3' long, I'-l^'
wide, with a slender midrib and primary veins pubescent or ultimately glabrous be-
low; petioles often bright red, somewhat hairy at first, finally glabrous, about 1' long;
Flowers: staminate aments clustered, sessile, 1' long, |' thick, with ovate acuminate scales
Ftg. 205
puberulous on the outer surface, and bright red, with yellow margins; pistillate aments slen-
der, cylindric, glandular, 1' long, |' thick, on stout peduncles nearly §' in length. Fruit:
strobiles glabrous, pendulous or spreading, I'-lj' long, |'-|' thick, their scales ciliate on
the margins; nut oval, narrower than its broad wing.
A tree, usually 30°-4!0°, occasionally 80°, high, with a trunk 6'-12' in diameter, slender
erect and spreading or pendulous branches, and glabrous bright red-brown branchlets more
or less thickly covered dm-ing their first year with resinous glands sometimes persistent
until the second or third season. Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse at the gradually narrowed
apex, about |' long, with light red-brown shining outer scales sometimes ciliate on the
margins, and oblong rounded scarious inner scales hardly more than Y long when fully
grown. Bark thin, marked by numerous elongated dark slightly raised lenticels, dull red-
dish brown or sometimes nearly white on the outer surface, light red on the inner surface,
close and firm, finally separable into thin plate-like scales.
Distribution. Valley of the Saskatchewan northwestward to the valley of the Yukon*
218 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
growing sparingly near the banks of streams in forests of coniferous trees and in large
numbers on sunny slopes and hillsides; the common Birch-tree of the Yukon basin.
X Betida commixta Sarg., a shrub, growing on the tundra near Dawson, Yukon Terri-
tory, is believed to be a hybrid between B. alaskana and B. glandidosa Michx.
8. Betula fontinalis Sarg. Black Birch.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate, except at the
rounded or abruptly cuneate often unequal base, and sometimes slightly laciniately
lobed, pale green, pilose above, and covered by conspicuous resinous glands when they
unfold, at maturity thin and firm, dark dull green above, pale yellow-green, rather lus-
trous and covered by minute glandular dots below, l'-2' long, |'-1' wide, with a slender
pale midrib, remote glandular veins, and rather conspicuous reticulate veinlets; turning
dull yellow in the autumn; petioles stout, puberulous, light yellow, glandular-dotted,
flattened on the upper side, often flushed with red, |'-|' long; stipules broadly ovate,
acute or roun(ted at apex, slightly ciliate, bright green, soon becoming pale and scarious.
Flowers: staminate aments clustered, |'-f' long and ^' thick during the winter, with
ovate acute light chestnut-brown scales pale and slightly ciliate on the margins, becoming
2'-2^' long, and about |' thick, with apiculate scales; pistillate aments short-stalked,
about f long, with ovate acute green scales; styles bright red. Fruit: strobiles cylindric,
rather obtuse, puberulous or nearly glabrous, V-l\' long, |' thick, erect or pendulous on
Fig. 206
slender glandular peduncles, J' to nearly f in length; their scales ciliate, puberulous,
the lateral lobes ascending, shorter than the middle lobe; nut ovoid or obovoid, puberulous
at apex, nearly as wide as its wing.
A tree iO^^-iS® high with a short trunk, rarely more than 12' or 14' in diameter, ascending
spreading and somewhat pendulous branches forming a broad open head, and slender
branchlets, when they first appear light green glabrous or puberulous and covered with
lustrous resinous glands persistent during their second season, and dark red-brown in their
first winter; more commonly shrubby, with many thin spreading stems forming open clus-
ters, 15°-20° high; often much lower, and frequently crowded in almost impenetrable
thickets. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, very resinous, chestnut-brown, |' long. Bark about
\' thick, dark bronze color, very lustrous, marked by pale brown longitudinal lenticels
becoming on old tnmks often 6'-8' long and j wide. Wood soft and strong, light brown,
with thick lighter-colored sap wood; sometimes used for fuel and fencing.
Distribution. Moist soil near the banks of streams usually in mountain cafions; gen-
BETULACB-E
219
erally distributed, although nowhere very common: valley of the Saskatchewan (Saska-
toon), Saskatchewan, westward to the basin of the upper Fraser and Pease Rivers, British
Columbia, southward along the Rocky Mountains to eastern Utah, northern New Mexico
and Arizona, the valleys of the Shasta region and the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada,
northern California, and eastward in the United States to the eastern foothills of the Rocky
Mountains of Colorado, the Black Hills of South Dakota, and northwestern Nebraska.
Passing into
Betula fontinalis var. Piperi Sarg.
Betula Piperi Britt.
A tree occasionally 50°-60° high with a tall trunk 12'-18' in diameter, short spreading
branches, and usually longer and often narrower strobiles.
Fig. 207
Distribution. Spokane, Spokane County, Almota and Pullman, Whitman County,
eastern Washington.
9. Betula Eastwoodas Sarg.
Leaves broad-ovate to elliptic, acute, rounded or abruptly short-pointed at apex, coarsely
serrate except at the cuneate base, thick, glabrous, dark green above, pale below, reticulate-
Fig. 208
220 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
venulose, the veinlets more conspicuous on the lower surface, I'-lf long, f'-l^' wide;
petioles slender, glabrous j'-i' in length; stipules scarious, ovate-oblong, rounded at apex.
Flowers: staminate aments usually solitary or in pairs, sessile, I'-lj' long, |' thick, with
broadly ovate pubescent dark red scales acute and apiculate at apex; pistillate aments
5' long, about yV' thick, with acute light green scales. Fruit: strobiles pendulous on
peduncles |'-|' long, cylindric, f ' in length, about |' thick, their scales glabrous longer
than broad, the lobes narrowed at the rounded apex, cihate, the lateral slightly spread-
ing, one third shorter than the terminal lobe.
A tree 18°-20° high, with a trunk rarely more than 6' in diameter, and slender red gla-
brous branchlets thickly covered with circular white glands. Bark close, chestnut-brown,
marked by conspicuous horizontal white lenticels, about ^' thick.
Distribution. Swamps near Dawson, Yukon Territory, forming jungles with Betvla
glandulosa Michx., B. alaskana Sarg., and various Willows; as a large shrub in Jasper
Park near Jasper, Alberta.
4. ALNUS L. Alder.
Trees and shrubs, with astringent scaly bark, soft straight-grained wood, naked stipitate
winter-buds formed in summer and nearly inclosed by the united stipules of the first leaf,
becoming thick, resinous, and dark red. Leaves open and convex in the bud, falling
without change of color; stipules of all but the first leaf ovate, acute, and scarious. Flowers
vernal, or rarely opening in the autumn from aments of the year, in 1-3-flowered cymes
in the axils of the peltate short-stalked scales of stalked aments formed in summer or
autumn in the axils of the last leaves of the year or of those of minute leafy bracts; stamin-
ate aments elongated, pendulous, paniculate, naked and erect during the winter, each
staminate flower subtended by 3-5 minute bractlets adnate to the scales of the ament, and
composed of a 4-parted calyx, and 1-3 or usually 4 stamens inserted on the base of the calyx
opposite its lobes, with short simple filaments; pistillate aments ovoid or oblong, erect,
stalked, produced in summer in the axils of the leaves of a branch developed from the
axils of an upper leaf of the year, and below the staminate inflorescence, inclosed at first
in the stipules of the first leaf, emerging in the autumn and naked during the winter, or
remaining covered until early spring; pistillate flowers in pairs, each flower subtended by
2-4 minute bractlets adnate to the fleshy scale of the ament becoming at maturity thick
and woody, obovate, 3-5-lobed or truncate at the thickened apex, forming an ovoid or
subglobose strobile persistent after the opening of its closely imbricated scales; calyx 0;
ovary compressed; nut minute, bright chestnut-brown, ovoid to oblong, flat, bearing at
the apex the remnants of the style, marked at the base by a pale scar, the outer coat of
the shell produced into lateral wings often reduced to a narrow membranaceous border.
Alnus inhabits swamps, river bottom-lands, and high mountains, and is widely and gen-
erally distributed through the northern hemisphere, often forming the most conspicuous
feature of vegetation on moimtain slopes, ranging at high altitudes southward in the New
World through Central America to Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia, and to upper Assam and
Japan in the Old World. Of the eighteen or twenty species now recognized nine are North
American; of these, six attain the size and habit of trees. Of the exotic species, Alnus
cvlgaris Hill., a common European, north African, and Asiatic timber-tree, was introduced
many years ago into the northeastern states, where it has become locally naturalized.
The wood of Alnus is very durable in water, and the astringent bark and strobiles are used
in tanning leather and in medicine. ^
Alnus is the classical name of the Alder.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Flowers opening in spring with or after the leaves; stamens 4; pistillate aments inclosed
during the winter; wing of the nut broad; leaves ovate, sinuately lobed, lustrous on the
lower surface. 1. A. sinuata (B. F. G).
BETULACE^
231
Flowers opening in winter or early spring before the unfolding of the leaves; pistillate
aments usually naked during the winter.
Wing of the nut broad; leaves ovate or elliptic, rusty-pubescent on the lower surface;
pistillate aments often inclosed during the winter; stamens 4. 2. A. rubra (B, G).
Wing of the nut reduced to a narrow border.
Stamens 4; leaves oblong-ovate, glabrous or puberulous on the lower surface.
3. A. tenuifolia (B, F, G).
Stamens usually 2, or 3.
Leaves ovate or oval. 4. A. rhombifolia (B, F, G).
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute. 5. A. oblongifolia (H).
Flowers opening in autunm from aments of the year; stamens 4; wing of the nut reduced
to a narrow border; leaves oblong-ovate or obovate, dark green and lustrous above,
pale yellow-green below. 6. A. maritima (A).
1. Alnus sinuata Rydb. Alder.
Alnus sitchensis Sarg.
Leaves ovate, acute, full and rounded and often unsymmetrical and somewhat oblique
or abruptly narrowed and cuneate at base, divided into numerous short acute lateral lobes,
sharply and doubly serrate with straight glandular teeth, glandular-viscid as they unfold,
at maturity membranaceous, yellow-green on the upper surface, pale and very lustrous on
Rg. 209
the lower surface, glabrous, or villose along the under side of the stout midrib with short
brown hairs also forming tufts in the axils of the numerous slender primary veins, 3'-6'
long, li'-4' wide; petioles stout, grooved, abruptly enlarged at the base, ^'-f ' in length;
stipules oblong to spatulate, rounded and apiculate at apex, puberulous, about \' long.
Flowers: staminate aments sessile, in pairs in the axils of the upper leaves sometimes re-
duced to small bracts, and single in the axil of the leaf next below, during the winter about
I' long and \' thick, with dark red-brown shining puberulous apiculate scales, becoming
when the flowers open from spring to midsummer 4' or 5' long, with a puberulous light red
rachis and ovate acute apiculate 3-flowered scales; calyx-lobes rounded, shorter than the
4 stamens; pistillate aments in elongated panicles, inclosed during winter in buds formed
the previous summer in the axils of the leaves of short lateral branchlets, long-peduncu-
late, \' long, \' thick. Fruit: strobiles on slender peduncles in elongated sometimes leafy
panicles 4'-6' in length, oblong, |'-fMong, about \' thick, their truncate scales thickened
at the apex; nut oval, about as wide as its wings.
222
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, sometimes 40° high, with a trunk 7'-8' in diameter, short small nearly horizontal
branches forming a narrow* crown, and slender slightly zigzag branchlets puberulous and
very glandular when^ they first appear, bright orange-brown and lustrous and marked by
numerous large pale lenticels during their first season, much roughened during their second
year by the elevated crowded leaf-scars, becoming light gray. Winter-buds acuminate,
dark purple, covered especially toward the apex with close fine pubescence, about ^' long.
Bark thin bluish gray, with bright red inner bark; often a shrub only a few feet tall spread-
ing into broad thickets.
Distribution. Northwest coast from the borders of the Arctic Circle to the high moun-
tains of northern California; common in the valley of the Yukon and eastward through
British Columbia to Alberta, and through Washington and Oregon to the western slopes
of the Rocky Mountains in Montana; at the north with dwarf Willows, forming great
thickets; 'in southeastern Alaska often a tall tree on rich moist bottom-lands near the
mouths of mountain streams, and at the upper limits of tree growth a low shrub; very
abundant in the valley of the Yukon on the wet banks of streams and often arborescent in
habit; in British Columbia and the United States generally smaller and a shrub, growing
usually only at altitudes of more than 3000° above the sea, and often forming thickets
on the banks of streams and lakes.
^. AInus rubra Bong. Alder.
Alnus oregona Nutt.
Leaves ovate to elliptic, acute, abruptly or gradually narrowed and cuneate at base,
crenately lobed, dentate with minute gland-tipped teeth, and slightly revolute on the
margins, covered when they unfold with pale tomentum, at maturity thick dark green and
glabrous or pilose with scattered white hairs above, clothed below with short rusty pubes-
Fig. 210
cence, 3'-5' long, l|'-3' wide, or on vigorous branchlets sometimes 8'-10' long, with a
broad midrib and primary veins green on the upper side and orange-colored on the lower,
the primary veins running obliquely to the points of the lobes and connected by con-
spicuous slightly reticulate cross veinlels; petioles orange-colored, nearly terete, slightly
grooved, ^'-f ' in length; stipules ovate, acute, pale green flushed with red, tomentose, |'-^'
long. Flowers: staminate aments in red-stemmed clusters, during the winter ly long, Y
thick, with dark red-brown lustrous closely appressed scales, becoming 4'-6' long and
I' thick, with ovate acute orange-colored glabrous scales; calyx yellow, with ovate rounded
BETULACEiE 223
lobes rather shorter than the 4 stamens; pistillate aments in short racemes usually in-
closed during the winter in buds formed during the early summer and opening in the early
spring, 1'-^' long, about yV thick, with dark red acute scales; styles bright red. Fruit:
strobiles raised on stout orange-colored peduncles sometimes |' in length, ovoid or oblong,
^'-1' long, Y~¥ thick, with truncate scales much thickened toward the apex; nut orbicular
to obovoid, surrounded by a membranaceous wing.
A tree, usually 40°-50°, occasionally 90" high, with a trunk sometimes 3° in diameter,
slender somewhat pendulous branches forming a narrow pyramidal head, and slender
branchlets marked by minute scattered pale lenticels, light green and coated at first with
hoary tomentum sometimes persistent until their second year, becoming during the first
winter bright red and lustrous and ultimately ashy gray. Winter-buds about Y long,
dark red, covered with pale scurfy pubescence. Bark rarely more than f thick, close,
roughened by minute wart-like excrescences, pale gray or nearly white, with a thin outer
layer, and bright red-brown inner bark. Wood light, soft, brittle, not strong, close-
grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sap wood; in Washington and
Oregon largely used in the manufacture of furniture and for smoking salmon; by the Indians
of Alaska the trunks are hollowed into canoes.
Distribution. Shores of Yakutat Bay, southeastern Alaska, southward near the coast
to the canons of the Santa Inez Mountains, Santa Barbara County, California; common
along the banks of streams, and of its largest size near the shores of Puget Sound; in
California most abundant in Mendocino, Humbolt and Marin Counties, forming groves on
bottom-lands near the coast; often ranging inland for 20 or 30 miles, and occasionally
ascending to altitudes of 2000° above the sea.
3. Ahius tenuifolia Nutt. Alder.
Leaves ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, broad and rounded or cordate or occasionally
abruptly narrowed and cuneate at base, usually acutely laciniately lobed and doubly ser-
\
Fig. 211
rate, when they unfold light green often tinged with red, pilose on the upper surface and
coated on the lower with pale tomentum, at maturity thin and firm, dark green and glabrous
above, pale yellow-green and glabrous or puberulous below, 2'-4' long, 1|'-2|' wide, with i
stout orange-colored midrib impressed on the upper side, and slender primary veins running
to the points of the lobes; petioles stout, slightly grooved, orange-colored, ^'-1' in length;
stipules ovate, acute, thin, and scarious, Y long, about |' wide, covered with pale pubes-
cence. Flowers : staminate aments 3 or 4 in number in slender-stemmed racemes, nearly
sessile or raised on stout peduncles often Y long, during the winter light purple, |'-1' long
224
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and \' thick, becoming l|'-2' in length; calyx-lobes rounded, shorter than the 4 stamens;
pistillate aments naked during the winter, dark red-brown, nearly j' long, with acute apic-
ulate loosely imbricated scales, only slightly enlarged when the flowers open. Fruit:
strobiles obovoid-oblong, |'-^' long, their scales much thickened, truncate and 3-lobed at
apex; nut nearly circular to slightly obovoid, surrounded by a thin membranaceous border.
A tree, occasionally 30° tall, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, small spreading slightly
pendulous branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender branchlets marked
at first by a few large orange-colored lenticels and coated with fine pale or rusty caducous
pubescence, becoming light brown or ashy gray more or less deeply flushed with red in their
first winter and ultimately paler; more often shrubby, with several spreading stems, and
at the north and at high altitudes frequently only 4°-5° tall. Winter-buds j'-f long,
bright red, and puberulous. Bark rarely more than j' thick, bright red-brown and broken
on the surface into small closely appressed scales.
Distribution. Banks of streams and mountain canons from Francis Lake in latitude
61° north to the valley of the lower Fraser River, British Columbia, eastward along the
Saskatchewan to Prince Albert, and southward through the Rocky Mountains to northern
New Mexico; on the Sierra Nevada of southern California, and in Lower California; the
common Alder of mountain streams in the northern interior region of the continent; very
abundant on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains, and on the southern California
Sierras; forming great thickets at 6000°-7000° above the sea along the head- waters of the
rivers of southern California flowing to the Pacific Ocean; the common Alder of eastern
Washington and Oregon, and of Idaho and Montana; very abundant and of its largest size
in Colorado and northern New Mexico.
4. Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. White Alder. Alder.
Leaves ovate or oval or sometimes nearly orbicular, rounded or acute at apex, especially
on vigorous shoots, gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate at base, finely or some-
times coarsely and occasionally doubly serrate, slightly thickened and reflexed on the some-
Fig. 212
what undulate margins, when they unfold pale green and covered with deciduous matted
white hairs, at maturity dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, frequently marked,
especially on the midrib, with minute glandular dots, light yellow-green and slightly puber-
ulous below, 2'-3' long, l^'-2' wide, with a stout yellow midrib and primary veins; peti-
oles slender, yellow, hairy, flattened and grooved on the upper side, ^'-f ' long; stipules
ovate, acute, scarious, puberulous, about |' in length. Flowers: staminate aments in
slender-stemmed pubescent clusters, usually short-stalked, diu-ing the summer dark olive-
BETULACEiB
225
brown and lustrous, f'-l' long and about ^' thick, beginning to lengthen late in the
autumn before the leaves fall, fully grown and 4'-6' long and Y thick in January, with dark
orange-brown scales, and deciduous in February before the appearance of the new leaves;
calyx yellow, 4-lobed, rather shorter than the 2 or occasionally 3 or rarely single stamen;
pistillate aments in short pubescent racemes emerging from the bud in December, their
scales broadly ovate and rounded. Fruit: strobiles oblong, Y~¥ long, with thin scales
slightly thickened and lobed at apex, fully grown at midsummer, remaining closed until
the trees flower the following year; nut broadly ovoid, with a thin margin.
A tree, frequently 70°-80*' high, with a tall straight trunk i°-S° in diameter, long slender
branches pendulous at the ends, forming a wide round-topped open head, and slender
branchlets marked by small scattered lenticels, at first light green and coated with pale
caducous pubescence, soon becoming dark orange-red and glabrous, and darker during the
winter and following summer. Winter-buds nearly |' long, very slender, dark red, and
covered with pale scurfy pubescence. Bark on old trunks 1' thick, dark brown, irregularly
divided into flat often connected ridges broken into oblong plates covered with small closely
appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, light brown, with
thick lighter colored often nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Banks of streams from northern Idaho to the eastern slope of the Cascade
Mountains of Washington and southeastern Oregon, and southward from the valley of the
Willamette River, Oregon (near Salem, Marion County, J. C. Nelson) over the coast
ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the mountains of southern Cali-
fornia (San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and Cuyamaca Ranges) ; the common Alder of the
valleys of central California, occasionally ascending on the southern Sierra Nevada to alti-
tudes of 8000°, and the only species at low altitudes in the southern part of the state,
t
5. Alnus oblongifolia Terr. Alder.
Alnus acuminata Sarg., not H. B. K.
Leaves oblong- lanceolate, acute; or rarely obovate and rounded at apex, gradually nar-
rowed and cuneate at base, sharply and usually doubly serrate, more or less thickly covered,
especially early in the season, with black glands, dark yellow-green and glabrous or slightly
puberulous above, pale and glabrous or puberulous below, especially along the slender
yellow midrib and veins, with small tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the primary veins,
2'-3' long, about 1|' wide; petioles slender, grooved, pubescent, i' long; stipules ovate-
226 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
lanceolate, brown and searious, about j' in length. Flowers: staminate aments in short
stout-stemmed racemes, during the winter light yellow, ^'-f ' long and about jt' thick,
becoming when the flowers open at the end of February before the appearance of the leaves
2'-2|' in length, with ovate pointed dark orange-brown scales; calyx 4-lobed; stamens 3 or
occasionally 2, with pale red anthers soon becoming light yellow; pistillate aments naked
during the winter, |' to nearly |' long, with light brown ovate rounded scales; stigmas
bright red. Fruit: strobiles ^'-1' long, with thin scales slightly thickened and nearly trun-
cate at apex; nut broadly ovoid, with a narrow membranaceous border.
A tree, in the United States rarely more than 20°-30° high, with a trunk sometimes 8' in
diameter, long slender spreading branches forming an open round-topped head, and slender
branchlets slightly puberulous when they first appear, light orange-red and lustrous during
their first winter, and marked by small conspicuous pale lenticels, becoming in their second
year dark red-brown or gray tinged with red and much roughened by the elevated leaf-
scars. Winter-buds acute, red, lustrous, glabrous, |' long. Bark thin, smooth, light
brown tinged with red.
Distribution. Banks of streams in canons of the mountains of southern New Mexico
and Arizona at altitudes of 4000'*-6000** above the sea; in Oak Creek Canon near Flagstaff,
northern Arizona (tree 100° X 3°, P. Lowell); and on the mountains of northern Mexico.
6. Alnus mariti^ia Nutt. Alder.
Leaves oblong-ovate, or obovate, acute, acuminate or rounded at apex, gradually nar-
rowed and cuneate at base, remotely serrate with minute incurved glandular teeth, and
somewhat thickened on the slightly undulate margins, when they unfold, light green tinged
with red, hairy on the midrib, veins, and petioles, and coated above with pale scurfy
Fig. 214
pubescence, at maturity dark green, very lustrous, and covered below by minute pale
glandular dots, 3'-4' long, l^'-2' wide, with a stout yellow midrib and primary veins promi-
nent and glandular on the upper side and slightly puberulous below; petioles stout, yellow,
glandular, flattened and grooved on the upper side, |'-f' in length; stipules oblong, acute,
about I' long, dark reddish brown, caducous. Flowers opening in the autumn: aments
appearing in July on branches of the year and fully grown in August or early in Septem-
ber; staminate in short scurfy-pubescent glandular-pitted racemes on slender peduncles
sometimes 1' in length from the axils of upper leaves, covered at first with ovate acute
dark green very lustrous scales slightly ciliate on the margins and furnished at apex with
minute red points, at maturity l^'-2^' long, |' to nearly Y thick, with dark orange-brown
scales raised on slender stalks, and 4 bright orange-colored stamens; pistillate usually sol-
FAGACEiE ^7
itary from the axils of the lower leaves on stout pubescent peduncles, bright red at apex
and light green below before opening, with ovate acute scales slightly ciliate on the mar-
gins, about I' long when the styles protrude from between the scales, beginning to enlarge
the following spring. Fruit attaining full size at midsummer and then raised on a stout
peduncle, broadly ovoid, rounded and depressed at base, gradually narrowed to the rather
obtuse apex, about f ' long and |' broad, with thin lustrous scales slightly thickened and
crenately lobed at apex, turning dark reddish brown or nearly black and opening late in the
autumn and remaining on the branches until after the flowers open the following year;
nut oblong-obovoid, gradually narrowed and apiculate at apex, with a thin membrana-
ceous border.
A tree, occasionally 30° high, with a tall straight trunk 4'-5' in diameter, small spreading
branches forming a narrow round-topped head, slender slightly zigzag branchlets, light
green and hairy at first, pale yellow-green, very lustrous, slightly puberulous, marked with
occasional small orange-colored lenticels, and glandular with minute dark glandular dots
during their first summer, becoming dull light orange or reddish brown in the winter, and
ashy gray often slightly tinged with red the following season; more often shrubby, with
numerous slender spreading stems 15°-20° tall. Winter-buds acute, dark red, coated with
pale lustrous scurfy pubescence, about |' long. Bark |' thick, smooth, light brown or
brown tinged with gray. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick hardly
distinguishable sapwood.
Distribution. Banks of streams and ponds in southern Delaware and Maryland, and
in south central Oklahoma (Johnson and Bryan Counties).
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern states and hardy as far
north as Massachusetts.
X. FAGACE^.
Trees, with watery juice, slender terete branchlets marked by numerous usually pale
lenticels, alternate stalked penniveined leaves, and narrow mostly deciduous stipules.
Flowers monoecious, the staminate in unisexual heads or aments, composed of a 4-8-lobed
calyx, and 4 or 8 stamens, with free simple filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers, the cells
parallel and contiguous, opening longitudinally; the pistillate solitary or clustered, in ter-
minal unisexual or bisexual spikes or^heads, subtended by an involucre of imbricated bracts
becoming woody and partly or entirely inclosing the fruit, and composed of a 4-8-lobed
calyx adnate to the 3-7-celled ovary with as many styles as its cells and 1 or 2 pendulous
anatropous or semi-anatropous ovules in each cell. Fruit a nut 1-seeded by abortion, the
outer coat cartilaginous, the inner membranaceous or bony. Seed filling the cavity of
the nut, without albumen; seed-coat membranaceous; cotyledons fleshy, including the min-
ute superior radicle; hilum, basal, minute.
The six genera of this widely distributed family occur in North America with the ex-
ception of Nothofagus, separated from Fagus to receive the Beech-trees of the southern
hemisphere.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.
Staminate flowers fascicled in globose-stalked heads; the pistillate in 2-4-flowered clusters.
1. Fagus.
Staminate flowers in slender aments.
I Pistillate flowers in 2-5-flowered clusters below the staminate, in bisexual aments.
Nut inclosed in a prickly burr.
Leaves deciduous; ovary 6-celled; nut maturing in one season; branchlets length-
ening by an upper axillary bud; bud-scales 4. 2. Castanea.
Leaves persistent; ovary 3-celled; nut matm-ing at the end of the second season;
branchlets lengthening by a terminal bud; bud-scales numerous. 3. Castanopsis.
228 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Nut inclosed only partly in a shallow cup covered by slender recurved scales united
only at the base, free above. 4. Lithocarpus.
Pistillate flowers solitary, in few-flowered unisexual spikes; nut more or less inclosed in
a cup covered by thin or thickened scales, closely appressed or often free toward its rim.
5. Quercus.
1. FAGUS L. Beech.
Trees, with smooth pale bark, hard close-grained wood, and elongated acute bright
chestnut-brown buds, their inner scales accrescent and marking the base of the branchlets
with persistent ring-like scars. Leaves convex and plicate along the veins in the bud, thick
and firm, deciduous; petioles short, nearly terete, in falling leaving small elevated semioval
leaf-scars, with marginal rows of minute fibro-vascular bundle-scars; stipules linear-lance-
olate, infolding the leaf in the bud. Flowers vernal after the unfolding of the leaves; stam-
inate short-pedicellate, in globose many-flowered heads on long drooping bibracteolate
stems at base of shoots of the year or from the axils of their lowest leaves, and com-
posed of a subcampanulate 4-8-lobed calyx, the lobes imbricated in aestivation, ovate and
rounded, and 8-16 stamens inserted on the base of and longer than the calyx, with slender
filaments and oblong green anthers; pistillate in 2-4-flowered stalked clusters in the axils of
upper leaves of the year, surrounded by numerous awl-shaped hairy bracts, the outer bright
red, longer than the flowers, deciduous, the inner shorter and united below into a 4-lobed
involucre becoming at maturity woody, ovoid, thick-walled, and covered by stout recurved
prickles, inclosing or partly inclosing the usually 3 nuts, and ultimately separating into
4 valves; calyx urn-shaped, villose, divided into 4 or 5 linear-lanceolate acute lobes, its
3-angled tube adnate to the 3-celled ovary surmounted by 3 slender recurved pilose styles
green and stigmatic toward the apex and longer than the involucre; ovules 2 in each cell.
Nut ovoid, unequally 3-angled, acute or winged at the angles, concave and longitudinally
ridged on the sides, chestnut-brown and lustrous, tipped with the renmants of the styles,
marked at the base by a small triangular scar, with a thin shell covered on the inner surface
with rufous tomentum. Seed dark chestnut-brown, suspended with the abortive ovules
from the tip of the hairy dissepiment of the ovary pushed by the growth of the seed into
one of the angles of the nut; cotyledons sweet, oily, plano-convex.
Fagus as here limited is confined to the northern hemisphere, with a single American
species and seven Old World species; of these one is widely distributed through Europe,
another is found in the Caucasus, and the others are confined to eastern temperate Asia.
Of exotic species, the Eiu*opean Fagus sylvatica L., an important timber-tree, is frequently
planted for ornament in the eastern states in several of its forms, especially those with
purple leaves, and with pendulous branches. The wood of Fagus is hard and close-grained.
The sweet seeds are a favorite food of swine, and yield a valuable oil.
Fagus is the classical name of the Beech-tree.
1. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beech.
Fagus americana Sweet.
Leaves remote at the ends of the branches and clustered on short lateral branchlets,
oblong-ovate, acuminate with a long slender point, coarsely serrate with spreading or
incurved triangular teeth except at the gradually narrowed generally cuneate base, when
they unfold pale green and clothed on the lower surface and margins with long pale lus-
trous silky hairs, at maturity dull dark bluish green above, light yellow-green, very
lustrous, and glabrous or rarely pilose below (f. jmbescens Fern. & Rehd.) with tufts of
long pale hairs in the axils of the veins, 2|'-5' long, l'-3' wide, with a slender yellow mid-
rib covered above with short pale hairs, and slender primary veins running obliquely
to the points of the teeth; turning bright clear yellow in the autumn; very rarely deeply
laciniate; petioles hairy, |'-|' in length; stipules ovate-lanceolate on the lower leaves, strap-
shaped to linear-lanceolate on the upper, brown or often red below the middle, membra-
FAGACE^
229
naceous, lustrous, l'-l|' long. Flowers opening when the leaves are about one third
grown; staminate in globose heads 1' in diameter, on slender hairy peduncles about 2'
long; pistillate in usually 2-flowered clusters, on short clavate hoary peduncles Y~¥ long.
Fruit : involucres |'-f ' in length often shorter than the nuts, on stout hairy club-shaped
peduncles j'-f ' long, fully grown at midsummer, and then puberulous, dark orange-green,
and covered by long slender recurved prickles red above the middle, becoming at maturity
in the autumn light brown and tomentose, with crowded much recurved pubescent prickles,
persistent on the branch after opening late into the winter; nut about f ' long.
A tree, usually 70°-80° but exceptionally 120° high, sending up from the roots numerous
small stems sometimes extending into broad thickets round the parent tree, in the forest
with a long comparatively slender stem free of btanches for more than half its length, and
short branches forming a narrow head, in open situations short-stemmed, with a trunk
often 3°-4° in diameter, and numerous limbs spreading gradually and forming a broad com-
Fig. 215
pact round-topped head of slender slightly drooping branches clothed with short leafy
laterals, and branchlets pale green and coated with long soft caducous hairs when they
first appear, olive-green or orange-colored during their first summer, and conspicuously
marked by oblong bright orange lenticels, gradually growing red, bright reddish brown
during their first winter, darker brown in their second season and ultimately ashy gray.
Winter-buds puberulous, especially toward the apex, f ' to nearly 1' long, about |' broad,
the inner scales hirsute on the inner surface and along the margins and when fully grown
often 1' long, lustrous, brown above the middle, and reddish below. Bark l'-^' thick, with
a smooth light steel-gray surface. Wood hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, not dur-
able, difficult to season, dark or often light red, with thin nearly white sapwood of 20-30
layers of annual growth; largely used in the manufacture of chairs, shoe-lasts, plane-stocks,
the handles of tools, and for fuel. The sweet nuts are gathered and sold in the markets of
Canada and of some of the western and middle states.
Distribution. Rich uplands and mountain slopes, often forming nearly pure forests, and
southward on the bottom-lands of streams and the margins of swamps; Nova Scotia, valley
of the Restigouche River, New Brunswick, to the northern shores of Lake Huron and the
southern shores of Lake Superior, and southward to Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, the ravines
of Rock River near Oregon, Ogle County, Illinois, and Minnesota; southward passing into
the var. caroliniana Fern. & Rehd., differing in its ovate to short-ovate thicker leaves,
usually rounded or subcordate at base, and often less coarsely serrate or undulate on the
230 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
margins, glabrous or rarely densely soft pubescent below (f. mollis Fern. & Rehd.). in the
often shorter involucre of the fruit with shorter and less crowded prickles; usually on the
bottom-lands of streams and the borders of swamps, New Jersey, and southern Ohio and
southeastern Missouri to western Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, eastern Texas,
and northeastern Oklahoma; ascending on the southern Appalachian Mountains to alti-
tudes of 4000° or over; probably growing to its largest size in eastern Louisiana.
The northern form is occasionally planted in the northern states as a shade and park tree.
2. CASTANEA Adans. Chestnut.
Trees or shrubs, with furrowed bark, porous brittle wood, durable in the ground, terete
branchlets without terminal buds, axillary buds covered by 2 pairs of slightly imbricated
scales, the outer lateral, the others accrescent, becoming oblong-ovate and acute and mark-
ing the base of the branch with narrow ring-like scars, and stout perpendicular tap-roots;
producing when cut numerous stout shoots from the stump. Leaves convolute in the bud,
ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, except at the base, with thin veins running to the points of the
slender glandular teeth, deciduous; petioles leaving in falling small elevated semioval leaf-
scars marked by an irregular marginal row of minute fibro-vascular bundle-scars; stipules
ovate to linear-lanceolate, acute, scarious, infolding the leaf in the bud, caducous. Flowers
opening in early summer, unisexual, strong-smelling; the staminate, in 3-7-flowered cymes,
in the axils of minute ovate bracts, in elongated simple deciduous aments first appearing
with the unfolding of the leaves from the inner scales of the terminal bud and from the
axils of the lower leaves of the year, composed of a pale straw-colored slightly puberulous
calyx deeply divided into 6 ovate rounded segments imbricated in the bud, and 10-20
stamens inserted on the slightly thickened torus, with filiform filaments incurved in the
bud, becoming elongated and exserted, and ovoid or globose pale yellow anthers; the pistil-
late scattered or spicate at the base of the shorter persistent androgynous aments from the
axils of later leaves, sessile, 2 or 3 together or solitary within a short-stemmed or sessile
involucre of closely imbricated oblong acute bright green bracts scurfy-pubescent or to-
mentose below the middle, subtended by a bract and 2 lateral bractlets, each flower com-
posed of an urn-shaped calyx, with a short limb divided into 6 obtuse lobes, minute sterile
stamens shorter than the calyx-lobes, an ovary 6-celled after fecundation, with 6 linear
spreading white styles hairy below the middle and tipped by minute acute stigmas, and 2
ovules in each cell, attached on its inner angle, descending, semianatropous. Fruit matur-
ing in one season, its involucre inclosing 1-3 nuts, globose or short-oblong, pubescent or
tomentose and spiny on the outer surface, with elongated ridged bright green ultimately
brown branched spines fascicled between the deciduous scales, coated on the inner surface
with lustrous pubescence, splitting at maturity into 2-4 valves; nut ovoid, acute, crowned
by the remnants of the style, bright chestnut-brown and lustrous, tomentose or pubescent
at apex, cylindrical, or when more than 1 flattened, marked at the broad base by a large
conspicuous pale circular or oval thickened scar, its shell lined with rufous or hoary tomen-
tum. Seed usually solitary by abortion, dark chestnut-brown, marked at apex by the
abortive ovules, with thick and fleshy more or less undulate ruminate sweet farinaceous
cotyledons.
Castanea is confined to the northern hemisphere, and is widely distributed through east-
ern North America, southern Europe, northern Africa, southwestern Asia, and central and
northern China, Korea, and Japan. Seven species are distinguished. In the countries of
the Mediterranean Basin much attention has been given to improving the fruit of the native
species Castanea sativa Mill., which is occasionally planted in the middle United States;
in Japan the seeds of Castanea crenata S. & Zucc. in many varieties and in China those of
Castanea mollissima Bl. are important articles of food. Castanea produces coarse-grained
wood very durable in contact with the soil, and rich in tannin. Chestnut-trees suffer in
the eastern United States from the attacks of a fungus, Endothia parasitica Anders, which
has nearly exterminated them in many parts of the country.
Castanea is the classical name of the Chestnut-tree.
FAGACEiB
mi
I CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Involucre of the fruit containing 2 or 3 flattened nuts. 1. C. dentata (A, C).
Involucre of the fruit containing a single terete nut.
Involucre of the fruit densely covered with spines; branchlets hoary tomentose.
2. C. pumila (A, C).
Involucre of the fruit covered with scattered spines; branchlets glabrous or sparingly
pilose. 3. C. alnifolia (C).
1. Castanea dentata Borkh. Chestnut.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute and long-pointed at apex, gradually narrowed and
cuneate at base, when they unfold puberulous on the upper surface and clothed on the
lower with fine cobweb-like tomentum, at maturity thin, glabrous, dark dull yellow-green
above, pale yellow-green below, 6'-8' long, about 2' wide, with a pale yellow midrib and
Fig. 216
primary veins; turning bright clear yellow late in the autumn; petioles stout, slightly
angled, puberulous, Y long, often flushed with red; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, yellow-
green, puberulous, about Y long. Flowers: staminate aments about §' long when they
first appear, green below the middle and red above, becoming when fully grown 6'-8' long,
with stout green puberulous stems covered from base to apex with crowded flower-clusters;
androgynous aments, slender, puberulous, 1\'~b' long, with 2 or 3 irregularly scattered
involucres of pistillate flowers near their base. Fruit: involucre attaining its full size by
the middle of August, 2'-2|' in diameter, sometimes a little longer than broad, some-
what flattened at apex, pubescent and covered on the outer surface with crowded fascicles
of long slender glabrous much-branched spines, opening with the first frost and gradually
shedding their nuts; nuts usually much compressed, |'-1' wide, usually rather broader than
long, coated at apex or nearly to the middle with thick pale tomentum, the interior of the
shell lined with thick rufous tomentum; seed very sweet.
A tree, occasionally 100** high, with a tall straight colunmar trunk 3°-4° in diameter,
or often when uncrowded by other trees with a short trunk occasionally 10°-12° in diame-
ter, and usually divided not far above the ground into 3 or 4 stout horizontal limbs forming
a broad low round-topped head of slightly pendulous branches frequently 100° across, and
branchlets at first light yellow-green sometimes tinged with red; somewhat angled, lustrous,
slightly puberulous, soon becoming glabrous and olive-green tinged with yellow or brown
232
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
tinged with green and ultimately dark brown. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, about |' long;
with thin dark chestnut-brown scales scarious on the margins. Bark from l'-2' thick,
dark brown and divided by shallow irregular often interrupted fissures into broad flat
ridges separating on the surface into small thin closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft,
not strong, liable to check and warp in drying, easily split, reddish brown, with thin lighter
colored sapwood of 3 or 4 layers of annual growth; largely used in the manufacture of cheap
furniture and in the interior finish of houses, for railway-ties, fence-posts, and rails. The
nuts, which are superior to those of the Old World chestnuts in sweetness were formerly
gathered in great quantities in the forest and sold in the markets of the eastern cities.
Distribution. Southern Maine to Woodstock, Grafton County, New Hampshire (rare)
and to the valley of the Winooski River, Vermont, southern Ontario, and southern
Michigan, southward to Delaware and Ohio, southern Indiana, and southwestern Illinois
(Pulaski County) along the Appalachian Mountains up to altitudes of 4000° to northern
Georgia, and to western Florida (Crestview, Okaloosa County), southeastern (Henry and
Dale Counties) and south central (Dallas County) Alabama, northern, central and south-
eastern Mississippi (Pearl River County), and to central Kentucky and Tennessee; very
common on the glacial drift of the northern states and, except at the north, mostly con-
fined to the Appalachian hills; attaining its greatest size in western North Carolina and
eastern Tennessee.
Formerly sometimes planted in the eastern states as an ornamental and timber tree,
and for its nuts, of which several varieties have been recognized.
X Castanea neglecta Dode with leaves intermediate between those of C. dentata and C.
jnimila" and an involucre containing a single large nut occurs on the Blue Ridge near
Highlands, Macon County, North Carolina.
2. Castanea pumila Mill. Chinquapin.
Leaves oblong-elliptic to oblong-obovate, acute, coarsely serrate, with slender rigid spread*
ing or incurved teeth, gradually narrowed and usually unequal and rounded or cuneate at
F^217
base, when they unfold tinged with red and coated above with pale caducous tomentum
and below with thick snowy white tomentum, at maturity rather thick and firm in texture,
bright yellow-green on the upper surface, hoary or silvery pubescent on the lower, S'-5'
long, l|'-2' wide; turning dull yellow in the autumn; petioles stout, pubescent, flattened
on the upper side, \'-Y long; stipules light yellow-green, pubescent, those of the 2 lowest
leaves broad, ovate, acute, covered at apex by rufous tomentum, on later leaves ovate-
lanceolate, often oblique and acute, becoming linear at the end of the branch. Flowers:
FAGACEM
233
staminate aments Y long when they first appear, pubescent, green below, bright red at
apex, becoming when fully grown 4'-6' long, with stout hoary tomentose stems and crowded
or scattered flower-clusters; androgynous aments silvery tomentose, 3'-4' long; involucres
l-flowered, scattered at the base of the ament or often spicate and covering its lower half,
sessile or short-stalked. Fruit: involucre l'-l|' in diameter, with thin walls covered with
crowded fascicles of slender spines tomentose toward the base; nut ovoid, terete, rounded
at the slightly narrowed base, gradually narrowed and pointed at apex, more or less coated
with silvery white pubescence, dark chestnut-brown, very lustrous, |'-1' long, |' thick,
with a thin shell lined with a coat of lustrous hoary tomentum, and a sweet seed.
A round-topped tree, rarely 50° high, with a short straight trunk 2°-3° in diameter,
slender spreading branches, and branchlets coated at first with pale tomentum, becoming
during their first winter pubescent or remaining tomentose at the ap)ex, bright red-brown,
glabrous, lustrous, olive-green or orange-brown during their second season and ultimately
darker; east of the Mississippi River often a shrub spreading into broad thickets by prolific
stolons, with numerous intricately branched stems often only 4° or 5° tall. Winter-buds
ovoid, or oval, about |' long, clothed when they first appear in summer with thick hoary
tomentum, becoming red during the winter and scurfy-pubescent. Bark |'-1' thick, light
brown tinged with red, slightly furrowed and broken on the surface into loose plate-like
scales. Wood light, hard, strong, coarse-grained, dark brown, with thin hardly distin-
guishable sap wood of 3 or 4 layers of annual growth; used for fence-posts, rails, and railway-
ties. The sweet nuts are sold in the markets of the western and southern states.
Distribution. Dry sandy ridges, rich hillsides and the borders of swamps; southern New
Jersey and Pennsylvania to central (Lake County) and western Florida and westward
through the Gulf States to the valley of the Neches River, Texas; on the Appalachian
Mountains ascending to altitudes of 4500°; most abundant and of its largest size in
southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. In Arkansas, southern Missouri, and eastern
Oklahoma replaced by C. ozarkensis Ashe.
3. Castanea alnifolia Nutt. Chinquapin
A low shrub spreading into broad thickets by underground stems, with leaves pale pubes-
cent on the lower surface; and distributed in the neighborhood of the coast from the valley
of the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, to southern Georgia. Passing into
Castanea alnifolia var. floridana Sarg. Chinquapin
Leaves oblong-obovate to elliptic, acute, acuminate or rounded at apex, gradually
narrowed and cuneate or rounded at base, irregularly sinuate-toothed with apiculate teeth,
F^218
234 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
hoary tomentose below when they unfold, soon glabrous with the exception of the last
leaves of vigorous summer shoots, and at maturity thin, glabrous, dark green above, light
green and lustrous below, 3'-4' long and I'-lf ' wide; petioles stout, glabrous, about xV in
length. Flowers: staminate aments pale pubescent, 4'-5' long; androgynous aments
pubescent, as long or rather longer with ten or twelve involucres of pistillate flowers below
the middle, often only the lowest being fertilized. Fruit : involucre 1-seeded, subglobose
to short-oblong, pale tomentose, f ' to lY in diameter, covered with stout pubescent scat-
tered spines divided at base into numerous branches; nut ovoid, terete, acute, dark chest-
nut-brown, lustrous, I' to nearly f in length.
A tree occasionally 40°-45° high, with a tall trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, small
irregularly spreading branches forming a narrow head, and slender glabrous or rarely pilose
red-brown branchlets; more often a shrub sometimes with broader obovoid leaves some-
times puberulous on the lower surface.
Dry sandy soil; coast of North Carolina, near Wrightsville, New Hanover County;
Dover, near the Ogechee River, Screven County, Georgia; Jacksonville, Duval County,
and Panama City on Saint Andrew's Bay, Bay County, Florida; near Selma, Dallas
County, Alabama; and Covington, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana.
A tree only on the shores of Saint Andrew's Bay.
3. CASTANOPSIS Spach.
Trees, with scaly bark, astringent wood, and winter-buds covered by numerous im-
bricated scales. Leaves convolute in the bud, 5-ranked, coriaceous, entire or dentate,
penniveined, persistent; stipules obovate or lanceolate, scarious, mostly caducous. Flow-
ers in 3-flowered cymes, or the pistillate rarely solitary or in pairs, in the axils of minute
bracts, on slender erect aments from the axils of leaves of the year; the staminate on
usually elongated and panicled aments, and composed of a campanulate 5 or 6-lobed or
parted calyx, the lobes inbricated in the bud, usually 10 or 12 stamens inserted on the
slightly thickened torus, with elongated exserted filiform filaments and oblong anthers,
and a minute hirsute rudimentary ovary; the pistillate on shorter simple or panicled aments
or scattered at the base of the staminate inflorescence, the cymes surrounded by an in-
volucre of imbricated scales; calyx urn-shaped, the short limb divided into 6 obtuse lobes;
abortive stamens inserted on the limb of the calyx and opposite its lobes; ovary sessile on
the thin disk, 3-celled after fecundation, with 3 spreading styles terminating in minute
stigmas, and 2 ovules in each cell attached to its interior angle. Fruit maturing at the end
of the second or rarely of the first season, its involucre inclosing 1-3 nuts, ovoid or glo-
bose, sometimes more or less depressed, rarely obscurely angled, dehiscent or indehiscent,
covered by stout spines, tuberculate or marked by interrupted vertical ridges; nut more
or less angled by mutual pressure when more than 1, often pilose, crowned with the rem-
nants of the style, marked at the base by a large conspicuous circular depressed scar, the
thick shell tomentose on the inner surface. Seed usually solitary by abortion, bearing
at apex the abortive ovules; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy, farinaceous.
Castanopsis inhabits California with two species, and southeastern Asia where it is
distributed with about twenty-five species from southern China to the Malay Archipelago
and the eastern Himalayas. Of the California species one is usually arborescent and
the other Castanopsis sempervirens Dudley is a low alpine shrub of the coast ranges and the
Sierra Nevada.
Castanopsis, from Kb.ffTava and 6\pis, in allusion to its resemblance to the Chestnut-tree.
#
1. Castanopsis chrysophylla A. DC. Chinquapin. Golden-leaved Chestnut.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-ovate, gradually narrowed at the ends or sometimes ab-
ruptly contracted at apex into a short broad point, entire with slightly thickened revolute
margins, when they unfold thin, coated below with golden yellow persistent scales and
above with scattered white scales, at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark green and
FAGACB^
335
lustrous above, 2'-6' long, ^ to nearly 2' wide, with a stout midrib raised and rounded
on the upper side; turning yellow at maturity and falling gradually at the end of their
second or in their third year; petioles l'-^' in length; stipules ovate, rounded or acute at
apex, brown and scarious, puberulous, i'-^' long. Flowers appearing irregularly from
June until February in the axils of broadly ovate apiculate pubescent bracts on staminate
and androgynous scurfy stout-stemmed aments i'-2Y long and crowded at the ends of
the branches; calyx of the staminate flower coated on the outer surface with hoary tomen-
tum, divided into broadly ovate rounded lobes much shorter than the slender stamens;
calyx of the pistillate flower oblong-campanulate, free from the ovary, clothed with hoary
tomentum, divided at apex into short rounded lobes, rather shorter than the minute
abortive stamens; anthers red; ovary conic, hirsute, with elongated slightly spread-
ing thick pale stigmas. Fruit ripening at the end of the second season, involucre glo-
bose, dehiscent, irregularly 4-valved, often slightly shorter than the nuts, sessile, solitary,
or clustered, tomentose and covered on the outer surface by long stout or slender rigid
spines, l'-l|' in diameter, containing 1 or occasionally 2 nuts; nuts broadly ovoid, acute,
obtusely 3-angled, light yellow-brown and lustrous; seeds dark purple-red, sweet and
edible.
1^
Fig. 219
A tree, 50°-100° high, with a massive trunk 3°-6° in diameter, frequently free of branches
for 50°, stout spreading branches forming a broad compact round-topped or conic head,
and rigid branchlets coated when they first appear with bright golden-yellow scurfy
scales, dark reddish brown and slightly scurfy during their first winter, and gradually
growing darker in their second season; often much smaller and sometimes reduced to a
shrub, 2°-12° high (var. minor A. De Candolle). Winter-buds fully grown at mid-sum-
mer, usually crowded near the end of the branch, ovoid or subglobose, with broadly ovate
apiculate thin and papery light brown scales slightly puberulous on the back, ciliate on
the scarious often reflexed margins, the terminal about j long and broad and rather larger
than the often stipitate axillary buds. Bark l'-2' thick and deeply divided into rounded
ridges 2'-3' wide, broken into thick plate-like scales, dark red-brown on the sm-face and
bright red internally. Wood light, soft, close-grained, not strong, light brown tinged with
red, with thin lighter colored sapwood of 50-60 layers of annual growth; occasionally used
in the manufacture of ploughs and other agricultural implements.
Distribution. Skamania County, Washington, valley of the lower Columbia River, Ore-
gon, southward along the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, and in California along
the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and through the coast ranges to the elevated val-
leys of the San Jacinto Mountains, sometimes ascending to altitudes of 4000° above the
sea; of its largest size in the humid coast valleys of northern California.
Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of temperate Europe.
236 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
4. LITHOCARPUSBl.
Pasania Orst.
Trees, with astringent properties, pubescence of fascicled hairs, deeply furrowed scaly
bark, hard close-grained brittle wood, stout branchlets, and winter-buds covered by few
erect or spreading foliaceous scales. Leaves convolute in the bud, petiolate, persistent,
entire or dentate, with a stout midrib, primary veins running obliquely to the points of
the teeth, or on entire leaves forked and united near the margins, and reticulate veinlets;
stipules oblong-obovate to linear-lanceolate, those of the upper leaves persistent and
surrounding the buds during the winter. Flowers in erect unisexual and in bisexual
tomentose aments from the axils of leaves of the year, from the inner scales of the ter-
minal bud or from separate buds in the axils of leaves of the previous year; staminate in
3-flowered clusters in the axils of ovate rounded bracts, the lateral flowers subtended by
similar but smaller bracts, each flower composed of a 5-lobed tomentose calyx, with nearly
triangular acute lobes, 10 stamens, with slender elongated filaments and small oblong or
emarginate anthers, and an acute abortive hairy ovary; pistillate scattered at the base
of the upper aments below the staminate flowers, solitary in the axils of acute bracts,
furnished with minute lateral bractlets, and composed of a 6-lobed ovoid calyx, with
rounded lobes, inclosed in the tomentose involucral scales, 6 stamens, with abortive an-
thers, an ovoid-oblong 3-celled ovary, 3 elongated spreading light green styles thickened
and stigmatic at apex, and 2 anatropous ovules in each cell. Fruit an oval or ovoid nut
maturing at the end of the second season, 1-seeded by abortion, siu*rounded at base by the
accrescent woody cupular involucre of the flower, marked by a large pale circular basal scar,
the thick shell tomentose on the inner surface. Seed red-br©wn, filling the cavity of the
nut, bearing at apex the abortive ovules; cotyledons thick and fleshy, yellow and bitter.
Lithocarpus is intermediate between the Oaks and the Chestnuts, and, with the excep-
tion of one California species, is confined to southeastern Asia, where it is distributed with
many species from southern Japan and southern China through the Malay Peninsula to
the Indian Archipelago.
Lithocarpus from \ldos and KaprrSs, in allusion to the character of the fruit.
1. Lithocarpus densiflora Rehd. Tan Bark Oak. Chestnut Oak.
Quercus densiflora Hook. & Arn.
Pasania densiflora Orst.
Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, rounded or acute or rarely cordate at base, acute or
occasionally rounded at apex, or rarely lanceolate and acuminate (f. lanceolata Rehdr.) re-
pand-dentate, with acute callous teeth, or entire with thickened revolute margins, coated
when they unfold with fulvous tomentum and glandular on the margins with dark ca-
ducous glands, at maturity pale green, lustrous and glabrous or covered with scattered
pubescence on the upper surface, rusty-tomentose on the lower, ultimately becoming
glabrous above and glabrate and bluish white below, 3-5' long, |'-3' wide, with a midrib
raised and rounded on the upper side, thin or thick primary veins and fine conspicuous
reticulate veinlets; persistent imtil the end of their third or fourth year; petioles stout, rigid,
tomentose, I'-f' in length; stipules brown and scarious, hirsute on the outer surface.
Flowers in early spring and frequently also irregularly during the autumn; aments stout-
stemmed, 3'-4' long; staminate flowers crowded, hoary-tomentose in the bud, their bracts
tomentose. Fruit solitary or often in pairs, on a stout tomentose peduncle ^'-1' in length;
nut full and rounded at base, gradually narrowed and acute or rounded at apex, scurfy-
pubescent when fully grown, becoming light yellow-brown, glabrous and lustrous at ma-
turity, f '-1' long, ^'-1' thick, its cup shallow, tomentose with lustrous red-brown hairs on
the inner surface, and covered by long linear rigid spreading or recurved light brown
scales coated with fascicled hairs, frequently tipped, especially while young, with dark red
glands and often tomentose near the base of the cup.
FAGACB^ 237
A tree, usually 70°-80° but sometimes 150° high, with a trunk l°-4** in diameter, stout
branches ascending in the forest and forming a narrow spire-like head, or in open positions
spreading horizontally and forming a broad dense symmetrical round-topped crown, and
branchlets coated at first with a thick fulvous tomentum of fascicled hairs often persistent
until the second or third year, becoming dark reddish brown and frequently covered with
a glaucous bloom; or sometimes reduced to a shrub, with slender stems only a few feet
high (var. montana Rehdr.). Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse, l'-^ long, often surrounded by
the persistent stipules of the upper leaves, with tomentose loosely imbricated scales, those
of the outer ranks linear-lanceolate, increasing in width toward the interior of the bud,
those of the inner ranks ovate or obovate and rounded at apex. Bark | -1|' thick.
I
Fig. 220
deeply divided by narrow fissures into broad rounded ridges broken into nearly square
plates covered by closely appressed light red-brown scales. Wood hard, strong, close-
grained, brittle, reddish brown, with thick darker brown sapwood; largely used as fuel.
The bark is exceedingly rich in tannin and is largely used for tanning leather.
Distribution. Valley of the Umpqua River, Oregon, southward through the coast
ranges to the Santa Inez Mountains, California, and along the western slope of the Sierra
Nevada up to elevations of 4000° above the sea to Mariposa County; very abundant in
the humid coast region north of San Francisco Bay and on the Santa Cruz and Santa Lucia
Mountains, and of its largest size in the Redwood forest of Napa and Mendocino Counties;
southward and on the Sierras less abundant and of smaller size; the form lanceolata in
southern Oregon and in Del Norte and Mendocino Counties, California; the var. montana
at high altitudes on the Siskiyou Mountains, in the region of Mount Shasta and on the
northern Sierra Nevada.
5. QUERCUSL. Oak.
Trees or shrubs, with astringent properties, pubescence of fascicled hairs, scaly or dark and
furrowed bark, hard and close-grained or porous brittle wood, slender branchlets marked
by pale lenticels and more or less prominently 5-angled. Winter-buds clustered at the
ends of the branchlets, with numerous membranaceous chestnut-brown slightly accres-
cent caducous scales closely imbricated in 5 ranks, in falling marking the base of the
branchlet with ring-like scars. Leaves 5-ranked, lobed, dentate or entire, often variable on
the same branch, membranaceous or coriaceous, the primary veins prominent and extend-
ing to the margins or united within them and connected by more or less reticulate vein-
lets, deciduous in the autumn or persistent until spring or until their third or fourth year;
238 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
petioles in falling leaving slightly elevated semiorbicular more or less obcordate leaf-scars
broader than high, marked by the ends of numerous scattered fibro-vascular bundles;
stipules obovate to lanceolate, scarious, caducous, or those of upper leaves occasionally
persistent through the season. Flowers vernal with or after the unfolding of the leaves;
staminate solitary in the axils of lanceolate acute caducous bracts, or without bracts, in
graceful pendulous clustered aments, from separate or leaf -buds in the axils of leaves of the
previous year, or from the axils of the inner scales of the terminal bud or from those of the
leaves of the year; calyx campanulate, lobed or divided to the base into 4-7, usually 6,
membranaceous lobes; stamens 4-6, rarely 2, or 10-12, inserted on the slightly thickened
torus, with free filiform exserted filaments and ovate-oblong or subglobose glabrous or rarely
hairy 2-celled usually yellow anthers; pistillate solitary, subtended by a caducous bract
and 2 bractlets, in short or elongated few-flowered spikes from the axils of leave^of the year;
calyx urn-shaped, with a short campanulate 6-lobed linjb, the tube adnate to the incom-
pletely 3 or rarely 4 or 5-celled ovary inclosed more or less completely by an accrescent in-
volucre of imbricated scales, becoming the cup of the fruit; styles as many as the cells of
the ovary, short or elongated, erect or incurved, dilated above, stigmatic on the inner face or
at apex only, generally persistent on the fruit; ovules anatropous or semianatropous, 2 in each
cell. Fruit a nut (acorn) maturing in one or in two years, ovoid, subglobose, or turbinate,
short-pointed at apex, 1-seeded by abortion, marked at base by a large conspicuous cir-
cular scar, with a thick shell, glabrous or coated on the inner surface with pale tomentum,
more or less surrounded or inclosed in the accrescent cupular involucre of the flower (cup),
its scales thin or thickened, loosely or closely imbricated. Seed marked at base or at
apex or rarely on the side by the abortive ovules; cotyledons thick and fleshy, usually
plano-convex and entire.
Quercus inhabits the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and high altitudes
within the tropics, ranging in the New World southward to the mountains of Colombia
and in the Old World to the Indian Archipelago. Two hundred and seventy-five species
have been described; of the North American species fifty-four are large or small trees.
Of exotic species, the European Quercus robur L., and Quercus sessiliflora Salisb., have been
frequently cultivated as ornamental trees in the eastern United States, where, however,
they are usually short-lived and unsatisfactory. Many of the species are important
timber-trees; their bark is often rich in tannin and is used for tanning leather, and all pro-
duce wood valuable for fuel and in the manufacture of charcoal.
Quercus is the classical name of the Oak-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Fruit maturing at the end of the second season (except 22); shell of the nut silky to-
mentosc'on the inner surface; leaves or their lobes bristle-tipped. Black Oaks.
Stamens usually 4-6; styles elongated, finally recurved; abortive ovules apical.
Leaves deciduous in their first autunm or winter.
Leaves pinnately lobed, convolute in the bud.
Leaves green on both surfaces.
Scales of the cup of the fruit closely appressed.
Leaves usually dull on the upper surface, 7-11-lobed; cup of the fruit cup-
shaped or in one variety broad and saucer-shaped, its scales thin.
1. Q. borealis (A).
Leaves lustrous.
Leaves dimorphous, 5-7-lobed, axillary clusters of hairs large and promi-
nent; cup of the fruit saucer-shaped or in one form deep cup-shaped.
2. Q. Shumardii (A, C).
Leaves similar on upper and lower branches.
Cup of the fruit turbinate or deep cup-shaped.
Leaves 5-lobed, the lobes usually entire, rarely furnished with tufts of
axillary hairs below. 3. Q. texana (C).
I
i
»
FAGACE^ 239
Leaves 5-7-Iobed, the lobes dentate, furnished with tufts of axillary
hairs below. 4. Q. ellipsoidalis (A).
Cup of the fruit deep cup-shaped to turbinate; leaves 5-9-lobed, the
lobes toothed. 5. Q. coccinea (A, C).
Cup of the fruit saucer-shaped.
Leaves 5-9-lobed. ' 6. Q. palustris (A, C).
Leaves 3-5-lobed. 7. Q. georgiana (C).
Scales of the cup of the fruit more or less loosely imbricated, forming a free
margin on its rim.
Leaves usually 7-lobed.
Winter-buds tomentose. 8. Q. velutina (A, C).
Winter-buds pubescent only at apex. 9. Q. Kelloggii (G).
Leaves usually 3-5-lobed; winter-buds rusty pubescent. 10. Q. Catesbaei(C).
Leaves whitish or grayish tomentulose below.
Leaves mostly acutely 5-lobed, pale or silvery white below. 11. Q. ilicif olia (A) .
Leaves often dimorphous, 3-11-lobed, the lobes often falcate.
12. Q. rubra (A, C).
Leaves broad-obovate, often abruptly dilated at the wide obscurely lobed apex.
Leaves rounded or cordate at base.
Lower siu-face of the leaves orange color or brownish, the upper scales of the cup
forming with several rows a thick rim on its inner surface, often reflexed.
13. Q. marilandica (A, C).
Lower surface of the leaves pale, the erect scales on the rim of the cup in a
single row. 14. Q. arkansana (C).
Leaves cuneate at base.
Leaves oblong-obovate. 15. Q. nigra (C).
Leaves rhombic. 16. Q. obtusata (C).
Leaves lanceolate-oblong or lanceolate-obovate, usually entire, involute in the
bud. Willow Oaks.
Leaves glabrous.
Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, deciduous in autunm. 17. Q. Phellos (A, C).
Leaves elliptic or rarely oblong-obovate, deciduous in the late winter.
18. Q. laurifolia (C).
Leaves tomentose or pubescent below, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-obovate.
Leaves pale blue-green, hoary tomentose below. 19. Q. cinerea (C).
Leaves dark green, pubescent below. 20. Q. imbricaria (A).
Leaves not deciduous in the autumn, revolute in the bud (convolute in 23).
Leaves mostly persistent until after the appearance of those of the following year.
Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, pale and tomentose below.
21. Q. hypoleuca (E, H).
Leaves oval, orbicular to oblong, green and pubescent below; fruit maturing at
the end of the first season. 22. Q. agrifolia (G).
Leaves persistent until their second summer or autumn.
Leaves lanceolate to oval or oblong-lanceolate, entire or serrate; cup of the fruit
turbinate or tubular. 23. Q. Wislizenii (G).
Leaves oval to oblong-obovate; cup of the fruit saucer-shaped or turbinate.
24. Q. myrtifolia (C).
tamens usually 6-8; styles dilated; abortive ovules basal or lateral; leaves persistent
until their third or fourth season, involute in the bud.
Leaves oblong, entire, dentate, or sinuate-toothed, fulvous-tomentose and ultimately
paJe on the lower surface; cup of the fruit usually thick. 25. Q. chrysolepis (G, H).
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, crenate-dentate or entire, pubescent or tomentose below;
cup of the fruit usually thin. 26. Q. tomentella (G).
Fruit maturing at the end of the first season; shell of the nut glabrous on the inner surface
240 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
(hoary-tomentose in 27); abortive ovules basal; stamens 6-8; styles dilated; lobes of
the leaves not bristle-tipped. White Oaks.
Leaves mostly persistent until the appearance of those of the following year, revolute
in the bud (convolute in 28).
Leaves yellow-green.
Fruit sessile or short-stalked.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or repand-dentate; inner surface of the nut
hoary tomentose. 27. Q. Emoryi (F, H).
Leaves oblong or obovate, entire, sinuate-toothed or lobed. 28. Q. dumosa (G).
Fruit long-stalked; leaves oblong, elliptic or obovate, pale, glabrous or in one form
densely tomentose below. 29. Q. virginiana (C).
Leaves blue-green.
Fruit usually in many-fruited long-stalked clusters; leaves broad-obovate, coarsely
reticulate-venulose. 30. Q. reticulata (H).
Fruit solitary or in pairs.
Cup of the fruit saucer-shaped; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, entire.
31. Q. Toumeyi (H).
Cup of the fruit cup-shaped or hemispherical, oblong-lanceolate to broad-obovate,
pubescent below. 32. Q. arizonica (H).
Cup of the fruit usually cup-shaped or turbinate.
Leaves ovate, oval or obovate, usually cordate at base; fruit rather long-
stalked. 33. Q. oblongifolia (E, H).
Leaves oblong to obovate, usually cuneate or rounded or cordate at base.
34. Q. Engelmannii (G).
Leaves deciduous in their first season.
Leaves blue-green.
Arboreous; leaves oblong, lobed, spinescent-dentate or entire, pubescent below; cup
of the fruit shallow cup-shaped. 35. Q. Douglasii (G).
Arborescent or shrubby.
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, undulate-lobed; cup of the fruit saucer-shaped
to cup-shaped. 36. Q. Vaseyana (C).
Leaves oblong-obovate to elliptic or lanceolate, undulate, serrate-toothed or irregu-
larly lobed; cup of the fruit hemispheric to cup-shaped. 37. Q. Mohriana (C) .
Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, slightly lobed or entire; cup of the fruit cup-
shaped or rarely saucer-shaped. 38. Q. Laceyi (C).
Leaves yellow-green.
Leaves entire or slightly lobed.
Iicaves different on upper and lower branches, oblong to oblong-obovate, slightly
lobed or entire.
Cup of the fruit cup-shaped. 39. Q. annulata (C).
Cup of the fruit shallow saucer-shaped. 40. Q. Durandii (C).
Leaves similar on upper and lower branches, entire or slightly sinuate-lobed
toward the apex, oblong or oblong-obovate. 41. Q. Chapmanii (C).
Leaves more or less deeply sinuate-lobed.
Leaves white-tomentulose below (sometimes green and pubescent in 43) .
Leaves obovate or oblong, lyrately pinnatifid or deeply sinuate-lobed; cup of
the fruit fringed by the awned scales. 42. Q. macrocarpa (A, C, F).
Leaves obovate-oblong, deeply 5-9-lobed or pinnatifid; nut often inclosed in
the cup. 43. Q. lyrata (A, C).
Leaves pubescent below.
Leaves usually covered above with fascicled hairs, obovate, 3-5-lobed, their
lobes truncate or rounded. 44. Q. stellata (A, C).
Leaves glabrous above at maturity.
Leaves obovate to oblong; cup of the fruit shallow cupnshaped or slightly
turbinate, its scales usually thin. 45. Q. Garryana (B, G.)
FAGACEiE
241
Leaves oblong-obovate; cup of the fruit hemispheric, the scales often much
thickened. 46. Q. utahensis (F).
Leaves oblong-obovate, deeply lobed; nut conic, elongated, inclosed for one-
third its length in the cup-shaped cup. 47. Q. lobata (G).
Leaves glabrate or puberulous below, oblong to oblong-obovate.
• 48. Q. leptophylla (F).
Leaves glabrous below.
Leaves oblong-obovate, usually 5-lobed. 49. Q. austrina (C).
Leaves oblong-obovate, obliquely pinnatifid or 3-9-lobed. 50. Q. alba (A, C).
Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed. Chestnut Oaks.
Fruit on peduncles much longer than the petioles; leaves obovate or oblong-
obovate, generally sinuate-dentate or lobed, pubescent, and usually hoary on
the lower surface. 51. Q. bicolor (C).
Fruit on peduncles about as long or shorter than the petioles.
Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, cuneate or rounded at the broad or narrow
base, tomentose or pubescent and often silvery white below.
52. Q. Prinus(A, C).
Leaves obovate or oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, with rounded or acute
teeth. 53. Q. montana (A, C).
Fruit sessile or nearly so; leaves oblong to lanceolate, acute or acuminate or
broadly obovate, puberulous and pale, often silvery white on the lower
surface. 54. Q. Muehlenbergii (A, C).
1. Quercus borealis Michx. f. Red Oak.
Leaves obovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, abruptly or gradually cuneate or
rounded at the broad or narrow base, usually divided about half way to the midrib by
Fig. 221
wide oblique sinuses rounded at the bottom into 11 or sometimes into 7 or 9 acute oblique
ovate lobes tapering from broad bases and mostly sinuately 3-toothed at apex with elongated
bristle-pointed teeth, or sometimes oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and cuneate
at base, and sinuately lobed with broad acute usually entire or slightly dentate lobes,
when they unfold pink, covered with soft silky pale pubescence on the upper surface and
24^
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
below with thick white tomentum, soon glabrous, at maturity thin and firm, dark green,
dull and glabrous above, pale yellow-green, glabrous or rarely puberulous and sometimes
furnished with small tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the veins below, 5'-9' long, 4'-6'
wide; falling early in the autumn after turning dull or sometimes bright orange color or
brown; petioles stout, yellow or red, l'-2' in length. Flowers : staminate in pubescent aments
4'-5' long; calyx divided into 4 or 5 narrow ovate rounded lobes shorter than the stamens;
pistillate on short glabrous peduncles, their involucral scales broadly ovate, dark reddish
brown, shorter than the conspicuous linear acute bract of the flower and as long as the
lanceolate acute calyx-lobes; stigmas bright green. Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or
short-stalked, ovoid, gradually narrowed and acute at apex or cylindric and rounded at
apex, pale brown, lustrous, more or less tomentose toward the ends, |'-1' long; ^'-f
in diameter; cup cup-shaped, puberulous on the inner surface, covered with small closely
appressed ovate acute red-brown pubescent scales slightly thickened on the back toward
the base of the cup, with a thin dark-colored tip and margins.
A tree usually not more than 60°-70° high, with a trunk i,°-^° in diameter, often much
smaller, stout branches forming a narrow head, and slender lustrous branchlets light green
and covered with pale scurfy pubescence when they first appear, dark red during their first
winter and ultimately dark brown. Winter-buds ovoid, gradually narrowed to the acute
apex, about \' long, with thin ovate acute light chestnut-brown scales. Bark on young
stems and on the upper part of the limbs of old trees I'-l^' thick, dark brown tinged with
red and divided into small thick appressed plates scaly on the surface. Wood heavy,
hard, strong, close-grained, light reddish brown, with thin lighter-colored sap wood; used
in construction, for the interior finish of houses, and in furniture.
Distribution. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, through Quebec to southern Ontario,
and southward to northern New England, western New York, northern Pennsylvania
(Presque Isle, Erie County), northern Michigan, southeastern Wisconsin, central Minne-
sota, central Iowa (Winneshiek County), and on the Appalachian Mountains of North
Carolina at altitudes of about 4000°. Passing with many intermediate forms differing in
the size of the nut and in the depth of the cup into
Quercus borealis var. maxima Ashe. Red Oak.
Quercus rubra Du Roi, not L.
Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or short-stalked; nut ovoid to slightly obovoid, gradu-
ally narrowed and rounded at apex, slightly narrowed at base, usually l'-l|' long and
^'-§' thick, occasionally not more than f ' long and thick, inclosed only at the base in a
thick saucer-shaped cup.
k
FAGACEiE
243
A tree, usually 70°-80°, or occasionally 150° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, and
stout spreading and ascending branches forming a broad head.
Distribution. Province of Quebec in the neighborhood of Montreal, and southern
Ontario, westward through southern Michigan to southeastern Nebraska, and southward
to northern Georgia, on the southern Appalachian Mountains up to altitudes of 4000°,
southern Kentucky, eastern and central Tennessee, northeastern (Tishomingo County),
northwestern (Yazoo County), and central and southern (Hinds and Union Counties)
Mississippi, northern and southwestern Alabama (Dekalb, Cullman, Jefferson, and Dallas
Counties), northwestern Arkansas, and eastern Kansas and Oklahoma; one of the largest
and most generally distributed trees of the northern states; rare and local in the south;
of its largest size in the region north of the Potomac and Ohio Rivers.
Often planted as a park and shade tree in the northeastern states and in the counties of
western and northern Europe; generally more successful in Europe than other American Oaks.
X Quercus Lowellii Sarg., a possible hybrid of Quercus borealis and Q. ilicifolia, has been
found in the neighborhood of Seabury, York County, Maine.
X Quercus Porteri Trel., probably a hybrid of Quercus borealis var. maxima and Q. velu-
tina, has been found on Bowditch Hill, Jamaica Plain, Suffolk County, Massachusetts,
on College Hill, Easton, Northampton County, Pennsylvania, and near Columbus, Frank-
lin County, Ohio, and Dumas, Clark County, Missouri.
X Quercus runcinata Engelm., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus borealis var. maxima
and Q. imbricaria first found near St. Louis, occurs also in the neighborhood of Indepen-
dence, Jackson County, and at Williamsville, Wayne County, Missouri, and in Richland
and Wayne Counties, Illinois. ,
2. Quercus Shumardii Buckl.
Quercus texana Sarg., in part, not Buckl.
Leaves obovate, seven rarely five-lobed, the lobes two or three-lobed and sometimes
dentate at apex, on leaves of lower branches short and broad, and separated by narrow
sinuses pointed or rounded in the bottom, on upper branches deeply divided by broad
rounded sinuses into narrow acuminate lobes, when they unfold often tinged with red
and covered with pale loose tomentum deciduous before they are half grown, at maturity
glabrous, dark green and lustrous above, paler and furnished below with large axillary tufts
Fig. 223
344 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
of pale hairs, 6'-8' long, 4-5' wide, with a thin midrib and slender primary veins running to
the points of the lobes; petioles slender, glabrous, 2'-2|' in length. Flowers: staminate
in slender glabrous aments Q'-l' long; calyx divided into 4 or 5 rounded slightly viUose
lobes shorter than the stamens; pistillate on pubescent peduncles, their involucral scales
ovate, light brown, pubescent; stigmas red. Fruit: nut oblong-ovoid, narrowed and
rounded at apex, f'-ll' long, I'-l' in diameter, inclosed at the base only in the thick
saucer-shaped cup with a slightly incurved rim and covered with closely appressed ovate
pale pubescent or nearly glabrous scales narrowed above the middle, abruptly long-pointed,
thin or often conspicuously tuberculate.
A tree up to 120° high, with a tall trunk occasionally 5° in diameter, stout wide-spreading
branches forming a broad rather open head, and gray or grayish brown glabrous branchlets.
Winter-buds ovoid, acute or acuminate, about \' long, with closely imbricated gray glabrous
or rarely pubescent scales. Bark l'-l|' thick, ridged, broken into small appressed plates
scaly on the surface. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, light reddish brown, often manu-
factured into lumber in the Mississippi valley and considered more valuable than that of
the northern Red Oak.
Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps in moist rich soil ; coast region of Texas east-
ward from the Colorado River and ranging inland up the valley of that river to Burnet County,
southeastern Oklahoma, through Arkansas, southeastern Kansas and Missouri to Fayette
County, Iowa, southern Illinois and Indiana, the neighborhood of Columbus, Franklin
County, Ohio, and southeastern Michigan (near Portage Lake, Jackson County) ; through
the eastern Gulf States to western and central Florida and northward in the neighborhood
of the coast to the valley of the Neuse River, North Carolina; Chesapeake Beach, Calvert
County, Maryland {W. W. Ashe) ; ranging inland in the south Atlantic States to Rome,
Floyd County, Georgia, Calhoun Falls, Abbeville County, and Columbia, Richland County,
South Carolina, and Chapel Hill, Orange County, North Carolina. Passing into
Quercus Shumardii var. Schneckii Sar&
Quercus texana Sarg. in part, not Buckl.
Quercus Schneckii Britt.
DiflFering from the tyi>e in the deep cup-shaped cup of the fruit covered with thin scales,
rarely much thickened and tuberculate at base (only on river banks near Vicksburg,
Fig. 224
FAGACEiE
245
Warren County, Mississippi), and connected with it by forms with the cups of the fruit dif-
fering from saucer to deep cup-shaped.
Distribution. Growing with Quercus Shumardii; more common in Texas and in the
Mississippi valley than the type, and ranging eastward through Louisiana and Mississippi
to central and southern Alabama, central and southeastern Tennessee (neighborhood of
Chattanooga), and central Kentucky, Illinois (Wabash and Pope Counties), Indiana (Wells,
Clark, Jennings, Galen, and Posey Counties), and Ohio (Franklin and Gallia Counties);
apparently not reaching the Atlantic States.
3. Quercus texana Buckl.
Leaves widest above the middle, broad-cuneate, concave-cuneate or nearly truncate at
base, deeply or rarely only slightly divided by broad sinuses rounded in the bottom into 5 or 7
lobes, the terminal lobe 3-lobed and acute at apex, the upper lateral lobes broad and more
or less divided at apex and much larger and more deeply lobed than those of the lowest
pair, when they unfold densely covered with fascicled hairs and often bright red, soon gla-
brous, thin, dark green and lustrous above, pale and lustrous and rarely furnished below
F%. 225
with small inconspicuous axillary tufts of pale hairs, 3'-3|' long, 2|'-3' wide, with a thin
midrib and slender primary veins running to the points of the lobes; petioles slender, soon
glabrous, I'-lY in length. Flowers: staminate in slender villose aments 3'-4' long; calyx
thin, villose on the outer surface, divided into 4 or 5 acute lobes shorter than the stamens;
pistillate on short hoary tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales brown tinged with
red; stigmas bright red. Fruit short-stalked, usually solitary; nut ovoid, narrowed and
rounded at apex, light red-brown, often striate, |'-f ' long and broad, sometimes acute,
nearly 1' in length and not more than Y in diameter; cup turbinate, covered with thin
ovate acuminate slightly appressed glabrous scales, in the small fruit of trees on dry hills
inclosing a third]or more of the nut, in the larger fruit of trees on better soil comparatively
less deep,
A tree on dry hills rarely more than 30° tall, with a trunk 8'-10' in diameter, small spreading
or erect branches and slender red or reddish brown glabrous or rarely pubescent branchlets;
often a shrub; on better soil at the foot of hiQs occasionally 50° high with a trunk 12'-
18' in diameter. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, ^'-j' long and covered with closely imbri-
cated acute slightly or densely pubescent red scales. Bark light brown tinged with red,
f '-1' thick, deeply ridged and broken into plate-like scales.
Distribution. Dry limestone hills and ridges, and in the more fertile soil at their base;
central and western Texas (Dallas, Tarrant County to Travis and Bexar Counties), and
to the Edwards Plateau (San Saba, Kerr, Brown, Coke and Uvalde Counties) ; westward
246 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
replaced by the var. chesosensis Sarg. dIflFering in the acuminate lobes of the leaves and
smaller cups of the fruit; known only on the dry rocky slopes of the Chesos Mountains,
Brewster County, Texas; and by the var. stellapila Sarg., differing in the presence of fas-
cicled hairs on both surfaces of the mature leaves and on the branchlets of the year; above
Fort Davis, Jeff Davis County, Texas.
4. Quercus ellipsoidalis £. J. Hill. Black Oak.
Leaves elliptic to obovate-orbicular, acute or acuminate, truncate or broadly cuneate at
base, deeply divided by wide sinuses rounded in the bottom into 5-7 oblong lobes re-
pandly dentate at apex, or often, especially those of the upper pair, repandly lobulate,
when they unfold slightly tinged with red and hoary-tomentose, soon becoming glabrous
with the exception of small tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the principal veins, at matur-
ity thin and firm, bright green and lustrous above, paler and sometimes entirely glabrous
below, 3'-5' long, 2|'-4' wide, with a stout midrib and primary veins and prominent re-
ticulate veinlets; late in the autumn turning yellow or pale brown more or less blotched
Fig. 226
with purple; petioles slender, glabrous or rarely puberulous, l|'-2' in length. Flowers:
staminate in puberulous aments l|'-2' long; calyx campanulate, usually tinged with red,
2-5-lobed or parted into oblong-ovate or rounded segments, glabrous or slightly villose,
fringed at apex with long twisted hairs, about as long as the 2-5 stamens, with short fila-
ments and oblong anthers; pistillate on stout tomentose 1-3-flowered peduncles, red, their
involucral scales broad, oblong, acute, hairy; calyx campanulate, 4-7-lobed, ciliate on the
margins. Fruit short-stalked or nearly sessile, solitary or in pairs; nut ellipsoidal to sub-
globose, chestnut-brown, often striate and puberulous, inclosed for one third to one half its
length in a tittbinate or cup-shaped cup gradually narrowed at base, thin, light red-brown,
and covered by narrow ovate obtuse or truncate brown pubescent closely appressed scales.
A tree, 60°-70° high, with a short trunk rarely 3° in diameter, much forked branches
ascending above and often pendulous low on the stem, forming a narrow oblong head,
and slender branchlets covered at first with matted pale hairs, bright reddish brown during
their fiirst winter, becoming dark gray-brown or reddish brown in their second season. Win-
ter-buds ovoid, obtuse or acute, sometimes slightly angled, about |' long, with ovate
or oval red-brown lustrous slightly puberulous outer scales ciliate on the margins. Bark
thin, light yellow internally, close, rather smooth, divided by shallow connected fissures
into thin plates, dark brown near the base of the tree, dull above, gray-brown and only
slightly furrowed on the large branches^
FAGACEiE
247
Distribution. In the neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, to southeastern Minnesota
common; often covering large areas of sandy soil with a stunted growth and on the prairies
sometimes a low shrub; eastern Iowa (Muscatine County), and the Lower Peninsular of
Michigan (Montmorency, Arenac, and St. Clair Counties).
5. Quercus coccinea Muench. Scarlet Oak. Spanish Oak.
Leaves oblong-obovate or elliptic, truncate or cmieate at base, deeply divided by wide
sinuses rounded in the bottom into 7 or rarely 9 lobes repand-dentate at apex, the terminal
lobe, ovate, acute, and 3-toothed, the middle division the largest and furnished with 2 small
lateral teeth, the lateral lobes obovate, oblique or spreading, sometimes falcate, usually
broad and oblique at the coarsely toothed apex, when they unfold bright red covered with
loose pale pubescence above and below with silvery white tomentum, green at the end of
a few days, at maturity thin and firm, bright green, glabrous and very lustrous above,
paler and less lustrous and sometimes furnished with small tufts of rusty pubescence in the
axils of the veins below, 3'-6' long, 2|'-4' broad, with a yellow midrib and primary veins.
Rg. 227
late in the autumn tiu-ning brilliant scarlet; petioles slender, terete, 1|'-2|' in length.
Flowers: staminate in slender glabrous aments 3'-4' long; calyx pubescent, bright red be-
fore opening, divided into 4 or 5 ovate acute segments shorter than the stamens; pistillate
on pubescent peduncles sometimes Y long, bright red, their involucral scales ovate, pubes-
cent, shorter than the acute calyx-lobes. Fruit sessile or stalked, solitary or in pairs; nut
oval, oblong-ovate or hemispheric, truncate or rounded at base, rounded at apex, ^'-1' long,
^'-f ' thick, light reddish brown and occasionally striate, inclosed for one third to one half
its length in a deep cup-shaped or tm*binate thin cup light reddish brown on the inner sur-
face, covered by closely imbricated oblong-ovate acute thin, or rarely much thickened
(var. tuberculata Sarg.) light reddish brown slightly puberulous scales.
A tree, 70°-80° high, with a trunk 2°-3** in diameter, comparatively small branches
spreading gradually and forming a rather narrow open head, and slender branchlets coated
at first with loose scurfy pubescence, soon pale green and lustrous, light red or orange-
red in their first winter and light or dark brown the following year; usually much smaller.
Winter-buds ellipsoidal or ovoid, gradually narrowed at apex, Y~¥ long, dark reddish
brown, and pale-pubescent above the middle. Bark of young stems and branches smooth,
light brown, becoming on old trunks |'-1' thick and divided by shallow fissures into irregu-
lar ridges covered by small light brown scales slightly tinged with red. Wood heavy,
hard, strong, coarse-grained, light or reddish brown, with thicker darker colored sapwood.
Distribution. Light dry usually sandy soil; valley of the Androscoggin River, Maine,
248
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
southern New Hampshire and Vermont to southern Ontario, southward to the District of
Columbia and along the Appalachian Mountains to eastern Kentucky and Tennessee,
and northern Georgia; in central Georgia and northeastern Mississippi (near Corinth,
Alcorn County), and westward through New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and southern
Wisconsin to central Missouri (Jerome, Phelps County); in eastern Oklahoma (Arkansas
River valley near Fisher, Creek County, G. W. Stevens) ; ascending to altitudes of nearly
5000° on the southern mountains; the prevailing Oak above 2500° to the summits of the
Blue Ridge of the Carolinas; very abundant in the coast region from Massachusetts Bay
to southern New Jersey; less common in the interior, growing on dry gravelly uplands, and
on the prairies skirting the western margins of the eastern forest. The var. tuberculata from
southern Massachusetts to Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Indiana, southern Illinois, and
Missouri.
Occasionally planted in the northeastern states and in Europe as an ornamental tree
valued chiefly for the brilliant autumn color of the foliage.
X Quercus Robbinsii Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus coccinea and Q. ilicifolia,
occurs at North Easton, Bristol County, Massachusetts.
X Quercus Benderi Baenitz, a supposed hybrid of Quercus coccinea and Q. borealis
var. maxima, appeared several years ago in Silesia, and a similar tree has been found in
the Blue Hills Reservation near Boston.
6. Quercus palustris Muench. Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak.
Leaves obovate, narrowed and cuneate or broad and truncate at base, divided by
wide deep sinuses rounded in the bottom into 5-7 lobes, the terminal lobe ovate, acute.
Fig. 228
S-toothed toward the apex, or entire, the lateral lobes spreading or oblique, sometimes fal-
cate, especially those of the lowest pair, gradually tapering and acute at the dentate apex,
or obovate and broad at apex, when they unfold light bronze-green stained with red on the
margins, lustrous and puberulous above, coated below and on the petioles with pale scurfy
pubescence, at maturity thin and firm, dark green and very lustrous above, pale below,
with large tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the conspicuous primary veins; 4'-6' long, 2'-4'
wide, with a stout midrib; late in the autunm gradually turning deep scarlet; petioles
slender, yellow, |'-2' in length. Flowers: staminate in hairy aments 2'-3' long; calyx
puberulous and divided into 4 or 5 oblong rounded segments more or less laciniately cut
on the margins, shorter than the stamens; pistillate on short tomentose peduncles, their
involucral scales broadly ovate, tomentose, shorter than the acuminate calyx-lobes; stig-
mas bright red. Fruit sessile or short-stalked, solitary or clustered; nut nearly hemispheric
FAGACE.E 249
jibout i' in diameter, light brown, often striata, inclosed only at the base in a thin saucer-
shaped cup dark red-brown and lustrous within, and covered by closely appressed ovate
light red-brown thin puberulous scales.
A tree, usually 70''-80° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, often clothed with small
tough drooping branches, or when crowded in the forest sometimes 120° high, with a
trunk 60°-70° tall and 4°-5° in diameter, slender branches beset with short-ridged spur-
like laterals a few inches in length, forming on young trees a broad pyramidal head, be-
coming on older trees open and irregular, with rigid and more pendulous branches often fur-
nished at first with small drooping branchlets, and slender tough branchlets dark red and
covered by short pale silvery tomentum, soon becoming green and glabrous, lustrous dark red-
brown or orange color in their first winter, growing darker in their second year and ultimately
dark gray-brown. Winter-buds ovoid, gradually narrowed and acute at apex, about |'
lOng, with imbricated light chestnut-brown scales puberulous toward the thin sometimes
ciliate margins. Bark of young trunks and branches smooth, lustrous, light brown fre-
quently tinged with red, becoming on older trunks f '-1|' thick, light gray-brown, gener-
ally smooth and covered by small closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong,
coarse-grained, light brown, with thin rather darker colored sapwood; sometimes used in
construction, and for shingles and clapboards.
Distribution. Borders of swamps and river-bottoms in deep rich moist soil; valley of the
Connecticut River in western Massachusetts and Connecticut; on Grand Isle in the Niagara
River, New York to southern Ontario and southwestern Michigan, and westward to eastern
Iowa (Muscatine County), and southward to southern West Virginia (Hardy and Mercer
Counties), southwestern Virginia (Wythe County), central North Carolina (on Bowling's
Creek, near Chapel Hill, Orange County, and on Dutchman's Creek, Forsyth County);
and to southern Kentucky, central Tennessee, southern Arkansas (Fulton, Hempstead
County), and northeastern Oklahoma; rare and of small size in New England; exceedingly
common in the green sand belt of New Jersey and Delaware; very abundant on the bottom-
lands of the streams of the lower Ohio River.
Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the northeastern states and occasionally in
the countries of western and central Europe.
7. Quercus georgiana M. A. Curtis.
Leaves convolute in the bud, elliptic or obovate, gradually narrowed and cuneate at
base, divided generally about half way to the midrib by wide or narrow oblique sinuses
Fig. 229
rounded in the bottom into 3-7 lobes, the terminal lobe ovate, acute, or rounded and en-
tire or frequently furnished with 1 or 2 small lateral teeth, the lateral lobes oblique or
250 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
spreading, mostly triangular, acute and entire, or those of the upper and of the middle
pair often broad and repand-lobulate at the oblique ends, sometimes gradually 3-lobed at
the broad apex and narrowed and entire below, or equally 3-lobed, with broad or narrow
spreading lateral lobes, or occasionally pinnatifid, when they unfold bright green tinged
with red, ciliate on the margins and coated on the midrib, veins, and petioles with loose
pale pubescence, at maturity thin, bright green and lustrous above, paler below, and
glabrous or furnished with tufts of hairs in the axils of the primary veins, usually about
2^' long and 1|' wide; turning dull orange and scarlet in the autumn; petioles slender,
I'-f in length. Flowers : staminate in slender glabrous or pubescent aments 2'-3' long;
calyx divided into 4 or 5 broadly ovate rounded segments rather shorter than the stamens;
pistillate on short glabrous slender peduncles; their involucral scales rather shorter than
the acute calyx-lobes, pubescent or puberulous; stigmas bright red. Fruit short-stalked;
nut ellipsoidal or subglobose, §'-^' long, light red-brown and lustrous, inclosed for one
third to nearly one half its length in a thick cup-shaped cup light red-brown and lustrous
on the inner surface, and covered by thin ovate bright light red-brown truncate erose
scales.
Distribution. Georgia; on Stone Mountain, and Little Stone Mountain, Dekalb
County; on a few other granite or sandstone hills north and southwest of Stone Mountain
(Winder, Jackson County, Rockmart, Polk County and at Warm Springs, Meriwether
County).
Occasionally cultivated, and hardy in eastern Massachusetts.
X Quercus Smallii Trel., a possible hybrid of Quercus georgiana and Q. marilandica,
occurs on the slopes and summit of Little Stone Mountain, Dekalb County, Georgia.
8. Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak.
Leaves ovate or oblong, rounded, cuneate or truncate at base, mostly 7-lobed
and sometimes divided nearly to the middle by wide rounded sinuses into narrow obovate
more or less repand-dentate lobes, or into elongated nearly entire mucronate lobes taper-
ing gradually from a broad base, the terminal lobe oblong, elongated, acute, furnished with
small lateral teeth, or broad, rounded, and coarsely repand-dentate, or slightly divided
into broad dentate lobes or sinuate-dentate, bright crimson when they unfold, and covered
above by long loose scattered white hairs and below with thick pale or silvery white tomen-
tum, hoary-pubescent when half grown, and at maturity thick and firm or subcoriaceous,
dark green and lustrous above, below yellow-green, brown or dull copper color and more
or less pubescent or glabrous with the exception of tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the
principal veins, 3'-12' long and 2'-10' wide, but usually 5'-6' long and 3'-4' wide, with a
stout midrib and primary veins; late in the autunm turning dull red, dark orange color,
or brown, and falling gradually during the winter; petioles stout, yellow, glabrous or puber-
ulous, 3'-6' in length. Flowers: staminate in tomentose or pubescent aments 4'-6' long;
calyx coated with pale hairs, with ovate acute lobes; pistillate on short tomentose peduncles,
their involucral scales ovate, shorter than the acute calyx-lobes; stigmas bright red.
Fruit sessile or short-stalked, solitary or in pairs; nut ovoid-oblong, obovoid, oval or hemi-
spheric, broad and rounded at base, full and rounded at apex, light red-brown, often
striate, frequently coated with soft rufous pubescence, |'-|' long and broad, or rarely 1' long
and broad, inclosed for about half its length or rarely nearly to the apex in the thin deeply
cup-shaped or turbinate cup dark red-brown on the inner surface, covered by thin light
chestnut-brown acute hoary scales closely appressed at the base of the cup, loosely im-
bricated above the middle, with free scarious tips forming a fringe-like border to its rim.
A tree, often 70°-80° and occasionally 150° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, slender
branches spreading gradually into a narrow open head, stout branchlets coated at first
with pale or fulvous scurfy tomentum, becoming in their first winter glabrous, dull red or
reddish brown, growing dark brown in their second year or brown slightly tinged with
red. Winter-buds ovoid, strongly angled, gradually narrowed and obtuse at apex, hoary-
tomentose, |'-|' long. Bark of young stems and branches smooth, dark brown, deep
FAGACEiE
251
orange color internally, becoming f '-I5' thick on old trunks, and deeply divided into broad
rounded ridges broken on the surface into thick dark brown or nearly black closely ap-
pressed plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, bright brown tinged
with red, with thin lighter colored sapwood; of little value except as fuel. The bark
abounds in tannic acid and is largely used in tanning, as a yellow dye, and in medicine.
Distribution. Dry gravelly uplands and ridges; coast of southern Maine to northern
Vermont, southern and western Ontario, the southern peninsula of Michigan, north-
western, eastern and southern Iowa, and southeastern Nebraska, and southward to
western Florida, southern Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, eastern Kansas, northeastern
Oklahoma and eastern Texas to the valley of the Brazos River; one of the commonest
Oaks on the gravelly drift of southern New England and the middle states; ascending
on the southern Appalachian Mountains to altitudes of about 4000°, and often forming a
large part of the forest growth on their foothills; abundant in all parts of the Mississippi
Fig. 230
basin, and of its largest size in the valley of the lower Ohio River; the common species
of the Black Oak group reaching the south-Atlantic and Gulf Coast, and here generally
scattered on dry ridges through the maritime Pine belt; southward often with a more
crooked stem and rougher bark {R. M. Harper).
Quercus velutina, which is more variable in the form of its leaves than the other North
American Black Oaks, is easily recognized by the bright yellow color of the inner bark,
in early spring by the deep red color of the unfolding leaves, becoming pale and silvery in
a few days, and by the large tomentose winter-buds. From western Missouri to north-
western Arkansas a form occurs (var. missouriensis Sarg.) with the mature leaves covered
above with fascicled hairs, and coated below and on the petioles and summer branchlets with
rusty pubescence, and with broader more loosely imbricated hoary-tomentose cup-scales.
9. Quercus Eelloggii Newb. Black Oak.
Quercus californica Coop.
Leaves oblong or obovate, truncate, cuneate or roimded at the narrow base, 7 or
rarely 5-lobed by wide and deep or shallow and oblique sinuses rounded in the bottom,
the terminal lobe ovate, 3-toothed at the acute apex, the lateral lobes tapering gradually
from the base or broad and obovate, coarsely repand-dentate with acute pointed teeth,
or rarely entire, when they unfold dark red or purple and pilose above and coated below
and on the petioles with thick silvery white tomentum, at maturity thick and firm.
252
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
lustrous, dark yellow-green and glabrous or rarely pubescent above, light yellow-green or
brownish and glabrous or pubescent, or occasionally hoary-tomentose below, 3'-6' long, 2'-4'
wide; turning yellow or brown in the autumn before falling; petioles slender, yellow, l'-2'
in length. Flowers: staminate in hairy aments 4'-5' long; calyx pubescent, divided into
4 or 5 ovate acute segments shorter than the stamens; anthers bright red; pistillate on
short tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales ovate, coated like the acute calyx-lobes
with pale tomentum; stigmas dark red. Fruit short-stalked, solitary or clustered; nut oblong,
ellipsoidal or obovoid, broad and rounded at base, full and rounded or gradually narrowed
and acute at the puberulous ai>ex, I'-l^' long, about f ' broad, light chestnut-brown, often
striate, inclosed for one fourth to two thirds of its length in the deep cup-shaped cup
light brown on the inner surface, and covered by thin ovate-lanceolate lustrous light chest-
nut brown scales, sometimes rounded and thickened on the back toward the base of the cup,
their tips elongated, thin and erose on the margins, often forming a narrow fringe-like bor-
der to the rim of the cup.
A tree, occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, stout spreading branches
forming an open round-topped head, and branchlets coated at first with thick hoary ca*
Rg. 231
ducous tomentum, bright red or brown tinged with red, and usually glabrous or pubescent
or puberulous during their first winter, becoming dark red-brown in their second year; fre-
quently much smaller and at high elevations a small shrub (f. cibata Jeps.)- Winter-buds
ovoid, gradually narrowed and acute at apex, about I' long, with closely imbricated pale
chestnut-brown scales ciliate on the thin scarious margins and pubescent toward the point
of the bud. Bark of young stems and branches smooth, light brown, becoming on old
trunks I'-W thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red or nearly black, divided inta
broad ridges at the base of old trees and broken above into thick irregular oblong plates
covered by minute closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very brittle, bright
red, with thin lighter colored sap wood; occasionally used as fuel.
Distribution. Valleys and mountain slopes; basin of the Mackenzie River in western
Oregon, southward over the California coast ranges, and along the western slopes of the
Sierra Nevada up to altitudes of 6500° to the Cuyamaca Mountains near the southern
boundary of California; extending across the Sierra Nevada to the foothills of Owens valley
(Jepson) in eastern California; rare in the immediate neighborhood of the coast; the largest
and most abundant Oak-tree of the valleys of southwestern Oregon and of the Sierra
Nevada, sometimes forming groves of considerable extent in coniferous forests; of its
largest size at altitudes of about 6000° above the sea.
FAGACE^ 253
10. Quercus Catesbaei Michx. Turkey Oak.
Leaves oblong or obovate or nearly triangular, gradually narrowed and cuneate at base,
deeply divided by wide rounded sinuses into 3 or 5 or rarely 7 lobes, the terminal lobe
ovate, elongated, acute and entire or repand-dentate, or obovate and coarsely equally or
irregularly S-toothed at apex, the lateral lobes spreading, usually falcate, entire and acute,
tapering from the broad base, and broad, oblique, and repand-lobulate at apex, or 3-
toothed at the broad apex and gradually narrowed to the base, coated when they unfold
with rufous fascicled hairs, and when fully grown thick and rigid, bright yellow-green
and lustrous above, paler, lustrous, and glabrous below, with large tufts of rusty hairs in
the axils of the veins, 3'-12' long, I'-IO' wide, but usually about 5' long and wide, with a
broad yellow or red-brown midrib; turning bright scarlet before falling in the late autumn
or early winter; petioles stout, grooved, |'-|' in length. Flowers: staminate in slender
hairy red-stemmed aments 4'-5' long; calyx puberulous and divided into 4 or 5 ovate
acute lobes; pistillate on short stout tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales bright
red, pubescent, hairy at the margins; stigmas dark red. Fruit short-stalked, usually soli-
tary; nut oval, full and rounded at the ends, about 1' long and f ' broad, dull light brown.
r
Fig. 232
covered at the apex by a thin coat of snow-white tomentum, inclosed for about one third
its length in a thin turbinate cup often gradually narrowed into a stout stalk-like base, light
red-brown and lustrous on the inner surface, covered by ovate-oblong rounded scales
extending above the rim of the cup and down over the upper third of the inner surface,
and hoary-pubescent except their thin bright red margins.
A tree, usually 20°-30°, or occasionally 50°-60° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 2°
in diameter, stout spreading more or less contorted branches forming a broad or narrow
open irregular generally round-topped head, and stout branchlets coated at first with
fascicled hairs, nearly glabrous and deep red when the leaves are half grown, dark red in
their first winter, gradually growing dark brown; generally much smaller and sometimes
shrubby. Winter-buds elongated, acute, ^ long, with light chestnut-brown scales erose
on the thin margins, and coated, especially toward the point of the bud, with rusty pubes-
cence. Bark ^'-1' thick, red internally, dark gray tinged with red on the surface, and at
the base of old trunks becoming nearly black, deeply and irregularly furrowed and broken
into small appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather close-grained, light brown
tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood; largely used for fuel.
Distribution. Dry barren sandy ridges and sandy bluffs and hummocks in the neighbor-
hood of the coast; southeastern Virginia (near Zuni, Isle of Wight County) to the shores
254
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
of Indian River and Peace River, Florida, and westward to eastern Louisiana; compara-
tively rare toward the western limits of its range, and most abundant and of its largest
size on the high bluff-like shores of bays and estuaries in South Carolina and Georgia; the
prevailing tree with Quercus cinerea in dry sandy uplands of the interior of the Florida pen-
insula as far south as the sandy ridges in the neighborhood near Fort Ogden, De Soto
County; in Georgia inland over the coastal plain to the Pine Mountains, and in Alabama to
Tuscaloosa County (R. M. Harper).
X Quercus Mellichampii Trel. believed to be a hybrid of Quercus Cateshcd and Q. lauri-
folia occurs at Bluffton on the coast of South Carolina, in the neighborhood of Orlando,
Orange County and near San Mateo, Putnam County, Florida.
X Quercus Ashei Trel. believed to be a hybrid of Quercus Catesbon with Q. cinerea occurs
at Folkston and near Trader's Hill, Charlton County and St. Mary's, Camden County,
Georgia.
X Quercus blufftonensis Trel., a probable hybrid of Quercus Catesbod and Q, rubra L.,
has been found at Bluffton, South Carolina.
X Quercus Walteriana Ashe, believed to be a hybrid of Quercus Catesbaei and Q. nigra,
is not rare in the immediate neighborhood of the coast of South Carolina and Georgia,
and occurs on sand hills in Sampson County, North Carolina, near Jacksonville, Duval
County, Florida, at Mount Vernon, Mobile County and in the neighborhood of Selma,
Dallas County, Alabama.
11. Quercus ilicifolia Wang. Bear Oak. Scrub Oak.
Quercus nana Sarg.
Leaves obovate or rarely oblong, gradually or abruptly cuneate at base, divided by
wide shallow sinuses into 3-7, usually 5, acute lobes, the terminal lobe ovate, elongated,
rounded and 3-toothed or acute and dentate or entire at apex, the lateral lobes spreading.
Fig. 233
mostly triangular and acute, or those of the upper pair broad, oblique and repand-lobu-
late or broad at apex, slightly 3-lobed and entire below, or deeply 3-lobed above and sinu-
ate below, or occasionally oblong to oblong-obovate and entire, with undulate margins,
when they unfold dull red and puberulous or pubescent on the upper surface and coated
on the lower and on the petioles with thick pale tomentum, with conspicuous tufts of sil-
very white hairs in the axils of the veins, at maturity thick and firm, dark green and lustrous
above, covered below with pale or silvery white pubescence, 2'-5' long, l^'-3' wida
FAGACEiB ^55
«nth a stout yellow midrib and slender primary veins; turning dull scarlet or yellow in the
autumn; petioles slender, glabrous, or pubescent, I'-l^' in length. Flowers: staminate in
hairy aments 4'-5' long, and often persistent until midsummer; calyx red or green tinged
with red and irregularly divided into 3-5 ovate rounded lobes shorter than the stamens;
anthers bright red ultimately yellow; pistillate on stout tomentose peduncles, their involu-
cral scales ovate, about as long as the acute calyx-lobes, red and tomentose; stigmas
dark red. Fruit produced in great profusion, sessile or stalked, in pairs or rarely solitary;
nut ovoid, broad, flat or rounded at base, gradually narrowed and acute or rounded at
apex, about ^ long and broad, light brown, lustrous, usually faintly striate, inclosed for
about one half its length in the cup-shaped or saucer-shaped cup often abruptly enlarged
above the stalk-like base, thick, light reddish brown within, and covered by thin ovate
closely imbricated red-brown puberulous scales acute or truncate at apex, the minute free
tips of the upper scales forming a fringe-like border to the cup.
A tree, occasionally 18°-20° high, with a trunk 5'-6' in diameter, with slender spread-
ing branches usually forming a round-topped head, and slender branchlets dark green
more or less tinged with red and hoary-pubescent at first, during their first winter red-
brown or ashy gray and pubescent or puberulous, becoming glabrous and darker in their
second year and ultimately dark brown or nearly black; more frequently an intricately
branched shrub, with numerous contorted stems 3°-10° tall. Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse,
about I' long, with dark chestnut-brown rather loosely imbricated glabrous or pilose
scales. Bark thin, smooth, dark brown, covered by small closely appressed scales.
Distribution. Dry sandy barrens and rocky hillsides; coast of eastern Maine south-
ward through eastern and southern New England to southern and southwestern Penn-
sylvania and along the Appalachian Mountains, principally on their eastern slopes, to
southern Virginia; on Crowder and King Mountains, Gaston County, North Carolina;
and westward to the shores of Lake George and the valley of the Hudson River; common
in eastern and southern New Engnlad, in the Pine barrens of New Jersey, and in eastern
Pennsylvania.
X Quercus Brittonii Davis, believed to be a hybrid of Quercus ilicifolia and Q. mari-
landica, has been found on Staten Island, New York, and at Ocean Grove, Monmouth
County, New Jersey.
X Quercus Giffordii Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus ilicifolia and Q. Phellos,
has been found at May's Landing, Atlantic County, New Jersey.
X Quercus Rehderi Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus ilicifolia and Q. velutina,
is not rare in eastern Massachusetts and occurs on Martha's Vineyard (Chilmark).
12. Quercus rubra L. Red Oak. Spanish Oak.
Quercus digitata Sudw.
Leaves ovate to obovate, narrowed and rounded or cuneate at base, the terminal lobe
long-acuminate, entire or slightly lobed, often falcate, usually longer than the 2 or 4
acuminate entire lateral lobes narrowed from a broad base and often falcate, or oblong-
obovate and divided at the broad apex by wide or narrow sinuses broad and rounded in
the bottom into 3 rounded or acute entire or dentate lobes, and entire and gradually
narrowed below into an acute or rounded base (var. triloba Ashe), the two forms usually
occurring on different but sometimes on the same tree, at maturity thin and firm, dark
green and lustrous above, coated below with soft close pale or rusty pubescence, Q'-l' long
and 4'-5' wide, obscurely reticulate-venulose, with a stout tomentose midrib and primary
veins; turning brown or dull orange color in the autumn; petioles slender, flattened, l'-2' in
length. Flowers: staminate in tomentose aments, 3'-5' long; calyx thin and scarious, pu-
bescent on the outer surface, divided into 4 or 5 ovate rounded segments; pistillate on stout
tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales coated with rusty tomentum, as long or rather
shorter than the acute calyx-lobes; stigmas dark red. Fruit sessile or short-stalked; nut
subglobose to ellipsoidal, full and rounded at apex, truncate and rounded at base, about
256
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
I' long, bright orange-brown, inclosed only at base or sometimes for one third its length in
a thin saucer-shaped cup flat on the bottom or gradually narrowed from a stalk-like base, or
deep and turbinate, bright red-brown on the inner surface, covered by thin ovate-oblong
reddish scales acute or rounded at apex and pale-pubescent except on the margins.
A tree, usually 70°-80° high, with a trunk i°-^° in diameter, large spreading branches
forming a broad round-topped open head, and stout branchlets coated at first, like the
young leaves, with thick rusty or orange-colored clammy tomentum, dark red or reddish
brown and pubescent or rarely glabrous during their first winter, becoming in their second
year dark red-brown or ashy gray. The var. triloba usually 20°-30° rarely 40°-50° high.
Winter-buds ovoid or oval, acute, Y-Y long, with bright chestnut-brown puberulous or
pilose scales ciliate with short pale hairs. Bark f '-1' thick, dark brown or pale, and di-
vided by shallow fissures into broad ridges covered by thin closely appressed scales. Wood
hard, strong, not durable, coarse-grained, light red, with thick lighter colored sapwood;
sometimes used in construction, and largely as fuel. The bark is rich in tannin, and is
used in tanning leather and occasionally in medicine.
Distribution. Southeastern and southern Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey
southward to central Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Brazos River,
Texas, and through eastern Oklahoma, Arkansas, and southeastern Missouri to central
Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Indiana and Illinois, southern Ohio (Black Fork Creek,
Lawrence County), and Kanawha County, West Virginia; in the north Atlantic states only
in the neighborhood of the coast and comparatively rare; very common in the south At-
lantic and Gulf states on dry hills between the coast plain and the Appalachian Mountains;
less abundant in the southern maritime Pine belt. The var. triloba: rare and local. Pleas-
ant Grove, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and JefiFerson County, Indiana, southward to
central and western Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, western Arkansas and
eastern Texas; on dry uplands near Milledgeville, Baldwin County, Georgia, the prevailing
form.
Quercus rubra var. pagodsfolia Ashe. Swamp Spanish Oak. Red Oak.
Quercus pagoda Rafn.
Quercus pagodcefolia Ashe.
Leaves elliptic to oblong, acuminate, gradually narrowed and cuneate or full and rounded
or rarely truncate at base, deeply divided by wide sinuses rounded in the bottom into 5-1 1
acuminate usually entire repand-dentate lobes often falcate and spreading at right angles
FAGACi3JB
257
to the midrib or pointed toward the apex of the leaf, when they unfold coated with pale
tomentum, thickest on the lower surface, and dark red on the upper surface, at matiu-ity
dark green and very lustrous above, pale and tomentose below, 6'-8' long and 5'-6' wide,
with a stout midrib usually puberulous on the upper side, slender primary veins arched to
the points of the lobes, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; turning bright clear yellow
belore falling; petioles stout, pubescent or tomentose, l|'-2' in length. Flowers and Fruit
as in the species.
A tree, sometimes 120° high, with a trunk 4°-5° in diameter, heavy branches forming in
the forest a short narrow crown, or in more open situations wide-spreading or ascending
and forming a great open head, and slender branchlets hoary tomentose at first, tomentose
or pubescent during their first winter, and dark reddish brown and puberulous during their
second year. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, often prominently 4-angIed, about I' long, with
Rg.235
fight red-brown puberulous scales sometimes ciliate at the apex. Bark about 1' thick
and roughened by small rather closely appressed plate-like light gray, gray-brown or dark
brown scales. Wood light reddish brown, with thin nearly white sapwood; largely manu-
factured into lumber in the Mississippi valley, and valued almost as highly as white oak.
Distribution. Rich bottom-lands and the alluvial banks of streams; Maryland (Queen
Anne County) and coast of Virginia to northern Florida, and through the Gulf states and
Arkansas to southern Missouri, western Tennessee and Kentucky, and southern Illinois
and Indiana; most abundant and one of the largest and most valuable timber-trees in the
river swamps of the Yazoo basin, Mississippi, and of eastern Arkansas. DiflFering chiefly
from the type in the more numerous and more acuminate lobes of the usually more elon-
gated leaves usually paler on the lower surface, and in the generally paler bark of the
trunk; passing into Quercus rubra var. leucophylla Ashe with leaves on upper branches
nearly as broad as long thickly covered below with brownish pubescence and deeply
divided into 5-7 lobes, and on lower branches slightly obovate, less deeply divided, thin,
dark green, sometimes pubescent becoming glabrous above and often covered below with
pale or brown pubescence.
A tree sometimes 120° high; in low rich soil; coast region of southeastern Virginia, south-
ward to western Florida and through the Gulf states to the valley of the Neches River,
Texas, and northward to northern Arkansas; in southern Illinois (near Mt. Carmel, Wa-
bash County) and southwestern Indiana (near Hovey Lake, Posey County) ; abundant in
low woods about River Junction, Gadsden County, Florida, and in central Mississippi.
X Quercus Willdenoviana Zabel is believed in Europe to be a hybrid of Quercus rubra
and Quercus velutina.
258
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
13. Quercus marilandica Muench. Black Jack. Jack Oak.
Leaves broadly obovate, rounded or cordate at the narrow base, usually 3 or rarely
5-lobed at the broad and often abruptly dilated apex, with short or long, broad or narrow,
rounded or acute, entire or dentate lobes, or entire or dentate at apex, sometimes oblong-
obovate, undulate-lobed at the broad apex and entire below, or equally 3-lobed with
elongated spreading lateral lobes broad and lobulate at apex, when they unfold coated with a
clammy tomentum of fascicled hairs and bright pink on the upper surface, at maturity
thick and firm or subcoriaceous, dark yellow-green and very lustrous above, yellow, orange
color, or brown and scurfy-pubescent below, usually 6'-7' long and broad, with a thick broad
orange-colored midrib; turning brown or yellow in the autumn; petioles stout, yellow, gla-
brous or pubescent, ^'-f in length. Flowers: staminate in hoary aments 2'-4' long;
calyx thin and scarious, tinged with red above the middle, pale-pubescent on the outer
surface, divided into 4 or 5 broad ovate rounded lobes; anthers apiculate, dark red; pistillate
Fig. 236
on short rusty-tomentose peduncles coated like their involucral scales with thick rusty
tomentum; stigmas dark red. Fruit, solitary or in pairs, usually pedunculate; nut oblong,
full and rounded at the ends, rather broader below than above the middle, about f ' long, light
yellow-brown and often striate, the shell lined with dense fulvous tomentum, inclosed for
one third to nearly two thirds of its length in a thick turbinate light brown cup puberulous
on the inner surface, and covered by large reddish brown loosely imbricated scales often
ciliate and coated with loose pale or rusty tomentum, the upper scales smaller, erect, in-
serted on the top of the cup in several rows, and forming a thick rim round its inner sur-
face, or occasionally reflexed and covering the upper half of the inner surface of the cup.
A tree, 20°-30°, or occasionally 40°-50° high, with a trunk rarely more than 1' in di-
ameter, short stout spreading often contorted branches forming a narrow compact round-
topped or sometimes an open irregular head, and stout branchlets coated at first with
thick pale tomentum, light brown and scurfy -pubescent during their first summer, becom-
ing reddish brown and glabrous or puberulous in the winter, and ultimatey brown or ashy
gray. Winter-buds ovoid or oval, prominently angled, light red-brown, coated with rusty
brown hairs, about j long. Bark I'-l Y thick, an d deeply divided into nearly square plates
l'-3' long and covered by small closely appressed dark brown or nearly black scales. Wood
heavy, hard, strong, dark rich brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood; largely used as
fuel and in the manufacture of charcoal.
Distribution. Dry sandy or clay barrens; Long Island and Staten Island, New York,
eastern and southern Pennsylvania, and southern New Jersey to northern Florida, and
westward through the Gulf states to western Texas (Callahan County) and to western
FAGACE^
259
Oklahoma (Dewey and Kiowa Counties), Arkansas, eastern Kansas, southeastern Ne-
braska and through Missouri to northeastern IlHnois, southwestern and southern Indiana,
and northeastern Kentucky (South Portsmouth, Greenup County, R. E. Horsey) ; rare in
the north, very abundant southward; west of the Mississippi River often forming on sterile
soils a great part of the forest growth; of its largest size in southern Arkansas and eastern
Texas.
X Quercus Rudkinii Britt., with characters intermediate between those of Quercus
marilandica and Q. Phellos, and probably a hybrid of these species, has been found near
Tottenville, Staten Island, New York, at Keyport, Monmouth County, New Jersey, and
the Falls of the Yadkin River, Stanley County, North Carolina, and Fulton, Hempstead
County, Arkansas.
X Quercus sterilis Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus marilandica and Q. nigra
has been found in Bladen County, North Carolina.
X Quercus Hastingsii Sarg., believed to be a hybrid oi Quercus marilandica andQ. texana,
occurs near Boerne, Kendall County, and at Brown wood. Brown County, Texas.
X Quercus Bushii Sarg., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus marilandica and Q. veluiina^
although not common, occurs in eastern Oklahoma (Sapulpa, Creek County), Arkansas
(Fayette ville, Washington County, Eureka Springs, Carroll County), Missouri (Prosperity,
Jasper County), Mississippi (Oxford, Lafayette County), Alabama (Dothan, Houston
County, near Berlin, banks of the Alabama River near Selma, Dallas County, and Daphne,
Baldwin County), Florida (Sumner, Levy County), and in Georgia (Climax, Decatur
County).
14. Quercus arkansana Sarg.
Leaves broadly obovate, slightly 3-lobed or dentate at the wide apex, cuneate at base,
on sterile branches often oblong-ovate, acute or rounded at apex, rounded at base, the
lobes ending in long slender mucros, when they unfold tinged with red, thickly covered
with pale fascicled hairs persistent until summer, the midrib and veins more thickly
r«.237
clothed with long straight hairs, and at maturity glabrous, with the exception of small
axillary tufts of pubescence on the lower surface, light yellow-green above, paler below,
2'-2f ' long and broad, with a slender light yellow midrib, thin primary veins and promi-
nent veinlets; on sterile branches often ^'-5Y long and 2|'-2|' wide; petioles slender,
260 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
coated at first with clusters of pale hairs, becoming glabrous or puberulous, f '-7' in length.
Flowers: staminate in aments covered with clusters of long pale hairs, i'-iY long; calyx
usually 4 rarely 3-lobed, thinly covered with long white hairs; stamens usually 4; anthers
ovoid-oblong, apiculate, dark red; pistillate on stout peduncles hoary-tomentose like the
scales of the involucre; stigmas dark red. Fruit solitary or in pairs, on short glabrous
peduncles; nut broad-ovoid, rounded at apex, sparingly pubescent especially below the
middle with fascicled hairs, light brown, obscurely striate, I'-Y long, |'-|' thick, inclosed
only at base in the flat saucer-shaped cup, pubescent on the inner surface, covered with
closely appressed scales obtuse at their narrow apex, red on the margins, pale pubescent,
those of the upi)er rank smaller, erect, inserted on the top of the cup and forming a thin rim
round its inner surface.
A tree when crowded in the forest often 60^^-70° high, with a tall trunk, stout ascending
branches forming a long narrow head, and slender branchlets thickly coated early in the
season with pale fascicled hairs, pubescent or nearly glabrous in their first autumn and
darker and glabrous in their second year, when not crowded by other trees rarely 40° high
with a short trunk occasionally 1° in diameter. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, with thin
light chestnut-brown slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous scales. Bark thick, nearly
black, divided by deep fissures into long narrow ridges covered with thick closely appressed
scales.
Distribution. Low woods and on rolling sand hills four miles north of Fulton, Hemp-
stead County, and in Clark County, Arkansas; east to Pike County, Alabama. By Trel-
ease considered a hybrid of Q. marilandica and Q. nigra. See paper on Q, arkansana by
Palmer in Jour. Arnold Arb. vi. 195 (1925).
15. Quercus nigra L. Water Oak.
Leaves oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and cuneate at base and enlarged often
abruptly at the broad rounded entire or occasionally 3-lobed apex, on vigorous young
branchlets sometimes pinnatifid with acute, acuminate or rounded lobes or broadly oblong-
obovate and rounded at apex with entire or undulate margins, on upper branches occa-
sionally linear-lanceolate, on occasional trees narrowed below to an elongated cuneate
base and gradually widened above into a more or less deeply 3-lobed apex, the lobes
rounded or acute (var. tridentifera Saxg.), or often acute at the ends, and on upper branch-
lets sometimes linear-lanceolate to linear-obovate, acute or rounded at apex, divided
above the middle by deep wide rounded sinuses into elongated lanceolate acute entire
lobes, or pinnatifid above the middle, when they unfold thin, light green more or less tinged
with red and covered by fine caducous pubescence, with conspicuous tufts of pale hairs in
the axils of the veins below, at maturity thin, dull bluish green, paler below than above,
glabrous or with axillary tufts of rusty hairs, usually about 2^' long and 1^' wide, or on
fertile branches sometimes 6' long and 2|' wide; turning yellow and falling gradually during
the winter; petioles stout, flattened, |'-^' in length; leaves of seedling plants linear-lanceo-
late with entire or undulate margins, or occasionally lobed with 1 or 2 pointed lobes,
often deeply 3-lobed at a wide apex, and occasionally furnished below the middle with a
single acuminate lobe, all the forms often occurring on a plant less than three feet high.
Flowers: staminate in red hairy-stemmed aments 2'-3' long; calyx thin and scarious,
covered on the outer surface with short hairs, divided into 4 or 5 ovate rounded segments;
pistillate on short tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales a Httle shorter than the
acute calyx-lobes and coated with rusty hairs; stigmas deep red. Fruit usually solitary,
sessile or short-stalked; nut ovoid, broad and flat at base, full and rounded at the pubescent
apex, Ught yellow-brown, often striate, ^'-f ' long and nearly as thick, usually inclosed only
at the base in a thin saucer-shaped cup, or occasionally for one third its length in a cup-
shaped cup, coated on the inner surface with pale silky tomentum and covered by ovate
acute closely appressed Ught red-brown scales clothed with pale pubescence except on their
darker colored margins.
A tree, occasionally 80° high, with a trunk 2°-3^° in diameter, numerous slender
branches spreading gradually from the stem and forming a symmetrical round-topped
FAGACEiE
261
head, and slender glabrous branchlets light or dull red during their first winter, becoming
grayish brown in their second season. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, strongly angled, covered
by loosely imbricated dark red-brown puberulous scales slightly ciliate on the thin margins.
Bark
thick, with a smooth light brown surface slightly tinged with red and covered
by smooth closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained,
brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood; little valued except as fuel.
light
Fig. 238
Distribution. High sandy borders of swamps and streams and the rich bottom-lands
of rivers, or northward sometimes in dry woods; southern Delaware, southward to the
shores of the Indian River and Tampa Bay, Florida, ranging inland in the south Atlantic
states through the Piedmont region, and westward through the Gulf states to the valley
of the Colorado River, Texas, and through eastern Oklahoma and Arkansas to south-
eastern Missouri and to central Tennessee and Kentucky. The var. tridentifera Sarg. rare
and local; southwest Virginia to Alabama (near Selma, Dallas County), central and western
Mississippi, eastern Louisiana; valley of Navidad River, Lavaca County, Texas. A form
(f . microcarya Sarg. — Quercus microcarya Small) occurs in the dry soil on slopes of Little
Stone Mountain, Dekalb County, Georgia.
The Water Oak is commonly planted as a shade-tree in the streets and squares of the
cities and towns of the southern sta.tes.
16. Quercus obtusata Ashe.
Quercus rhomhica Sarg.
Leaves rhombic, rarely oblong-obovate to lanceolate, acute or rounded and apiculate at
apex, cuneate at base, the margins entire or slightly undulate, those on vigorous shoots
occasionally furnished on each side near the middle with a short lobe, when they unfold
deeply tinged with red, covered with short pale caducous pubescence and furnished be-
low with usually persistent tufts of axUlary hairs, at maturity thin, dark green and lus-
trous above, pale below, 3 "-4' long, l|'-2' wide, with a stout conspicuous yellow midrib
and slender forked primary veins; turning yellow and falling gradually in early winter,
rarely at the ends of branches, obovate and rounded, slightly 3-lobed or undulate at the
broad apex (var. obovatifolia Sarg.); petioles yellow, ^-^ in length. Flowers not seen.
Fruit sessile or short-stalked; nut ovoid, rounded at apex, thickly covered with pale pu-
bescence, f'-^' long, f thick; inclosed only at the base in a saucer-shaped cup, rounded
on the bottom, silky pubescent on the inner surface, and covered with slightly pubescent
reddish brown loosely appressed scales rounded at apex, with free tips, those of the upper
rank thin and ciliate on the margins.
^ tree often 120°-150° high, with a tall trunk S°-^^° in diameter, stout, wide-spreading
262
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
smooth branches forming a broad open head, and slender glabrous branchlets red-brown
during their first season and dark gray the following year. Bark, pale gray, slightly fur-
rowed and covered with closely appressed scales, I'-f thick.
. Distribution. Borders of swamps and low wet woods of the coast region; southeastern
Virginia (Dismal Swamp) sparingly in Jackson County, west Florida, and through the Gulf
states to the valley of the Neches River (Beaumont, Jefferson County), eastern Texas; in
Fig. 239
Louisiana northward to the valley of the Red River; most abundant in south central Ala-
bama and in Louisiana.
X Quercus beaumontiana Sarg., believed to be a hybrid of Qnercus obtusata and Q. rubra
has been found growing by a street in Beaumont, Jefferson County, Texas.
X Quercus Cocksii Sarg., probably a hybrid of Quercus obtusata and Q. velutina, has been
found at Pineville, Rapides Parish, Louisiana.
17. Quercus Phellos L. Willow Oak.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or rarely obovate-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, gradu-
ally narrowed and acute at the ends, and entire with slightly undulate margins, when they
fold light yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface, coated on the lower with pale
«
Fig. 240
FAGACEiE 263
caducous pubescence, at maturity glabrous, light green and rather lustrous above, dull and
paler or rarely hoary-pubescent below, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, 2|'-5' long,
j'-l' wide, with a slender yellow midrib and obscure primary veins forked and united
about halfway between the midrib and margins; turning pale yellow in the autumn; petioles
stout, about I' in length. Flowers : staminate in slender-stemmed aments 2'-3' long; calyx
yellow, hirsute, with 4 or 5 acute segments; pistillate on slender glabrous peduncles, their
involucral scales brown covered by pale hairs, about as long as the acute calyx-lobes;
stigmas bright red. Fruit short-stalked or nearly sessile, solitary or in pairs; nut hemi-
spheric, light, yellow-brown, coated with pale pubescence, inclosed only at the very base
in the thin pale reddish brown saucer-shaped cup silky-pubescent on the inner surface, and
covered by thin ovate hoary-pubescent closely appressed scales rounded at apex.
A tree, often 70°-90° high, with a trunk 2° or rarely 4° in diameter, small branches
spreading into a comparatively narrow open or conical round-topped head, and slender
glabrous reddish brown branchlets roughened by dark lenticels, becoming in their second
year dark brown tinged with red or grayish brown; usually much smaller. Winter-buds
ovoid, acute, about |' long, with dark chestnut-brown scales pale and scarious on the mar-
gins. Bark §'-|' thick, light red-brown slightly tinged with red, generally smooth but on
old trees broken by shallow narrow fissures into irregular plates covered by small closely
appressed scaJes. Wood heavy, strong, not hard, rather coarse-grained, light brown tinged
with red, with thin lighter colored sap wood; occasionally used in construction, for clap-
boards and the feUies of wheels.
Distribution. Low wet borders of swamps and streams and rich sandy uplands; Staten
Island, New York, southern New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania and southward
to western (Jackson County) Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Navasota
River, Brazos County, Texas, and through Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma and southeastern
Missouri to central Tennessee and northwestern Kentucky (Ballard County), and in south-
western Illinois (Massac and Pope Counties) ; in the Atlantic states usually confined to the
maritime plain; less common in the middle districts, rarely extending to the Appalachian
foothills.
Occasionally planted as a shade-tree in the streets of southern towns, and rarely in
western Europe; hardy in eastern Massachusetts.
Quercus heterophylla Michx. f.
This has usually been considered a hybrid between Quercus Phellos and Quercus velutina
OT Quercus borealis var. maxima; first known in the eighteenth century from an individ-
Fig. 241
264
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ual growing in a field belonging to John Bartram on the Schuylkill River, Philadelphia.
What appears to be the same form has since been discovered in a number of stations
from New Jersey to Texas, and it is possible that Quercus heterophylla may, as many
botanists have believed, best be considered a species.
X Quercus subfalcata Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus Phellos and Q. rubra
has been found at Wickliffe, Ballard County, Illinois, at Campbell, Lawrence County,
Mississippi, Fulton, Hempstead County, Arkansas, and Houston, Harris County, Texas;
its var. microcarpa Sarg., probably of the same parentage, originated in a Dutch nursery.
X Quercus ludoviciana Sarg., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus Phellos and Q. rubra
var. pagodas folia grows in low wet woods ten miles west of Opelousas, St. Landry Par-
ish, Louisiana.
18. Quercus laurifolia Michx. Laurel Oak. Water Oak.
Leaves elliptic or rarely slightly broadest above the middle, acuminate at the ends,
apiculate at apex, occasionally lanceolate or oblong-obovate and rounded at apex (var.
hybrida Michx.) sometimes 3-lobed at apex, the terminal lobe acuminate, much larger
than the others (var. tridentata Sarg.), frequently unequally lobed on vigorous branches aC
Fig. 242
young trees, with small nearly triangular lobes, when they unfold in spring yellow-green,
or later in the season often pink or bright red, and slightly puberulous, at maturity thin,
green, and very lustrous above, light green and less lustrous below, usually 3'-4' long and
f ' wide, with a conspicuous yellow midrib; many falling gradually in early spring leaving
the branches partly bare during only a few weeks; petioles stout, yellow, rarely more than
I' in length. Flowers : staminate in red-stemmed hairy aments 2'-3' long; calyx pubescent
on the outer surface, divided into 4 ovate rounded lobes; pistillate on stout glabrous
peduncles, their involucral scales brown and hairy, about as long as the acute calyx-
lobes; stigmas dark red. Fruit sessile or subsessile, generally solitary; nut ovoid to hemi-
spheric, broad and slightly rounded at base, full and rounded at the puberulous apex,
dark brown, about \' long, inclosed for about one fourth its length in a thin saucer-shaped
cup red-brown and silky-pubescent on the inner surface, and covered by thin ovate light
red-brown scales rounded at apex and pale-pubescent except on their darker colored
margins.
A tree, occasionally 100° high, with a tall trunk 3°-4° in diameter, and comparatively
slender branches spreading gradually into a broad dense round-topped shapely head, and
slender glabrous branchlets dark red when they first appear, dark red-brown during their
i,
FAGACE^
265
first winter, becoming reddish brown or dark gray in their second season. Winter-buds
broadly ovoid or oval, abruptly narrowed and acute at apex, -^s'-Y long, with numerous
thin closely imbricated bright red-brown scales ciliate on the margins. Bark of young
trees ^'-1' thick, dark brown more or less tinged with red, roughened by small closely
appressed scales, becoming at the base of old trees 1 '-2' thick, nearly black, and divided by
deep fissures into broad flat ridges. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, coarse-grained,
liable to check badly in drying, dark brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sap-
wood; probably used only as fuel.
Distribution. Sandy banks of streams and swamps and rich hummocks in the neighbor-
hood of the coast; North Carolina (near Newbern) southward to the valley of the Caloosa-
hatchee River, Florida, and in the*interior of the peninsula to the neighborhood of Lake
Istokpoga, De Soto County, and westward to eastern Louisiana, ranging inland to Darling-
ton, Darlington County, South Carolina, to the neighborhood of Augusta, Richmond
County, Mayfield, Hancock County, Albany, Dougherty County, Cuthbert, Randolph
County, and Bainbridge, Decatur County, Georgia, Georgiana, Butler County, and Berlin,
Dallas County, Alabama, Rockport, Copiah County, Mississippi, and to the neighborhood
of Bogalusa, Washington Parish, and Kisatchie, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana {R. S.
Cocks); nowhere abundant, but most common and of its largest size in eastern Florida.
19. Quercus cinerea Michx. Blue Jack. Upland Willow Oak.
Quercus brevifolia Sarg.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and cuneate or some-
Umes rounded at base, acute or rounded and apiculate at apex, entire with slightly thick-
ened undulate margins, or at the ends of vigorous sterile branches occasionally 3-lobed at
Fig. 243
the apex and variously lobed on the margins (/3 dentato-lobata A. De Candolle), when they
unfold bright pink and pubescent on the upper surface, coated on the lower with thick
silvery white tomentum, at matiu-ity firm in texture, blue-green, lustrous, conspicuously re-
ticulate venulose above, pale-tomentose below, 2'-5' long, Y-1^' wide, with a stout yellow
midrib and remote obscure primary veins forked and united within the margins; turn-
ing red and falling gradually late in the autumn or in early winter; petioles stout, j-^'
in length. Flowers: staminate in hoary-tomenvose aments 2'-3' long; calyx pubescent,
bright red and furnished at apex with a thick tuft of silvery white hairs before opening, di-
vided into 4 or 5 ovate acute lobes, becoming yellow as it opens; stamens 4 or 5; anthers
apiculate, dark red in the bud, becoming yellow; pistillate on short stout tomentose
peduncles, their involucral scales about as long as the acute calyx-lobes and coated with
266 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
pale tomentum; stigmas dark red. Fruit produced in great profusion, sessile or raised on
a short stalk rarely I' long; nut ovoid, full and rounded at the ends or subglobose, about
Y long, often striate, hoary-pubescent at apex, inclosed only at the base or for one half
its length in a thin saucer-shaped or cup-shaped cup bright red-brown and coated with
lustrous pale pubescence on the inner surface, and covered by thin closely imbricated ovate-
oblong scales hoary-tomentose except on the dark red-brown margins.
A tree on dry hUls, usually 15°-i0° high, with a trunk 5'-6' in diameter, stout branches
forming a narrow irregular head, and thick rigid branchlets coated at first with a dense
fulvous or hoary tomentum of fascicled hairs, soon becoming glabrous or puberulous,
dark brown sometimes tinged with red during their first winter and darker in their
second year; or in low moist soil often GO^-VS® high, with a trunk 18'-20' in diameter, and
a broad round-topped shapely head of drooping branches. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, with
numerous rather loosely imbricated bright chestnut-brown scales ciliate on the margins,
often Y long on vigorous branches, frequently obtuse and occasionally much smaller.
Bark I'-lY thick, and divided into thick nearly square plates l'-2' long, and covered by
small dark brown or nearly black scales slightly tinged with red. Wood hard, strong,
close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick darker colored sapwood; probably
only used as fuel.
Distribution. Sandy barrens and dry upland ridges, and in the rich moist soil of the
pine-covered flats of the Florida peninsula; North Carolina southward to Fort Myers, Lee
County, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas; in the
Atlantic and middle Gulf states mostly confined to a maritime belt 40°-60° wide, extending
across the Florida peninsula as far south as the sand hills in the neighborhood of Lake Istok-
poga, De Soto County, and west of the Mississippi River, ranging inland to the neighbor-
hood of Dallas, Dallas County, Texas, and to southeastern Oklahoma (near Antlers, Push-
mataha County).
X Quercus duhia Ashe, believed to be a hybrid of Quercus cinerea and Q. laurifolia occurs
at Abhottsburg, Bladen County, North Carolina, on the coast of South Carolina, in south-
ern Georgia and northern and central Florida, and at Mississippi City, Harrison County,
Mississippi.
X Quercus subintegra Trel., a supposed hybrid of Quercus cinerea and Q. rubra occurs at
Lumber City, Telfair County, Georgia, Lake City, Columbia County, Florida, and at
Berlin, and near Selma, Dallas County, Alabama.
X Quercus sublaurifolia Trel., a supposed hybrid of Quercus cinerea and Q. laurifolia
occurs at Folkston, Charlton County, Georgia, and at Biloxi, Harrison County, Mississippi.
X Quercus carolinensis Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus cinerea and Q. mari-
landica occurs at Newbern, Craven County, North Carolina, Lumber City, Telfair County
and Climax, Decatur County, Georgia, and near Fletcher, Hardin County, Texas.
X Quercus caduca Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus cinerea and Q. nigra, occurs at
Folkston, Charlton County and Lumber City, Telfair County, Georgia, Jacksonville,
Duval County, and Gainsville, Alachua County, Florida, Mississippi City, Harrison
County, Mississippi, and at Milano, Milam County and Bryan, Brazos County, Texas.
X Quercus oviedoensis Sarg., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus cinerea and Q. myrtifolia,
has been found near Oviedo, Orange County, Florida.
20. Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak. Laurel Oak.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong-obovate, apiculate and acute or rounded at apex,
gradually narrowed and cuneate or rounded at base, entire with slightly thickened, rev-
olute often undulate margins, or sometimes more or less 3-lobed, or on sterile branches
occasionally repand-lobulate, when they unfold bright red, soon becoming yellow-green,
covered with scurfy rusty pubescence on the upper surface and hoary-tomentose on the
lower, at maturity thin, glabrous, dark green, and very lustrous above, pale green or light
brown and pubescent below, 4'-6' long, |'-2' wide, with a stout yellow midrib, numerous
slender yellow veins arcuate and united at some distance from the margins, and reticulate
FAGACE^ 267
veinlets; late in the autumn turning dark red on the upper surface; petioles stout, pubes-
cent, rarely more than ^' in length. Flowers : staminate in hoary-tomentose aments, 2'-3'
long; calyx light yellow, pubescent, and divided into 4 acute segments ; pistillate on slender
tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales covered with pale pubescence and about as
long as the acute calyx-lobes; stigmas greenish yellow. Fruit solitary or in pairs, on stout
peduncles often nearly Y ^^ length; nut nearly as broad as long, full and rounded at the
ends, dark chestnut-brown, often obscurely striate, |'-f' long, inclosed for one third to
one half its length in a thin cup-shaped or turbinate cup bright red-brown and lustrous
on the inner surface, and covered by thin ovate light red-brown scales rounded or acute at
the apex and pubescent except on their darker colored margins.
A tree, usually 50°-60° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 3° in diameter, or rarely
100° high, with a long naked stem 3°-4° in diameter, slender tough horizontal or somewhat
pendulous branches forming a narrow round-topped picturesque head, and slender branch-
Fig. 244
lets dark green, lustrous, and often suflFused with red when they first appear, soon gla-
brous, light reddish brown or light brown during their first winter and dark brown in their
second year. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, about |' long, obscurely angled, and covered by
closely imbricated light chestnut-brown lustrous scales erose and often ciliate on the mar-
gins. Bark on young stems and branches thin, light brown, smooth, and lustrous, becom-
ing on old trunks I'-lY thick, and slightly divided by irregular shallow fissures into broad
ridges covered by close slightly appressed light brown scales somewhat tinged with red.
Wood heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thin lighter
colored sap wood; occasionally used in construction, and for clapboards and shingles.
Distribution. Rich hillsides and the fertile bottom-lands of streams; Lehigh County
(Allenton to Dorney's Park), Bedford, Huntington, Franklin and Union Counties, Penn-
sylvania, westward through Ohio to southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin and southeast-
ern and southern Iowa (Muscatine to Taylor County), and southward to the District of
Columbia, along the Appalachian Mountains and their foothills, up to altitudes of 2200°,
to the valley of the Little Tennessee River, North Carolina, and to northern Georgia
(Wilkes County), and middle Tennessee; through Missouri to northeastern Kansas and
southeastern Nebraska, and in northern and southern Arkansas (Fulton, Hempstead
County); comparatively rare in the east; one of the most abundant Oaks of the lower
Ohio basin; probably growing to its largest size in southern Indiana and Illinois.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the northern states, and hardy as far
north as Massachusetts.
268
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Quercus Leana, Nutt., scattered usually in solitary individuals from the District of
Columbia and western North Carolina, Bowling Green, Kentucky, to southern Michi-
gan, Illinois and Missouri, is believed to be a hybrid between this species and Quercus
velutina.
X Quercus tridentata Engelm., described as a hybrid of Quercus imhricaria and Q. mart*
landica first found at AUenton, Saint Louis County, Missouri, occurs also near Olney,
Richland County, Illinois.
X Quercus exacta Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus imhricaria and Q. palustris,
occurs near Olney, Richland County, Illinois, and at Crown Point, Lake County, Indiana.
2L Quercus hypoleuca Engelm.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, occasionally somewhat falcate, acute
and often apiculate at apex, cuneate or rounded or cordate at the narrow base, entire
or repandly serrate above the middle with occasionally small minute rigid spinose teeth.
Kg. 245
or on vigorous shoots serrate-Iobed with oblique acute lobes, when they unfold light red,
covered with close pale pubescence above and coated below with thick hoary tomentum,
at maturity thick and firm, dark yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface, covered
on the lower with thick silvery white or fulvous tomentum, 2'-4' long, |'-1' wide, with
thickened revolute margins; turning yellow or brown and falling gradually during the
spring after the appearance of the new leaves; petioles stout, flattened, pubescent or to-
mentose, |'-|' in length. Flowers: staminate in slender aments 4>'-5' long; calyx slightly
tinged with red, covered with pale hairs and divided into 4 or 5 broadly ovate rounded lobes;
anthers acute, apiculate, bright red becoming yellow; pistillate mostly solitary, sessile or
short-stalked, their involucral scales thin, scarious, and soft-pubescent; stigmas dark red.
Fruit sessile or borne on a stout peduncle up to Y io length, usually solitary; nut ovoid,
acute or rounded at the narrow hoary-pubescent apex, dark green and often striate when
ripe, becoming light chestnut-brown in drying, |'-f ' long, the shell lined with white to-
mentum, inclosed for about one third its length in a turbinate thick cup pubescent on
the inner surface, and covered by thin broadly ovate light chestnut-brown scales rounded
at apex and clothed, especially toward the base of the cup, with soft silvery pubescence.
A tree, usually 20°-30'* or sometimes 60° high, with a tall trunk 10'-15' in diameter,
slender branches spreading into a narrow round-topped inversely conic head, and stout
rigid branchlets coated at first with thick hoary tomentum disappearing during the first
winter, becoming light red-brown often covered with a glaucous bloom and ultimately
nearly black; frequently a shrub. Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse, about I' long, with thin
FAGACE^ 269
light chestnut-brown scales. Bark f'-l' thick, nearly black, deeply divided into broad
ridges broken on the surface into thick plate-like scales. Wood heavy, very strong, hard,
close-grained, dark brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood.
Distribution. Scattered but nowhere abundant through Pine-forests on the slopes
of canons and on high ridges usually at altitudes between 6000^-7000° above the sea on
the mountains of western Texas, and of southern New Mexico and Arizona; in northern
Chihuahua and Sonora.
22. Quercus agrifolia Nee. Live Oak. Encina.
Leaves oval, orbicular or oblong, rounded or acute and apiculate at apex, rounded
or cordate at base, entire or sinuate-dentate with slender rigid spinose teeth, when they
unfold tinged with red and coated with caducous hoary tomentum, at maturity subcoria-
ceous, convex, dark or pale green, dull and obscurely reticulate above, paler, rather lus-
r«. 246
trous, glabrous or pubescent below, with tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the principal
veins, or sometimes covered above with fascicled hairs and coated below with thick
hoary pubescence, f '-4' long and |'-3' wide, with thickened strongly revolute margins;
falling gradually during the winter and early spring; petioles stout or slender, pubes-
cent or glabrous, ^'-1' in length. Flowers: staminate in slender hairy aments 3'-4' long;
calyx bright purple-red in the bud, sometimes furnished with a tuft of long pale hairs at
the apex, glabrous or glabrate, divided nearly to the base into 5-7 ovate acute segments
reddish above the middle; pistillate sessile or short-stalked, their involucral scales bright
red and covered with thick hoary tomentum, or glabrous or puberulous; stigmas bright
red. Fruit sessile or nearly so, solitary or in few-fruited clusters; nut elongated, ovate,
abruptly narrowed at base, gradually narrowed to the acute puberulous apex, light chest-
nut-brown, |'-1|' long, I'-f thick, the shell lined with a thick coat of pale tomentum,
inclosed for one third its length or only at the base in a thin turbinate light brown cup
coated on the inner surface with soft pale silky pubescence, and covered by thin papery
scales rounded at the narrow apex, and slightly puberulous, especially toward the base
of the cup.
A tree, occasionally 80°-90° high, with a short trunk S°-4i° or rarely 6°-7° in diameter,
dividing a few feet above the base into numerous great limbs often resting on the ground
and forming a low round-topped head frequently 150° across, and slender dark gray or
brown branchlets tinged with red, coated at first with hoary tomentum persistent until
the second or third year; or with a trunk, rising to the height of 30° or 40°, and crowned
by a narrow head of small branches; often much smaller; frequently shrubby in habit,
270
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
with slender stems only a few feet high. Winter-buds globose and usually about ^' thick,
or ovoid-oblong, acute, and sometimes on vigorous shoots nearly j' in length, with thin
broadly ovate closely imbricated light chestnut-brown glabrous or pubescent scales.
Bark of young stems and branches thin, close, light brown or pale bluish gray, becoming on
old trunks 2'-3' thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and divided into broad rounded
ridges separating on the surface into small closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard,
close-grained, very brittle, light brown or reddish brown, with thick darker colored sapwood;
valued and largely used for fuel.
Distribution. Usually in open groves of great extent from Sonoma County, California,
southward over the coast ranges and islands to the San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower
California; less common at the north; very abundant and of its largest size in the valleys
south of San Francisco Bay and their commonest and characteristic tree; frequently cover-
ing with semiprostrate and contorted stems the sand dunes on the coast in the central part of
the state; in southwestern California the largest and most generally distributed Oak-tree
between the mountains and the sea, often covering low hills and ascending to altitudes of
4500° in the canons of the San Jacinto Mountains.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in temperate western, and in southern
Europe.
23. Quercus Wislizenii A. DC. Live Oak.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate to broadly elliptic, generally oblong-lanceolate, acute or
rounded and generally apiculate at apex, rounded or truncate or gradually narrowed and
cuneate at base, entire, serrulate or serrate or sinuate-dentate with spreading rigid spines-
Fig. 247
cent teeth, when they unfold thin, dark red, ciliate, and covered with pale scattered fasci-
cled hairs, at maturity thick and coriaceous, glabrous and lustrous, dark green on the upper
and paler and yellow-green on the lower surface, usually l'-l|' long and about f ' wide, with
obscure primary veins and conspicuous reticulate veinlets, gradually deciduous during their
second summer and autumn; petioles coated at first with hoary tomentiun, usually pu-
bescent or puberulous at maturity, Y to nearly 1' in length. Flowers: staminate in hairy
aments 3'-4' long; calyx tinged with red in the bud, divided into broadly ovate ciliate gla-
brous light yellow lobes shorter than the 3-6 stamens; pistillate sessile or short-stalked,
their involucral scales and peduncle hoary-tomentose. Fruit sessile, short-stalked or oc-
casionally spicate; nut slender, oblong, abruptly narrowed at base, pointed and pilose at
the apex, f'-l|' long, about j thick, light chestnut-brown, often striate, the shell lined
with a scanty coat of pale tomentum, more or less inclosed in the thin turbinate sometimes
FAGACE^ 271
tubular cup |'-1' deep, or rarely cup-shaped and shallow, light green and pub«rulous within,
and covered by oblong lanceolate light brown closely imbricated thin scales, sometimes
toward the base of the cup thickened and rounded on the back, usually pubescent or pu-
berulous, especially above the middle, and frequently ciliate on the margins.
A tree, usually 70°-80° high, with a short trunk 4°-6° in diameter, stout spreading
branches forming a round-topped head, and slender rigid branchlets coated at first with
hoary tomentum or covered with scattered fascicled hairs, puberulous or glabrous and
rather light brown during their first season, gradually growing darker in their second
year; usually much smaller and sometimes reduced to an intricately branched shrub, with
numerous stems only a few feet tall. Winter-buds ovoid or oval, acute, |'-i' long, with
closely imbricated light chestnut-brown ciliate scales. Bark on young trees and large
branches thin, generally smooth and light-colored, becoming on old trunks 2'-3' thick,
and divided into broad rounded often connected ridges separating on the surface into
small thick closely appressed dark brown scales slightly tinged with red. Wood heavy,
very hard, strong, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored
sap wood; sometimes used for fuel.
Distribution. Lower slopes of Mt. Shasta southward through the coast region of
California to the Santa Lucia Mountains, and to Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Islands,
and along the slopes of the Sierra Nevada to Kern County, up to altitudes of 2000° at the
north and of 4500° at the south; as a shrub 4°-6° high with small thick leaves (var. fru-
tescens Engelm.) on the desert slopes of the San Bernardino, San Jacinto and Cuyamaca
mountains, at altitudes of 5000°-7000° above the sea, and on San Pedro Martu* in Lower
California; nowhere common as a tree, but most abundant and of its largest size in the
valleys of the coast region of central California at some distance from the sea, and on the
foothills of the Sierra Nevada; very common as a shrub in the canons of the desert
slopes of the mountains of southern California; near the coast and on the islands small and
mostly shrubby.
X Quercus morehus, Kell., a supposed hybrid between Quercus Wislizenii and Q. Kellogg
gii occurs in Lake County, also in Placer, Marin, and other counties, California.
24. Quercus myrtifolia Willd.
Leaves oval to oblong-obovate, acute and apiculate or broad and rounded at apex,
gradually narrowed and cuneate or broad and rounded or cordate at base, entire, with
Fig. 248
much thickened revolute sometimes undulate margins, or on vigorous shoots sinuate-den-
tate and lobed above the middle, when they unfold, thin, dark red, coated below and on the
272
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
petioles with clammy rusty tomentum and densely pubescent above, at maturity thick
and coriaceous, lustrous, dark green, glabrous and conspicuously reticulate-venulose
above, paler, yellow-green, or light orange-brown, glabrous or pubescent below, with
tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the veins, \'-%' long and \'-V wide; falling gradually
during their second year; petioles stout, pubescent, yellow, rarely more than \' in length.
Flowers: staminate in hoary pubescent aments I'-l^' long; calyx coated on the outer
surface with rusty hairs and divided into 5 ovate acute segments shorter than the 2 or
3 stamens; pistillate sessile or nearly sessile, solitary or in pairs, their involucral scales
tomentose and tinged with red. Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or short-stalked; nut
subglobose or ovoid, acute, z-\' long, dark brown, lustrous and often striate, puberulous
at apex, the shell lined with a thick coat of rusty tomentum, inclosed for one fourth to
one third its length in a saucer-shaped or turbinate cup light brown and puberulous within,
and covered by closely imbricated broad-ovate light brown pubescent scales ciliate on the
margins and rounded at their broad apex.
A round-topped tree, rarely 40° high, with a trunk 4'-5' or rarely up to 15' in diameter,
short or rarely long spreading branches and slender branchlets coated at first with a
thick pale fulvous tomentum of articulate hairs usually persistent during the summer,
light brown more or less tinged with red or dark gray, and pubescent or puberulous during
their first winter, becoming darker and glabrous in their second season; more often an intri-
cately branched shrub, with slender rigid stems 3°-4** or rarely 15°-20° high and l'-3'
in diameter. Winter-buds ovoid or oval, gradually narrowed to the acute apex, with closely
imbricated dark chestnut-brown slightly puberulous scales. Bark thin and smooth, be-
coming near the ground dark and slightly furrowed.
Bistribution. Dry sandy ridges on the coast and islands of South Carolina to Bay Bis-
cayne, Florida, crossing the central peninsula and from the valley of the Caloosahatchee
River, westward along the coast of Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi; most abundant
on the islands off the coast of east Florida, and of Alabama and Mississippi; often covering
large areas with low impenetrable thickets; perhaps of its largest size in Orange County,
on Jupiter Island, and on the coast west of the Apalachicola River, Florida.
25. Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. Live Oak. Maul Oak.
Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic, acute or cuspidate at apex, cordate, rounded or cuneate
at base, mostly entire on old trees, often dentate or sinuate-dentate on young trees with
Fig. 249
1 or 2 or many spinescent teeth, the two forms often appearing together on vigorous shoots,
clothed when they unfold with a thick tomentum of fulvous hairs soon deciduous from the
FAGACEiB 273
upper and more gradually from the lower surface, at maturity thick and coriaceous,bright
yellow-green and glabrous above, more or less fulvous-tomentose below during their first
year, ultimately becoming glabrate and bluish white, l'-4' long, \'-1' wide, with thickened
revolute margins; deciduous during their third and fourth years; petioles slender, yellow,
rarely \' in length. Flowers: staminate in slender tomentose aments 2'-4' long; calyx
light yellow, pubescent, divided usually into 5-7 broadly ovate acute ciliate lobes often
tinged with red above the middle; pistillate sessile or subsessile or rarely in short few-
flowered spikes, their broadly ovate involucral scales coated with fulvous tomentum; stig-
mas bright red. Fruit usually solitary, sessile or short-stalked; nut ellipsoidal or ovoid,
acute or rounded at the full or narrow slightly puberulous apex, light chestnut-brown, |'-2'
long and about as thick, the shell lined with a thin coat of loose tomentum, with abortive
ovules scattered irregularly over the side of the seed, inclosed only at the base in a thin
hemispheric or in a thick turbinate broad-rimmed cup pale green or dark reddish brown
within, and covered by small triangular closely appressed scales with a short free tip,
clothed with hoary pubescence, or often hidden in a dense coat of fulvous tomentum.
A tree, usually not more than 40°-50° high, with a short trunk 3°-5° in diameter, di-
viding into great horizontal limbs sometimes forming a head 150° across, and slender rigid
or flexible branchlets coated at first with thick fulvous tomentum, becoming during their
first winter dark brown somewhat tinged with red, tomentose, pubescent, or glabrous,
and ultimately light brown or ashy gray; occasionally in sheltered canons producing
trunks 8°-9° in diameter; on exposed mountain sides forming dense thickets 15°-20° high.
Winter-buds broadly ovoid or oval, acute, about \' long, with closely imbricated light
chestnut-brown usually puberulous scales. Bark ^-\\' thick, light or dark gray-brown
tinged with red, and covered by small closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, very
strong, hard, tough, close-grained, light brown, with thick darker colored sap wood; used
in the manufacture of agricultural implements and wagons.
Distribution. Southern Oregon, along the California coast ranges and the western slopes
of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains; of its largest size
in the canons of the coast ranges of central California and on the foothills of the Sierra
Nevada; ascending to altitudes of 8000°-9000° above the sea; near the southern boundary
of California, on the mountains of northern Lower California and Sonora and in Arizona
(Santa Rita and Huachuca Mountains, on Beaver Creek and in Copper Canon near
Camp Verde, and in Sycamore Canon south of Flagstaff), usually shrubby, with rigid
branches, rigid coriaceous oblong or semiorbicular spinose-dentate leaves, subsessile or
pedunculate fruit, with ovoid acute nuts V-\\' long, their shells lined with thick or thin
pale tomentum, and purple cotyledons (var. Palmeri Engelm. — Quercus Wilcoxii Rydb.)
26. Quercus tomentella Engelm.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, sometimes cuspidate or occasionally rounded at apex,
broad and rounded or gradually narrowed and abruptly cuneate at base, remotely crenate-
dentate with small remote spreading callous tipped teeth, or entire, when they unfold light
green tinged with red, covered above with scattered pale fascicled hairs and below and on
the petioles with thick hoary tomentum, at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark green,
glabrous and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and covered with fascicled hairs on the
lower surface, 2'-4' long, l'-2' wide, with thickened strongly revolute margins, and a
pubescent midrib; gradually deciduous during their third season; petioles stout, pubescent,
about §' in length. Flowers: staminate in pubescent aments 2|'-14<' long, calyx light
yellow, pubescent, divided into 5-7 ovate acute lobes; pistillate subsessile or in few-flow-
ered spikes on short or elongated pubescent peduncles, their involucral scales like the calyx
coated with fascicled hairs; stigmas red. Fruit subsessile or short-stalked; nut ovoid,
broad at base, full and rounded at apex, about 1^' long and f thick, inclosed only at the
base in a cup-shaped shallow cup thickened below, light brown and pubescent on the inner
surface, and covered by thin ovate acute scales, their free chestnut-brown tips more or less
hidden in a thick coat of hoary tomentum.
274
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, 30*^-40°, or occasionally 60° high, with a trunk l°-2° in diameter, spreading
branches forming a shapely round-topped head, and slender branchlets coated at first with
hoary tomentum, becoming light brown tinged with red or orange color. Winter-buds
ovoid, acute or obtuse, nearly |' long, with many loosely imbricated light chestnut-brown
Fig. 250
scales more or less clothed with pale pubescence. Bark thin, reddish brown, broken into
large closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, pale yellow-
brown, with lighter colored sapwood.
Distribution. Deep narrow canons and high wind-swept slopes of Santa Rosa, Santa
Cruz, and Santa Catalina islands, California; on Guadalupe Island off the coast of Lower
California.
27. Quercus Emoryi Terr. Black Oak.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute and mucronate at apex, cordate or rounded at the
slightly narrowed base, entire or remotely repand-serrate with 1-5 pairs of acute rigid
oblique teeth, when they unfold thin, light green more or less tinged with red and covered
with silvery white tomentum, at maturity thick, rigid, coriaceous, dark green, very lus-
trous and glabrous or coated above with minute fascicled hairs, pale and glabrous or puberu-
lous below, usually with 2 large tufts of white hairs at the base of the slender midrib,
obscurely reticulate-venulose, l'-2|' long, ^'-1' wide; falling gradually in April with the
appearance of the new leaves; petioles stout, pubescent, about j' in length. Flowers:
stamjnate in hoary tomentose aments; calyx light yellow, hairy on the outer surface, di-
vided into 5-7 ovate acute lobes; pistillate sessile or short-stalked, their involucral scales
covered with hoary tomentum. Fruit ripening irregularly from June to September, sessile
or short-stalked; nut oblong, oval, or ovate, narrowed at base, rounded at the narrow
pilose apex, |'-f ' long, about Y thick, dull light green when fully grown, dark chestnut-
brown or nearly black at maturity, with a thin shell lined with thick white tomentum,
inclosed for from one third to one half its length in the deeply cup-shaped or nearly hemi-
spheric cup light green and pubescent within, and covered by closely imbricated broadly
ovate acute thin and scarious light brown scales clothed with short soft pale pubescence.
A tree, usually 30°-40° high, with a short trunk 2°-3° in diameter, stout rigid rather
drooping branches forming a round-topped symmetrical head, and slender rigid branch-
lets covered at first with close hoary tomentum, bright red, pubescent or tomentose in
theii first winter, ultimately glabrous and dark red-brown or black; sometimes 60°-70°
high, with a trunk 4°-5° in diameter, with a head occasionally 100° across; or at high alti*
FAGACE.E 275
tudes or on exposed mountain slop>es a low shrub. Winter-buds ellipsoidal, acute, about |'
long, pale pubescent toward the apex, with thin closely imbricated light chestnut-brown
ciliate scales. Bark l'-2' thick, dark brown or nearly black, deeply divided into large
oblong thick plates separating into small thin closely appressed scales. Wood heavy,
strong, brittle, close-grained, dark brown or almost black, with thick bright brown sap-
wood tinged with red. The sweet acorns are an important article of food for Mexicans
and Indians, and are sold in the towns of southern Arizona and northern Mexico.
Distribution. Mountain ranges of western Texas, southern New Mexico, Arizona
south of the Colorado plateau, and of northern Mexico; in Texas common in the can-
ons and on the southern slopes of the Limpio and Chisos mountains; the most abundant
Oak of southern New Mexico and Arizona, forming a large part of the forests covering
the mountain slopes and extending from the upper limits of the mesa nearly to the
highest ridges; attaining its largest size and beauty in the moist soil of sheltered canons.
28. Quercus dumosa Nutt. Scrub Oak.
Leaves oblong, rounded and acute at apex, broad and abruptly cuneate or rounded
at base, usually about f long and ^ wide, spinescent with a few minute teeth, or undu-
late and entire or coarsely spinescent, with an obscure midrib and primary veins, con-
spicuous reticulate veinlets, and stout petioles rarely j long; or sometimes oblong to ob-
long-obovate and divided by deep sinuses into 5-9 oblong acute rounded or emarginate
bristle-tipped lobes, the terminal lobe 3-lobed, rounded or acute, 2'-4' long and l'-l|'
wide, with primary veins running to the points of the lobes, obscure reticulate veinlets,
and petioles sometimes 1' long, thin when they unfold and clothed with scattered fascicled
hairs, or rarely tomentose above and coated below and on the petioles with hoary tomentum,
at maturity thick and firm, dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, paler and more
or less pubescent on the lower surface; mostly deciduous during the winter. Flowers:
staminate in pubescent aments; calyx divided into 4-7 ovate lanceolate hairy segments;
pistillate sessile or stalked, in long many-flowered tomentose spikes, their involucral scales
and calyx hoary-tomentose; stigmas red. Fruit sessile or short-stalked; nut ovoid, broad
at base, broad and rounded or acute at apex, |'-1' long, i'-f thick, inclosed for one half
to two thirds its length in a deep cup-shaped or hemispheric cup light brown and pubescent
within, covered by ovate pointed scales coated with pale or rufous tomentum, usually
much thickened, united and tuberculate, those above with free acute tips forming a fringe
to the rim of the cup, or frequently with basal scales but little thickened and furnished with
long free tips; in var. Alvordiana «[eps., with a nut l^'-lf long, Y-^ thick, gradually
narrowed and acute at apex, inclosed only at base in a shallow cup-shaped cup.
276
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, rarely 20° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, small branches forming a
round-topped head, and slender branchlets coated at first with hoary tomentum, becom-
ing in their first winter ashy gray or light or dark reddish brown and usually pubescent
or tomentose; more often an intricately branched rigid shrub, with stout stems covered by
Fig. 252
pale gray bark and usually 6°-8° high, often forming dense thickets. Winter-buds ellip-
soidal, generally acute, xV~i' long, with thin pale red often pilose and ciliate scales. Bark
of the trunk bright brown and scaly.
Distribution. California; western slopes of the central Sierra Nevada; common on the
coast ranges south of San Francisco Bay and on the islands off the coast of the southern
part of the state, ranging inland to the borders of the Mohave Desert and to the canons
of the desert slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains, and southward into
Lower California; arborescent only in sheltered canons of the islands; the var. Alvordiana,
in the San Emidio Canon of the coast ranges of Kern County and on the San Carlos
Range, Fresno County; north of San Francisco Bay replaced by the variety bullata
Engelm. ranging to Mendocino County and to Napa valley.
X Quercus MacDonaldii Greene, a shrub or small tree with characters intermediate
between those of QuercuS dumosa and Q. Engelmannii, is usually considered a hybrid of
these species. It occurs on Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina Islands, and in Santa Barbara,
and Los Angeles Counties, California.
29. Quercus virginiana Mill. Live Oak.
Leaves oblong, elliptic or obovate, rounded or acute at apex, gradually narrowed
and cuneate or rarely rounded or cordate at base, usually entire with slightly revolute
margins, or rarely spinose-dentate above the middle, thin, dark green and lustrous on the
upper surface, pale and pubescent on the lower surface, 2'-5' long, |'-2^' wide, and in-
conspicuously reticulate-venulose, with a narrow yellow midrib, and few slender obscure
primary veins forked and united at some distance from the margins; gradually turning
yellow or brown at the end of the winter and falling with the appearance of the new leaves
in the spring; petioles stout, rarely more than \' in length. Flowers: staminate in hairy
aments 2'-3' long; calyx light yellow, hairy, divided into 5-7 ovate rounded segments;
anthers hirsute; pistillate in spikes on slender pubescent peduncles V-S' long, their in-
volucral scales and ovate calyx-lobes coated with hoary pubescence; stigmas bright red.
Fruit usually in 3-5 fruited spikes or rarely in pairs or single on stout light brown puberu-
lous peduncles l'-5' long; nut ellipsoidal or slightly obovoid, narrowed at base, rounded
or acute at apex, dark chestnut-brown and lustrous, about 1' long and \' thick, inclosed
lac about one fourth its length in a turbinate Ught reddish brown cup puberulous within.
FAGACE^ 277
its scales thin, ovate, acute, slightly keeled on the back, covered by dense lustrous hoary
tomentum and ending in small closely appressed reddish tips; seed sweet, with light yel-
low connate cotyledons.
A tree, 40°-50° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter above its swollen buttressed base,
usually dividing a few feet from the ground into 3 or 4 horizontal wide-spreading limbs
forming a low dense round-topped head sometimes 130° across, and slender rigid branch-
lets coated at first with hoary tomentum, becoming ashy gray or light brown and pubescent
or puberulous during their first winter and darker and glabrous the following season; occa-
sionally 60°-70° tall, with a trunk 6°-7° in diameter; often shrubby and occasionally not
more than a foot high. Winter-buds globose or slightly obovoid, about ^' long, with thin
light chestnut-brown scales white and scarious on the margins. Bark of the trunk and
large branches |'-1' thick, dark brown tinged with red, slightly furrowed, separating on
Fig. 253
the surface into small closely appressed scales. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough,
close-grained, light brown or yellow, with thin nearly white sapwood; formerly largely and
still occasionally used in shipbuilding.
Distribution. Shores of Mobjack Bay, Virginia, southward along the coast and islands
to southern Florida, and along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico to northeastern Mexico,
spreading inland through Texas to the valley of the Red River and to the mountains in
the extreme western part of the state; on the mountains of Cuba, southern Mexico, and
Central America; most abundant and of its largest size on the Atlantic and east Gulf
coasts on rich hummocks and ridges a few feet above the level of the sea; abundant in
Texas in the coast region, near the banks of streams, and westward toward the valley
of the Rio Grande often forming the principal part of the shrubby growth on low moist
soil; in sandy barren soil in the immediate vicinity of the seacoast or on the shores of
salt water estuaries and bays often a shrub, sometimes bearing fruit on stems not more
than a foot high (var. maritima, Sarg., and var. dentata Sarg.).
Occasionally planted as a shade and ornamental tree in the southern United States.
Variable in habit and in the size and thickness of the leaves the different forms of Quercus
virginiana show little variation in their fruit. The most important of these varieties is
Quercus virginiana var. geminata Sarg.
Quercus geminata Small.
Leaves oblong-obovate to elliptic, rounded or acute at apex, cuneate or narrowed and
rounded at base, occasionally slightly and irregularly dentate above the middle on vigor-
ous shoots, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, hoary tomentose below, l^'-3' long, §'-1'
278
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
wide, with thickened strongly revolute margins; persistent until after the leaves of the
typical Q. virginiana in the same locality have all fallen; occasionally in Florida with oblong-
elliptic to slightly obovate leaves 4|'-5' long and l'-2' wide (f. grandifolia Sarg.). Flowers
and Fruit as in the species.
A tree often 75° high with a trunk 3° in diameter, with the habit, branchlets, winter-
buds and bark of the typical form; often much smaller and occasionally a shrub.
Distribution. Sandy soil; coast region of North Carolina south of the Cape Fear River,
South Carolina and Georgia, and southward in Florida to Jupiter Island on the east coast
and the valley of the Caloosahatchee River on the west coast; abundant and often the
common Live Oak in the central part of the peninsula, at least as far south as Orange
County, and westward through western Florida, southeastern and southern Alabama to
the Gulf coast and islands of Mississippi.
Fig. 254
Other varieties of Quercus virginiana are var. macrophylla Sarg., differing from the
type in its much larger ovate or slightly obovate leaves rounded or acute at base,
entire or occasionally repand-dentate, pale tomentose below, 3|'-4' long and l^'-^V
wide. Large trees forming groves; sandy bottoms of the Atascosa River and in flat
woods above them, Pleasanton, Atascosa County, Texas: var. virescens Sarg., differ-
ing from the type in the green glabrous or rarely puberulous lower surface of the leaves
and in the glabrous branchlets. A large tree in sandy soil; Gainesville, Alachua County,
Sanford, Seminole County, Sumner, Levey County, Simpson's Hummock, and near Long
Key in the Everglades, Dade County, Florida: var. eximea Sarg., differing from the type
in its narrow elliptic to narrow oblong-obovate leaves and pale bark; a tree rarely 20° high,
with a trunk 8'-12' in diameter; rarely a shrub; dry sandy open woods, near Springfield,
Livingston Parish and near Hammond, Tangipahoa Parish, eastern Louisiana. The fol-
lowing small shrubby small-leaved forms are recognized: \SiT. fusijormis Sarg., with ob-
long-ovate leaves acute at apex, rounded or cuneate at base, entire or occasionally dentate,
and pale pubescent below, and small fruit; dry limestone ridges and flat-topped hills of the
Edwards Plateau (Kerr and Comal Counties), western Texas: var. dentata Chapm., distinct
in the oblong-obovate repand-dentate lower leaves with large triangular teeth, acute at
the broad apex, often 4' long and \\' wide at the base of the stems, and much larger than
the oblong-lanceolate entire upper leaves; common in sterile pine-barrens near the coast
of Florida: var. maritima Sarg., with oblong-obovate or rarely lanceolate leaves, acute and
apiculate or rounded at apex, cuneate at base, and entire or slightly and irregularly toothed
above the middle; fruit solitary or in pairs, or rarely in elongated spikes {Quercus succu-
FAGACE^ 279
lenta Small); sandy barrens near the coast. South Carolina to Miami, Dade County,
Florida: var. pygmaea Sarg., with oblong-obovate leaves, cuneate at base, 3-5 lobed at
apex with small acute lobes, or rarely elliptic and entire, and nearly sessile fruit, the nut
inclosed nearly to the apex; a shrub rarely 3° high; Pine-woods in sandy soil; widely
distributed in Florida.
30. Quercus reticulata H. B. K.
Leaves broadly obovate, obtuse and rounded or rarely acute at apex, usually cordate or
occasionally rounded at the narrow base, repandly spinose-dentate above the middle or
only toward the apex with slender teeth, and entire below, when they unfold coated with
dense fulvous tomentum, at maturity thick, firm, and rigid, dark blue and covered with
scattered fascicled hairs above, paler and coated with thick fulvous pubescence below,
l'-5' long, |'-4' broad, with a thick midrib, and primary veins running to the points of the
Fig. 255
teeth or arcuate and united within the slightly revolute margins, and very conspicuous
reticulate veinlets; petioles stout aboat Y in length. Flowers: staminate in short tomen-
tose aments in the axils of leaves of the year; calyx light yellow, hirsute, with pale hairs,
divided into 5-7 ovate acute segments; pistillate in spikes on elongated peduncles, clothed
like their involucral scales with hoary tomentum; stigmas dark red. Fruit usually in many-
fruited spikes or occasionally in pairs or rarely solitary, on slender hirsute or glabrous
peduncles 2'-5' long; nut oblong, rounded or acute at the pilose apex, broad at base, about
Y long, inclosed for about one fourth its length in a shallow cup-shaped cup dark brown
and pubescent within, hoary tomentose without and covered by small ovate acute scales,
with thin free scarious tips, slightly thickened and rounded on the back at the bottom of
the cup.
A tree, rarely more than 40° high, with a trunk 1° in diameter, and stout branchlets
coated at first with thick fulvous tomentum, light orange color and more or less thickly
clothed with pubescence during their first winter, becoming ashy gray or light brown; in
the United States usually shrubby in habit and sometimes only a few feet tall; becoming on
the Sierra Madre of Mexico a large tree. Winter-buds ovoid to oval, often surrounded by
the persistent stipules of the upper leaves, about |' long, with thin loosely imbricated
light red scales ciliate on the margins. Bark about Y thick, dark or light brown, and cov-
ered by small thin closely appressed scales. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, dark
brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood.
Distribution. Near the summits of the mountain ranges of southeastern New Mexico
(Mogollon Mountains) and southeastern Arizona, and southward in Mexico.
280 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
31. Quercus Toume3a Sarg.
Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong or oval, acute and apiculate at apex, rounded or cordate
at base, entire with thickened slightly revolute margins, or remotely spinulose-dentate,
often minutely 3-toothed at apex, thin but firm in texture, light blue-green, glabrous and
lustrous above, pale and puberulous below, conspicuously reticulate-venulose; ^'-|' long,
l'-^' wide; falling early in spring with the appearance of the new leaves; petioles stout.
Rg. 256
tomentose, about rV in length. Flowers unknown. Fruit sessile, solitary or in pairs,
ripening in June; nut oval or ovoid, |'-f' long, Y thick, light brown and lustrous, furnished
at the acute apex with a narrow ring of pale pubescence, inclosed for about one half its
length in a thin shallow tomentose cup light green and pubescent within, and covered
by thin ovate regularly and closely imbricated hght red-brown scales ending in a short
rounded tip and coated on the back with pale tomentum.
A tree, 25°-30° high, with a short trunk 6'-8' in diameter, dividing not far from the
ground into numerous stout wide-spreading branches forming a broad irregular head, and
slender branchlets bright red-brown more or less thickly coated with pale tomentum at
midsummer, covered during their second and third years with thin dark brown nearly black
bark broken into small thin closely appressed scales. Wood light brown, with thick pale
sapwood.
Distribution. Forming an open forest on the Mule Mountains, Cochise County,
southeastern Arizona.
32. Quercus arizonica Sarg. White Oak.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to broadly obovate, generally acute or sometimes rounded at
apex, rounded or cordate at base, repandly spinose-dentate usually, except on vigorous
shoots, only above the middle or toward the apex, or entire and sometimes undulate on
the margins, when they unfold light red clothed with bright fulvous tomentum and furnished
with dark dental glands, at maturity thick, firm and rigid, dull dark blue-green and glabrate
above, duller and covered with thick fulvous or pale pubescence below, l'-4' long, ^'-2'
wide, with a broad yellow midrib, slender primary veins, arcuate and united near the thick-
ened revolute margins, and coarsely reticulate veinlets; falling in the early spring just be-
fore the appearance of the new leaves; petioles stout, tomentose, |'-|' in length. Flowers:
staminate in tomentose aments 2'-3' long; calyx pale yellow, pubescent, and divided into
4-7 broad acute ciliate lobes; anthers red or yellow; pistillate on short stems tomentose
like their involucral scales. Fruit sessile or on hoary-tomentose stems rarely ^ long, usu-
ally solitary, ripening irregularly from September to November; nut oblong, oval or slightly
FAGACRE 281
obovoid, obtuse and rounded at the puberulous apex, |'-1' long, |' thick, dark chestnut-
brown, lustrous and often striate, soon becoming light brown, inclosed for half its length
in a cup-shaped or hemispheric cup light brown and pubescent within, covered by regu-
larly and closely imbricated scales coated with pale tomentum and ending in thin light red
pointed tips, those below the middle of the cup much thickened and rounded on the back;
seed dark purple, very astringent.
A tree, occasionally 50°-60° tall, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, and thick contorted
branches spreading nearly at right angles and forming a handsome round-topped sym-
metrical head, and stout branchlets clothed at first with thick fulvous tomentum persistent
during their first winter, reddish brown or light orange color and pubescent or puberulous
in their second season, idtimately glabrous and darker; usually not more than 30°-40°
tall; at high elevations reduced to a low shrub. Winter-buds subglobose, about xV' long,
with loosely imbricated bright chestnut-brown puberulous scales ciliate on the margins.
Bark of young stems and branches thin, pale, scaly with small appressed scales, becoming
on old trunks about 1' thick and deeply divided by narrow fissures into broad ridges broken
F^. 257
into long thick plate-like scales pale or ashy gray on the surface. Wood heavy, strong, hard,
close-grained, dark brown or nearly black, with thick lighter colored sap wood; used only
for fuel.
Distribution. The most common and generally distributed White Oak of southern
New Mexico and Arizona, covering the slopes of canons of mountain ranges at altitudes
of from 5000°-10,000° above the sea, often ascending nearly to the summits of the high
peaks; and in northern Mexico.
33. Quercus oblongifolia Torr. White Oak.
Leaves ovate, elliptic, or slightly obovate, rounded and occasionally emarginate or acute
at apex, usually cordate or occasionally rounded at base, entire and sometimes undulate
with thickened revolute margins, or remotely dentate with small callous teeth, on vigorous
shoots and young plants oblong, rounded or cuneate at the narrow base, coarsely sinuate
or undulate-toothed or 3-toothed at the broad apex and entire below, when they unfold
bright red and coated with deciduous hoary tomentum, at maturity thin and firm, blue-
green and lustrous above, paler below, l'-2' long, Y-¥ wide, or on vigorous shoots some-
times 3'-4' long, with a prominent pale midrib, slender primary veins, and conspicuous
reticulate veinlets ; persistent during the winter without change of color, gradually turning
yellow in the spring and falling at the appearance of the new leaves; petioles stout, nearly
282
TREES OP NORTH AMERICA
terete, about I' in length. Flowers: staminate in short hoary-tomentose aments; calyx
bright yellow, pilose, divided into 5 or 6 laciniately cut or entire acute segments tinged with
red above the middle; pistillate usually sessile, or on peduncles tomentose like the involu-
cral scales; stigmas bright red. Fruit usually solitary and sessile, rarely long-stalked; nut
ovoid, ellipsoidal, or slightly obovoid, full and rounded at apex surrounded by a narrow
ring of white pubescence, dark chestnut-brown, striate, and very lustrous, soon becoming
light brown in drying, ^'-f long, about Y thick, inclosed for about one third its length in a
cup-shaped or rarely turbinate thin cup yellow-green and pubescent on the inner surface
and covered by ovate-oblong scales slightly thickened on the back, coated with hoary
tomentum and ending in thin acute bright red tips ciliate on the margins and sometimes
forming a minute fringe to the rim of the cup.
Fig. 258
A tree, rarely more than 30° high, with a short trunk 18'-20' in diameter, many stout
spreading often contorted branches forming a handsome round-topped symmetrical head,
and slender rigid branchlets coated at first with pale or fulvous tomentum, light red-
brown, dark brown or dark orange color in their first winter, becoming ashy gray in their
second or third year. Winter-buds subglobose, ^^'-1' long, with thin light chestnut-
brown scales. Bark i'-lj' thick, ashy gray, and broken into small nearly square or oblong
close plate-like scales. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, brittle, dark brown or nearly black,
with thick brown sap wood; sometimes used as fuel.
Distribution. Chisos Mountains, western Texas, southeastern New Mexico, southern
Arizona, and southward into northern Mexico; comparatively rare in Texas; abundant
on the foothills of the mountain ranges of southern New Mexico and Arizona at altitudes
of about 5000°, and dotting the upper slopes of the mesa where narrow canons open to
the plain.
34. Quercus Engelmannii Greene. Evergreen Oak.
Leaves oblong to obovate, usually obtuse and rounded or sometimes acute at apex,
gradually or abruptly cuneate or rounded or cordate at base, entire, often undulate, or
sinuate-toothed with occasionally rigid teeth, or at the ends of sterile branches frequently
coarsely crenately serrate with incurved teeth, or rarely lobed with acute oblique rounded
lobes, when they unfold bright red and coated with thick pale rufous tomentum, at ma-
turity thick, dark blue-green and glabrous or covered with fascicled hairs above, pale,
usually yellow-green and clothed with light brown pubescence, or puberulous or often
glabrous below, V-3' long, §'-2' wide; deciduous in the spring with the appearance of the
FAGACE^
283
new leaves; petioles slender, tomentose, becoming pubescent, i'-^' in length. Flowers:
staminate in slender hairy aments 2'-3' long; calyx light yellow, pilose, with lanceolate
acute segments; pistillate on slender peduncles, clothed like their involucral scales with
dense pale tomentum. Fruit sessile or on slender pubescent peduncles sometimes f
long; nut oblong, gradually narrowed and acute or broad rounded and obtuse at apex,
broad or narrow at base, dark chestnut-brown more or less conspicuously marked by
darker longitudinal stripes, turning light chestnut-brown in drying, f'-l' long, about |'
thick, inclosed for about half its length in a deep saucer-shaped, cup-shaped or turbinate
cup light brown and puberulous within, and covered by ovate light brown scales coated
with pale tomentum, usually thickened, united and tuberculate at the base of the cup,
and near its rim produced into small acute ciliate tips.
Fig. 259
A tree, SO^-eO** high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, thick branches spreading nearly at
right angles and forming a broad rather irregular head, and stout rigid branchlets coated at
first with hoary tomentum, light or dark brown tinged with red and pubescent during their
first winter, becoming glabrous and light brown or gray in their second or third year.
Winter-buds oval or ovoid, about |' long, with thin light red pubescent scales. Bark
l|'-2' thick, light gray tinged with brown, deeply divided by narrow fissures and separating
on the surface into small thin appressed scales. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-
grained, brittle, dark brown or nearly black, with thick lighter brown sap wood; used only
for fuel.
Distribution. Low hills of southwestern California west of the coast range, occupying
with Quercus agrifolia Nee, a belt about fifty miles wide, and extending to within fifteen
or twenty miles of the coast, from the neighborhood of Sierra Madre and San Gabriel, Los
Angeles County, to the mesa east of San Diego; in northern Lower California.
35. Quercus Douglasii Hook. & Am. Blue Oak. Mountain White Oak.
Leaves oblong, acute or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate or broad
and rounded or subcordate at base, divided by deep or shallow, wide or narrow sinuses acute
or rounded in the bottom into 4 or 5 broad or narrow acute or rounded often mucronate
lobes, 2'-5' long, I'-lf wide, or oval, oblong or obovate, rounded or acute at apex, equally
or unequally cuneate or rounded at base, regularly or irregularly sinuate-toothed with
rounded acute rigid spinescent teeth, or denticulate toward the apex, l'-2' long, Y-1'
wide, when they unfold covered by soft pale pubescence, at maturity thin, firm and rather
rigid, pale blue, with scattered fascicled hairs above, often yellow-green and covered by short
284 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
pubescence below, with a hirsute or puberulous prominent midrib and more or less con-
spicuous reticulate veinlets; petioles stout, tomentose, |'-^' in length. Flowers: staminate
in hairy aments l^'-2' long; calyx yellow-green, coated on the outer surface with pale hairs,
deeply divided into broad acute laciniately cut segments; pistillate in short few-flowered
spikes coated like the involucral scales with hoary tomentum. Fruit sessile or short-
stalked, solitary or in pairs; nut ellipsoidal, sometimes ventricose, with a narrow base,
gradually narrowed and acute at apex, f'-l' long, |'-1' thick, or often ovoid and acute,
green and lustrous, turning dark chestnut-brown in drying, with a narrow ring of hoary
pubescence at apex, inclosed only at base in a thin shallow cup-shaped cup light green
and pubescent on the inner surface, covered on the outer by small acute and usually
thin or sometimes, especially in the south, thicker tumid scales coated with pale pubes-
cence or tomentum and ending in thin reddish brown tips.
Fig. 260
A tree, usually 50®-60°. rarely 80°-90° high, with a trunk 3°-4*' in diameter, short
stout branches spreading nearly at right angles and forming a dense round-topped sym-
metrical head, stout branchlets brittle at the joints, coated at first with short dense hoary
tomentum, dark gray or reddish brown and tomentose, pubescent, or puberulous during
their first winter, becoming ultimately ashy gray or dark brown; frequently not more than
20''-30° high, and sometimes, especially southward shrubby, in habit. Winter-buds
ovoid, obtuse, |'-|' long, with light rather bright red pubescent scales. Bark §'-!' thick,
generally pale, and covered by small scales sometimes tinged with brown or light red.
Wood hard, heavy, strong, brittle, dark brown, becoming nearly black with exposure, with
thick light brown sap wood; largely used as fuel.
Distribution. Scattered over low hills, dry mountain slopes and valleys; California,
Mendocino Coimty, and the upper valley of the Sacramento River, southward along the
western slopes of the Sierra Nevada up to elevations of 4000°, and through valleys of the
coast ranges to the Tehachapi Pass, the borders of the Mohave Desert (Sierra de la Liebre)
and the neighborhood of San Fernando, Los Angeles County; most abundant and of its
largest size in the valleys between the coast mountains and the interior ridges of the coast
ranges south of the Bay of San Francisco.
X Quercus jolonensis Sarg. with characters intermediate between those of Quercus
Douglasii and Quercus lobata and believed to be a hybrid of those species occurs, with a
number of large trees, at Jolon and between Jolon and King City, Monterey County
California.
FAGACE^
385
36. Quercus Vaseyana Buckl. Shin Oak.
Quercus undulata var. Vaseyana Rydb.
Leaves oblong, rarely oblong-obovate, acute or rounded at apex, cuneate at base, undu-
lately lobed with small acute lobes pointing forward, rarely nearly entire, when they unfold
covered above with short fascicled hairs sometimes persistent until midsummer, and
tomentose below, and at maturity thin, pale gray-green, glabrous and lustrous above, pale
pubescent below, I'-l^' long and ^'-f wide; deciduous late in winter or in early spring;
petioles covered with fascicled hairs when they first appear, becoming glabrous, $' in
length. Flowers: staminate in villose aments I'-l^' long; calyx deeply divided into 4 or
5 ovate scarious lobes rounded at apex and shorter than the stamens; pistillate on short to-
I
Figo 261
mentose peduncles, their involucral scales ovate, acute, pubescent, shorter than the calyx-
lobes; stigmas red. Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or short-stalked; nut ellipsoidal and
only slightly narrowed at the rounded ends to oblong and slightly ovoid or obovoid, i'-f'
in length, i'-|' in diameter, pale chestnut-brown and lustrous, the base only inclosed in
the thin, saucer-shaped to cup-shaped cup, puberulous on the inner surface, covered with
closely appressed ovate acute hoary tomentose scales, on some individuals abruptly con-
tracted into short acute red-brown nearly glabrous tips.
A tree, rarely 15°-20° high, usually a shrub only 1°-C° CaHl, spreading into great thickets,
with slender branchlets thickly covered with matted fascicled hairs during their first sea-
son, and light gray and glabrous or puberulous in their second year. Winter-buds ovoid or
obovoid, about Y long* with red-brown scales ciliate on the margins. Bark rough, deeply
furrowed and scaly.
Distribution. Limestone slopes and ridges or in sheltered canons; western Texas;
Kimble, Real, Kendall, Kerr, Uvalda, Edwards, Menard and Valverde Counties.
37. Quercus Mohriana Rydb. Shin Oak.
Leaves oblong-obovate to elliptic or lanceolate, acute, acuminate or rounded at apex,
rounded or cuneate and often unsymmetrical at base, entire, undulate, sinuately toothed
with triangular apiculate teeth, or occasionally irregularly lobed above the middle with
roimded lobes, thick, gray-green, lustrous and covered above with short fascicled hairs,
I
286
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and densely hoary tomentose below, 2°-4° long, §'-!' wide, with a stout midrib thickly
covered with fascicled hairs, sometimes becoming glabrous, slender primary veins and
reticulate veinlets; petioles stout, hoary tomentose, i'-|' in length. Flowers: staminate
in short hoary tomentose aments; calyx densely villose, deeply divided into broad ovate
lobes rounded at apex; anthers red; pistillate on hoary tomentose peduncles, with hairy
bracts and calyx-lobes. Fruit solitary or in pairs, nearly sessile or raised on a pubescent
peduncle ^'-f in length; nut ellipsoidal or ovoid, broad and rounded at the ends, light
chestnut-brown, lustrous, i'-|' long, j-Y thick, inclosed for from half to two thirds its
length in the hemispheric to cup-shaped cup, hoary tomentose on the inner surface, and
Fig. 262
covered with small closely appressed acute hoary tomentose scales much thickened below
the middle of the cup, thin and much smaller toward its rim.
A tree, rarely IS^-iO® high, with a trunk rarely 1** in diameter, small spreading and as-
cending branches forming a round-topped head, and slender branchlets thickly coated dur-
ing their first season with fascicled hairs, dark gray-brown and pubescent in their second
season and ultimately gray and glabrous; usually a low shrub spreading into thickets.
Winter-buds broad-ovoid, obtuse, pale pubescent. Bark thin, pale, rough, deeply fur-
rowed.
Distribution. On dry limestone hills, usually not more than 18° high with spreading
branches; on deep sand, often not more than 3° high with more erect stems, often cover-
ing thousands of acres; only a tree in the protection of ledges in deep ravines and on steep
hillsides; northwestern Texas (Tom Green, Coke, Nolan, Howard, Armstrong, and Wheeler
Counties); central Texas (Bryan, Brazos County); southwestern Oklahoma (Beckham
County).
38. Quercus Laceyi Small.
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, usually with two pairs of small rounded lateral lobes,
occasionally 3-lobed toward the apex, rarely nearly entire, narrowed and rounded at apex,
rounded, cuneate or rarely cordate at the gradually narrowed base, coated below when
they unfold with loose white tomentum, soon glabrous, at maturity thin, blue-green above,
yellow-green below, 2'-3' long, f '-2' wide, with a slender midrib and primary veins, and
conspicuous reticulate veinlets; deciduous late in the autumn; on vigorous shoots some-
times 6'-7' long and 3'-4' wide; petioles glabrous or sparingly villose, j'-l' in length.
Flowers: staminate in slightly villose aments i'-i^ long; calyx deeply divided into 4 or 5
FAGACE^
287
ovate acuminate lobes shorter than the stamens; pistillate flowers not seen. Fruit solitary
or in pairs, sessile or raised on a stem up to Y in length; nut ellipsoidal or oblong-ovoid,
rounded at apex, slightly narrowed and nearly truncate at base, light chestnut-brown and
lustrous, I'-l' long, Y~¥ in diameter, the base inclosed in the thick, cup-shaped to
rarely saucer-shaped cup, tomentose on the inner surface, covered with acute much
thickened pale tomentose scales.
A tree, 30°-45° high, with a trunk 20'-30' in diameter, heavy erect and spreading branches
and slender branchlets villose when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous and red-
brown or gray during their second season; often a tall shrub with numerous stems. Win-
ter-buds ovoid, acute, }' long, with chestnut-brown scales ciliate on the margins. Bark
gray, thick, deeply ridged or checkered.
Fig. 263
Distribution. Rocky banks of streams, the steep sides of canons and on limestone
bluffs; common in the southern and southwestern parts of the Edwards Plateau, western
Texas (Kendall, Kerr, Bandera, Uvalde, Menard, Kemble, Real and Edwards Counties) ;
easily distinguished in the field by the peculiar smoky or waxy appearance of the foliage.
39. Quercus annulata Buckl.
Quercus breviloba Sarg,
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate or elliptic, rounded or acute at apex, cuneate or
rounded at base, entire, undulate, slightly lobed with rounded or acute lobes, or 3-lobed,
when they unfold covered above with fascicled hairs and tomentose below, and at ma-
turity green, glabrous and lustrous above, green and pubescent below on lower branches,
often pale or hoary tomentose on upper branches, lj'-2|' long, ^-lY wide; petioles
covered when they first appear with fascicled hairs, soon glabrous, Y~¥ in length; on vig-
orous branchlets sometimes thinner, glabrous, divided into broad rounded lateral lobes,
gradually narrowed and cuneate at the long base, 4' long and 2|' wide. Flowers : stami-
nate in pubescent aments l'-2' long; calyx deeply divided in villose rounded lobes, shorter
than the stamens; anthers red; pistillate on tomentose peduncles, their scales rounded,
tomentose; stigmas red. Fruit solitary or in 2 or 3-fruited clusters, sessile or short-stalked,
oblong-ovoid to ellipsoidal, slightly narrowed and rounded at apex, light yellow-brown and
lustrous, I'-l' long, Y~¥ in diameter; inclosed for about a quarter of its length in the
cup-shaped cup, tomentose on the inner surface, covered with acute tomentose scales
somewhat thickened and closely appressed below the middle of the cup, their tips chest-
nut-brown, free and often glabrous.
A tree, 20°-30° tall with a trunk rarely more than 1° in diameter, small spreading often
288 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
slightly pendulous branches forming a round-topped head, and slender branches covered
when they first appear with fascicled hairs, soon becoming glabrous and gray or grayish
brown; the large stems often surrounded by a ring of smaller stems produced from its
roots; more often a shrub than a tree spreading into broad thickets. Winter-buds ovoid
Fig. 264
to ellipsoidal, acute, |'-|' long, with closely imbricated chestnut-brown puberulous scales
ciliate on the margins. Bark thick, rough, deeply ridged.
Distribution. Dry limestone hills and blufifs; central and western Texas, from the
neighborhood of Dallas, Dallas County, and Palo Pinto County to Kendall, Kerr, Brown,
Bandera, Real and Menard Counties.
40. Quercus Durandii Buckl.
Quercus breviloba Sarg., in part.
Leaves thin, obovate to elliptic, entire, 3-lobed toward the rounded or acute apex or
irregularly laterally lobed, the three forms appearing on different branches of the same
tree, on lower branches usually lobed, dark green and lustrous above, often green and
glabrous below, sometimes 6' or 7' long and S' or S^' wide, on upper branches mostly
entire, white and pubescent or tomentose below, 2|'-3' long, ^'-lY wide; falling late in the
autumn; petioles glabrous, Y~¥ in length. Flowers: staminate in slender villose aments
3'-4' in length; calyx deeply divided into acute villose lobes shorter than the stamens;
pistillate on a short tomentose peduncle, the linear acuminate bract and involucral scales
hoary-tomentose; stigmas red. Fruit solitary or in pairs, short-stalked or nearly sessile;
nut ovoid, or slightly obovoid, rounded or rarely acute at apex, nearly truncate at base,
pale chestnut-brown, lustrous, Y~¥ long. ¥~¥ thick, barely inclosed at base in the thin,
shallow saucer-shaped cup, pale tomentose on the inner surface, and covered with small
acuminate closely appressed tomentose scales slightly thickened on the back.
A tree, often 60*^-90° high with a tall trunk 2°-3° in diameter, comparatively small
branches, the lower horizontal, the upper ascending, forming a dense round-topped hand-
some head, and slender pale gray-brown branchlets covered when they first appear with
fascicled hairs, soon glabrous, or puberulous during their first season, and darker in their
second season. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, I'-Y long with dark chestnut-brown rounded
scales ciliate on the margins. Bark thin, light gray or nearly white and broken into thin
loosely appressed scales.
Distribution. East of the Mississippi River scattered on rich limestone prairies; west-
ward on the well drained soil of river bottoms, and often on low hummocks; near Augustl^
FAGACE^
289
Richmond County, Georgia; West Point, Clay County, Columbus, Lowndes County,
Brookville, Noxubee County, and near Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi; McNab,
Hempstead County, Arkansas; Natchitoches, Natchitoches Parish, western Louisiana;
Fig. 265
coast region of eastern Texas to the bottoms of the Guadalupe River (Victoria County),
ranging inland to San Saba County and to the neighborhood of Dallas, Dallas County; on
the mountains near Monterey, Nuevo Leon; rare and local.
41. Quercus Chapmanii Sarg.
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, rounded at the narrow apex, narrowed and cuneate
or rounded or broad and rounded at base, entire with slightly undulate margins, or ob-
Fig. 266
acurely sinuate-lobed above the middle, when they unfold coated below with thick bright
yellow pubescence and covered above with pale fascicled deciduous hairs, at maturity
290
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
thick and firm or subcoriaceous, dark green, glabrous and lustrous above, light green op
silvery white and glabrous below except on the slender often pubescent midrib, usually
2'-3' long and 1' wide, but varying from l'-3' in length and f'-l' in width; falling gradu-
ally during the winter or sometimes persistent until the appearance of the new leaves in
the spring; petioles tomentose, rarely |' in length. Flowers: staminate in short hirsute
aments; calyx hirsute, divided into 5 acute laciniately cut segments; anthers hirsute; pis-
tillate sessile or short-stalked, their involucral scales coated with dense pale tomentum.
Fruit usually sessile, solitary or in pairs; nut oval, about f long and f thick, pubescent
from the obtuse rounded apex nearly to the middle, inclosed for nearly half its length in
the deep cup-shaped light brown cup slightly pubescent on the inner surface, and covered
by ovate-oblong pointed scales thickened on the back, especially toward the base of the
:up, and coated with pale tomentum except on their thin reddish brown margins.
Occasionally a tree, 50° high, with a trunk 1° in diameter, stout branches forming a
round-topped head, and slender branchlets coated at first with dense bright yellow pubes-
cence, becoming light or dark red-brown and puberulous during their first winter and ulti-
mately ashy gray; more often a rigid shrub sometimes only l°-2° tall. Winter-buds ovoid,
acute, obtuse, about |' long, with glabrous or puberulous light chestnut-brown scales.
Bark dark or pale, separating freely into large irregular plate-like scales.
Distribution. Sandy barrens usually in the neighborhood of the coast; Bluffton,
Beaufort County, South Carolina, Colonels Islands, Liberty County, Georgia, southward
along the east coast of Florida to the shores of Indian River; on the west coast from the
valley of the Caloosahatchee River to the shores of Pensacola Bay, and in the interior of
the peninsula from Lake County to Highlands County (neighborhood of Sebring) ; rare and
local on the Atlantic coast; comparatively rare in the interior of the Florida peninsula;
abundant in western Florida from the shores of Tampa Bay to those of Saint Andrews
Bay.
42. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Burr Oak. Mossy Cup Oak.
Leaves obovate or oblong, cuneate or occasionally narrow and rounded at base, di-
vided by wide sinuses sometimes penetrating nearly to the midrib into 5-7 lobes, the
terminal lobe large, oval or obovate, regularly crenately lobed, or smaller and 3-lobed at
Fig. 267
the rounded or acute apex, when they unfold yellow-green and pilose above and silver>
white and coated below with long pale hairs, at matm-ity thick and firm, dark green, lus-
trous and glabrous, or occasionally pilose on the upper surface, pale green or silvery white
and covered on the lower surface with soft pale or rarely rufous pubescence, 6'-12' long.
FAQACE^ 291
3'-6' wide, with a stout pale midrib sometimes pilose on the upper side and pubescent on
the lower, large primary veins running to the points of the lobes, and conspicuous reticulate
veinlets; turning dull yellow or yellowish brown in the autumn; petioles stout, I'-l' in
length. Flowers: staminate in slender aments 4'-6' long, their yellow-green peduncles
coated with loosely matted pale hairs; calyx yellow-green, pubescent, deeply divided into
4-6 acute segments ending in tufts of long pale hairs; pistillate sessile or stalked, their
involucral scales broadly ovate, often somewhat tinged with red toward the margins and
coated, like the peduncles, with thick pale tomentum; stigmas bright red. Fruit usually soli-
tary, sessile or long-stalked, exceedingly variable in size and shape; nut ellipsoidal or broad-
ovoid, broad at the base and rounded at the obtuse or depressed apex covered by soft pale
pubescence, f ' long and Y thick at the north, sometimes 2' long and 1^ thick in the south,
its cup thick or thin, light brown and pubescent on the inner surface, hoary-tomentose
and covered on the outer surface by large irregularly imbricated ovate pointed scales, at
the base of the cup thin and free or sometimes much thickened and tuberculate, and near
its rim generally developed into long slender pale awns forming on northern trees a short
inconspicuous and at the south a long conspicuous matted fringe-like border, inclosing
only the base or nearly the entire nut.
A tree, sometimes 170° high, with a trunk 6°-7° in diameter, clear of limbs for 70°-80*
above the ground, a broad head of great spreading branches, and stout branchlets coated
at first with thick soft pale deciduous pubescence, light orange color, usually glabrous or
occasionally puberulous during their first winter, becoming ashy gray or light brown and
ultimately dark brown, sometimes developing corky wings often I'-l^' wide; usually not
more than 80° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter; toward the northwestern limits of its
range sometimes a low shrub. Winter-buds broadly ovoid, acute or obtuse, |'-i' long,
with light red-brown scales coated with soft pale pubescence. Bark l'-2' thick, deeply
furrowed and broken on the surface into irregular plate-like brown scales often slightly
tinged with red. Wood heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, very durable, dark or
rich light brown, with thin much lighter colored sap wood; used in ship and boatbuilding, for
construction of all sorts, cabinet-making, cooperage, the manufacture of carriages, agricul-
tural implements, baskets, railway-ties, fencing, and fuel.
Distribution. Low rich bottom-lands and intervales, or rarely in the northwest on low
dry hills; Nova Scotia and New Brunswick southward to the valley of the Penobscot River,
Maine, the shore of Lake Champlain, Vermont, western Massachusetts, central, southern
and western Pennsylvania, northern Delaware, northern West Virginia (Hardy and Graht
Counties), and middle Tennessee, and westward through the valley of the Saint Lawrence
River and along the northern shores of Lake Huron to southern Manitoba, through west-
ern New York and Ohio, northern Michigan, to Minnesota (except in the northeastern
counties), eastern and northwestern Nebraska, the Black Hills of South Dakota, the Turtle
Mountains of North Dakota, and northeastern Wyoming, and to central Kansas, the valley
of the north Fork of the Canadian River (Canton, Blaine County, and Seiling, Dewey
County), Oklahoma, Caldwell Parish, Louisiana (R. S. Cocks), and the valley of the San
Saba River (Menard County and Callahan County), Texas; attaining its largest size in
southern Indiana and Illinois; the common Oak of the "oak openings" of western Min-
nesota, and in all the basin of the Red River of the North, ranging farther to the northwest
than the other Oaks of eastern America; common and generally distributed in eastern
Nebraska, and of a large size in canons or on river bottoms in the extreme northwestern
part of the state; the most generally distributed Oak in southern Wisconsin, and in Kansas
growing to a large size in all the eastern part of the state. ,
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the eastern United States and in South
Africa.
X Quercus Andrewsii Sarg., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus macrocarpa and Q. undulata
Torr., in habit and characters intermediate between those of its supposed parents with which
it grows, occurs at Seiling, Dewey County, western Oklahoma.
X Quercus guadalwpensis Sarg., with characters intermediate between those of Quercus
292 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
macrocarpa and Q. stellata and evidently a hybrid of these species, occurs at Fredericksburg
Junction in the valley of the Guadalupe River, Kendall County, Texas.
X Quercus Hillii Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus macrocarpa and Q. Muehlen-
bergii, has been found at Roby, Lake County, Indiana, and near Independence, Jackson
County, Missouri.
43. Quercus lyrata Walt. Overcup Oak. Swamp White Oak.
Leaves oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and cuneate at base, divided into spread-
ing or ascending lobes by deep or shallow sinuses rounded, straight, or oblique on the
bottom, the terminal lobe oblong-ovate, usually broad, acute or acuminate at the elon-
Fig. 268
gated apex, and furnished with 2 small entire nearly triangular lateral lobes, the upper
lateral lobes broad, more or less emarginate, or acuminate and entire or slightly lobed and
much longer than the acute or rounded lower lobes, when they unfold bronze-green and
pilose above with caducous hairs, and coated below with thick pale tomentum, at matur-
ity thin and firm, dark green and glabrous above, silvery white and thickly coated with
pale pubescence, or green and often nearly glabrous below, 7'-10' long, l'-4' wide; turn-
ing yellow or scarlet and orange in the autumn; petioles glabrous or pubescent, i'-l' in
length. Flowers: staminate in slender hairy aments 4'-6' long; calyx light yellow, coated
on the outer surface with pale hairs and divided into acute segments; pistillate sessile or
stalked, their involucral scales covered, like the peduncles, with thick pale tomentum.
Fruit sessile or borne on slender pubescent peduncles sometimes 1^' in length; nut subglo-
bose to ovoid or rarely to ovoid-oblong, ^'-1' long, usually broader at base than long, light
chestnut-brown, more or less covered above the middle with short pale pubescence, en-
tirely or for two thirds of its length inclosed in the ovoid, nearly spherical or deep cup-
shaped thin cup, bright red-brown and pubescent on the inner surface, hoary-tomen-
tose and covered on the outer by ovate united scales produced into acute tips, much
thickened and contorted at its base, gradually growing thinner and forming a ragged edge
to the thin often irregularly split rim of the cup.
A tree^ rarely lOO'* high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, generally divided 15°-20° above
the ground into comparatively small often pendulous branches forming a handsome sym-
metrical round-topped head, and slender branchlets green more or less tinged with red
and pilose or pubescent when they first appear, light or dark orange-color or grayish
brown and usually glabrous during their first winter, ultimately becoming ashy gray or
light brown. Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse, about Y long, with light chestnut-brown scales
covered, especially near their margins, with loose pale tomentum. Bark f'-l' thick, light
FAGACE.E
@93
gray tinged with red and broken into thick plates separating on the surface into thin ir-
regular appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, very durable in contact with
the ground, rich dark brown, with thick lighter colored sap wood; confounded commercially
with the wood of Quercus alba, and used for the same purpose.
Distribution. River swamps and small deep depressions on rich bottom-lands, usually
wet throughout the year; southern New Jersey (Riddleton, Salem County), and valley of
the Patuxent River, Maryland, southward near the coast to western Florida, through the
Gulf states to the valley of the Navasota River, Brazos County, Texas, and through
Arkansas to the valley of the Meramec River (Allen ton, St. Louis County), Missouri, and
to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Illinois, and southwestern Indiana to Spencer
County; comparatively rare in the Atlantic and east Gulf states; most common and of
its largest size in the valley of the Red River, Louisiana, and the adjacent parts of Texas
and Arkansas. Three individuals of this tree in the neighborhood of the town of Amana,
Iowa County, Iowa, far north of its known range, are reported by Professor B. Shimek of
the University of Iowa (see Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xliv. 293, t. 16 and 17 [1922]).
Occasionally cultivated in the northeastern states and hardy in eastern Massachusetts.
X Quercus Comptonae Sarg., a hybrid of Quercus lyrata and Q, virginiana, with char-
acters intermediate between those of its parents, discovered many years ago on the banks
of Peyton's Creek, Matagorda County, Texas (now gone), occurs with several individuals
near dwellings in Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi, near Selma, Dallas County, Ala-
bama, and in Audubon Park and streets. New Orleans, Louisiana. A tree, sometimes
100° high and one of the handsomest of North American Oaks; also produced artificially
by Professor H. Ness by crossing Quercus lyrata and Q. virginiana.
44. Quercus stellata Wang. Post Oak.
Quercus minor Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate, usually deeply 5-lobed, with broad sinuses oblique in the bottom,
and short wide lobes, broad and truncate or obtusely pointed at apex, gradually narrowed
and cuneate, or occasionally abruptly narrowed and cuneate or rounded at base, when
Fig. 269
they unfold dark red above and densely pubescent, at maturity thick and firm, deep dark
green and roughened by scattered fascicled pale hairs above, covered below with gray,
light yellow, or rarely silvery white pubescence, usually 4'-5' long and 3'-4' across the
lateral lobes, with a broad light-colored midrib pubescent on the upper side and tomentose
or pubescent on the lower, stout lateral veins arcuate and united near the margins and
294 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
connected by conspicuous coarsely reticulated veinlets; turning dull yellow or brown in
the autumn; petioles stout, pubescent, ^' to nearly 1' in length. Flowers: staminate in
aments 3'-4' long; calyx hirsute, yellow, usually divided into 5 ovate acute laciniately cut
segments; anthers covered by short scattered pale hairs; pistillate sessile or stalked, their
involucral scales broadly ovate, hirsute; stigmas bright red. Fruit sessile or short-stalked;
nut oval to ovoid or ovoid-oblong, broad at base, obtuse and naked or covered with pale
persistent pubescence at apex, |'-1' long, i'-f ' thick, sometimes striate with dark longi-
tudinal stripes, inclosed for one third to one half its length in the cup-shaped, turbinate,
or rarely saucer-shaped cup pale and pubescent on the inner surface, hoary-tomentose on
the outer surface, and covered by thin ovate scales rounded and acute at apex, reddish
brown, and sometimes toward the rim of the cup ciliate on the margins with long pale hairs.
A tree, rarely 100° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, and stout spreading branches
forming a broad dense round-topped head, and stout branchlets coated at first, like the
young leaves and petioles, the stalks of the aments of staminate flowers and the peduncles
of the pistillate flowers, with thick orange-brown tomentum, light orange color to reddish
brown, and covered by short soft pubescence during their first winter, ultimately gray,
dark brown, nearly black or bright brown tinged with orange color; usually not more
than 50°-60° tall, with a trunk l**-2° in diameter, and at the northeastern limits of its range
generally reduced to a shrub. Winter-buds broadly ovoid, obtuse or rarely acute, I'-j'
long, with bright chestnut-brown pubescent scales coated toward the margins with scat-
tered pale hairs. Bark ^'-1' thick, red more or less deeply tinged with brown, and divided
by deep fissures into broad ridges covered on the surface with narrow closely appressed
or rarely loose scales. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, durable in contact with
the soil, diflBcult to season, light or dark brown, with thick lighter colored sap wood; largely
used for fuel, fencing, railway-ties, and sometimes in the manufacture of carriages, for
cooperage, and in construction.
Distribution. Dry gravelly or sandy uplands; Cape Cod and islands of southern
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Long Island, New York, to western Florida and southern
Alabama and Mississippi, and from New York westward to southern Iowa, Missouri,
eastern Kansas, western (Dewey County) Oklahoma, Louisiana and Texas; most abund-
ant and of its largest size in the Mississippi basin; ascending on the southern Appalachian
Mountains to altitudes of 2500°; the common Oak of central Texas on limestone hills and
sandy plains forming the Texas "Cross Timbers "; usually shrubby and rare and local in
southern Massachusetts; more abundant southward from the coast of the south Atlantic
and the eastern Gulf states to the lower slopes of the Appalachian Mountains; in western
Louisiana rarely in the moist soil of low lands.
Showing little variation in the shape of the fruit and in the character of the cup scales
Quercus stellata is one of the most variable of North American Oaks in habit, in the nature
of the bark, and in the presence or absence of pubescence. Some of the best marked va-
rieties are var. araniosa Sarg., a large tree differing from the type in the usually smooth
upper surface of the leaves, in the floccose persistent tomentum on their lower surface,
in the less stout usually glabrous yellow or reddish branchlets, and in its scaly bark; dry
sandy soil, southern Alabama, western Louisiana, southern Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma and
eastern Texas. Var. paludosa Sarg., a tree up to 75° in height, differing from the type in its
oblong-obovate leaves 3-lobed above the middle, slightly pubescent branchlets becoming
nearly glabrous, and in its scaly bark; in rich deep soil on the often inundated bottoms of
Kenison Bayou, near Washington, St. Landry Parish, Louisiana. Var. attenuata Sarg.,
a large tree differing from the type in the oblong to oblong-obovate narrow leaves 3-lobed
at apex and gradually narrowed to the long cuneate base; near Arkansas Post on the White
River, Arkansas County, Arkansas. Var. parviloba Sarg., a round-topped tree 25°-30°
high, differing from the type in the smaller lobes of the leaves with more prominent reticu-
late veinlets; dry sandstone hills near Brownwood, Brown County, Texas. Var. anomala
Sarg., a tree 15°-18° high, differing from the type in its broadly obovate subcoriaceous
leaves slightly 3-lobed and rounded at apex; dry sandstone hills near Brownwood, Brown
County, Texas; possibly a hybrid. Var. Palmeri Sarg., a shrub 6°-15° high, forming clumps.
FAGACE^ 295
differing from the type in its narrow oblong or slightly obovate 5-7-lobed leaves with
narrow lobes, densely tomentose below, and in the thicker and more tomentose scales of
the cup; sandy uplands. Elk City, Beckham County, Oklahoma. Var. rufescens Sarg., a
shrub 12°-15° high, forming large clumps, differing from the type in the rusty brown
pubescence on the lower surface of the polymorphous leaves, in the deeper cups of the
fruit with thicker basal scales; sandy uplands. Big Spring, Howard County, Texas, and Elk
City, Beckham County, Oklahoma. Var. Boyntonii Sarg, a shrub or small tree spreading
into thickets, rarely more than 15° in height, differing from the type in its obovate leaves,
mostly 3-5-lobed toward the apex, with small rounded lobes, and in their yellow-brown
pubescence also found on the branchlets; in glades on the summit of Lookout Mountain,
above Gadsden and Attala, Etowah County, Alabama.
The common and most widely distributed of the varieties of the Post Oak is
Quercus stellata var. Margaretta Sarg.
Quercus Margaretta Ashe
Leaves oblong-obovate, rounded at apex, cimeate or rounded at base, 3-5-lobed with
usually narrow rounded, but often broad and truncate lobes, the two forms frequently
occurring on the same branch, usually becoming glabrous on the upper surface early in
the season, slightly pubescent, sometimes becoming nearly glabrous below, 2|'-5' long and
2'-2|' wide; petioles glabrous or pubescent. Flowers and Fruit as in the species.
A small tree, rarely 40° high, with slender glabrous reddish or reddish brown branchlets.
Winter-buds ovoid, acute, Y long with closely imbricated chestnut-brown scales glabrous,
or ciliate on the margins. Bark thick, rough and furrowed, light gray.
Distribution. Usually on dry sandy slopes, hills and ridges, and southward on Pine-
Fig. 270
barren lands; coast of Virginia (Capron, Southampton County) southward in the coast
and middle districts to central (Lake and Orange Counties) and western Florida, through
central and southern Alabama, and eastern and southern Mississippi: in Western Louisi-
ana (Natchitoches and Caddo Parishes) ; southern Arkansas (McNab, Hempstead County),
and southwestern Missouri (Prosperity, Jasper County). The common Post Oak of the
south Atlantic and Gulf states; occasionally a shrub (f. stolonifera Sarg.) 4°-6° high, with
smaller leaves, spreading into broad thickets by stoloniferous shoots; common near Selma,
Dallas County, Alabama, and on the dry sand hills of central Oklahoma.
X Quercus Harbisonii Sarg., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus stellata var. Margaretta
and Q. virginiana var. geminata, has been found in the neighborhood of Jacksonville,
, Duval County, Florida.
£90
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
45. Quercus Ganyana Hook. White Oak.
Leaves obovate to oblong, pointed at apex, cuneate or rounded at base, coarsely pinnat-
ifid-lobed, with slightly thickened revolute margins, coated at first with soft pale lustrous
pubescence, at maturity thick and firm or subcoriaceous, dark green, lustrous and gla-
brous above, light green or orange-brown and pubescent or glabrate below, 4'-6' long,
2'-5' wide, with a stout yellow midrib, and conspicuous primary veins spreading at
right angles, or gradually diverging from the midrib and running to the points of the
lobes; sometimes turning bright scarlet in the autumn; petioles stout, pubescent, ^'-1' in
length. Flowers: staminate in hirsute aments; calyx glabrous, laciniately cut into ovate
acute slightly ciliate or linear-lanceolate much elongated segments; pistillate sessile and
coated with pale tomentum. Fruit sessile or short-stalked; nut oval to slightly obovoid and
obtuse, V-lj long and ^'-1' thick, inclosed at the base in a shallow cup-shaped or slightly
turbinate cup puberulous and light brown on the inner surface, pubescent or tomentose
Fig. 271
on the outer, and covered by ovate acute scales with pointed and often elongated tips, thin,
free, or sometimes thickened and more or less united toward the base of the cup, decreasing
from below upward.
A tree, usually 60°-70° or sometimes nearly 100° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter,
stout ascending or spreading branches forming a broad compact head, and stout branchlets
coated at first with thick pale rufous pubescence, pubescent or tomentose and light or dark
orange color during their first winter, becoming glabrous and rather bright reddish brown
in their second year and ultimately gray; frequently at high altitudes, or when exposed
to the winds from the ocean, reduced to a low shrub. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, I'-Y
long, densely clothed with light ferrugineous tomentum. Bark I'-l' thick, divided by
shallow fissures into broad ridges separating on the surface into light brown or gray scales
sometimes slightly tinged with orange color. Wood strong, hard, close-grained, fre-
quently exceedingly tough, light brown or yellow, with thin nearly white sap wood; in Ore-
gon and Washington used in the manufacture of carriages and wagons, in cabinet-making,
shipbuilding, and cooperage, and largely as fuel.
Distribution. Valleys and the dry gravelly slopes of low hills; Vancouver Island and the
valley of the lower Fraser River southward through western Washington and Oregon and
the California coast- valleys to Marin County; rare and local and the only Oak-tree in
British Columbia; abundant and of its largest size in the valleys of western Washington
and Oregon; on the islands in the northern part of Puget Sound reduced to a low shrub
FAGACE^
297
(Vine Oak) ; ascending in its shrubby forms to considerable altitudes on the western slopes
of the Cascade Mountains; abundant in northwestern California; less common and of
smaller size southward.
46. Quercus utahensis Rydb.
• Leaves oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and rounded or cuneate at base, divided
often nearly to the midrib by broad or narrow sinuses into four or five pairs of lateral
lobes rounded or acute at apex, the upper lobes usually again lobed or undulate, the ter-
Fig. 272
minal lobe rounded at apex, entire or three-lobed, thick, dark green, glabrous or nearly
glabrous above, pale and soft pubescent below, 2|'-7' long, 1|'-3|' wide, with a prominent
midrib and primary veins, and conspicuous veinlets; petioles stout, hoary-tomentose early
in the season, pubescent or glabrous before maturity, f'-l' in length. Flowers: staminate
in aments covered with fascicled hairs, 2'-2^' long; calyx scarious, divided to the middle
by wide sinuses into narrow acuminate lobes; anthers yellow; pistillate usually solitary or
in pairs, the scales of the involucre thickly coated with hoary tomentum. Fruit usually
solitary, sessile or raised on a stout pubescent peduncle Y-Y in length; nut ovoid, broad
and rounded at the ends, f'-f ' long, i'~^¥ thick, usually inclosed for about half its length
in the thick hemispheric cup covered with broad ovate pale pubescent scales much thick-
ened on the back and closely appressed below the middle of the cup, gradually reduced in
size upward, thin and less closely appressed toward its rim bordered by the free projecting
tips of the upper row of scales.
A tree, occasionally 30° high, with a trunk 4'-8' in diameter, thick erect branches forming
a narrow open head, and stout branchlets red-brown and covered with fascicled hairs when
they first appear, becoming light orange-brown and puberulous. Bark dark gray-brown,
rough and scaly.
Distribution. Dry foothill slopes and the sides of cafions; borders of southwestern
Wyoming to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, and to Utah, northern
New Mexico and Arizona, passing into var. mollis Sarg. with thinner scales on the lower
part of the cup of the fruit; with the species over its whole range, but most abundant on
the Colorado Plateau of northern Arizona; here rarely 40° high, with a trunk 18'-20' in
diameter.
298 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
47. Quercus lobata Nee. White Oak. Valley Oak.
Leaves oblong to obovate, deeply 7-11 obliquely lobed, rounded at the narrow apex,
narrow and cuneate or broad and rounded or cordate at base, the lateral lobes obovate,
obtuse or retuse, or ovate and rounded, thin, 2§'-3' or rarely 4' long, l'-2' wide, dark green
and pubescent above, pale and pubescent below, with a stout pale midrib, and conspicuous
yellow veins running to the slightly thickened and revolute margins; petioles stout, hir-
sute, i'-|' in length. Flowers: staminate in hirsute aments 2' -3' long; calyx light yellow
and divided into 6 or 8 acute pubescent ciliate lobes; pistillate solitary, sessile or rarely in
elongated few-flowered spikes, their involucral scales broadly ovate, acute, coated witlj;
Fig. 273
dense pale tomentum, about as long as the narrow calyx-lobes. Fruit solitary or in pairs,
nearly sessile; nut conic, elongated, rounded or pointed at apex, l^'-2j' long, bright '
green and lustrous when fully grown, becoming bright chestnut-brown, usually inclosed
for about one third its length in the cupnshaped cup coated with pale tomentum on the
outer surface, usually irregularly tuberculate below, all but the much-thickened basal
scales elongated into acute ciliate chestnut-brown free tips longest on the upper scales and
forming a short fringe-like border to the rim of the cup.
A tree, often 100° feet high, with a trunk generally 3°-4°, but sometimes 10° in diameter,
divided near the ground or usually 20°-30° above it into great limbs spreading at wide
angles and forming a broad head of slender branches hanging gracefully in long sprays and
sometimes sweeping the ground; less frequently with upper limbs growing almost at right
angles with the trunk and forming a narrow rigid head of variously contorted erect or
pendant branches, and slender branchlets coated at first with short silky canescent pubes-
cence, ashy gray, light reddish brown, or pale orange-brown and slightly pubescent in their
first winter, becoming glabrous and lighter colored during their second year. Winter-
buds ovoid, acute, usually about Y long, with orange-brown pubescent scales scarious and
frequently ciliate on the margins. Bark f'-l|' thick and covered by small loosely ap-
pressed light gray scales slightly tinged with orange or brown, becoming at the base of old
trees frequently 5'-6' thick and divided by longitudinal fissures into broad flat ridges
broken horizontally into short plates. Wood hard, fine-grained, brittle, light brown, with
thin lighter colored sap wood; used only for fuel.
Distribution. Valleys of western California between the Sierra Nevada and the ocean
from the valley of the Trinity River to Kern and Los Angeles (rare) Coimties; most
abundant and forming open groves in the central valleys of the state.
FAGACEiE
299
48. Quercus leptophylla Rydb.
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, cimeate or rarely rounded at base, divided about half-
way to the midrib into two to four acute or rounded lateral lobes entire or occasionally
furnished on the lower side with a small nearly triangular lobe, the terminal lobe short,
entire, rounded at apex or three-lobed, when they unfold thickly coated with hoary to-
mentum, about one-third grown when the flowers open and then covered above with
fascicled hairs and tomentose below, at maturity thin, dark green, lustrous and glabrous or
nearly glabrous on the upper surface, yellow-green and covered below by short white hairs
most abundant on the midrib and veins, 3^'-4' long, l^'-2' wide; petioles slender, pubescent
§'-^' in length. Flowers: staminate in slender villose aments; calyx scarious, divided
into five or six narrow acute lobes; anthers dark red-brown as the flowers open; pistil-
Fig. 274
late not seen. Fruit solitary or racemose, sessile or raised on a stout tomentose peduncle
I'-f in length; nut oblong-ovoid, abruptly narrowed and rounded at base, gradually nar-
rowed and rounded at apex, ^-f long; inclosed for half its length in the thin, hemi-
spheric cup, z-¥ in diameter, and covered with acuminate only slightly thickened appressed
scales densely covered with hoary tomentum.
A tree, 30°-4<5° high, with a trunk 16'-24' in diameter, heavy spreading ashy gray
branches forming a round-topped head, and stout branchlets, light red-brown or purple
and covered with long fascicled hairs when they first appear, becoming light brown and
glabrous before autumn. Bark thick, deeply furrowed, covered with small appressed
pale gray scales.
Distribution. Rich bottom-lands of the Cucharas River above La Veta, Huerfano
County, Colorado; on the MogoUon Mountains, Socorro County, New Mexico.
300
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
49. Quercus austrina Small.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed to the long
cuneate base or rarely rounded at base, usually 5-lobed with rounded lobes, the terminal
lobe often 3-lobed, the upper lateral lobes pointing forward and much larger than those of
the lower pair, or occasionally 3-lobed at the broad apex, or rarely nearly entire with un-
dulate margins, when they unfold sparsely covered below with caducous fascicled hairs,
at maturity glabrous, dark green and lustrous above, paler below, 3'-8' long, l'-4' wide,
with a prominent midrib and slender primary veins; petioles slender, at first pubescent,
soon glabrous, j-Y in length. Flowers not seen. Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or
raised on a stout stalk up to ^' in length; nut ovoid, slightly narrowed toward the base,
narrowed at the rounded pubescent apex, ^'-|' long, ^' thick, inclosed for a third to a
Fig. 275
half its length in the thin hemispheric or deep cup-shaped cup, pale tomentose on the inner
surface and covered with thin narrow loosely appressed blimt-pointed tomentose scales.
A tree, TO^-SO" and rarely 100° high, with a tall trunk 2°-3*^ in diameter, spreading and
ascending branches forming a broad rather open head, and slender glabrous red-brown or
gray-brown brittle-jointed branchlets. Winter-buds ovoid to ellipsoid, acute, 1'-^' long,
with closely imbricated acute puberulous chestnut-brown scales ciliate on the margins.
Bark pale, scaly, and on old trunks divided into broad ridges.
Distribution. Banks of streams and river blufiFs in deep rich soil; coast of South Caro-
lina (Bluffton, Clay County, and near Charleston); Dover, Scriven County, Mcintosh
County, De Soto, Sumter County, and near Bainbridge, Decatur County, Georgia, to
central and western Florida (Gainsville, Alachua County, near Santos, Marion County,
Lake City, Columbia County, River Junction, Gadsden County, Marianna, Jackson
County) ; western Alabama (Gallion, Hale County, and the neighborhood of Selma [com-
mon] and Pleasant Hill, Dallas County) ; and southern Mississippi (Meridian, Lauderdale
County, Laurel, Jones County, Byram and near Jackson, Hinds County, near Natchez,
Adams County).
50. Quercus alba L. White Oak.
Leaves oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and cuneate at base, divided often nearly to
the midrib by narrow or broad sinuses usually oblique in the bottom into 7 or 9 lobes, the
lateral, narrow, lanceolate or obovate, pointing forward, rounded or acute and often lobed
at apex, the terminal usually obovate and 3-lobed, when they unfold bright red above, pale
FAGACEiE
301
below and coated with soft pubescence, soon becoming silvery white and very lustrous,
at maturity thin, firm, glabrous, bright green and lustrous or dull above, pale or glaucous
below, 5'-9' long, 2'-4'^ide,jwitli a stout bright yellow midrib and conspicuous primary
veins; turning late in the autumn deep rich vinous red, gradually withering and sometimes re-
maining on the branches nearly through the winter; petioles stout, glabrous, ^'-1' in length.
Flowers: staminate in hirsute or nearly glabrous aments 2^'-3' long; calyx bright yellow
and pubescent, with acute lobes; pistillate bright red, their involucral scales broadly ovate,
hirsute, about as long as the ovate acute calyx-lobes. Fruit sessile or raised on a slender
peduncle l'-2' long, the two forms sometimes appearing on the same branch; nut ovoid to
oblong, rounded at apex, lustrous, f long, green when fully grown, becoming light chest-
nut-brown, inclosed for about one fourth its length in the cup-shaped cup coated with pale
Fig. 276
or light brown tomentum, its scales at the base much thickened, united and produced
into short obtuse membranaceous tips, and thinner toward the rim of the cup.
A tree, 80°-100^ high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, tall and naked in the forest, short
in the open, and surmounted by a broad round-topped head of stout limbs spreading ir-
regularly, small rigid branches, and slender branchlets at first bright green, often tinged
with red, and coated with a loose mass of long pale or ferrugineous deciduous hairs, red-
dish brown during the summer, bright red and lustrous or covered with a glaucous bloom
during their first winter, becoming ultimately ashy gray. Winter-buds broadly ovoid,
rather obtuse, dark red-brown, about Y long. Bark light gray slightly tinged with red or
brown, or occasionally nearly white, broken into thin appressed scales, becoming on old
trunks sometimes 2' thick and divided into broad flat ridges. Wood strong, very heavy^
hard, tough, close-grained, durable, light brown, with thin light brown sap wood; used in
shipbuilding, for construction and in cooperage, the manufacture of carriages, agricultural
implements, baskets, the interior finish of houses, cabinet-making, for railway-ties and
fences, and largely as fuel.
Distribution. Sandy plains and gravelly ridges, rich uplands, intervales, and moist
bottom-lands, sometimes forming nearly pure forests; southern Maine to southwestern
Quebec, westward tlffough southern Ontario, the southern peninsula of Michigan, south-
eastern Minnesota, eastern Iowa, and southeastern Nebraska, and southward to west-
ern Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas and through
Arkansas to eastern Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky;
ascending the southern Appalachian Mountains as a low bush to altitudes of 4500°;
302
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
most abundant and of its largest size on the lower western slopes of the Alleghany Moun*
tains and on the bottom-lands of the lower Ohio Basin. Passing into
Quercus alba var. latiloba Sarg.
Leaves obovate-oblong, acute or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at
base, divided usually less than half way to the midrib into broad rounded lobes; rarely
obovate, with undulate margins, or slightly lobed, with broad rounded lobes (var. re-
panda Michx.). Flowers as in the type. Fruit rarely more than I5' in length, with
usually thinner cup scales.
Fig. 277
Distribution. More abundant than the species and the common northern White Oak;
the var. repanda very common in Ponchartrain Parish, Louisiana, and in Richland County,
Illinois.
X Quercus Beadlei Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus alba and Q. Prinus, has been
found in a swamp near Clarkton, Bladen County, North Carolina.
X Quercus Bebbiana Schn., probably a hybrid of Quercus alba and Q. macrocarpa, occurs
at Charlotte, Chittenden County, Vermont, and near Kenton, Hardin County, Ohio.
X Quercus Deamii Trel., with characters intermediate between those of Quercus alba
and Q. Muehlenbergii and evidently a hybrid of these species, is growing near Bluffton,
Wells County, Indiana.
X Quercus Faxonii Trel., with characters intermediate between those of Quercus alba
and Q. prinoides and evidently a hybrid of these species, has been found in East Walpole,
Norfolk County, and Concord, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and at Greenville,
Montcalm County, Michigan.
X Quercus Fernowii Trel., evidently a hybrid of Quercus alba and Q. stellata, has been
found near Allenton, St. Louis County, Missouri, and on Red Clay Creek, Virginia.
X Quercus Jackiana Schn., evidently a hybrid of Quercus alba and Q. bicolor, is growing
in Franklin Park, Boston.
X Quercus Saulei Schn., with characters intermediate between those of Q. alba and Q.
montana and evidently a hybrid of these species, occurs with widely distributed individuals
in Vermont (Monkton, Addison County), eastern Massachusetts, near Providence, Rhode
Island, New Jersey, Eastern Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia, on the Appala-
chian Mountains near Biltmore, Buncombe County, and Highlands, Macon County, North
Carolina, at Valleyhead, Gadsden County, Alabama.
FAGACEiB
303
51. QuercusbicolorWilld. Swamp White Oak.
Quercus platanaides Sudw.
Leaves obovate to oblong-obovate, rounded at the narrowed apex, acute or rounded
at the gradually narrowed and cuneate entire base, coarsely sinuate-dentate, or sometimes
pinnatifid, with oblique rounded or acute entire lobes, when they unfold light bronze-
green aaid pilose above, covered below with silvery white tomentum, with conspicuous
glands on the teeth, at maturity thick and firm, dark green and lustrous on the upper sur-
face, pale or often silvery white or tawny on the lower surface, 5'-6' long, i'-4i' wide, with
a slender yellow midrib, primary veins running to the points of the lobes, and conspicuous
Fig. 278
reticulate veinlets; turning in the autumn dull yellow-brown or occasionally orange-color;
petioles stout, pilose at first, becoming glabrous, ^'-f in length. Flowers: staminate in
hairy aments 3'-4' long; calyx light yellow-green, hirsute with pale hairs, and deeply di-
vided into 5-9 lanceolate acute segments rather shorter than the stamens; pistillate in few-
flowered spikes on elongated peduncles covered like the involucral scales with thick white
or tawny tomentum; stigmas bright red. Fruit usually in pairs on slender dark brown
glabrous puberulous or pubescent stalks l^'-4' in length; nut ovoid, with a broad base,
rounded, acute and pubescent at apex, light chestnut-brown, f'-l|' long, |'-f' thick,
inclosed for about one third its length in the thick cup-shaped light brown cup pubescent
on the inner surface, hoary-tomentose, and sometimes tuberculate or roughened toward
the base on the outer surface by the thickened contorted tips of the ovate acute scales,
thin, free, acute and chestnut-brown higher on the cup, and often forming a short fringe-
like border on its margin, or sometimes entirely covered by thin scales with free acute
tips.
A tree, usually 60^-70° or exceptionally 100° high, with a trunk 2°-3° or occasionally
8°-9° in diameter, rather small branches generally pendulous below and rising above into
a narrow round-topped open head and often furnished with short pendulous laterals, and
stout branchlets, green, lustrous, and slightly scurfy-pubescent when they first appear,
light orange color or reddish brown and glabrous or puberulous during their first winter,
becoming darker and often purplish and clothed with a glaucous bloom. Winter-buds
broadly ovoid and obtuse, or subglobose to ovoid and acute, |' long, with light chestnut-
brown scales usually pilose above the middle. Bark of young stems and small branches
smooth, reddish or purplish brown, separating freely into large papery persistent scales
curling back and displaying the bright green inner bark; becoming on old trunks l'-2'
804
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
thick, and deeply and irregularly divided by continuous or interrupted fissures into broad
flat ridges covered by small appressed gray-brown scales often slightly tinged with red.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, light brown, with thin hardly distinguishable sap wood;
used in construction, the interior finish of houses, cabinet-making, carriage and boat-
building, cooperage, and railway-ties, and for fencing and fuel.
Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps in moist fertile soil; southern Maine
to northern Vermont and southwestern Quebec, through Ontario and the southern pen-
insula of Michigan to southeastern Minnesota, eastern and southern Iowa, southeastern
Nebraska and western Missouri, and to the District of Columbia, northern Kentucky
and northeastern Oklahoma, and along the Appalachian Mountains to West Virginia;
widely scattered, usually in small groves but nowhere very abundant; most common and
of its largest size in western New York and northern Ohio.
X Quercus Schuettii Trel., with characters intermediate between those of Quercus hi'
nolor and Q. macrocarpa, and probably a hybrid of these species, occurs at Fort Howard,
Brown County, Wisconsin, near Rockfield and Chateaugay, Quebec, and near Rochester
and Golah, Monroe County, New York.
«
52. Quercus Prinus L. Basket Oak. Cow Oak.
Quercus Michauxii Nutt. •
Leaves broadly obovate to oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate at apex with a short
broad point, cuneate or rounded at the broad or narrow entire base, regularly crenately
lobed with oblique rounded entire lobes sometimes furnished with glandular tips, or
Fig. 279
rarely entire with undulate margins, when they unfold bright yellow-green, lustrous and
pubescent above, coated below with thick silvery white or ferrugineous tomentum, at
maturity thick and firm or sometimes membranaceous, especially on young and vigorous
branches, dark green, lustrous, glabrous or occasionally roughened by scattered fascicled
hairs on the upper surface, more or less densely pubescent on the pale green or silvery white
lower surface, 6'-8' long, 3'-5' wide; turning in the autumn dark rich crimson; petioles
stout, ^'-1^' in length. Flowers: staminate in slender hairy aments, S'-V long; calyx light
yellow-green, pilose with long pale hairs, and divided into 4-7 acute lobes; pistillate in few-
flowered spikes on short peduncles coated like the involucral scales with dense pale ru-
fous tomentum; stigmas dark red. Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or subsessile, or borne
on short stout puberulous stalks rarely 5' in length; nut ovoid to ellipsoidal, with a broad
FAGACEiB 305
base, and acute, rounded, or occasionally truncate at apex surrounded by a narrow ring
of rusty pubescence, or sometimes pilose nearly to the middle, bright brown, rather lus-
trous, l'-l|' long, I'-lj' thick, inclosed for about one third its length in the thick cup-
shaped cup often broad and flat on the bottom, reddish brown and pubescent within,
hoary-tomentose and covered on the outer surface by regularly imbricated ovate acute
scales rounded and much thickened on the back, their short tips sometimes forming a rigid
fringe-like border to the rim of the cup; seed sweet and edible.
A tree, often 100° high, with a trunk sometimes free of branches for 40°-50°, and S°-l°
in diameter, stout branches ascending at narrow angles and forming a round-topped rather
compact head, and stout branchlets at first dark green and covered by pale caducous hairs,
becoming bright red-brown or light orange-brown during their first winter and ultimately
ashy gray. Winter-buds broadly ovoid or oval, acute, \' long, with thin closely and reg-
ularly imbricated dark red puberulous scales with pale margins, those of the inner ranks
coated on the outer surface with loose pale tomentum. Bark \'-V thick, separating into
thin closely appressed silvery white or ashy gray scales more or less deeply tinged with red.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, close-grained, durable, easy to split, light-brown,
with thin darker colored sap wood; largely used in all kinds of construction, for agricultural
implements, wheels, in cooperage, for fences and fuel, and in baskets.
Distribution. Borders of streams, swamps, and bottom-lands often covered with water;
New Jersey (Morristown, Morris County and Pittsgrove, Salem County), near Wilming-
ton, Delaware, southward through the coast and middle districts to Putnam (San Mateo)
and Citrus Counties, Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Trinity River,
Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee and Ken-
tucky, the valley of the lower Wabash River, Illinois, and southern Indiana eastward to
JefiFerson County (C C. Deam) ; conspicuous from the silvery white bark, the massive
trunk, and the broad crown of large bright-colored foliage.
53. Quercus montana Willd. Chestnut Oak. Rock Chestnut Oak.
Quercus Prinus Engelm., not L.
Leaves obovate or oblong to lanceolate, acute or acuminate or rounded at apex, gradu-
ally or abruptly cuneate or rounded or subcordate at the narrow entire base, irregularly
and coarsely crenulate-toothed with rounded, acute, or sometimes nearly triangular oblique
teeth, when they unfold orange-green or bronze-red, very lustrous, and glabrous above with
the exception of the slightly pilose midrib, green and coated below with soft pale pubes-
cence, at maturity thick and firm or subfcoriaceous, yellow-green and rather lustrous
on the upper surface, paler and covered by fine pubescence on the lower surface, 4|'-9'
long, l^'-3' wide, with a stout yellow midrib and conspicuous primary veins, often much
broader near the bottom of the tree than on fertile upper branches; turning dull orange
color or rusty brown in the autumn; petioles stout or slender, ^'-1' in length. Flowers: stam-
inate in elongated hirsute aments; calyx light yellow, pilose and deeply divided into 7-9
acute segments tipped with clusters of pale hairs; pistillate in short spikes on stout puber-
ulous dark green peduncles, their involucral scales covered with pale hairs; stigmas dark
red. Fruit on short stout stems singly or in pairs; nut ovoid or ellipsoidal, rounded and
rather obtuse or pointed at apex, bright chestnut-brown, very lustrous, l'-l|' long, |'-1'
thick, inclosed for about half its length or sometimes only at the base in a turbinate or
cup-shaped thin cup light brown and pubescent on the inner surface, reddish brown and
hoary-pubescent on the outer surface roughened or tuberculate, especially toward the base,
by small scales thickened and knob-like with nearly triangular free light brown tips.
A tree, usually 60°-70° or occasionally 100° high, with a trunk S°-4° or rarely 6°-7° in
diameter, divided generally 15° or 20° above the ground into large limbs spreading into a
broad open rather irregular head, and stout branchlets green tinged with purple or bronze
color and glabrous or pilose when they first appear, light orange color or reddish brown
during their first winter, becoming dark gray or brown; on dry exposed mountain slopes
306
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
often not more than 20°-30° tall, with a trunk 8'-12' in diameter. Winter-buds ovoid,
acute or acuminate, j'-^' long, with bright chestnut-brown scales pilose toward the apex
and ciliate on the margins. Bark of young stems and small branches thin, smooth, purplish
brown, often lustrous, becoming on old trunks and large limbs f'-l^' thick, dark reddish
brown or nearly black, and divided into broad rounded ridges covered with small closely
appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather tough, close-grained, durable in con-
tact with the soil, largely used for fencing, railway-ties, and fuel. The bark, which is rich
in tannin, is consumed in large quantities in tanning leather.
Distribution. Hillsides and the high rocky banks of streams in rich and deep or some-
times in sterile soil; coast of southern Maine, southern New Hampshire and eastern Massa-
chusetts, southward to Delaware and the District of Columbia, and along the Appalachian
Fig. 280
Mountains and their foothills to northern Georgia (Wilkes County) ; ascending to altitudes
of 4000°-4500°; in Alabama to Perry and Hale Counties; westward to the shores of Lake
Champlain, western New York; southeastern and southern Ohio, and southern Indiana
westward to Orange County (C. C. Deam) and on hills near Elberfeld, Warrick County; and
to central Kentucky and Tennessee, and northeastern Mississippi (Alcorn, Prentiss and
Tishomingo Counties); rare and local in New England and Ontario; abundant on the
banks of the lower Hudson River and on the Appalachian hills from southern New York
to Alabama; most common and of its largest size on the lower slopes of the mountains of the
Carolinas and Tennessee, here often forming a large part of the forest.
X Quercus Sargentii Rehd. believed to be a hybrid of Quercus montana and the Euro-
pean Q. robur L., has been growing for nearly a hundred years at what is now Holm Lea,
Brookline, Norfolk County, Massachusetts.
54. Quercus Muehlenbergii Engelm. Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak.
Quercus acuminata Sarg.
Leaves usually crowded at the ends of the branches, oblong-lanceolate to broadly
obovate, acute or acuminate with a long narrow or with a short broad point, abruptly or
gradually narrowed and cuneate or slightly narrowed and rounded or cordate at base,
equally serrate with acute and often incurved or broad and rounded teeth tipped with
small glandular mucros, or rarely slightly undulate, when they unfold bright bronzy green
and puberulous above, tinged with purple and coated below with pale tomentum, ^
FAGACEiE
307
maturity thick and firm, light yellow-green on the upper surface, pale often silvery white
and covered with short fine pubescence on the lower surface, \'-l' long, V-b' wide, with
a stout yellow midrib and conspicuous primary veins running to the points of the teeth;
turning in the autumn orange color and scarlet; petioles slender \'-\\' in length. Flowers :
staminate in pilose aments 3'-4' long; calyx light yellow, hairy, deeply divided into 5 or
6 lanceolate ciliate segments; pistillate sessile or in short spikes coated like their involucral
scales with thick white tomentum; stigmas bright red. Fruit sessile or raised on a short
stout peduncle, solitary or often in pairs; nut broadly ovoid, narrowed and rounded at
apex, \' to nearly 1' long, light chestnut-brown, inclosed for about half its length in a
thin cup-shaped light brown cup pubescent on the inner, hoary-tomentose on the outer
surface, and covered by small obtuse scales more or less thickened and rounded on the
back toward the base of the cup, the small free red-brown tips of the upper ranks form-
ing a minute fringe-like border to its rim; seed sweet and sometimes edible.
Fig. 281
A tree, 80°-100°, occasionally 160° high, with a tall straight trunk 3°-4° in diameter above
the broad and often buttressed base, comparatively small branches forming a narrow
shapely round-topped head, and slender branchlets, green more or less tinged with red co-
purple, pilose when they first appear, light orange color or reddish brown during their first
winter, and ultimately gray or brown; east of the Alleghany Mountains and on dry hills
often not more than 20°-30° tall. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, \'-\' long, with chestnut-
brown scales white and scarious on the margins. Bark rarely \' thick, broken on the sur-
face into thin loose silvery white scales sometimes slightly tinged with brown. Wood
heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, durable, with thin light-colored sap wood; largely
used in cooperage, for wheels, fencing, and railway-ties.
Distribution. Gardner's Island, Lake Champlain, Vermont, western Massachusetts
and Connecticut, near Newberg, Orange County, New York, westward through New York,
southern Ontario and southern Michigan and western Wisconsin to northern Iowa, south-
eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and Oklahoma to the valley of the Washita River (Gar-
vin County) and to the Devil's Canon near Hinton (Caddo County) and southward in
the Atlantic states to the District of Columbia, eastern Virginia; sparingly on the east-
ern foothills of the Blue Ridge in North and South Carolina at altitudes between 1000" and
2000°; in central Tennessee and Kentucky, central and northeastern Georgia, western Flor-
ida, and through the Gulf states to .the valley of the Guadalupe River, Texas; on the Guada-
lupe Mountains, Texas, and on the Capitan Mountains, New Mexico (Lincoln County);
rare and comparatively local in the Atlantic states, usually on limestone soil; very abundant
in the Mississippi basin, growing on ridges, dry flinty hills, deep rich bottom-lands and the
308 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
rocky banks of streams; probably of its largest size on the lower Wabash River and its
tributaries in southern Indiana and Illinois; on the Edwards Plateau (Kemble, Kerr,
Uvalde, Bandera and Real Counties), Texas, a form occurs with nuts sometimes Ij' long
with deeper cups up to 1' in diameter (var. Brayi Sarg.).
Section 2. Flowers unisexual {usually perfect in Ulmus); calyx regular;
stamens as many as its lobes and opposite them; ovary superior, 1-celled
(rarely 2-celled in Ulmus); seed 1.
XI. ULMACEJE.
Trees, with watery juice, scaly buds, terete branchlets prolonged by an upper lateral
bud, and alternate simple serrate pinnately veined deciduous stalked 2-ranked leaves un-
equal and often oblique at base, conduplicate in the bud, their stipules usually fugaceous.
Flowers perfect or monoeciously polygamous, clustered, or the pistillate sometimes soli-
tary; calyx 4-9-parted or lobed; stamens 4-6; filaments straight; anthers introrse, 2-celled,
opening longitudinally; ovary usually 1-celled; ovule solitary, suspended from the apex
of the cell, anatropous or amphitropous; styles 2. Fruit a samara, nut, or drupe; albu-
men little or none; embryo straight or curved; cotyledons usually flat or conduplicate.
Five of the thirteen genera of the Elm family occur in North America. Of these four are
represented by trees.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.
Fruit a dry samara, or nut-like.
Flowers perfect; fruit a samara. 1. Ulmus.
Flowers polygamo-monoecious ; fruit nut-like, tuberculate. 2. Planera.
Fruit drupaceous.
Pistillate flowers usually solitary. 3. Celtis.
Pistillate flowers in dichotomous cymes. 4. Trema.
1. ULMUS L. Elm.
Trees, or rarely shrubs, with deeply furrowed bark, branchlets often furnished with
corky wings, and buds with numerous ovate rounded chestnut-brown scales closely
imbricated in two ranks, increasing in size from without inward, the inner accrescent,
replacing the stipules of the first leaves, deciduous, marking the base of the branchlet
with persistent ring-like scars. Leaves simply or doubly serrate; stipules linear, lan-
ceolate to obovate, entire, free or connate at base, scarious, inclosing the leaf in the bud,
caducous. Flowers from axillary buds near the ends of the branches similar to but larger
than the leaf-buds, the outer scales sterile, the inner bearing flowers and rarely leaves.
Flowers perfect, jointed on slender bibracteolate pedicels from the axils of linear acute
scarious bracts, in pedunculate or subsessile fascicles or cymes sometimes becoming race-
mose, appearing in early spring before the leaves in the axils of those of the previous year,
or autumnal in the axils of leaves of the year; calyx campanulate, 5-9-lobed, membranaceous,
marcescent; stamens 5 or 6 inserted under the ovary; filaments filiform or slightly flat-
tened, erect in the bud, becoming exserted; anthers oblong, emarginate, and subcordate;
ovary sessile or stipitate, compressed, crowned by a simple deeply 2-lobed style, the
spreading lobes papillo-stigmatic on the inner face, usually 1-celled by abortion, rarely
2-celled; ovule amphitropous; micropyle extrorse, superior. Fruit an ovoid or oblong, often
oblique, sessile or stipitate samara surrounded at base by the remnants of the calyx, the
seminal cavity compressed, slightly thickened on the margin, chartaceous, produced into
a thin reticulate-venulose membranaceous light brown broad or rarely narrow wing naked
or ciliate on the margin, tipped with the remnants of th? persistent style, or more or
I
ULMACE^ 309
less deeply notched at apex, and often marked by the thickened line of the union of the
two carpels. Seed ovoid, compressed, without albumen, marked on the ventral edge by
the thin raphe; testa membranaceous, light or dark chestnut-brown, of two coats, rarely
produced into a narrow wing; embryo erect; cotyledons flat or slightly convex, much
longer than the superior radicle turned toward the oblong linear pale hilum.
Ulmus, with eighteen or twenty species, is widely distributed through the boreal and
temperate regions of the northern hemisphere with the exception of western North Amer-
ica, reaching in the New World the mountains of southern Mexico and in the Old World
the Sikkim Himalaya, western China, and Japan. Of the exotic species, Ulmus procera
Salisb., the so-called English Elm, and Ulmus glabra, Huds., the Scotch Elm, and several of
its varieties, have been largely planted for shade and ornament in the north Atlantic
states, where old and large specimens of the former can be seen, especially in the neighbor-
hood of Boston.
Ulmus produces heavy, hard, tough, light-colored wood, often diflficult to split. The
tough inner bark of some of the species is made into ropes or woven into coarse cloth, and
in northern China nourishing mucilaginous food is prepared from the inner bark.
Ulmus is the classical name of the Elm-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Flowers vernal, appearing before the leaves.
Flowers on slender drooping pedicels; fruit ciliate on the margins.
Wing of the fruit broad.
Bud-scales and fruit glabrous; branchlets destitute of corky wings; leaves obovate-
oblong to elliptic, usually smooth on the upper, soft-pubescent on the lower
surface. 1. U. americana (A, C).
Bud-scales puberulous; branches often furnished with corky wings; fruit hirsute;
leaves obovate to oblong, smooth on the upper, soft-pubescent on the lower
surface. 2. U. racemosa (A).
Wing of the fruit narrow; bud-scales glabrous or slightly puberulous; branchlets
usually furnished with broad corky wings; fruit hirsute, leaves ovate-oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, smooth on the upper, soft-pubescent on the lower surface.
3. U. alata (A, C).
Flowers on short pedicels; fruit naked on the margins; bud-scales coated with rusty
hairs; fruit pubescent; leaves ovate-oblong, scabrous on the upper, pubescent on
the lower surface. 4. U. fulva (A, C).
Flowers autumnal, appearing in the axils of leaves of the year; branchlets furnished with
corky wings; fruit hirsute.
Bud-scales puberulous; flowers on short pedicels; leaves ovate, scabrous on the
upper, soft-pubescent on the lower surface. 5. U. crassifolia (C).
Bud-scales glabrous; flowers on long pedicels; leaves oblong to oblong-obovate,
acuminate, glabrous on the upper, pale and puberulous on the lower surface.
6. U. serotina (C).
1. Ulmus americana L. White Elm.
Ulmus floridana Chapm.
Leaves obovate-oblong to elliptic, abruptly narrowed at apex into a long point, full and
rounded at base on one side and shorter and cuneate on the other, coarsely doubly serrate
with slightly incurved teeth, when they unfold coated below with pale pubescence and
pilose above with long scattered white hairs, at maturity 4'-6' long, I'-S' wide, dark green
and glabrous or scarbate above, pale and soft-pubescent or sometimes glabrous below,
with a narrow pale midrib and numerous slender straight primary veins running to the
points of the teeth and connected by fine cross veinlets; turning bright clear yellow in the
autumn before falling; petioles stout, \' in length; stipules linear-lanceolate, |'-2' long.
Flowers on long slender drooping pedicels sometimes 1' in length, in 3 or 4-flowered short-
310
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
stalked fascicles; calyx irregularly divided into 7-9 rounded lobes ciliate on the margins,
often somewhat oblique, puberulous on the outer surface, green tinged with red above the
middle; anthers bright red; ovary light green, ciliate on the margins with long white hairs;
styles light green. Fruit on long pedicels in crowded clusters, ripening as the leaves unfold,
ovoid to obovoid-oblong, slightly stipitate, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, Y long,
ciliate on the margins, the sharp points of the wings incurved and inclosing the deep notch.
A tree, sometimes 100°-120° high, with a tall trunk 6''-ll° in diameter, frequently en-
larged at the base by great buttresses, occasionally rising with a straight undivided shaft
to the height of 60°-80° and separating into short spreading branches, more commonly
divided 30°-40° from the ground into numerous upright limbs gradually spreading and
forming an inversely conic round-topped head of long graceful branches, often 100"* or
rarely 150° in diameter, and slender branchlets frequently fringing the trunk and its prin-
cipal divisions, light green and coated at first with soft pale pubescence, becoming in their
first winter light reddish brown, glabrous or sometimes puberulous and marked by scat-
Fig. 282
tered pale lenticels, and by large elevated semiorbicular leaf-scars showing the ends of three
large equidistant fibro-vascular bundles, later becoming dark reddish brown and finally
ashy gray. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, slightly flattened, about |' long, with broadly
ovate rounded light chestnut-brown glabrous scales, the inner bright green, ovate, acute,
becoming on vigorous shoots often nearly 1' in length. Bark I'-l^' thick, ashy gray, di-
vided by deep fissures into broad ridges separating on the surface into thin appressed scales.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, difficult to split, coarse-grained, light brown, with thick
somewhat lighter colored sap wood; largely used for the hubs of wheels, saddle-trees, in
flooring and cooperage, and in boat and shipbuilding.
Distribution. River-bottom lands, intervales, low rich hills, and the banks of streams;
southern Newfoundland to the northern shores of Lake Superior and the headwaters of
the Saskatchewan, southward to the neighborhood of Lake Istokpoga, De Soto County,
Florida, westward in the United States to the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota, the
Black Hills of South Dakota, western Nebraska, central Kansas and Oklahoma, and the
valley of the upper Colorado River (Fort Chadbourne, Coke County), Texas; very com-
mon northward, less abundant and of smaller size southward; abundant on the banks of
streams flowing through the midcontinental plateau.
Largely planted as an ornamental and shade tree in the northern slates, and rarely in
western and northern Europe.
ULMACEiE
311
2. Ulmus racemosa Thomas. Rock Elm. Cork Elm.
Vlmus Thomasii Sarg.
Leaves obovate to oblong-oval, rather abruptly narrowed at apex into a short broad
pomt, equally or somewhat unequally rounded, cuneate or subcordate at base, and coarsely
doubly serrate, when they unfold pilose on the upper surface and covered on the lower
with soft white hairs, at maturity 2'-2^' long, |'-1' wide, thick and firm, smooth, dark green
and lustrous above, paler and soft-pubescent below, especially on the stout midrib and the
numerous straight veins running to the point of the teeth and connected by obscure cross
veinlets; turning in the autumn bright clear yellow; petioles pubescent, about \' in length;
stipules ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously veined, light green, marked with dark red on the
margins above the middle, f ' long, clasping the stem by their abruptly enlarged cordate
base conspicuously dentate with 1-3 prominent teeth on each side, falling when the leaves
are half grown. Flowers on elongated slender drooping pedicels often |' long, in 1-^, usu-
Fig. 283
ally in 3-flowered, puberulous cymes becoming more or less racemose by the lengthening
of the axis of the inflorescence, and when fully grown sometimes 2' in length; calyx green,
divided nearly to the middle into 7 or 8 rounded dark red scarious lobes; anthers dark
purple; ovary coated with long pale hairs most abundant on the margiiis; styles light green.
Fruit ripening when the leaves are about half grown, ovoid or obovoid-oblong, Y long,
with a shallow open notch at the apex, obscurely veined, pale pubescent, ciliate on the
slightly thickened border of the broad wing, the margin of the seminal cavity scarcely
thickened.
A tree, 80°-100° high, with a trunk occasionally 3° in diameter, and often free of branches
for 60°, short stout spreading branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender
rigid branchlets, light brown when they first appear, and coated with soft pale pubes-
cence often persistent until their second season, becoming light reddish brown, puberulous
or glabrous and lustrous in their first winter, and marked by scattered oblong lenticels and
large orbicular or semiorbicular leaf-scars displaying an irregular row of 4-6 fibro-vascular
bundle-scars, ultimately dark brown or ashy gray, and usually furnished with 3 or 4 thick
corky irregular wings often ^' broad, and beginning to appear in their first or more often
during their second year. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, \' long, with broadly ovate rounded
chestnut-brown scales pilose on the outer surface, ciliate on the margins, the inner scales
becoming ovate-oblong to lanceolate, and Y long, often dentate at the base, with 1 or 2
minute teeth on each side, bright green below the middle, marked with a red blotch above,
and white and scarious at the apex. Bark |'-1' thick, gray tinged with red, and deeply
S12
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
divided by wide irregular interrupted fissures into broad flat ridges broken on the surface
into large irregularly shaped scales. Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, close-
grained, light clear brown often tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sap wood;
largely employed in the manufacture of many agricultural implements, for the framework
of chairs, hubs of wheels, railway-ties, the sills of buildings, and other purposes demanding
toughness, solidity and flexibility.
Distribution. Dry gravelly uplands, low heavy clay soils, rocky slopes and river
cliffs; Province of Quebec westward through Ontario, the southern peninsula of Michi-
gan and central Wisconsin to northeastern Nebraska, western Missouri and eastern Kansas,
and southward to northern New Hampshire, southern Vermont, western New York,
(valley of the Genessee River), northern New Jersey, southern Ohio (near Columbus,
Franklin County), and central Indiana; rare in the east and toward. the extreme west-
ern and southern limits of its range.
Occasionally planted as a shade and ornamental tree in the northern states.
3. Ulmus alata Michx. Wahoo. Winged Elm.
Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, acute or acuminate,
unequally cuneate or rounded or subcordate at base, and coarsely doubly serrate with
Fig. 284
incurved teeth, when they unfold pale green often tinged with red, coated on the lower
surface with soft white pubescence and gliabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, at ma-
turity thick and firm or subcoriaceous, dark green and smooth above, pale and soft-pubes-
cent below, especially on the stout yellow midrib and numerous straight prominent veins
often forked near the margins of the leaf and connected by rather conspicuous reticulate
veinlets; turning yellow in the autumn; their petioles stout, pubescent, Y in length; stipules
linear-obovate, thin and scarious, tinged with red above the middle, often nearly 1' long.
Flowers on drooping pedicels, in short few-flowered fascicles; calyx glabrous and divided
nearly to the middle into 5 broad ovate roimded lobes as long as the hoary-tomentose ovary
raised on a short slender stipe. Fruit ripening before or with the unfolding of the leaves,
oblong, Y in length, contracted at base into a long slender stalk, gradually narrowed and
tipped at apex with long incurved awns, and covered with long white hairs most numer-
ous on the thickened margin of the narrow wing; seed ovoid, pointed, |' long, pale, chest-
nut-brown, slightly thickened into a narrow wing-like margin.
A tree, occasionally 80°-100° but usually not more than 40°-50° high, with a trunk 2°-3°
in diameter, short stout straight or erect branches forming a narrow oblong rather open
ULMACEiE
313
round-topped head, and slender branchlets glabrous or puberulous and light green tinged
with red when they first appear, becoming light reddish brown or ashy gray and glabrous,
or on vigorous individuals frequently pilose in their first winter, marked by occasional
small orange-colored lenticels and by small elevated horizontal semiorbicular leaf-scars,
sometimes naked, more often furnished with usually 2 thin corky wings beginning to grow
during their first or more often during their second season, abruptly arrested at the nodes,
often Y wide, and persistent for many years. Winter-buds slender, acute, |' long, dark
chestnut-brown, with glabrous or puberulous scales, those of the inner ranks becoming
oblong or obovate, rounded and tipped with a minute mucro, thin and scarious, light red,
especially above the middle, and ^' long. Bark rarely exceeding I' in thickness, light
brown tinged with red, and divided by irregular shallow fissures into flat ridges covered by
small closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, difficult to
split, light brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood; sometimes employed for the hubs of
wheels and the handles of tools. Ropes used for fastening the covers of cotton bales are
sometimes made from the inner bark.
Distribution. Usually on dry gravelly , uplands, less commonly in alluvial soil on the
borders of swamps and the banks of streams, and occasionally in inundated swamps;
southeastern Virginia, southwestern Indiana, southern Illinois (Richland and Johnson
Counties) and southern Missouri, and southward to central Florida (Lake County), and
the valley of the Guadalupe River, Texas; ranging westward in Oklahoma to Garfield
County (near Kingfisher, G. W. Stevens).
Often planted as a shade-tree in the streets of towns and villages of the southern states.
4. Ulmus fulva Michx. Slippery Elm. Red Elm.
Leaves ovate-oblong, abruptly contracted into a long slender point, rounded at base
on one side and short-oblique on the other, and coarsely doubly serrate with incurved
Fig. 285
callous-tipped teeth, when they unfold thin, coated below with pale pubescence, pilose
above with scattered white hairs, at maturity thick and firm, dark green and rugose with
crowded sharp-pointed tubercles pointing toward the apex of the leaf above, soft, smooth,
and coated below, especially on the thin midrib and in the axils of the slender straight
veins with white hairs, 5'-7' long, 2'-3' wide; turning a dull yellow color in the autumn;
petioles stout, pubescent, Y in length; stipules obovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, thin
and scarious, pale-pubescent, and tipped with clusters of rusty brown hairs. Flowers on
short pedicels, in crowded fascicles; calyx green, covered with pale hairs, divided into 5-9
S14 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
short rounded thin equal lobes; stamens with slender light yellow slightly flattened fila-
ments and dark red anthers; stigmas slightly exserted, reddish purple, papillose with soft
white hairs. Fruit ripening when the leaves are about half grown, semiorbicular, rounded
and bearing the renmants of the styles or slightly emarginate at apex, rounded or cuneate
at base, |' broad, the seminal cavity coated with thick rusty brown tomentum, the broad
thin wing obscurely reticulate-veined, naked on the thickened margin, and marked by
the dark conspicuous horizontal line of union of the two carpels; seed ovoid, with a large
oblique pale hilum, a light chestnut-brown coat produced into a thin border wider below
than above the middle of the seed.
A tree, 60*^-70° high, with a trunk occasionally 2° in diameter, spreading branches form-
ing a broad open flat-topped head, and stout branchlets bright green, scabrate, and coated
with soft pale pubescence when they first appear, becoming light brown by midsummer,
often roughened by small pale lenticels, and in their first winter ashy gray, orange
color or light red-brown, and marked by large elevated semiorbicular leaf-scars showing
the ends of 3 conspicuous equidistant fibro-vascular bundles, ultimately dark gray or
brown. Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse, I' long, with about 12 scales, the outer broadly ovate,
rounded, dark chestnut-brown, and covered by long scattered rusty hairs, the inner when
fully grown ^' long, ^'-Y wide, light green, strap-shaped, rounded and tipped at the apex
with tufts of rusty hairs, puberulous on the outer surface, sUghtly ciliate on the margins,
gradually growing narrower and passing into the stipules of the upper leaves. Bark
frequently 1' thick, dark brown tinged with red, divided by shallow fissures and covered
by large thick appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, durable,
easy to split, dark brown or red, with thin lighter colored sapwood; largely used for fence-
posts, railway-ties, the sills of buildings, the hubs of wheels, and in agricultural implements.
The thick fragrant inner bark is mucilaginous and demulcent, and is employed in the treat-
ment of acute febrile and inflammatory affections.
Distribution. Banks of streams and low rocky hillsides in deep rich soil; comparatively
common in the valley of the St. Lawrence River, Province of Quebec, and through Ontario
to northern and eastern South Dakota, northeastern and eastern Nebraska, southeastern
Kansas, and Oklahoma to the valley of the Canadian River (McClain County), and south-
ward to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, western Louisiana and the
vaUey of the upper Guadalupe (Kerr County) and Leon Rivers (Comal County), Texas;
in the South Atlantic states not common and mostly confined to the middle districts, as-
cending to altitudes of 2000" on the southern Appalachian foothills.
5. Ulmus crassifolia Nutt. Cedar Elm.
Leaves elliptic to ovate, acute or rounded at apex, imequally rounded or cuneate and of-
ten oblique at base, coarsely and unequally doubly serrate with callous-tipped teeth, when
they unfold thin, light green tinged with red, pilose above and covered below with soft
pale pubescence, at maturity thick and subcoriaceous, dark green, lustrous and roughened
by crowded minute sharp-pointed tubercles on the upper surface and soft pubescent on
the lower surface, l'-2' long, |'-1' wide, with a stout yellow midrib, and prominent straight
veins connected by conspicuous more or less reticulate cross veinlets; usually turning bright
yellow late in the autumn; petioles stout, tomentose, |'-^' in length; stipules ^' long,
linear-lanceolate, red and scarious above, clasping the stem by their green and hairy bases,
deciduous when the leaves are about half grown. Flowers usually opening in August and
sometimes also in October, on slender pedicels Y~¥ long and covered with white hairs,
in 3-5-flowered pedunculate fascicles; calyx divided to below the middle into oblong pointed
lobes hairy at base; ovary hirsute, crowned with two short slightly exserted stigmas.
Fruit ripening in September and rarely also in November, oblong, gradually and often irregu-
larly narrowed from the middle to the ends, short-stalked, deeply notched at apex, Y to
nearly ^' long, covered with soft white hairs, most abundant on the slightly thickened mar-
gin of the broad wing; seed oblique, pointed, and covered by a dark chestnut-brown coat.
A tree, often 80° high, with a tall straight trunk 2°-3° in diameter, sometimes free of
ULMACE^
315
branches for 30° or 40°, divided into numerous stout spreading limbs forming a broad in-
versely conic round-topped head of long pendulous branches, or while young or on dry up-
lands a compact round head of drooping branches, and slender branchlets, tinged with red
and coated with soft pale pubescence when they first appear, becoming light reddish
brown, puberulous and marked by scattered minute lenticels and by small elevated semi-
orbicular leaf-scars showing the ends of 3 small fibro-vascular bundles, and furnished with
2 corky wings covered with lustrous brown bark, about j broad and continuous except when
abruptly interrupted by lateral branchlets, or often irregularly developed. Winter-buds
broadly ovoid, acute, |' long, with closely imbricated chestnut-brown scales slightly puberu-
Fig.286
lous on the outer surface, those of the inner ranks at maturity oblong, concave, rounded at
apex, thin, bright red, sometimes f ' long. Bark sometimes nearly 1' thick, light brown
slightly tinged with red, and deeply divided by interrupted fissures into broad flat ridges
broken on the surface into thick scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, light brown
tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sap wood; in central Texas used in the manufac-
ture of the hubs of wheels, for furniture, and largely for fencing.
Distribution. Valley of the Sunflower River, Mississippi (Moorhead, Sunflower
County), and western Louisiana (very common in Rayville, Natchitoches Parish {R. S.
Cocks), through southern Arkansas, and Texas to Nuevo Leon, ranging in western Texas
from the coast to the valley of the Pecos River; in Arkansas usually on river cliffs and low
hillsides, and in Texas near streams in deep alluvial soil and on dry limestone hills; the
common Elm-tree of Texas and of its largest size on the bottom-lands of the Guadalupe
and Trinity Rivers.
OccasionaUy planted as a shade-tree in the streets of the cities and towns of Texas.
6. Ulmus serotina Sarg. Red Elm.
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, acuminate, very oblique at base, coarsely and doubly
crenulate-serrate, when they unfold coated below with shining white hairs and puberulous
above, at maturity thin and firm in texture, yellow-green, glabrous and lustrous on the up-
per surface, pale and puberulous on the midrib and principal veins below, 2'-4' long, I'-
ll' wide, with a prominent yellow midrib, about 20 pairs of primary veins extending
obliquely to the points of the teeth and often forked near the margins of the leaf, and
numerous reticular veinlets; turning clear orange-yellow in the autumn ; petioles stout, about
I' in length; stipules abruptly narrowed from broad clasping bases, linear-lanceolate, usu-
ally about i' Ion/;, persistent until the leaves are nearly fully grown. Flowers opening in
316
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
September on slender conspicuously jointed pedicels often |' long, in many-flowered gla-
brous racemes from I'-l^' in length; calyx 6-parted to the base, with oblong-obovate red-
brown divisions rounded at apex; ovary sessile, narrowed below, villose. Fruit ripening
early in November, stipitate, oblong-elliptic, deeply divided at apex, fringed on the mar-
gins with long silvery white hairs, about ^ long.
A tree, 50°-G0° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, comparatively small spreading
or pendulous branches often forming a broad handsome head, and slender pendulous
branchlets glabrous or occasionally puberulous when they first appear, brown, lustrous,
and marked by occasional oblong white lenticels during their first year, becoming darker
Fig. 287
the following season and ultimately dark gray-brown, and often furnished with 2 or 3
thick corky wings developed during their second or third years. Winter-buds ovoid,
acute, Y long, their outer scales oblong-obovate, dark chestnut-brown, glabrous, the inner
often scarious on the margins, pale yellow-green, lustrous and sometimes f ' long when fully
grown. Bark i'-f thick, light brown slightly tinged with red, and divided by shallow fis-
sures into broad flat ridges broken on the surface into large thin closely appressed scales.
Wood^hard, close-grained, very strong and tough, light red-brown, with pale yellow sap-
wood.
Distribution. Limestone hills and river banks; rare and local; eastern (near Pikeville,
Pike County) and southern Kentucky (Bowling Green, Warren County); banks of the
Cumberland River, near Clarksville and Nashville, Tennessee; northeastern Georgia (cliffs
of the Coosa River, near Rome, Floyd County) ; northern Alabama (Madison, Jefferson
and Tuscaloosa Counties); valley of the Arkansas River (near Van Buren, Crawford
County, G. M. Brown) and northwestern Arkansas (Sulphur Springs, Benton County, and
Boston Mountains near Jasper, Newton County, E. J. Palmer) ; eastern Oklahoma (near
Muskogee, Muskogee County, B. H. Slavin); southwestern (Grand Tower, Jackson
County, H. A.Gleason) and southern Illinois (Richland County, R. Ridgway).
Occasionally planted as a shade-tree in the streets of cities in northern Georgia and
northern Alabama; hardy in eastern Massachusetts. ,
2. PLANERA Gmel.
A tree, with scaly puberulous branchlets roughened by scattered pale lenticels, and
at the end of their first season by small nearly orbicular leaf-scars marked by a row of
fibro-vascular bundle-scars, minute subglobose winter-buds covered by numerous thin
ULMACEiE 317
closely imbricated chestnut-brown scales, the outer more or less scarious on the margins,
the inner accrescent, becoming at maturity ovate-oblong, scarious, bright red, |'-^' long,
marking in falling the base of the branchlet with pale ring-like scars. Leaves alternate,
2-ranked, ovate-oblong, acute or rounded at the narrowed apex, unequally cuneate or
rounded at base, coarsely crenately serrate with unequal gland-tipped teeth, with numerous
straight conspicuous veins forked near the margin and connected by cross reticulate vein-
lets more conspicuous below than above, when they unfold puberulous on the lower and
pilose on the upper surface, at maturity thick or subcoriaceous and scabrate; petiolate with
slender terete puberulous petioles; stipules lateral, free, ovate, scarious, bright red. Flowers
polygamo-moncecious, the staminate fascicled in the axils of the outer scales of leaf-bear-
ing buds, short-pedicellate, the pistillate or perfect on elongated puberulous pedicels in the
axils of the leaves of the year in 1-3-flowered fascicles; pedicels without bracts; calyx
campanulate, divided nearly to the base into 4 or 5 lobes rounded at apex, greenish yellow
often tinged with red; stamens inserted under the ovary in the pistillate flower, sometimes
few or 0; filaments filiform, erect, exserted; anthers broadly ovate, emarginate, cordate;
ovary ovoid, stipitate, glandular-tuberculate, narrowed into a short style divided into 2
elongated reflexed stigmas papillo-stigmatic on the inner face, 0 in the staminate flower;
ovule anatropous; micropyle extrorse, superior. Fruit an oblong oblique drupe, narrowed
below into a short stipe, inclosed at the base by the withered calyx, crowned by the rem-
nants of the style, its pericarp crustaceous, prominently ribbed on the anterior and pos-
terior faces, irregularly tuberculate with elongated projections, and light chestnut-brown;
seed ovoid, oblique, pointed at apex, rounded below, without albumen; testa thin, lustrous,
dark brown or nearly black, of two coats; raphe inconspicuous; embryo erect; cotyledons
thick, unequalj bright orange color, the apex of the larger hooded and slightly infolding
the smaller, much longer than the minute radicle turned toward the linear pale hilum.
The genus is represented by a single species.
The generic name is in memory of Johann Jacob Planer, a German botanist and physician
of the eighteenth century.
1. Planera aquatica Gmel. Water Elm.
Leaves 2'-2|' long, f '-1' wide, on petioles varying from |'-|' in length, dark dull green
on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, with a yellow midrib and veins. Flowers
appearing with the leaves. Fruit ripening in April, |' long.
Fig. 288
A tree, 30°-40° high, with a short trunk rarely exceeding 20' in diameter, rather slender
spreading branches forming a low broad head, and branchlets brown tinged with red when
318 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
they first appear, dark red in their first winter, and ultimately reddish brown or ashy
gray. Bark about j thick, light brown or gray, separating into large scales disclosing in
falling the red-brown inner bark. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, light brown,
with thick nearly white sap wood of 20-30 layers of annual growth .
Distribution. Swamps covered with water during several months of the year, or low
river banks; valley of the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, southward to northern Florida
(Bradford County) and westward usually not far from the coast through the Gulf states
to the valleys of the Navasota (Brazos County) and of the Colorado (Matagorda County)
Rivers, Texas, and northward through western Louisiana, eastern Oklahoma, and Arkan-
sas to southeastern Missouri, northeastern Mississippi (near luka, Tishomingo County,
T. G. Harbison), northern Kentucky (Henderson County), and the valley of the lower
Wabash River, Illinois; comparatively rare and confined to the coast plain in the Atlan-
tic states; abundant and of its largest size in western Louisiana and southern Arkansas.
3. CELTIS L.
Trees or shrubs, with thin, smooth often more or less muricate bark, unarmed or spinose
branchlets, and scaly buds. Leaves serrate or entire, 3-nerved in one species, membrana-
ceous or subcoriaceous, deciduous; stipules lateral, free, usually scarious, inclosing their
leaf in the bud, caducous. Flowers polygamo-monoecious or rarely monoecious, appearing
soon after the unfolding of the leaves, minute, pedicellate, on branches of the year, the
staminate cymose or fascicled at their base, the pistillate solitary or in few-flowered fas-
cicles from the axils of upper leaves; calyx divided nearly to the base into 4 or 5 lobes,
greenish yellow, deciduous; stamens inserted on the margin of the discoid torus; filaments
subulate, incurved in the bud, those of the sterile flower straightening themselves abruptly
and becoming erect and exserted, shorter and remaining incurved in the perfect flower;
anthers ovoid, attached on the back just above the emarginate base; ovary ovoid, sessile,
green and lustrous, crowned with a short sessile style divided into diverging elongated
reflexed acuminate entire lobes papillo-stigmatic on the inner face and mature before the
anthers of the sterile flower, deciduous; minute and rudimentary in the staminate flower;
ovule anatropous. Fruit an ovoid or globose drupe tipped with the remnants of the style,
with thin flesh covered by a thick firm skin, and a thick-walled bony nutlet, reticulate-
pitted in the American species. Seed filling the seminal cavity ; albumen scanty, gelatinous,
nearly inclosed between the folds of the cotyledons, or 0; testa membranaceous, of 2 con-
fluent coats; chalaza colored, close to the minute hilum; embryo curved; cotyledons broad,
foliaceous, conduplicate or rarely flat, variously folded, corrugate, incumbent, or inclosing
the short superior ascending radicle.
Celtis is widely distributed through the temperate and tropical regions of the world,
fifty or sixty species being distinguished.
Trees of the American species are often disfigured by gall-making insects which distort
the buds and cause the production of dark broom-like clusters of short slender branchlets
at the end of the branches.
Celtis was the classical name of a species of Lotus.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Fruit on pedicels much longer than the petioles.
Leaves not covered below with conspicuous reticulate veinlets, green on both surfaces,
smooth or rough above; fruit dark purple. 1. C. occidei^talis.
Leaves covered below with a network of prominent veinlets, usually rough above.
Leaves pale on the lower surface.
Leaves broadly ovate, obliquely rounded at base, coarsely serrate, glabrous or
slightly pilose below along the midrib and veins; fruit light orange-brown, the
pedicels often 3 or 4 times longer than the petioles. 2. C. DouglasiL
ULMACEiE
319
Leaves oblong-ovate, mostly cordate or occasionally rounded at base, entire or
slightly serrate toward the apex, covered below with pilose pubescence; fruit
dark reddish brown, the pedicels usually not more than twice as long as the
petioles. 3. C. Lindjieimeri.
Leaves green on the lower surface, broadly ovate, obliquely rounded at base, entire,
pubescent along the midrib and veins below, rarely smooth on the upper surface;
fruit dark OTange-red, the pedicels usually not more than twice as long as the
petioles. 4. C. reticulata.
Fruit on pedicels shorter or only slightly longer than the petioles.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate, unsymmetrically cuneate at base, often fal-
cate, entire or more or less serrate, smooth or rarely roughened on the upper sur-
face; fruit orange color or yellow, the pedicels shorter or somewhat longer than the
petioles. 5. C. laevigata.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, obliquely rounded at base, coarsely serrate
or nearly entire, smooth or in var. georgiana roughened on the upper surface; fruit
dark orange red, the pedicels usually shorter than the petioles. 6. C. ptunila.
1. Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberry. Sugarberry.
Leaves ovate, short-acuminate or acute at apex, obliquely rounded at base, sharply
serrate often only above the middle, thin, slightly pubescent below on the slender midrib
and veins early in the season, becoming glabrous or nearly glabrous, 2|'-3|' long, l|'-2'
wide; turning yellow late in the autumn; petioles slender, glabrous, i'-|' in length. Flow-
ers on drooping pedicels; calyx divided usually into 5 linear acute thin and scarious lobes
rounded on the back, more or less laciniately cut, and often furnished with a tuft of pale
hairs at apex; torus hoary-tomentose. Fruit on stems |'-f' long, ripening in September
and October and often remaining on the branches during the winter, subglobose, ovoid
or obovoid, dark purple, |' in diameter, with a thick tough skin, dark orange-colored flesh
and a thick-walled oblong pointed light brown slightly rugose nutlet; seed pale brown.
A tree, rarely more than 40°-50° high with a trunk usually not more than 2° in diameter,
spreading often pendulous branches forming a round-topped head, and slender ridged light
brown glabrous branchlets marked by oblong pale lenticels, and by horizontal semioval or
oblong leaf-scars showing the ends of three fibre-vascular bundles, becoming darker and in
their second or third year often dark red-brown. Winter-buds ovoid, pointed, flattened,
about Y long, with three pairs of chestnut-brown ovate acute pubescent caducous scales
closely imbricated in two ranks, increasing in size from without inward. Bark l'-l|'
320
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
thick, smooth, dark brown, and more or less thickly covered and roughened by irregular
wart-like excrescences or by long ridges also found on the large branches. Wood heavy,
rather soft, not strong, coarse-grained, clear light yellow, with thick lighter-colored sap-
wood; used for fencing and in the manufacture of cheap furniture.
Distribution. Rocky hills and ridges; New England (rare) to Virginia and westward
to Iowa, eastern North Dakota, southwestern Missouri and northwestern Kansas.
Often plantsed in some of its forms as a shade and ornamental tree in the towns of the
Mississippi valley and occasionally in the eastern states and in Europe.
Well distinguished by its large dark fruit, Celtis occidentalis is so variable in the shape of
its leaves that two principal varieties are described as follows :
Celtis occidentalis var. canina Sarg. Hackberry.
Celtis canina Raf .
Leaves oblong-ovate, gradually narrowed into a long acuminate point, obliquely rounded
or unsymmetrically cuneate at base, finely serrate, glabrous or rarely pilose along the
midrib and veins below, 2^'-6' long and |'-2§' wide; petioles slender, glabrous or rarely
pubescent, |'-
Fig. 290
A tree, often 80°-100° high; more common than the other forms of Celtis occidentalis.
Distribution. Rich wooded slopes and bottoms, or eastward on rocky ridges; Province
of Quebec to eastern Nebraska, and southward to the coast of Massachusetts, western
New York, southern Ohio, southern Indiana and Illinois, southwestern Missouri, south-
western Oklahoma (Snyder, Kiowa County), and in northwestern Georgia.
Celtis occidentalis var. crassifolia A. Gray. Hackberry.
Celtis crassifolia Lam.
Leaves thicker, long-acuminate, obliquely rounded at base, usually more coarsely ser-
rate, rarely nearly entire, rough on the upper surface, pilose below along the prominent
midrib and veins, 3^'-5' long, 2'-2|' wide, much smaller in the Rocky Mountain region;
petioles villose-pubescent, rarely glabrous, l'-^' in length, much shorter than the pubescent
pedicels of the fruit.
A tree, 100°-120° high; with pubescent or glabrous branchlets; rarely shrubby. The
most widely distributed form of Celtis occidentalis.
Distribution. Wooded slopes and rich bottoms; Virginia and along the Appalachian
Mountains to North Carolina and westward to southern Minnesota, Missouri, central
ULMACEiE
321
Kansas, eastern and northwestern Oklahoma, central Nebraska, North and South Da-
kota, canons of the Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming, and northwestern Idaho, and south-
ward to Dallas County, Alabama, and eastern Texas.
Fig. 291
Often cultivated in towns of the Mississippi Valley and in western Europe, and occa-
sionally in the eastern states.
2. Celtis Douglasii Plan. Hackberry.
Celtis rugulosa Rydb.
Leaves broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, acuminate, obliquely rounded or unsymmetrically
subcordate at base, coarsely serrate, rough on the upper surface, pale and covered below
Fig. 292
with a network of reticulate veinlets inconspicuous early in the season, later becoming
prominent, glabrous or sparingly pilose along the under side of the stout midrib and pri-
322
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
mary veins, 2'-2|' long, l'-2' wide; petioles stout, slightly pubescent, I'-Y in length.
Flowers on slender pubescent pedicels; calyx divided into five linear acute scarious lobea
laciniately cut at apex; torus hoary-tomentose. Fruit on slender drooping slightly pu-
bescent or glabrous pedicels, Y~¥ in length, subglobose to ellipsoid, light orange-brown,
lustrous, Y in diameter.
A small tree or shrub rarely more than 20' high, with slender slightly pubescent or gla-
brous red-brown branchlets marked by small pale lenticels, becoming ashy gray in their
second or third year. Bark rough, red-brown or gray.
Distribution. Dry hillsides and rocky river banks; eastern Oregon from the valley of
the Deschutes and Columbia Rivers to the canon of Snake River, Whitman County,
Washington, and to Big Willow Creek, Canon County, western Idaho; on the western foot-
hills of the Wasatch Mountains, in the canon of Grand River, and in Diamond Valley,
Utah; southern California, near Independence, Inyo County, Hackberry Canon, Kern
County, and Things Valley at base of Lagima Mountain, near Campo, southern San
Diego County; on Cedros Island, and in northern Lower California; rim of the Grand
Canon, Arizona, and on the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.
Occasionally planted in the towns of western Washington, and when cultivated said to
grow in good soil into a larger and more shapely tree with thinner leaves.
3. Celtis Lindheimeri K. Koch. Palo Blanco.
Celtis Helleri Small.
Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate or acute, cordate or obliquely cordate or rounded at
base, entire, or crenately serrate on vigorous shoots, rough above, pale and clothed below
with white hairs, becoming by midsummer thick and covered below with a conspicuous
network of reticulate veinlets, l|'-3' long, f'-2' wide; petioles densely villose-pubescent.
Fig. 293
|'-|' in length
Flowers opening toward the end of March on pubescent pedicels; calyx
divided into five oblong scarious lobes narrowed and rounded at apex; torus tomentose.
Fruit on slender tomentose stems j'-f ' long, ripening in September and persistent on the
branches until spring, subglobose to ellipsoid, dark reddish brown, lustrous, j' in diameter.
XJLMACEiB 323
A tree, occasionally 30° high, with a trunk rarely more than 12'-18' in diameter, stout
spreading branches forming a broad open irregular head, and slender pubescent branch-
lets roughened by numerous small lenticels, becoming darker and glabrous in their second
season. Bark of the trunk and large branches dark and covered with high thick wart-like
excrescences and ridges. Wood not strong nor dm-able, of little value even for fuel.
Distribution. Rich bottom-lands and on low adjacent hills of streams flowing south-
ward from the Edward's Plateau (Goliad, San Antonio, New Braunfels, San Marcos) and
near Austin, Travis County, Texas.
4. Celtis reticulata Torr. Hackberry.
Leaves broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, obliquely rounded at base, entire, thick,
dark green and rough or rarely smooth on the upper surface, yellow-green and conspicu-
ously reticulate-venulose and sparingly pilose along the prominent midrib and veins on
Fig. 294
the lower siu'face, l|'-3' long, f'-l|' wide; petioles stout, l'-\' in length, more or less
densely pubescent. Flowers not seen. Fruit on pubescent pedicels Y-^' in length, ripen-
ing in September, subglobose to ellipsoid, orange-red or yellow, lustrous, I' in diameter.
A tree, rarely 30° high with stout ascending branches forming an open irregular head,
and slender red-brown branchlets tomentose or pubescent early in their first season and
pubescent or glabrous in their second year; or often a shrub. Bark thick and rough.
Distribution. Dry limestone hillsides, rocky ridges and canon slopes, western Texas,
from the valley of the upper Rio Frio, Uvalde County, to Oklahoma (Ozark region, near
Page, Le Flore County to the southwestern borders of the state); in mountain ravines
through southern New Mexico, and in southern central and northeastern Arizona.
A variety with more pubescent serrate leaves, those on vigorous shoots mostly cordate
at base and covered above with short white hairs, is distinguished as var. vestita Sarg.
A small tree with slender pubescent branchlets and a trunk 12'-15' in diameter. In low
ground, along the North Fork of the Canadian River, near Canton, Blaine County, Okla-
homa.
5. Celtis laevigata Willd. Sugarberry. Hackberry.
Celtis mississippiensis Spach.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed and acuminate at apex, unsynunetrically
rounded or cuneate or obliquely cuneate at base, often falcate, entire or furnished with a
few teeth near the apex or serrate (var. Smallii Sarg.), thin, smooth, glabrous or rarely
rough above, light green on both surfaces, 2|'-5' long and i'-l|' wide, with a narrow yellow
324
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
midrib, slender veins arcuate and united near the margins, and inconspicuous reticulate
veinlets; petioles slender, glabrous, j-Y in length. Flowers on slender glabrous pedicels;
calyx divided into five ovate-lanceolate glabrous or puberulous scarious lobes furnished
at apex with tufts of long white hairs. Fruit on glabrous pedicels shorter or slightly longer
than the petioles, ripening in September, short-oblong to ellipsoid or obovoid, orange-
red or yellow, \' in diameter; nutlet slightly rugose.
Fig. 295
A tree, 60°-80° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, spreading or pendulous branches
forming a broad head, and slender branchlets light green, glabrous or pubescent when they
first appear, and during their first winter bright reddish brown, rather lustrous and marked
by oblong pale lenticels and narrow elevated horizontal leaf-scars showing the ends of
three fibro-vascular bundles; often much smaller. Winter-buds ovoid, pointed, xV'-l'
long, with chestnut-brown puberulous scales. Bark I'-f thick, pale gray and covered with
prominent excrescences. Wood soft, not strong, close-grained, light yellow, with thick
lighter-colored sapwood; commercially confounded with the wood of Celiis occidentalis
and its varieties, and used for the same purposes.
Distribution. Coast of Virginia to the Everglades Keys of southern Florida, through
the Gulf states to the valley of the lower Rio Grande in Nuevo Leon, and through eastern
Texas, Arkansas and Missouri to eastern Oklahoma to the valley of the Washita River
(Zarvin County) and to Kiowa County, eastern Kansas, central Tennessee and Kentucky,
and to southern Illinois and Indiana; in Bermuda.
Often planted as a shade and street tree in the valley of the Mississippi River and in
Texas.
An arborescent form from the rocky banks of the Nueces River, western Texas, with
shorter and thicker leaves is distinguished as var. hrachyphylla Sarg.; and a small shrubby
form with oblong-ovate cordate leaves and dark purplish fruit covered with a glaucous
bloom, growing in deep sand in Callihan County, Texas, has been described as var. anomala
Sarg. An Arizona form is
Celtis laevigata var. brevipes Sarg.
Celtis brevipes S. Wats.
Leaves ovate, acuminate, unsymraetrically rounded or cuneate at base, entire or rarely
furnished with occasional teeth, glabrous, dark green and smooth on the upper surface,
yellow-green on the lower surface, with small clusters of pale hairs in the axils of the slen-
der veins, and inconspicuous reticulate veinlets, If '-2' long, I'-V wide; petioles slender.
ULMACE.E
su
puberulous, j'-f in length. Fruit on glabrous pedicels shorter or slightly longer than
the petioles, short-oblong, canary yellow, about j long.
Fig. 2%
A small tree with slender glabrous red-brown branchlets.
Distribution. Central and southern Arizona.
More distinct is the common Celtis of western Texas which has been described as
Celtis laevigata var. texana Sarg.
Leaves ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, unsymmetrically rounded or cordate at base,
entire or sparingly and irregularly serrate, often subcoriaceous, dark green, smooth and
granulate or rarely rough above, green below, with a slender midrib and primary veins
glabrous or sparingly villose-pubescent and furnished with small tufts of axillary hairs,
and only slightly raised reticulate veinlets, l|'-3' long and |'-1|' wide; petioles slender^
Fig. 297
pale pubescent, ^'-4' in length. Fruit on glabrous or puberulous pedicels slightly longer
than the petioles, subglobose but rather longer than broad, dark orange-red, about j long.
An arborescent shrub or small tree rarely more than 25° high, with slender reddish
glabrous or gray-brown pubescent branchlets; often growing in clusters. Bark rough,
pale or grayish and not often covered with wart-like excrescences.
Distribution. Rocky bluffs near Dallas to New Braunfels, Texas, and westward to
326
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
western Oklahoma, and southern New Mexico; in southwestern Missouri; in Tamaulipas
and Coahuila, Mexico. The common Celtis of the Texas Panhandle.
A shrubby form from Nolan County, Texas, with red-brown branchlets densely pubes-
cent in their first season, becoming puberulous during their second year, and smaller
leaves with more prominent reticulate veinlets, on densely pubescent petioles, is distin-
guished as forma microphylla Sarg.
6. Celtis piunila Pursh.
This shrub of the eastern states is sometimes a small tree in its southern variety,
Celtis pumila var. georgiana Sarg.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, obliquely rounded at base, entire or sharply serrate,
especially on vigorous leading shoots, thin, dark green and rough on the upper surface,
pale and more or less pubescent or nearly glabrous along the midrib and veins below,
^¥~^¥ loiig and I'-l^' wide; petioles slender, pubescent, l'-\' in length. Flowers on
pubescent J pedicels; calyx divided into usually five lanceolate acuminate lobes; the disk
Fig. 298
pubescent. Fruit on pubescent pedicels as long or slightly longer than the petioles, sub-
globose, reddish purple, often covered with a glaucous bloom, *^' in diameter; nutlet covered
with conspicuous reticulate ridges.
A shrub or small tree occasionally 30° high, with slender dark red-brown pubescent
branchlets, light red-brown and sometimes bright red-brown before the end of their first
year.
Distribution. Piedmont region of North and South Carolina, central Georgia to western
Florida; and Dallas County, Alabama; in southern Missouri, and southern Illinois.
4. TREMA Lour.
Unarmed trees and shrubs with watery juices and terete branchlets. Leaves alternate,
often two-ranked, serrate, penniveined, three-nerved from the base, short-petiolate, per-
sistent; stipules lateral, free, usually small, caducous. Flowers apetalous, small, monoe-
cious, dioecious or rarely perfect, in axillary cymes; calyx five or rarely four-parted, the
lobes induplicate, valvate or slightly imbricated in the bud, or in perfect flowers more or
less concave and induplicate; stamens five or rarely four, opposite the calyx-lobes and in-
serted on their base, occasionally present in the pistillate flower; filaments short, erect;
anthers oblong, attached on the back near the base, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening
ULMACEiU
337
longitudinally; ovary sessile, rudimentary or wanting in the staminate flower; style cen-
tral, slightly or entirely divided into two linear fleshy stigmatic branches; ovule solitary,
pendulous from the apex of the cell, anatropous; micropyle superior. Fruit drupaceous,
short-oblong to subglobose, crowned by the persistent style; exocarp more or less fleshy;
endocarp hard; seed filling the cavity of the nutlet; testa membranaceous, albumen fleshy,
often scanty; embryo curved or slightly involute; cotyledons narrow; radicle incurved,
ascending.
Trema, with about twenty species, is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical
regions of the two hemispheres. Two species reach the coast region and the keys of
southern Florida. Of these Trema mollis Lour, is a small tree, and Trema Lamarckiana
Bl., which in Florida has been noticed only on Key Largo, where it grows as a small shrub,
is widely distributed over the Bahamas and many of the West Indian islands.
1. Trema mollis Lour.
Trema floridana Britt.
Leaves 2-ranked, ovate, abruptly acuminate at apex, rounded, cordate and often oblique
at base, finely serrate with incurved or rounded apiculate teeth, dark green and scabrate
above, covered with pale tomentum below, 3'-4' long, I'-i^ wide; petioles stout, tomen-
Fig.299
lose, about f ' in length ; stipules narrow, acuminate, covered with long white hairs, about
one third as long as the petioles. Flowers in early spring, subtended by minute scarious
deciduous bracts on short slender pedicels in bisexual many-flowered pedunculate villose
cymes about as long as the petioles; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, acute and incurved
at apex, villose on the outer surface; staminate with glabrous filaments and slightly ex^
serted yellow anthers; pistillate with a style divided to the base. Frmt short-oblong,
pale yellowish brown, i'-i' in diameter.
A fast-growing short-lived tree, in Florida occasionally gS^-SO® high, with a tall trunk
lY~'^¥ ill diameter, small crowded branches ascending at narrow angles, and stout hoary-
tomentose red-brown 2-ranked branchlets. Bark thin, chocolate-brown, roughened by
numerous small wart-like excrescences, and separating into small appressed papery scales.
Distribution. Rich hummocks; near the shores of Bay Biscayne, in the Everglades, and
328 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
on the southern keys, Florida; common; noticed by R. M. Harper with many specimens in
a large dense Palmetto grove a few miles north of Immokalee, Collier County; often spring-
ing up where the ground has been burned over, or otherwise cleared of its forests; on many
of the West Indian islands and in Mexico.
Xn. MORACEiE.
Tree or shrubs, with milky juice, scaly or naked buds, and stalked alternate simple
leaves with stipules. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in ament-like spikes, or in heads on
the outside of a receptacle or on the inside of a closed receptacle; calyx of the staminate
flower 2-6-lobed or parted; stamens 1-4, inserted on the base of the calyx; calyx of the
pistillate flower of 2-6 partly united sepals; ovary 1-2-celled; styles 1 or 2; ovule pendulous.
Fruits drupaceous, inclosed in the thickened calyx of the flower and united into a compound
fruit (syncarp). The Mulberry family is widely distributed with fifty-four genera confined
largely to the warmer parts of the world. Three genera only, all arborescent, are indige-
nous in North America, although Broussonetia papyrifera Vent., the Paper Mulberry, a
tree related to the Mulberry and a native of eastern Asia, and the Hop and the Hemp
are more or less generally naturalized in the eastern and southern states.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.
Flowers on the outside of the receptacle ; buds scaly.
Flowers in ament-like spikes; syncarp oblong and succulent. 1. MoniS*
Staminate flowers racemose, the pistillate capitate; syncarp dry and globose.
2. Madura.
Flowers on the inside of a closed receptacle; buds naked; syncarp subglobose to ovoid,
succulent. 3. Ficus.
1. MORUS L. Mulberry.
Trees or shrubs, with slender terete unarmed branches prolonged by one of the upper
axillary buds, scaly bark, fibrous roots, and winter-buds covered by ovate scales closely
imbricated in 2 ranks, increasing in size from without inward, the inner accrescent, mark-
ing in falling the base of the branch with ring-like scars. Leaves conduplicate in the bud,
alternate, serrate, entire or 3-lobed, 3-5-nerved at base, membranaceous or subcoriaceous,
deciduous; stipules inclosing their leaf in the bud, lateral, lanceolate, acute, caducous.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the staminate and pistillate on different branches of the
same plant or on different plants, minute, vernal, in pedunculate clusters from the axils
of caducous bud-scales or of the lower leaves of the year; staminate in elongated cylin-
dric spikes; calyx deeply divided into 4 equal roimded lobes; stamens 4, inserted opposite
the lobes of the calyx under the minute rudimentary ovary, filaments filiform, incurved in
the bud, straightening elastically and becoming exserted, anthers attached on the back
below the middle, introrse, 2-celled, the cells reniform, attached laterally to the orbicular
connective, opening longitudinally; pistillate sessile, in short-oblong densely flowered
spikes; calyx 4-parted, the lobes ovate or obovate, thickened, often unequal, the 2 outer
broader than the others, persistent; ovary ovoid, flat, sessile, included in the calyx, crowned
by a central style divided nearly to the base into 2 equal spreading filiform villose white
stigmatic lobes; ovule suspended from the apex of the cell, campy lotropous; micropyle
superior. Drupes ovoid or obovoid, crowned with the remnants of the styles, inclosed in
the succulent thickened and colored perianth of the flower and more or less united into
a more or less juicy compound fruit; flesh subsucculent, thin; walls of the nutlet thin or
thick, crustaceous. Seed oblong, pendulous; testa, thin, membranaceous; hilum minute,
apical; embryo incurved in thick fleshy albumen; cotyledons oblong, equal; radicle ascend-
ing, incumbent.
Morus with eight or nine species is confined to eastern temperate North America, the
elevated regions of Mexico, Central America and western South America, southern and
I
MORACE^
829
western Asia, Indo-China, China, Japan, the Bonin Islands and the mountains of the Indian
Archipelago. Two species occur in North America. The most valuable species, Morus
alba L., a native of China and Formosa, and largely cultivated in many countries for
its leaves, which are the best food of the silkworm, has been planted in large quantities
in the eastern United States; and Morus nigra L., probably a native of Persia, has been
introduced into the southern and Pacific states for its large dark-colored juicy fruit. Morus
produces straight-grained durable light brown or orange-colored valuable wood, and
sweet acidulous and refreshing fruits.
Morus is the classical name of the Mulberry-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves coated below with pale pubescence; lobes of the stigma long; syncarp oblong, dark
purple. 1. M. rubra (A, C).
Leaves glabrous or pubescent below; lobes of the stigma short; syncarp subglobose or
short-ovoid, nearly black. 2. M. microphylla (C, E, H).
1. Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry.
Leaves ovate, oblong-ovate or semiorbicular, abruptly contracted into a long broad
point or acute at apex, more or less deeply cordate or occasionally truncate at base, coarsely
and occasionally doubly serrate with incurved callous-tipped teeth, often, especially on
Fig. 300
vigorous young shoots, 3-lobed by broad deep oblique lateral roimded sinuses, when they
unfold yellow-green, slightly pilose on the upper surface and hoary-tomentose on the lower
surface, at maturity thin, dark bluish green, glabrous, smooth or scabrate above, pale
and more or less pubescent below with short white hairs thickest on the orange-colored
midrib, and on the primary veins arcuate and united near the margins and connected by
reticulate veinlets, or sometimes hoary-tomentose below (var. tomentosa Bureau), 3'-5'
long, i^'-At' wide; turning bright yellow in the autumn; petioles stout, hoary-tomentose
at first, becoming glabrous, f'-lj' in length; stipules lanceolate, acute, abruptly enlarged
and thickened at base, sometimes tinged with red above the middle, coated with long white
hairs, and often 1' in length. Flowers appearing with the unfolding of the leaves; stami-
nate in narrow spikes 2'-2^' long, on stout light green peduncles covered with pale hairs;
calyx divided nearly to the base into oblong concave lobes rounded at apex and hirsute on
the outer surface; stamens with slightly flattened filaments narrowed from the base to the
apex, and bright green anthers, their connectives orbicular, conspicuous, bright green; pis-
330 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
tillate in oblong densely flowered spikes, 1' long, on short hairy peduncles, a few male
flowers being sometimes mixed with them; calyx divided nearly to the base into 4 thick
concave lobes rounded at apex, rounded or slightly keeled on the back, the 2 outer lobes
twice as wide as the others, as long as and closely investing the glabrous light green ovary.
Fruit: syncarp at first bright red when fully grown, I'-lj' long, becoming dark purple or
nearly black and sweet and juicy when fully ripe; drupes about 3^2' ^^^S^ with a thin fleshy
outer coat and a light brown nutlet; seed ovoid, acute, with a thin membranaceous light
brown coat.
A tree, 60°-70° high, with a short trunk rarely exceeding 3°-4<° in diameter, stout spread-
ing smooth branches forming a dense broad round-topped shapely head, and slender
slightly zigzag branchlets dark green often tinged with red, glabrous, more or less coated
with pale pubescence, and covered with oblong straw-colored spots when they first appear,
becoming in their first winter light red-brown to orange color and marked by pale lenticels
and by large elevated horizontal nearly orbicular concave leaf-scars displaying a row of
prominent fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and in their second and third years dark brown
slightly tinged with red. Winter-buds ovoid, rounded or pointed at apex, j' long, with
6 or 7 chestnut-brown scales, those of the outer rows broadly o /ate, rounded, and slightly
thickened on the back, puberulous, ciliate on the margins, and much shorter than those
of the next rows, the inner scales scarious, coated with pale hairs, oblong-lanceolate,
rounded or acute at apex, and |'-f ' long at maturity. Bark |'-|' thick, dark brown tinged
with red and divided into irregular elongated plates separating on the surface into thick
appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather tough, coarse-grained, very durable,
light orange color, with thick lighter colored sap wood; largely used for fencing, in cooper-
age, and in boatbuilding.
Distribution. Intervales in rich soil and on low hills; western Massachusetts, Connecti-
cut, and Long Island to southern Ontario, central Michigan, southeastern Minnesota,
eastern Iowa, southeastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, central Kansas and Okla-
homa, and southward to the shores of Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, and to
the canon of the Devil's River, Valverde County, Texas; most abundant and of its largest
size in the basin of the lower Ohio River and on the foothills of the southern Appalachian
Mountains; ascending to altitudes of 2000°.
Occasionally planted, especially in the southern states, for its fruit valued for fatten-
ing hogs and as food for poultry. A few natural varieties, distinguished for the large size
and good quality of their fruit, or for their productiveness, are occasionally propagated by
pomologists.
2. Moms microphylla Buckl. Mulberry. Mexican Mulberry.
Morus celtidifolia Sarg. not H. B. K.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded or rarely truncate, or often on vigorous
shoots cordate at the broad base, and 3-lobed with shallow lateral sinuses and broad
coarsely serrate lobes, when they unfold coated below with pale tomentum, and puberu-
lous above, at maturity thin and firm in texture, dark green and often roughened on the
upper surface by minute pale tubercles, and paler, smooth or scabrate, and glabrous or
coated with soft pubescence on the lower surface, and often hirsute with short stiff pale
hairs on the broad orange-colored midrib, and on the primary veins connected by conspicu-
ous reticulate veinlets, rarely more than 1^' long and f wide; turning yellow in the autumn;
petioles slender, hoary-tomentose, becoming pubescent, Y in length ; stipules linear-lanceo-
late, acute, sometimes falcate, white and scarious, coated with soft pale tomentum, about
I' long. Flowers usually dioecious, staminate short-pedicellate, in short many-flowered
spikes, h'~¥ long; calyx dark green, covered on the outer surface with soft pale hairs,
deeply divided into equal rounded lobes reddish toward the apex; stamens with bright
yellow anthers, their connectives conspicuous, dark green; pistillate sessile in few-flowered
spikes, rarely Y in length ; calyx divided to the base into thick rounded lobes, the 2 outer
MORACEiE
331
lobes much broader than the others, dark green, covered with pale scattered hairs; ovary
green and glabrous, with short stigmatic lobes. Fruit: syncarp |' long, red becoming
dark purple or nearly black, sweet and palatable; drupe ^' long, ovoid, rounded at the
ends, with a thin fleshy outer covering and a thick-walled light brown nutlet; seed ovoid,
pointed, pale yellow.
A tree, sometimes 15°-20° high, with a trunk occasionally 12'-14' in diameter, and slen-
der branchlets covered when they first appear with soft white hairs, soon becoming gla-
FJg. 301
brous or nearly so, and in their first winter light orange-red and marked by small lenticels
and small horizontal nearly orbicular elevated concave leaf-scars displaying a ring of
fibro- vascular bundle-scars; often a shrub. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, sharp-pointed, and
covered by thin lustrous chestnut-brown ovate rounded scales scarious on the margins,
those of the inner rows ovate-oblong, rounded at apex, pale-pubescent on the outer sm-face,
and nearly 1' long when fully grown. Bark smooth, sometimes nearly Y thick but usually
thinner, light gray slightly tinged with red, deeply furrowed and broken on the surface into
slightly appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, dark orange color or some-
times dark brown, with thick light-colored sapwood.
Distribution. Dry limestone hills, or westward only in elevated mountain canons in
the neighborhood of streams ; valley of the Colorado River, Texas, southward into Mexico
and through the mountain regions of western Texas and southern New Mexico to the
Santa Rita Mountains and the canons of the Colorado Plateau, Arizona.
2. MACLURANutt.
Toxylon (loxylon) Rafn.
A tree, with thick milky slightly acrid juice, thick deeply furrowed dark orange-colored
bark, stout tough terete pale branchlets, with thick orange-colored pith, lengthening by
an upper axillary bud, marked by pale orange-colored lenticels and armed with stout
straight axillary spines, short stout spur-like lateral branchlets from buds at the base of
the spines, and thick fleshy roots covered by bright orange-colored bark exfoliating freely
in long thin persistent papery scales. Leaves involute in the bud, ovate to oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate and apiculate at apex, rounded, cuneate or subcordate at base, entire,
penniveined, the veins arcuate near the margins and connected by conspicuous reticulate
veinlets; petioles elongated, slender, terete, pubescent; stipules lateral, nearly triangular,
minute, hoary-tomentose, caducous. Flowers dioecious, light green, minute, appearing in
33d
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
early summer; calyx 4-lobed, the lobes imbricated in aestivation; the staminate long-
pedicellate, in short or ultimately elongated racemes borne on long slender drooping pe-
duncles from the axils of crowded leaves on the spur-like branchlets of the previous year;
calyx ovoid, gradually narrowed into the slender pubescent pedicel, coated on the outer
surface with pale hairs, divided to the middle into equal acute boat-shaped lobes; stamens
4, inserted opposite the lobes of the calyx on the margins of the minute thin pulvinate disk;
filaments flattened, light green, glabrous, infolded above the middle in the bud, with the
anthers inverted and back to back, straightening abruptly in anthesis and becoming ex-
serted; anthers oblong, attached on the back near the middle, introrse, 2-celled, the cells
attached laterally to a minute oblong or semiorbicular connective, free and spreading above
and below, opening by longitudinal lateral slits; pistillate sessile in dense globose many-
flowered heads on short stout peduncles axillary on shoots of the year; calyx ovoid, divided
to the base into oblong thick concave lobes, rounded, thickened, and covered with pale hairs
at the apex, longer than the ovary and closely investing it, the 2 outer lobes much broader
than the others, persistent and inclosing the fruit; ovary ovoid, compressed, sessile, green,
and glabrous; style covered by elongated slender filiform white stigmatic hairs; ovule sus-
pended from the apex of the cell, anatropous. Drupes oblong, compressed, rounded and
often notched at apex, acute at base, with thin succulent flesh, and a thin crustaceous
light brown nutlet, joined by the imion of the thickened and much elongated perianths of
the flowers into a globose compound fruit saturated with milky juice, mammillate on the
surface by their thickened rounded summits, light yellow-green, usually of full size but
seedless on isolated pistillate individuals. Seed oblong, compressed, rounded at base, ob-
lique and marked at apex by the conspicuous oblong pale hilum, without albumen; seed-
coat membranaceous, light chestnut-brown; embryo recurved; cotyledons oblong, nearly
equal; radicle elongated, incumbent, ascending.
The genus is represented by a single species of eastern North America.
The generic name is in compliment to William Maclure, distinguished geologist.
1. Madura pomifera Schn. Osage Orange. Bow Wood.
Toxylon {loxylon) pomiferum Rafn.
Leaves 3'-5' long, 2'-3' wide; turning bright clear yellow before falling in the autumn;
petioles 1^'-%' in length. Flowers: racemes of the staminate flowers l'-l|' long; heads
Fig. 302
of the pistillate flowers, |'-1' in diameter. Fruit 4'-5' in diameter, ripening in the autumn,
and soon falling to the ground.
I
I
MORACE^ 333
A tree, sometimes 50°-60° high, with a short trunk 2°-3° in diameter, and stout erect
ultimately spreading branches forming a handsome open irregular round-topped head, and
branchlets light green often tinged with red and coated with soft pale pubescence when they
first appear, soon becoming glabrous, light brown slightly tinged with orange color during
their first winter, and ultimately paler. Winter-buds depressed-globose, partly immersed
in the bark, covered by few closely imbricated ovate rounded light chestnut-brown ciliate
conspicuous scales. Bark f '-1' thick, and deeply and irregularly divided into broad rounded
ridges separating on the surface into thin appressed scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly
hard, very strong, flexible, coarse-grained, very durable, bright orange color turning brown
on exposure, with thin light yellow sapwood of 5-10 layers of annual growth; largely used
for fence-posts, railway-ties, wheel-stock, and formerly by the Osage and other Indians
west of the Mississippi River for bows and war-clubs. The bark of the roots contains
moric and morintannic acid, and is used as a yellow dye. The bark of the trunk is some-
times used in tanning leather.
Distribution. Rich bottom-lands; southern Arkansas to southern Oklahoma and south-
ward in Texas to about latitude 35° 36'; most abundant and of its largest size in the valley
of the Red River in Oklahoma.
Largely planted in the prairie regions of the Mississippi basin as a hedge plant, and oc-
casionally in the eastern states; hardy in New England; occasionally naturalized beyond
the limits of its natural range.
3. FICUS L. Fig.
Trees, with milky juice, naked buds, stout branchlets, thick fleshy roots frequently
produced from the branches and developing into supplementary stems. Leaves invo-
lute, entire and persistent in American species; stipules inclosing the leaf in a slender
sharp-pointed bud-like cover, interpetiolar, embracing the leaf-bearing axis and inclosing
the young leaves, deciduous. Flower-bearing receptacle subglobose to ovoid, sessile or
stalked, solitary by abortion or in pairs in the axils of existing or fallen leaves, surrounded
at base by 3 anterior bracts distinct or united into an involucral cup bearing on the interior
at the apex numerous rows of minute triangular viscid bracts closing the orifice, those of
the lower rows turned downward and infolding the upper flowers, those immediately
above these horizontal and forming a more or less prominent umbilicus. Flowers sessile
or pedicellate, the pedicels thickening and becoming succulent with the ripening of the
fruit, unisexual, often separated by chaflFy scales or hairs; calyx of the staminate flower
usually divided into 2-6 sepals; stamen 1 ; filament short, erect; anther innate, ovoid,
broad and subrotund, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally, 0 in the pistillate flower;
sepals or lobes of the calyx of the pistillate flower usually narrower than those of the stami-
nate flower; ovary sessile, erect or oblique, surmounted by the lateral elongated style
crowned by a 2-lobed stigma; ovule suspended from the apex or lateral below the apex
of the cell, anatropous. Fruit mostly immersed in the thickened succulent receptacle,
obovoid or reniform; flesh thin, mucilaginous; nutlet with a flat crustaceous minutely
tuberculate shell. Seed suspended; testa membranaceous; embryo incurved, in thin fleshy
albumen, cotyledons equal or unequal, longer than the incumbent radicle.
Ficus, of which about six hundred species have been described, is largely distributed
through the topics of both hemispheres, the largest number of species being found on the
islands of the Indian Archipelago and the Pacific Ocean. A few species extend beyond
the tropics into southern Florida, Mexico, Argentina, southern Japan and China, the coun-
tries bordering the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands, and southern Africa. Two species
of the section Urostigma with monoecious flowers occur in tropical Florida. Ficus Carica
L., probably a native of the Mediterranean basin, is cultivated in the southern states and
in California for its large sweet succulent fruits, the figs of commerce.
334
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Receptacles subglobose, sessile or short-stalked; leaves oblong, usually pointed at the
ends. 1. F. aurea (D).
Receptacles obovoid, long-stalked; leaves broadly ovate, cordate at base.
2. F. brevifolia (D).
1. Ficus aurea Nutt. Wild Fig.
Leaves oblong, usually narrowed at the ends, acute or acuminate, with a short broad
point at apex, cuneate or rarely broad and rounded at base, 2'-5' long, l^'-3' wide, thick
and coriaceous, dark yellow-green and lustrous above, paler and less lustrous below, with
Fig. 303
a broad light yellow midrib slightly grooved on the upper side, and numerous obscure
primary veins arcuate and united near the margins and connected by fine closely reticu-
lated veinlets, continuing to unfold dm-ing a large part of the year; usually falling during
their second season; petioles stout, slightly grooved, |'-1' in length; stipules ovate-lance-
olate, thick, firm, tinged with red, about 1' long. Flowers: receptacles developing in
succession as the branch lengthens, subglobose, sessile or short-stalked, solitary or in
pairs, the orifice lateral closed and marked by a small point formed by the union of the
minute bracts, becoming Y in diameter and yellow when fully grown, ultimately turning
bright red; flowers reddish purple, separated by minute reddish chaff-like scales more or
less laciniate at apex, sessile or long-pedicellate; calyx of the staminate flower divided to
below the middle into 2 or 3 broad lobes rather shorter than the stout flattened filaments;
lobes of the anther oblong, attached laterally to the broad connective; calyx of the pistillate
flower divided to the middle into 4 or 5 narrow lobes, closely investing the ovate sessile
ovary. Fruit ovoid, immersed in the thickened reddish purple walls of the receptacle;
seed ovoid, rounded at the ends, with a thin light brown coat and a large lateral oblong
pale hilum.
A broad round-topped epiphytal tree, 50°-60° high, germinating and growing at first
on the branches and trunks of other trees and sending down to the ground stout aerial
roots which gradually growing together form a trunk often 3°-4° in diameter, the growth
of additional roots from the branches extending the tree over a large area, and terete
pithy light orange-colored branchlets marked by pale lenticels, conspicuous stipular
scars, large slightly elevated horizontal oval leaf-scars displaying a marginal ring of large
pale fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and smaller elevated concave circular scars left by the
MORACE^ 335
receptacles in falling. Bark smooth, ashy gray, light brown tinged with red, Y thick, and
broken on the surface into minute appressed scales disclosing in falling the nearly black
inner bark. Wood exceedingly light, soft, weak, coarse-grained, perishable in contact
with the ground, light brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood.
Distribution. Hummocks on the shores and islands of southern Florida; from the
Indian River on the east coast and Tampa Bay on the west coast, to the southern keys; com-
mon and now rapidly spreading over the eastern and southern borders of the Everglades;
. attaining its largest size in the neighborhood of Bay Biscayne; on the Bahama Islands.
2. Ficus brevifolia Nutt. Fig. Wild Fig.
Ficus populnea Sarg.,notWilld.
Leaves broadly ovate or rarely obovate, contracted into a short broad point or occa-
sionally rounded at apex, rounded, truncate or cordate at base, St\'-5' long, l§'-5' wide, thin
and firm, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower, with a light yel-
low midrib, and slender remote primary veins arcuate and united near the margins and con-
nected by finely reticulate veinlets; petioles slender, sometimes 1' in length; stipules
ovate-lanceolate, ^' long, tinged with red. Flowers: receptacles obovoid, solitary or in
pairs, yellow until fully grown, ultimately turning bright red and becoming \'-Y long, on
stout drooping stalks \'-\' in length; flowers sessile or pedicellate, separated by minute
chaff-like scales more or less laciniate at apex; calyx of the staminate flower divided nearly
to the base into three or four broad acute lobes; calyx of the pistillate flower with narrow
lobes shorter than the ovoid pointed ovary. Fruit ovoid; seed ovoid, with a membrana-
ceous light brown coat and an oblong lateral pale hilum.
Fig. 304
An epiphytal tree, rarely 40°-50° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, spreading
branches occasionally developing aerial roots and forming an open irregular head, and
terete branchlets light red and slightly puberulous when they first appear, becoming
brown tinged with orange and later with red, and marked by minute pale lenticels, narrow
stipular scars, large elevated horizontal oval or semiorbicular leaf-scars showing a marginal
row of conspicuous fibro- vascular bundle-scars, and elevated concave receptacle scars.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, light orange-brown or yellow, with thick hardly distin-
guishable sapwood.
Distribution. Usually on dry slightly elevated coral rocks; Florida from the shores of
Bay Biscayne to the Everglades Keys, and on several of the southern keys to Key West;
not common; on the Bahama Islands and in Cuba.
336 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Xm. OLACACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with watery juices, their stems sometimes twining, and alternate usu-
ally entire persistent leaves, without stipules. Flowers perfect or polygamous, in axillary
cymes or racemes, rarely solitary; calyx 4 to 6-lobed; petals 4-6, inserted on a hypogy-
nous disk, free or united into a campanulate or tubular corolla; stamens 4-12, inserted
on the tube of the corolla; filaments free, rarely united; anthers oblong, introrse, opening
longitudinally; ovary superior or partly inferior, free or immersed in the disk, 1-4-celled;
styles mostly united; stigmas entire or lobed; ovules 1-3 in each cell of the ovary. Fruit
drupaceous, naked or nearly inclosed in the enlarged disk, 1-celled, 1-seeded; seed pendu-
lous; embryo minute, erect, in copious fleshly albumen; radicle superior.
Olacacese with twenty-five genera and a large number of species is confined to the tropics,
and is most abundant in those of the Old World.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.
Corolla-lobes short; stamens as many as its lobes; drupe almost inclosed in the enlarged
disk of the flower; branches unarmed. 1. Schoepfia.
Corolla-lobes elongated; stamens twice as many as its lobes; drupe nearly naked; branch-
lets armed. 2. Ximenia.
1. SCHOEPFIA Schreb.
Trees or shrubs with slender unarmed branchlets. Leaves entire, subcoriaceous, petio-
late. Flowers small, perfect in axillary cymes, rarely solitary; calyx disciform, obscurely
4-toothed, or nearly entire, petals 4, 5 or rarely 6, united, their tips free, valvate; stamens
opposite the petals, filaments free, anthers attached by the back; ovary partly immersed in
the disk, 3-celled; style elongated, stigma 3-lobed; ovules 3 in each cell, pendulous from
the free apex of the axile placentas. Fruit nearly inclosed in the enlarged disk of the flower,
the stone crustaceous or chartaceous. ,
Schoepfia with twelve or fourteen species is distributed in the New World from southern
Florida and Lower California to Brazil and Peru, and in the Old World from southern
Japan and southern and western China to the East Indies and the eastern Himalayas.
The generic name is in compliment to Johann David Schoepf, German physician and
botanist, and traveler in North America and the West Indies.
1. Schoepfia chrysophylloides Planch.
Schoepfia Schreberi Small, not Gmel.
Leaves elliptic to oblong-ovate, often slightly falcate, acuminate at apex, cuneate and
often unsymmetric at base, light green and lustrous above, paler below, l^'-3' long, f-
Fig. 305
OLACACE^
337
Ij' wide, and on vigorous shoots sometimes 4' long and If wide; petioles stout, wing-
margined, I'-Y in length. Flowers sessile, pink or red, in axillary 1-3- usually 2-flowered
clusters on peduncles -i^'-Y in length; calyx cup-shaped, the rim slightly dilated, almost
filled by the fleshy disk; corolla ovate-cylindric, V~V long, 4-lobed, the lobes ovate, acute,
united, reflexed; stamens 4, adnate to the base of the lobes of the corolla; anthers sessile;
ovary mostly immersed in the disk; style not more than -^^' long; Fruit ovoid or ovoid-
oval scarlet, f'-^' in length; stone crustaceous; seed not seen.
A tree, sometimes 25°-30° high with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, small erect branches and
slender pale gray unarmed branchlets. Bark thin, grayish brown, closely and regularly
reticulated.
Distribution. In sandy or rocky soil; banks of the Caloosahatchee River, Lee County,
near Miami and at Cocoanut Grove, Dade County, and on the southern keys, Florida; on
the Bahama Islands, and in Cuba, Jamaica, and Guatamala.
2. XIMENIAL.
Trees and shrubs, with terete armed or unarmed branchlets. Leaves entire, subcoria-
ceous, often fascicled, short-petiolate. Flowers perfect, white, on slender pedicels, in short
axillary cymes or rarely solitary; calyx small, 4-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, per-
sistent; petals 4 or 5, hypogynous, narrow, bearded on their inner face, valvate in the bud,
reflexed above the middle; stamens twice as many as the petals; filaments free, filiform;
anthers linear, attached on the back near the base, 2-celled, the cells opening laterally,
their connective apiculate at apex; ovary 4-celled below, only the apex 1-celled, ex-
ternally 4-grooved, glandular at base, gradually narrowed into the slender style; stigma
entire, subcapitate; ovules linear, solitary in each cell, pendulous from the apex of the
axile placenta, anatropous; raphe dorsal; micropyle superior. Fruit ovoid or globose; exo-
carp thick and succulent, endocarp crustaceous or subligneous; seed filling the cavity of the
endocarp, pendulous, surrounded by a thin spongy coat; testa membranaceous; cotyledons
elliptic; embryo minute, erect; raphe terete.
Ximenia with four or five species is widely distributed on tropical shores of the two worlds.
Ximenia commemorates the name of Francisco Ximenes, a Dominican priest who pub-
lished in Mexico in 1615 a work on the plants and animals of that country.
1. Ximenia americana L.
Leaves oblong or elliptic, rounded and often emarginate and apiculate at apex, gradu-
ally narrowed and cuneate at base, glabrous, bright green and lustrous above, pale below,
3S8 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
W~^¥ loTDg> I'-li' wide, with slightly thickened revolute margins, a prominent midrib
and obscure primary veins; petioles slender, narrow wing-margined at apex, ^'-|' in length.
Flowers bell-shaped, fragrant, about Y long, on slender pedicels in the axils of minute
acuminate caducous bractlets, in 3 or 4-flowered clusters on peduncles Y~¥ long; calyx-
lobes acute, petals elliptic and rounded or obtusely pointed at apex, yellowish white, leathery,
conspicuously bearded on the inner surface from base nearly to apex. Fruit broad-ovoid
to subglobose, bright yellow, with thin acid flesh, I'-lj' long, on slender pedicels about
Y in length, in usually 2 or 3-fruited drooping clusters; stone ovoid, apiculate at apex,
covered with minute pits, light red; seed yellow, with bright orange-colored cotyledons.
A tree, occasionally 30° high, with a tall trunk ^Y-SY in diameter, spreading branches
armed with stout straight spines usually f'-l' in length, and slender branchlets slightly
angled and light reddish brown when they first appear, becoming terete and light gray or
red-brown and marked by numerous lenticels; more often a shrub with long vine-like stems.
Bark close, dark red, astringent. Wood very heavy, tough, hard, close-grained, compact,
brown tinged with red with lighter-colored sap wood. Hydrocyanic acid has been obtained
from the fruit.
Distribution. Florida, near Eustis Lake, Lake County, to the southern keys, attaining
its largest size on the west coast and on Long Key in the Everglades; common on the shores
of the Antilles and southward to Brazil, and on those of west tropical Africa, the Indian
peninsula, the islands of the Malay Archipelago, New Guinea, Australia, and on those of
many of the islands of the south Pacific Ocean.
Section 3. Flowers perfect or unisexual; calyx 5-Iobed; ovary superior, 1-
celled; ovule solitary, rising from the bottom of the cell; fruit inclosed in the
thickened calyx; leaves persistent.
XIV. POLYGONACEiE.
Trees, with alternate coriaceous stalked leaves, their stipules sheathing the stem.
Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; stamens 8; ovary 3-celled; ovule orthotropous. Fruit a
nutlet, inclosed in the thickened calyx-tube; seed erect; embryo axillary in ruminate
farinaceous albumen; radicle superior, ascending, turned toward the hilum. Of this,
the Buckwheat family with thirty widely distributed genera, only Coccolobis is arbo-
rescent in North America.
1. COCCOLOBIS P. Br.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous, entire, orbicular, ovate, obovate, or lanceolate,
petiolate, their stipules inclosing the branch above the node with membranaceous trun-
cate entire brown persistent sheaths. Flowers jointed on ebracteoiate pedicels, in 1 or
few-flowered fascicles subtended by a minute bract and surrounded by a narrow trun-
cate membranaceous sheath, each pedicel and those above it being surrounded by a simi-
lar sheath, the fascicles gathered in elongated terminal and axillary racemes inclosed at
the base of the sheath of the nearest leaf and sometimes also in a separate sheath; calyx
cup-shaped, the lobes ovate, rounded, thin, white, reflexed after anthesis, and thicken-
ing and inclosing the nutlet; stamens with filiform or subulate filaments dilated and united
at base into a short discoid cup adnate to the tube of the calyx; anthers ovoid, introrse,
2-celled, the cells parallel, opening longitudinally; ovary free, sessile, 3-angled, contracted
into a short stout style, divided into three short or elongated stigmatic lobes. Fruit ovoid
or globose, rounded or acute and crowned at apex by the persistent lobes of the calyx,
narrowed at base; flesh thin and acidulous, more or less adnate to the thin crustaceous or
bony wall of the nutlet often divided on the inner surface near the base into several more
or less intrusive plates. Seed subglobose, acuminate at apex, 3-6-lobed; testa membra-
naceous, minutely pitted, dark red-brown, and lustrous.
Coccolobis is confined to the tropics of the New World, with about one hundred and
POLYGONACE^ 339
twenty species distributed from southern Florida to Mexico, Central America, Brazil,
and Peru. It possesses astringent properties sometimes utilized in medicine. Many of
the species produce hard dark valuable wood.
Coccolobis, from kokkos and \ofi6s, is in allusion to the character of the fruit.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Fruits crowded, in drooping racemes; leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, cordate at base.
1. C. uvifera (D).
Fruits not crowded, in erect or spreading racemes; leaves ovate to oblongrlanceolate.
2. C. laurifolia (D).
1. Coccolobis uvifera Jacq. Sea Grape.
Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular rounded or sometimes short-pointed at apex, deeply
cordate at base, with undulate margins, thick and coriaceous, minutely reticulate-venulose,
dark green and lustrous above, paler and puberulous below, 4'-5' long, 5'-6' wide, with a
stout often bright red midrib frequently covered below with pale hairs, and about 5 pairs
of conspicuous primary veins red on the upper side, arcuate near the margins and connected
by cross veinlets; gradually turning red or scarlet and falling during their second or third
Fig. 307
years; petioles short, stout, flattened, puberulous, abruptly enlarged at base, leaving
in falling large pale elevated orbicular or semiorbicular scars; stipular sheath |' broad,
slightly puberulous, persistent during 2 or 3 years. Flowers appearing almost continuously
throughout the year on slender puberulous pedicels |' long, in 1-6-flowered subsessile fasci-
cles, in terminal and axillary thick-stemmed many-flowered racemes 6'-14' in length; calyx
I' across when expanded, the lobes puberulous on the inner surface and rather longer than
the red stamens; ovary oblong, with short stigmatic lobes. Fruit crowded, in long hanging
racemes, ovoid to obovoid, f ' long, gradually narrowed into a stalk-like base, purple or
greenish white, translucent, with thin juicy flesh, and a thin-walled light red nutlet.
A tree, in Florida rarely more than 15° high, with a short gnarled contorted trunk 3°-4°
in diameter, stout branches forming a round compact head, and stout terete branchlets,
with thick pith, light orange color, marked by oblong pale lenticels, gradually growing
darker in their second and third years; frequently a shrub, with semiprostrate stems; in the
West Indies often 50° tall. Bark about ^' thick, smooth, light brown and marked by
large irregular pale blotches. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, dark brown or violet
color, with thick lighter colored sap wood; sometimes used in cabinet-making.
340 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Saline shores and beaches; Florida, from Mosquito Inlet to the southern
keys on the east coast, and from Tampa Bay to Cape Sable on the west coast; common on
the Bermuda and Bahama Islands, in the Antilles, and in South America from Colombia
to Brazil.
2. Coccolobis laurifolia Jacq. Pigeon Plum.
Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or obovate-oblong, rounded or acute at apex, rounded or
euneate at base, with slightly undulate revolute margins, thick and firm, bright green
above, paler below, S'-V long, l^'-2' wide, with a conspicuous pale midrib and 3 or 4 pairs
of remote primary veins connected by prominent reticulate veinlets; petioles stout, flat-
tened, Y in length, abruptly enlarged at base; stipular sheath glabrous, ^' wide. Flowers
in early spring, on slender pedicels Y long, in few or 1-flowered fascicles on racemes termi-
nal on short axillary branches of the previous year, and 2'-3' in length; calyx |' across, the
cup-shaped lobes rather shorter than the stamens, with slender yellow filaments enlarged
at base, and dark orange-colored anthers; ovary oblong, with elongated stigmatic lobes.
Fig. 308
Fruit in erect or spreading sparsely-fruited racemes, ripening during the winter and early
spring, ovoid, narrowed at base, rounded at apex, dark red, |' long, with thin acidulous
flesh and a hard thin-walled light brown nutlet.
A glabrous tree, 60°-70° high, with a tall straight trunk l°-i° in diameter, spreading
branches forming a dense round-topped head, slender terete slightly zigzag branchlets
usually contorted and covered with light orange-colored bark, becoming darker and
tinged with red in their second or third year. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong,
brittle, close-grained, rich dark brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sap wood;
occasionally used in cabinet-making.
Distribution. One of the largest and most abundant of the tropical trees of the seacoast
of southern Florida from Cape Canaveral to the keys and on the west coast from Cape
Romano to Cape Sable; common on the Bahama Islands, on many of the Antilles, and in
Venezuela.
XV. NYCTAGINACE^.
Trees with alternate stalked persistent leaves without stipules. Flowers perfect or
unisexual; calyx corolla-like, 5-lobed; stamens 5-8; ovule campy lotropous. Fruit an-
thocarpus, crowned by the persistent teeth of the calyx. Seed erect; cotyledons unequal,
folded round the soft scanty albumen; radicle short, inferior, turned toward the hilum.
A family of about twenty genera widely distributed chiefly in the warmer and tropical parts
of the New World, with a single arborescent representative in North America.
NYCTAGINACB^ 341
1. TORRUBIA VeU.
Glabrous or pubescent unarmed trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate,
entire, short-stalked. Flowers perfect, or rarely unisexual; calyx tubular or funnel-shaped,
elongated, 5-lobed, the lobes plaited in the bud, erect or spreading; stamens inserted on
the base of the calyx under the ovary, minute or rudimentary in the unisexual pistillate
flower; filaments folded in the bud, filiform, unequal, free; anthers oblong, introrse, 2-
celled, the cells parallel, opening longitudinally; ovary oblong-ovoid, sessile, 1-celled,
gradually narrowed into a columnar style; stigmas capitate, lacerate. Fruit fleshy, cy-
lindric, costate, smooth; utricle elongated, with a thin membranaceous wall confluent with
the thin transparent coat of the erect seed.
Torrubia, with about 15 species is confined to tropical America, one species extending
into southern Florida. The genus wa? named in honor of Joseph Torrubia, a Spanish natu-
ralist of the 18th century.
1. Torrubia longifolia Britt. BloUy.
• Pisonia longifolia Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate, rounded or occasionally emarginate at apex, gradually narrowed
at base, I'-l^' long, Y wide, thick and firm, with slightly thickened undulate margins, light
green and glabrous, paler on the lower than on the upper surface, with a stout midrib and
Fig. 309
obscure veins; petioles stout, channeled, ^' in length. Flowers perfect or unisexual, au-
tumnal, greenish yellow, short-pedicellate, in terminal long-stalked few-flowered panicled
cymes, with slender divergent branches, the ultimate divisions 2 or 3-flowered; bracts and
bractlets minute, acute; calyx funnel-shaped, divided nearly to the middle into acute erect
lobes about half as long as the stamens and as long as the style. Fruit ripening in the win-
ter or early spring, prominently costate with ten rounded ribs, fleshy, smooth, bright red,
f long; utricle terete, light brown.
A tree, occasionally 30°-50° high, with an erect or inclining trunk, 15'-20' in diameter,
stout spreading branches forming a compact round-topped head, and slender terete branch-
lets light orange color when they first appear, later often producing numerous short spur-
like lateral branchlets, light reddish brown or ashy gray, and marked by large elevated
semi-orbicular or lunate leaf-scars; usually much smaller; often shrubby. Bark about
xV' thick, light red-brown, and broken into thin appressed scales. Wood heavy, rather
soft, weak, coarse-grained, yellow tinged with brown, with thick darker colored sapwood.
342 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Sea-beaches and the shores of salt water lagoons; Cape Canaveral,
Florida to the southern keys, attaining its largest size in Florida on Elliott's Key and
Old Rhodes Key; on the Bahama Islands and in Cuba.
Subdivision %. Petalatae. Flowers with both calyx and corolla {without a
corolla in Lauracece, in Liquidambar in HamamelidaceoB^ in EuphorbiaceoBy in
some species of Acer, in Reynosia, Condalia, and Krugiodendron in RhamnaceoBy
in Fremontia in Sterculiacece, in Calyptranthes in Myrtaceoe, and in Conocarpus
in Combretacece).
Section 1. Polypetalse. Corolla of separate petals.
A. Ovary superior {partly inferior in Hamamelidacece; inferior in Malu^y
Sorbus, Cratcegus and Amelanchier in Rosacece).
XVI. MAGNOLIACEiE.
Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, branchlets lengthening by large terminal or the
flower-bearing branchlets by upper axillary buds, the other axillary buds obtuse, flattened,
and rudimentary, bitter aromatic bark, and thick fleshy roots. Leaves alternate, con-
duplicate and inclosed in their stipules in the bud, feather-veined, petiolate. Flowers per-
fect, large, solitary, terminal, pedicellate, inclosed in the bud in a stipular caducous spathe;
sepals and petals imbricated in the bud, inserted under the ovary, deciduous; stamens and
pistils numerous, imbricated in many ranks, the stamens below the pistils on the surface
of an elongated receptacle ripening into a compound fruit of 1-2-seeded follicles or samara:
ovules 2, collateral, anatropous. Four of the ten genera of the Magnolia family are repre-
sented in North America; of these two are arborescent.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.
Anthers introrse; mature carpels, fleshy, opening on the back at maturity, persistent; seed-
coat thick, pulpy, and bright scarlet; leaves entire, or auriculate at base. 1. Magnolia.
Anthers extrorse; mature carpels dry, indehiscent, deciduous; seed-coat dry and coriaceous;
leaves lobed or truncate. 2. Liriodendron.
1. MAGNOLIA L. Magnolia.
Trees, with ashy gray or brown smooth or scaly bark, branchlets conspicuously marked
by large horizontal or longitudinal leaf-scars and by narrow stipular rings, and large terete
acuminate or often obtusely-pointed more or less gibbous winter-buds usually broadest at
the middle, their scales large membranaceous stipules adnate to the base of the petioles and
deciduous with the unfolding of each successive leaf, the petiole of the outer stipule rudi-
mentary, adnate on the straight side of the bud, and marked at its apex by the scar left
by the falling of the last leaf of the previous season. Leaves entire, sometimes auriculate,
persistent or deciduous, often minutely punctate, their numerous primary veins arcuate
and mpre or less united within the margins. Flowers appearing in the American species
after the leaves, their stipular spathes thin and membranaceous; sepals 3, spreading or
reflexed; petals 6-12 in series of 3's, concave, erect or spreading; stamens early deciduous,
their filaments shorter than the 2-celled introrse anthers and terminating in apiculate
fleshy connectives; ovary sessile, 1-celled; style short, recurved, stigmatic on the inner face;
ovules horizontal. Fruit a scarlet or rusty brown cone formed of the coalescent 2-seeded
drupaceous persistent follicles opening on the back; seeds suspended at maturity by long
thin cords of unrolled spiral vessels; seed-coat thick, drupaceous, the outer portion becom-
ing fleshy and at maturity pulpy, red or scarlet, the inner crustaceous; embryo minute at
MAGNOLIACB^ 343
the base of the fleshy homogeneous albumen, its radicle next the hilum; cotyledons short
and spreading.
Magnolia with about thirty species is confined to eastern North America, southern
Mexico, and eastern q,nd southern Asia, seven species growing naturally in the United
States. All the parts are slightly bitter and aromatic, and the dried flower-buds are some-
times used in medicine. Several species from eastern Asia and their hybrids producing
flowers before the appearance of the leaves are favorite garden plants in the United States.
The genus is named in honor of Pierre Magnol (1638-1715), professor of botany at
Montpellier.
CONSPECTUS OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Styles deciduous from the follicles of the fruit; petals greenish or yellow; winter-buds silky
tomentose.
Petals greenish; branchlets glabrous. 1. M. acuminata (A, C).
Petals canary yellow; branchlets pubescent. 2. M. cordata (C).
Styles persistent on the follicles of the fruit.
Petals white.
Leaves coriaceous, persistent; fruit and branchlets tomentose. 3. M. grandifiora (C).
Leaves thin, deciduous (semipersistent in 4).
Leaves cuneate at base.
Leaves scattered along the branches, pale and pubescent below; winter-buds
glabrous or silky pubescent. 4. M. virginiana (A. C).
Leaves crowded at the ends of the flowering branches, green and glabrous below;
winter-buds glabrous. 5. M. tripetala (A, C).
Leaves cordate at the narrow base; fruit tomentose; winter-buds hoary-tomentose.
6. M. macrophylla (C).
Petals pale yellow or creamy white; leaves obovate-spathulate, auriculate, crowded at
the ends of the flowering branches; winter-buds glabrous.
Leaves acute; petals pale yellow; tips of the mature carpels elongated, straight or
incurved. 7. M. Fraseri (A, C).
Leaves bluntly pointed; petals creamy white; tips of the mature carpels short, incurved.
8. M. pyramidata (C).
1. Magnolia actuninata L. Cucumber-tree. Mountain Magnolia.
Leaves oblong-ovate, oblong-obovate or elliptic, abruptly short-pointed at apex, rounded,
cuneate or rarely slightly cordate at base, when they unfold densely villose below and
slightly villose above, and at maturity thin, yellow-green and glabrous on the upper sur-
face, paler and glabrous or villose-pubescent on the lower surface, 6'-10' long, and 4 '-6'
wide, with often undulate margins; turning dull yellow or brown in the autumn before
falling; petioles slender, pubescent early in the season, becoming glabrous, l'-l|' in length.
Flowers on hairy soon glabrous pedicels |'-f ' long, bell-shaped, green or greenish yellow
covered with a glaucous bloom; sepals membranaceous, acute, l'-l|' long, soon reflexed;
petals 6, ovate or obovate, concave, pointed, erect, 2|'-3' long, those of the outer row
rarely more than 1' wide and much wider than those of the inner row. Fruit ovoid or
oblong, often curved, glabrous, dark red, 2^'-3' long, rarely more than 1' thick; seeds
obovoid, acute, compressed, about Y long.
A pyramidal tree, 60°-90° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, comparatively small
branches spreading below and erect toward the top of the tree, and slender branchlets
coated at first with soft pale caducous hairs, soon bright red-brown, lustrous, and marked
by numerous small pale lenticels, turning gray during their third season. Winter-buds:
terminal, oblong-ovoid, acuminate, thickly covered with long lustrous white hairs,
I'-f ' long, and about three times as long as the obtuse compressed lateral buds nearly
surrounded by the narrow elevated leaf-scars conspicuously marked by a double row
344
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
of large fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Bark Y-¥ thick, furrowed, dark brown, and covered
by numerous thin scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, durable, and light
yellow-brown, with thin lighter colored often nearly white sapwood of usually 25-30
layers of annual growth; occasionally manufactured into lumber used for flooring and
cabinet-making.
Fig. 310
Distribution. Low mountain slopes and rocky banks of streams; southern Ontario,
western New York, central to western Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois,
and along the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia and to central Kentucky and
Tennessee; banks of the Savannah River above Augusta, and in the neighborhood of Lump-
kin, Stewart County, Georgia; northern Alabama, northeastern, northwestern and south-
central Mississippi; Eagle Rock, Barry County, and on bluffs of the Mississippi River,
Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, and Baxter County, Arkansas; in eastern Oklahoma
(Page, Le Flore County); in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, represented by var. ludo-
viciana Sarg. differing in its broadly obovate, oval or ovate leaves, and in its larger
flowers, 3^'-4' long, the outer petals 1|' wide. Rare at the north; most abundant and
of its largest size at the base of the high mountains of the Carolinas and Tennessee
up to altitudes of 4000°.
Often planted as an ornamental tree in the eastern states and in northern and central
Eiu-ope.
2. Magnolia cordata Michx.
Magnolia acuminata var. cordata Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate to elliptic, abruptly short-pointed or rounded at apex, gradually
narrowed and cuneate, broad-cuneate or rarely rounded at base, when they unfold villose-
pubescent more densely on the lower than on the upper sm-face, at maturity dark green,
lustrous and glabrous above, paler and covered below with short matted pale hairs, 4' or 5'
long, 2^'-3^' wide, with a slender yellow midrib and primary veins; remaining green until
late in the autumn and turning brown and falling after severe frost; petioles slender, cov-
ered when they first appear with matted silky white hairs, becoming glabrous, ^'-f in length.
Flowers on stout pedicels, j-Y long and covered with long silky white hairs, cup-shaped,
bright canary yellow; sepals ovate, acute, soon reflexed; petals 6, erect and spreading,
1|'-1|' long, Y-j wide. Fruit oblong, often curved, glabrous, dark red, I'-l^' long.
2
f thick.
A shrub, 4°-8° high, flowering freely when not more than half that size; or in gardens a
tree sometimes iO°-SO° tall with a trunk 12'-15' in diameter, spreading branches forming a
MAGNOLIACILE
345
round-topped head, and slender dark dull red-brown branchlets thickly covered during two
years with short pubescence and marked by small pale lenticels. Winter-buds oblong-
obovate, often falcate, bluntly pointed, thickly covered with matted pale hairs, the ter-
minal y long and j' thick, the axillary \'-l' in length and nearly surrounded by the narrow
Fig. 311
leaf-scars marked by an irregular row of minute fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Bark dark
brown, and covered with small closely appressed scales.
Distribution. Dry Oak-woods, valley of the Savannah River, Georgia; Spears Plantation
six miles south and Goshen Plantation sixteen miles south of Augusta, Richmond County,
near Mayfield, Hancock County, and Bath, Richmond County. Often cultivated, and
preserved in gardens for more than a century; not rediscovered as a wild plant until 1913
(L. A. Berckmans) ; hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts.
3. Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnolia.
Magnolia foetida Sarg.
Leaves elliptic to oblong-obovate or ovate, acute and bluntly pointed or acuminate at
apex, cuneate at base, coriaceous, bright green and shining above, more or less densely
coated below with rusty tomentum, 5'-8' long, 2'-3' wide, with a prominent midrib and
primary veins, "deciduous in the spring at the end of their second year; petioles stout,
rusty-tomentose, l'-2' in length. Flowers on stout hoary-tomentose pedicels ^'-l' long,
opening from April or May until July or August, fragrant, I'-S' across, the petaloid sepals
and 6 or sometimes 9 or 12 petals abruptly narrowed at base, oval or ovate, those of the
inner ranks often somewhat acuminate, concave, and coriaceous, 3'-4' long and l^'-2'
wide; base of the receptacle and lower part of the filaments bright purple. Fruit ovoid or
oval, rusty brown, covered while young with thick lustrous white tomentum, at maturity
rusty-tomentose, 3'-4' long, 1|'-2|' thick; seeds obovoid or triangular-obovoid, more or
less flattened, Y long.
A tree, of pyramidal habit, 60°-100° or rarely 120°-135° high, with a tall straight trunk
i,°-S° or occasionally 4°-4^° in diameter, rather small spreading branches, and branchlets
hoary-tomentose at first, slightly tomentose in their second year, and much roughened by
the elevated leaf-scars displaying a marginal row of conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-
scars. Winter-buds pale or rusty-tomentose, the terminal l'-l|' in length. Bark |'-|'
thick, gray or light brown, and covered with thin appressed scales rarely more than 1' long.
Wood hard, heavy, creamy white, soon turning brown with exposure, hardly distinguish-
able from the sapwood of 60-80 layers of annual growth; largely used in basket and crate
making.
346
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Rich moist soil on the borders of river swamps and Pine-barren ponds,
or rarely on high rolling hills; coast of North Carolina southward to De Soto County,
Florida, extending across the peninsula, and in the neighborhood of the coast through the
other Gulf states to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, ranging inland to central Missis-
Fig. 312
sippi and to southern Arkansas, and northward on the bluffs of the lower Mississippi River
to the mouth of the Yazoo River, Mississippi; best developed and most abundant on the
bluff formation of the lower Mississippi River, and of its largest size in West Feliciana
parish, Louisiana.
Largely cultivated as an ornamental tree in all countries of temperate climate; in the
eastern United States precariously hardy as far north as Trenton, New Jersey. Numerous
varieties, differing in the form of the leaf and in the duration of the flowering period, have
appeared in European nurseries; of these, the most distinct is the variety exoniensis Loud.,
with a rather fastigiate habit and broadly elliptic leaves densely clothed with rusty tomen-
tum on the lower surface; this variety begins to flower when only a few feet high.
4. Magnolia virginiana L. Sweet Bay. Swamp Bay.
Magnolia glauca L.
Leaves oblong or elliptic and obtuse or oblong-lanceolate, covered when they unfold
with long white silky deciduous hairs, at maturity bright green, lustrous and glabrous
on the upper surface, finely pubescent and pale or nearly white on the lower sur-
face, 4'-6' long, l|'-3' wide, with a conspicuous midrib and primary veins; falling in the
north late in November and in early winter, at the south remaining on the branches with
little change of color until the appearance of the new leaves in the spring; petioles slender,
\'-\' in length. Flowers on slender glabrous pedicels |'-|' long, creamy white, fragrant,
globular, 2'-3' across, continuing to open during several weeks in spring and early summer;
sepals membranaceous, obtuse, concave, shorter than the 9-12, obovate often short-pointed
concave petals. Fruit ellipsoidal, dark red, glabrous, 2' long and ^ thick; seeds obovoid,
oval, or suborbicular, much flattened, \' in length.
A slender tree, 20°-30° high, with a trunk rarely more than 15'-20' in diameter, with
small mostly erect ultimately spreading branches and slender bright green branchlets
hoary-pubescent when they first appear, soon glabrous, marked by narrow horizontal pale
lenticels, gradually tiu-ning bright red-brown in their second summer; usually a low shrub.
Winter-buds covered with fine silky pubescence, the terminal ^'-|' long.
MAGNOLIACBiB
347
Distribution. Deep swamps; Magnolia, Essex County, Massachusetts, Long Island,
New York, and southward from New Jersey generally in the neighborhood of the coast to
southeastern Virginia and occasionally in North and South Carolina and Georgia; in Penn-
sylvania as far west as the neighborhood of Chambersburg, Franklin County. In the
southern states usually replaced by the var. australis Sarg., differing in the thick silky white
pubescence on the pedicels and branchlets. Leaves persistent without change of color
Fig. 313
until spring, elliptic to ovate, oblong-obovate or rarely lanceolate, l'-4' wide; petioles
puberulous, pubescent or tomentose.
A tree, 60°-90° high, with a tall straight trunk occasionally 3° in diameter, small short
branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and branchlets usually becoming glabrous
in their second year; in southern Florida often much smaller and on the Everglade Keys
shrubby, and generally not more than 10° tall. Wood soft, light brown tinged with red,
with thick creamy white sapwood of 90-100 layers of annual growth; used in the southern
states in the manufacture of broom handles and other articles of woodenware.
Distribution. Borders of Pine-barren ponds, in shallow swamps and on rich hummocks
usually in the neighborhood of the coast; swamps of the lower Cape Fear River near Wil-
mington, New Hanover County, North Carolina, to southern Florida; common in the
interior of the Florida peninsula, and westward to the valley of the Nueces River, Texas;
ranging inland to Cuthbert, Randolph County, western Georgia, to Tuskegee and Selma,
Alabama, Tishomingo County, northeastern Mississippi, and to Winn and Natchitoches
Parishes, western Louisiana, and to the neighborhood of Malvern, Hot Spring County,
Arkansas {E. J. Palmer) ; less abundant west of the Mississippi River than eastward.
The northern form is often cultivated as a garden plant in the eastern states and in Europe.
X Magnolia major or Thompsoniana, a probable hybrid between Magnolia virginiana
and Magnolia tripetala, raised in an English nursery a century ago, and still a favorite
garden plant, is intermediate in character between these species.
5. Magnolia tripetala L. Umbrella-tree. Elkwood.
Leaves obovate-lanceolate, narrowed at the ends, acute or bluntly pointed at apex, when
they unfold nearly glabrous above, covered below with thick silky caducous tomentum,
4t maturity membranaceous, glabrous, 18'-20' long, 8'-10' wide, with a thick prominent
midrib and numerous slender primary veins; falling in the autumn with little change of
color; petioles stout, l'-l|' in length. Flowers on slender glabrous pedicles covered with
a glaucous bloom and 2'-2|' long, cup-shaped, white; sepals narrowly obovate, 5' -6' long,
348
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
1|' wide, thin, light green, becoming reflexed; petals 6 or 9, concave, coriaceous, ovate;
short-pointed, erect, those of the outer row 4'-5' long and sometimes 1' wide, much longer
and broader than those of the inner rows; filaments bright purple. Fruit ovoid, gla-
brous, 1\'-^' long, rose color when fully ripe; seeds obovoid, \' long.
A tree, 30°-40° high, with a straight or often inclining trunk rarely more than 18' in
diameter, stout irregularly developed contorted branches wide-spreading nearly at right
angles with the stem or tiu*ning up toward the ends and growing parallel with it, and stout
brittle branchlets green during their first season, becoming in their first winter bright red-
dish brown, very lustrous, and marked by occasional minute scattered pale lenticels, and
by the large oval horizontal slightly raised leaf-scars with scattered fibro-vascular bundle-
scars, brown during their second and gray during their third season; generally much smaller,
sometimes surrounded by several stems springing from near the base of the trunk and
^WT.Jizt
Fig. 314
growing into a large bush surmounted by the head of the central stem. Winter-buds: ter-
minal, acute or bluntly pointed, purple, glabrous, covered with a glaucous bloom, usually
about 1' long; axillary globose, the color of the branch. Bark \' thick, light gray, smooth,
and marked by many small bristle-like excrescences. Wood light, soft, close-grained, not
strong, light brown, with creamy white sapwood of 36-40 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Deep rather moist rich soil along the banks of mountain streams or the
margins of swamps, and widely distributed in the Appalachian Mountain region, but no-
where very common; valley of the Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania (Lancaster and
York Counties), and Jackson County, Ohio, to southern Alabama, middle Kentucky and
Tennessee, and northeastern Mississippi; in central and southwestern Arkansas; and in
southeastern Oklahoma (near Page, Le Flore County, G. W. Stevens), extending in Virginia
and North Carolina nearly to the coast; of its largest size in the valleys along the western
slopes of the Great Smoky Mountains in Tennessee up to altitudes of 2000°.
Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the northern states, and in northern and
central Europe.
6. Magnolia macrophylla Michx. Large-leaved Cucumber-tree.
Leaves obovate or oblong, acute or often abruptly narrowed and acute or rounded at
apex, narrowed and cordate at base, bright green and glabrous on the upper surface, silvery
MAGNOLIACE^
349
gray and pubescent, especially along the stout midrib and primary veins on the lower
surface, 20'-30' long, 9'-10' wide; falling in the autumn with little change of color; petioles
stout, 3'-4' in length, at first tomentose, becoming pubescent. Flowers on stout hoary-
tomentose pedicels l'-l|' long, soon becoming glabrous or puberulous, cup-shaped, fra-
grant, 10'-12' across; sepals membranaceous, ovate or oblong, rounded at apex, much nar-
rower than the 6 ovate concave thick creamy white petals with a rose colored blotch at
base, Q'-T long and 3'-4' wide, at maturity reflexed above the middle, those of the innei
row narrower and often somewhat acuminate. Fruit ovoid to nearly globose, pubescent,
2^'-3' long, bright rose color when fully ripe; seeds obovoid, compressed, f long.
A tree, 30°-50° high, with a straight trunk 18'-20' in diameter, stout wide-spreading
branches forming a broad symmetrical round-topped head, and stout brittle branchlets
hoary-tomentose when they first appear, light yellow-green, pubescent, and conspicuously
Yc MAT Jizfc.
Fig. 315
marked during their first winter by the large irregularly shaped sometimes longitudinal
slightly raised leaf-scars with many scattered fibro-vascular bundle-scars, turning reddish
brown during their second and gray during their third season. Winter-buds: terminal,
bluntly pointed, covered with a thick coat of snowy white tomentum, l|'-2' long, ^'-|'
thick; lateral, much flattened, brownish, pubescent, Y-\' long. Bark generally less than
\' thick, smooth, light gray, divided on the surface into minute scales. Wood hard, close-
grained, light, not strong, light brown, with thick light yellow sapwood of about 40 layers
of annual growth.
Distribution. Sheltered valleys in deep rich soil; nowhere common, and growing gen-
erally in isolated groups of a few individuals; Piedmont region of central North Carolina
to middle and western Florida, southern Alabama, southern and northeastern Mississippi
to the valley of the Green River, Kentucky; in eastern and western Louisiana; probably
most abundant in south-central Mississippi.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern states, and in the temperate
countries of Europe; hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts.
7. Magnolia Fraseri Walt. Mountain Magnolia. Long-leaved Cucumber-tree.
Leaves obovate-spatulate, acute or bluntly pointed at apex, cordate and conspicuously
auriculate at base, bright green and often marked on the upper surface when young with
red along the principal veins, glabrous, 10'-12' long, 6'-7' wide, or on vigorous young
plants sometimes of twice that size; falling in the autumn without change of color; petioles
slender, 3'-4' in length. Flowers on stout glabrous pedicels covered with a glaucous
bloom and l'-l|' long, pale yellow, sweet scented, 8'-10' across; sepals narrowly oborate.
350
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
rounded at apex, 4'-5' long, deciduous almost immediately after the opening of the
bud, shorter than the 6 or 9 obovate acuminate membranaceous spreading petals con-
tracted below the middle, those of the inner rows narrower and conspicuously narrowed
below. Fruit oblong, glabrous, bright rose-red when fully ripe, 4'-5' long, l|'-2' thick,
the mature carpels ending in long subulate persistent tips; seeds obovoid, compressed, f
long.
A tree, 30°-40° high, with a straight or inclining trunk 12'-18' in diameter, often undi-
vided for half its length or separating at the ground into a number of stout diverging
stems, regular wide-spreading or more or less contorted and erect branches, and stout
brittle branchlets soon becoming bright red-brown, lustrous, marked by numerous minute
pale lenticels and in their first winter by the low horizontal leaf-scars with crowded com-
pressed fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and grayish in their second year. Winter-buds: ter-
jiinFT. jizfe.
Fig. 316
minal, glabrous, purple, l^'-2' long, ^ thick; axillary, minute and obtuse. Bark rarely
more than Y thick, dark brown, smooth, covered by small excrescences, or on old trees
broken into minute scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, not strong, light brown, with
thick creamy white sapwood of 30-40 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Valleys of the streams of the southern Appalachian Mountains from south-
western Virginia and northeastern Kentucky to northern Georgia; in northern Alabama
and in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana (Laurel Hill, R. S. Cocks) ; in South Carolina east-
ward to the neighborhood of Aiken, Aiken County; probably most abundant and of largest
size on the upper waters of the Savannah River in South Carolina up to altitudes of 4000°.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern states, and in the temper-
ate countries of Europe; hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts.
8. Magnolia pyramidata Pursh.
Leaves obovate-spatulate, the apex usually abruptly narrowed into a short blunt point,
aurieulate at base, with more or less spreading lobes, thin, glabrous, light yellow-green
on the upper, pale and glaucous on the lower surface, particularly while young, 5|'-8^'
long, from S^-isY wide, with a slender yellow midrib, numerous slender forked primary
veins and conspicuously reticulate veinlets; petioles slender, \\'-Si\' in length. Flowers
creamy white, 3^'-4' across when fully expanded; sepals oblong-obovate, abruptly nar-
rowed to the short-pointed apex, much shorter than the oblong-acuminate petals grad-
ually narrowed from near the middle to the base. Fruit oblong, 2'-2|' long, bright rose
MAGNOLIACEiE
351
color, the mature carpels ending in short incurved persistent tips; seeds ovoid, com-
pressed.
A slender tree, 20°-30° high, with ascending branches, slender branchlets bright red-
brown and marked by small pale lenticels and by the small low oval leaf-scars with many
crowded fibro-vascular bundle-scars, later becoming ashy gray.
Distribution. Low rich soil in the neighborhood of streams; near Cuthbert, Randolph
County, Georgia; near Mariana, Jackson County, and Bristol, Liberty County, Florida;
valleys of the Choctawhatchee River, Dale County, and of the Pea River, Coffee County,
and near Selma, Dallas County, Alabama; rare and local.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in western Europe.
2. LIRIODENDRON L.
Trees, with deeply furrowed brown bitter bark, and slender branchlets marked by ele-
vated leaf-scars and narrow stipular rings, and compressed obtuse winter-buds, their scales
membranaceous stipules joined at the edges, accrescent, strap-shaped, often slightly fal-
cate, oblique at the unequal base, tardily deciduous after the unfolding of the leaf. Leaves
recurved in the bud by the bending down of the petiole near the middle, bringing the apex
of the blade to the base of the bud, sinuately 4-lobed, heart-shaped, truncate or slightly
cuneate at base, truncate at apex by a broad shallow sinus, and minutely apiculate.
Flowers appearing after the unfolding of the leaves, cup-shaped, conspicuous, inclosed in
the bud in a 2-valved stipular membranaceous caducous spathe; sepals spreading or re-
flexed, ovate-lanceolate, concave, greenish white, early deciduous; petals erect, rounded at
base, early deciduous; filaments filiform, half as long as the linear 2-celled extrorse anthers
adnate to the outer face of the connective terminating in a short fleshy point; pistils imbri-
cated on the elongated sessile receptacle into a spindle-shaped column; ovary inserted by
a broad base; style narrowly acuminate, laterally flattened, appressed; stigmas short, re-
curved at the summit; ovules 2, suspended from near the middle of the ventral suture.
Fruit a narrow light brown cone formed of the closely imbricated dry and woody indehis-
cent carpels consisting of a laterally compressed 4-ribbed pericarp, the lateral ribs confluent
into the margins of the large wing-like lanceolate compressed style marked vertically by a
thin sutm-al line, the carpels deciduous when ripe in the autumn from the slender elongated
axis of the fruit persistent on the branch during the winter. Seeds suspended, 2 or single
by abortion; testa thin, coriaceous, and marked by a narrow prominent raphe; embryo
minute at the base of the fleshy albumen, its radicle next the hilum.
Liriodendron, widely distributed in North America and Europe during the cretaceous
S52
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
period, is now represented by two species, one in eastern North America, the other L
chinensis Sarg. in central China.
Liriodendron, from \lpiov and 8iv5pop, is descriptive of the lily-Hke flower.
1. Liriodendron Tulipifera L. Yellow Poplar. Tulip-tree.
Leaves dark green and shining on the upper, paler on the lower surface, 5'-6' long and
broad; turning clear yellow in the autumn before falling; petioles slender, angled, 5'-6' in
length. Flowers l|'-2' deep, on slender pedicels |'-1' long; petals green conspicuously
marked with orange at base. Fruit 2^'-3' long, about Y thick, ripening (ate in Septem-
ber and in October, the mature carpels ^'-1|' long and about j wide.
A tree, sometimes nearly 200° high, with a straight trunk 8°-10° in diameter, destitute
of branches for 80°-100° from the ground, short.- comparatively small branches forming a
Fig. 318
narrow pyramidal, or in old age a broader spreading head, and slender branchlets light
yellow-green and often covered with a glaucous bloom during their first summer, reddish
brown, lustrous, and marked during their first winter by many small pale lenticels and
roughened by the elevated orbicular or semiorbicular leaf-scars marked by numerous small
scattered fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and dark gray during their third year. Winter-buds
dark red covered by a glaucous bloom, the terminal ^ long, much longer than the lateral
buds. Bark thin and scaly on young trees, becoming deeply furrowed, brown, and l'-2'
thick. Wood light, soft, brittle, not strong, easily worked, light yellow or brown, with thin
creamy white sap wood; largely manufactured into lumber used in construction, the interior
finish of houses, boatbuilding, and for shingles, brooms, and woodenware. The intensely
acrid bitter inner bark, especially of the roots, is used domestically as a tonic and stimulant,
and hydrochlorate of tulipiferine, an alkaloid separated from the bark, possesses the prop-
erty of stimulating the heart.
Distribution. Deep rich rather moist soil on the intervales of streams or on mountain
slopes; Worcester County, Massachusetts, to southwestern Vermont (Pownal, Bennington
County), and westward to southern Ontario, southern Michigan and northeastern Mis-
souri, and southward to Orange County (Rock Spring Run), Florida, southern Alabama,
Mississippi and Louisiana, southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas; most abun-
dant and of its largest size in the valleys of the lower Ohio basin, and on the slopes of
the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee up to altitudes of 5000°.
Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern states, and in western and central
Europe. A fastigiate form (var. pyramidaia Lav.) is occasionally cultivated.
ANNONAClSiE 353
XVn. ANNONACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, slender terete branchlets marked by conspicuous
leaf-scars, and fleshy roots. Leaves alternate, conduplicate in the bud, entire, feather-
veined, petiolate, without stipules. Flowers perfect, solitary, axillary or opposite the
leaves; sepals 3, valvate in the bud; petals 6, in 2 series, imbricated or valvate in the bud;
stamens numerous, inserted on the subglobose or hemispheric receptacle, with distinct fila-
ments shorter than their fleshy connectives terminating in a broad truncate glandular ap-
pendage; anthers introrse, 2-celled, opening longitudinally; pistils inserted on the summit
of the receptacle; ovary 1-celled; ovules 1 or many, anatropous. Fruit baccate or com-
pound. Seeds inclosed in an aril; seed-coat thin, crustaceous, smooth, brown, and lustrous;
albumen ruminate, deeply penetrated by the folds of the inner layer of the seed-coat; em-
bryo minute; radicle next the hilum. Two of the forty-eight or fifty genera of the Custard-
apple family, confined almost exclusively to the tropics and more numerous in the Old
World than in the New, occur in North America.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.
Petals imbricated in the bud ; ovules numerous ; fruit developed from one pistil. 1 . Asimina.
Petals valvate in the bud; ovule solitary; fruit developed from several confluent pistils.
2. Anona.
1. ASIMINA Adans.
Trees or shrubs, emitting a heavy disagreeable odor when bruised, with minute buds
covered with cinereo-pubescent caducous scales, and branchlets marked by conspicuous
leaf-scars. Leaves membranaceous, reticulate-venulose, deciduous. Flowers, solitary
pedicellate, nodding; sepals ovate, smaller than the petals, green, deciduous; petals
imbricated in the bud, hypogynous, sessile, ovate or obovate-oblong, reticulate-veined,
accrescent, the three exterior alternate with the sepals, spreading, those of the interior row
opposite the sepals, erect, and much smaller than those of the outer row; stamens linear-
cuneate, densely packed on the receptacle; filaments shorter than the fleshy connective;
anther-cells separated on the connective; pistils 3-15, sessile on the summit of the recepta-
cle, projecting from the globular mass of stamens; ovary 1-celled; style oblong, slightly re-
curved toward the apex and stigmatic along the margin; ovules 4-20, horizontal, 2-ranked
on the ventral suture, the raphe toward the suture. Fruit baccate, sessile or stipitate, oval
or oblong, smooth. Seeds in 1 or 2 ranks, ovoid, apiculate, compressed, marked at the
base by a large pale hilum.
Asimina is confined to eastern North America. Six species are distinguished; of these
one is a small tree; the others are low shrubs of the south Atlantic and Gulf regions.
Asimina is from Asiminier, the old colonial name of the French in America for the Paw-
paw.
1. Asimina triloba Dunal. Pawpaw.
Leaves obovate-lanceolate, sharp-pointed at apex, gradually and regularly narrowed to
the base, when they unfold covered below with short rusty brown caducous tomentum and
slightly pilose above, and at maturity light green on the upper surface, pale on the lower
surface, 10^-12' long, 4^-6' wide, with a prominent midrib and primary veins. Flowers
nearly 2' across when fully grown, on stout club-shaped pedicels from axils of the leaves
of the previous year, I'-l^' long and covered with long scattered rusty brown hairs; sepals
ovate, acuminate, pale green, densely pubescent on the outer surface; petals green at first,
covered with short appressed hairs, gradually turning brown and at maturity deep vinous
red and conspicuously venulose, those of the outer row broadly ovate, rounded or pointed
at apex, reflected at maturity above the middle and 2 or 3 times longer than the sepals,
those of the inner row pointed, erect, their base concave, glandular, nectariferous, marked
354 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
by a broad band of a lighter color. Fruit attached obliquely to the enlarged torus, ob-
long, nearly cylindric, rounded or sometimes slightly pointed at the ends, more or less fal-
cate, often irregular from the imperfect development of some of the seeds, 3'-5' long, I'-l^
in diameter, greenish-yellow, becoming when fully ripe in September and October dark
brown or almost black, with pale yellow or nearly white barely edible flesh on some plants
and on others with orange-colored succulent flesh; seeds separating readily from the aril,
I' long, Y broad, rounded at the ends.
A shrub or low tree, sometimes 35°-40° high, with a straight trunk rarely exceeding a
foot in diameter, small spreading branches, and slender glabrous or rusty pubescent, light
Fig. 319
brown branchlets tinged with red and marked by longitudinal parallel or reticulate narrow
shallow grooves. Winter-buds acuminate, flattened, Y long, and clothed with rusty brown
hairs. Bark rarely more than |' thick, dark brown, marked by large ash-colored blotches,
covered by small wart-like excrescences and divided by numerous shallow reticulate de-
pressions. Wood light, soft and weak, coarse-grained, spongy, light yellow shaded with
green, with thin darker colored sapwood of 12-20 layers of annual growth. The inner bark
stripped from the branches in early spring is used by fishermen of western rivers for string-
ing fish. The sweet and luscious wholesome fruit is sold in large quantities in the cities and
towns in those parts of the country where the tree grows naturally.
Distribution. Deep rich moist soil; western New Jersey and western New York (Greece,
Monroe County) to the northern shores of Lake Ontario, westward to southern Michigan,
southwestern Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas and eastern Oklahoma, and
southward to northern Florida (Clay and Taylor Counties), central Alabama, and through
Mississippi and Louisiana to eastern Texas (near Marshall, Harrison County, and Denni-
son, Grayson County); comparatively rare in the region adjacent to the Atlantic seaboard;
very common in the Mississippi valley, forming thick forest undergrowth on rich bottom-
lands, or thickets many acres in extent.
Occasionally cultivated in the eastern states, and hardy as far north as eastern Massa-
chusetts; interesting as the most northern representative of the Custard-apple family and
its only species extending far beyond the tropics.
2. ANNONA L.
Trees or shrubs, with glandular often reticulated bark, terete branchlets marked by con-
spicuous leaf-scars, and often pubescent during their first season. Leaves coriaceous, often
ANNONACEyE
355
glandular-punctate, persistent or tardily deciduous. Flowers nodding on bracted pedicels;
calyx small, 3-lobed, green, deciduous; petals 6 in 2 series, valvate in the bud, hypogynous,
sessile, ovate, concave, 3-angled at apex, thick and fleshy, white or yellow, the exterior al-
ternate with the lobes of the calyx, those of the inner row often much smaller than those of
the outer row; stamens club-shaped, densely packed on the receptacle; filaments shorter
than the fleshy connective; anther-cells confluent; pistils sessile on the receptacle, free or
united; ovary 1-celled; style sessile or slightly stipitate, oblong, stigmatic on the inner
face; ovule 1, erect; raphe ventral. Fruit compound, many-celled, fleshy, ovoid or globose,
many-seeded. Seeds ovoid to ellipsoidal; cotyledons appressed.
Of the fifty species of Anona widely distributed in the tropics of the two worlds, a single
species reaches the coast of southern Florida. Of exotic species, Annona muricata L., the
Soursop and Annona reticulata L., of the West Indies, and Annona cherimola Mill,, of
western tropical America, are now occasionally cultivated as fruit-trees in Florida.
Annona is the name given by early authors to the Soursop.
1. Annona glabra L. Pond Apple.
Annona palustris Small, not L.
Leaves elliptic or oblong, acute, tapering or rounded at base, bright green on the upper,
paler on the lower surface, coriaceous, 3'-5' long, l|'-2' wide, with a prominent midrib,'
Fig. 320
deciduous late in the winter; petioles, stout Y in length. Flowers nodding on short stout
pedicels thickened at the ends, opening in April from an ovoid 3-angled bud; divisions
of the calyx broad-ovate, acute; petals connivent, acute, concave, pale yellow or dirty
white, those of the outer row marked on the inner surface near the base by a bright red spot,
and broader and somewhat longer than those of the inner row. Fruit ripening in No-
vember, broadly ovate, truncate or depressed at base, rounded at apex, 3'-5' long, 2'-3^'
broad, light green when fully grown, becoming yellow and often marked by numerous dark
brown blotches when fully ripe, with a thick elongate fibrous torus and light green slightly
aromatic insipid flesh of no comestible value; seeds Y long, slightly obovoid, turgid,
rounded at the ends, their margins contracted into a narrow wing formed by the thickening
of the outer coat.
A tree, 40''-50° high, with a short trunk often 18' in diameter above the swell of the thick-
ened tapering base sometimes enlarged into spreading buttresses, stout wide-spreading
often contorted branches, slender branchlets brown or yellow during their first season, be-
356 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
coming in their second year brown and marked by small scattered wart-like excrescences.
Bark ^ thick, dark reddish brown, divided by broad shallow fissures, separating on the sur-
face into numerous small scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, light brown streaked with
yellow.
Distribution. Florida: Indian River on the east coast, and the shores of the Manatee
River on the west coast to the southern Keys; in shallow fresh water ponds, on swampy
hummocks, or on the borders of fresh water streams flowing from the everglades; of its
largest size on the shores of Bay Biscayne near the Miami River, growing in the shade of
larger trees; forming a pure forest of great extent on the swampy borders of Lake Oke-
chobee; on the Bahama Islands and on several of the Antilles.
XVIII. LAURACE^.
Aromatic trees and shrubs, with slender terete or angled branchlets, naked or scaly
buds, and alternate punctate leaves without stipules. Flowers small, perfect or polygamo-
dioecious, yellow or greenish; calyx 6-lobed, the lobes in 2 series, imbricated in the bud;
corolla 0; stamens 9 or 12, inserted on the base or near the middle of the calyx in 3 or 4
series of 3's, distinct; anthers 4-celled, superposed in pairs, opening from below upward by
persistent lids; ovary 1-celled; stigma discoid or capitate; ovule solitary, suspended from
the apex of the cell, anatropous. Fruit a 1-seeded berry; seed without albumen; testa thin
and membranaceous, of 2 coats; embryo erect; cotyledons thick and fleshy; radicle superior,
turned toward the hilum, included between thick and fleshy cotyledons. The Laurel family
with about forty genera, confined mostly to the tropics, is represented in North America
by seven genera; of these five are arborescent.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.
Leaves entire, persistent; stamens 12 those of the inner row reduced to staminodes.
Calyx-lobes persistent under the fruit, in our species. 1. Persea.
Calyx-lobes deciduous.
Flower cymose in axillary or subterminal panicles. 2. Ocotea.
Flowers in axillary many-flowered umbels inclosed before anthesis in an involucre of
deciduous scales. 3. Umbellularia.
Leaves entire or lobed, deciduous; stamens 9 in the American species; flowers in few-
flowered drooping racemes. 4. Sassafras.
Leaves entire, persistent; stamens 9, those of the outer row fertile and united in a column
inclosing the pistil; flowers in terminal or axillary cymose panicles. 5. Misanteca.
1. PERSEA Mill.
Trees, with naked buds. Leaves revolute in the bud, alternate, scattered, penniveined,
subcoriaceous, rigid, tomentose or rarely glabrous, persistent. Flowers perfect, vernal,
in short axillary or axillary and terminal panicles on slender peduncles from axils of the
leaves of the year, pedicellate, their pedicels bibracteolate near the middle, the lateral
flowers of the ultimate divisions of the inflorescence in the axils of small deciduous lanceo-
late acute bracts; calyx campanulate, divided nearly to the base into 6 lobes, those of the
outer series shorter than the others, deciduous, or enlarged and persistent under the fruit;
stamens about as long as the inner lobes of the calyx; filaments flattened, longer than the
anthers, hirsute, those of the third series furnished near the base with 2 nearly sessile
orange-colored glands rounded on the back and slightly 2-lobed on the inner face; anthers
ovoid, flattened, erect, those of the outer series introrse or subintrorse, those of the third
series extrorse or laterally dehiscent, the upper cells rather larger than the lower; stamin-
odes large, sagittate, stipitate, 2-lobed on the inner face, beaded at apex; ovary sessile, sub-
globose, glabrous, narrowed into a slender simple style gradually enlarged at apex into a
LAURACE^
357
discoid obscurely 2-lobed stigma. Fruit ripening in the autumn, oblong-obovoid to sub-
globose, more or less fleshy. Seed globose, pendulous, without albumen; testa thin and
membranaceous, separable into 2 coats, the outer cartilaginous, grayish brown, the inner
gray or nearly white, closely adherent to the thick dark red cotyledons.
About one hundred species of Persea are distinguished. They are distributed in the New
World, from the coast region of the southeastern United States and Texas to Brazil and
Chili, and occur in the Canary Islands and in tropical and subtropical Asia. Persea ameri-
cana Mill., the Avocado or Alligator Pear, a native of the Antilles and cultivated for its
edible fruit in all tropical coimtries, is now sparingly naturalized in southern Florida.
Many species yield hard dark-colored handsome wood valued in cabinet-making.
Persea was the classical name of a tree of the Orient, transferred by Plumier to one of
the tropical species of this genus.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Calyx persistent under the fruit {Tamala Raf. Persea, sec. Eupersea Benth. Notaphoehe
sec. Eriodaphne Meisn.)
Peduncles short; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obscurely veined, glabrous; branch-
lets puberulous. 1. P. Borbonia (C).
Peduncles elongated; leaves elliptic to lanceolate, conspicuously veined, tomentose on the
lower surface; branchlets tomentose. 2. P. palustris Sarg. (C).
1. Persea Borbonia Sprang. Red Bay.
Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, entire, often slightly contracted into a long point
rounded at apex, gradually narrowed below, when they unfold thin, pilose, and tinged with
red, and at maturity thick and coriaceous, bright green and lustrous above, pale and
glaucous below, S'-A' long, |'-1|' wide, with thickened revolute margins, a narrow orange-
Fig. 321
colored midrib, remote obscure primary veins arcuate near the margins, and thin closely
reticulated veinlets; unfolding early in the spring, gradually turning yellow a year later, and
falling during their second spring and summer; petioles stout, rigid, red-brown, ^'-f' in
length, flattened and somewhat grooved on the upper side, in falling leaving small circu-
lar leaf-scars displaying the end of a single fibro- vascular bundle. Flowers: peduncles
glabrous, ^'-l' in length; calyx pale yellow or creamy white, about |' long, with thin lobes
358
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ciliate on the margins, the outer broadly ovate, rounded and minutely apiculate, puberu-
lous, about half as long as the oblong-lanceolate acute lobes of the inner series covered
within by long pale hairs. Fruit Y long, dark blue or nearly black, very lustrous; flesh
thin and dry, not readily separable from the ovoid slightly pointed ssdd.
A tree, 60°-70° high, with a trunk ^Y-^' in diameter, stout erect branches forming a
dense shapely head, thick fleshy yellow roots, and branchlets many-angled, light brown,
glabrous or coated with pale or rufous pubescence when they first appear, becoming in their
second year terete and dark green; usually much smaller. Winter-buds coated with thick
rufous tomentum, I' long. Bark |'-j' thick, dark red, deeply furrowed and irregularly
divided into broad flat ridges separating on the surface into small thick appressed scales.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, rather brittle, close-grained, bright red, with thin lighter
colored sapwood of 4 or 5 layers of annual growth; occasionally used for cabinet-making, the
interior finish of houses, and formerly in ship and boatbuilding.
Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps in rich moist soil, or occasionally in dry
sandy loam in forests of the Long-leaved Pine; southern Delaware (Cypress swamp near
Dogsboro, Sussex County, teste Nuttall) ; coast region from Virginia to the shores of Bay
Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Brazos
River, Texas, and northward through Louisiana to southern Arkansas.
2. Persea palustris Sarg. Swamp Bay.
Persea pubescens Sarg.
Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, entire, often narrowed toward the apex into a long point,
gradually narrowed at base, when they unfold dark red, thin and tomentose, at maturity
pale green and lustrous above, pale and pubescent and rusty-tomentose on the midrib and
Fig. 322
primary veins below, 4'-6' long, f'-l^' wide, with thick conspicuous veins and slightly re vo-
lute margins; persistent until after the beginning of their second year and then turning yellow
and falling gradually; petioles stout, rusty-tomentose, ^'-f in length. Flowers: peduncles
tomentose, 2'-3' in length; calyx pale yellow or creamy white, often nearly |' long, with
thick firm lobes coated on the outer surface with rusty tomentum, those of the outer series
broadly ovate, abruptly pointed at apex, pubescent on the inner surface, about half as long
as the ovate lanceolate lobes of the inner series slightly thickened at the apex and hairy
within.' Fruit nearly black, f long.
A slender tree, occasionally 30°-40° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding a foot in diame-
LAURACEiE 359
ter, and stout branchlets terete or slightly angled while young, coated when they first ap-
pear with rusty tomentum reduced in their second season to fine pubescence persistent
until the end of their second or third year. Baik rarely exceeding \' in thickness, dull
brown, irregularly divided by shallow fissures, the surface separating into thick appressed
scales. Wood heavy, soft, strong, close-grained, orange color streaked with brown, with
thick light brown or gray sapwood of 36-40 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Pine-barren swamps, often almost to the exclusion of other plants, usually
in the neighborhood of the coast from North Carolina to the valley of the Caloosahatchee
River and the Everglades Keys, Florida, Alabama and Mississippi; extending inland to the
neighborhood of Wilmington, North Carolina, Aiken, South Carolina, western Georgia
(Meriwether County), the interior of the Florida peninsula and to Clay, Autauga, Chilton
and Tuscaloosa Counties, Alabama {R. M. Harper); very common in Pine barrens of east-
ern Louisiana {R. S. Cocks).
2. OCOTEA Aubl.
Leaves scattered, alternate or rarely subopposite, penniveined, coriaceous, rigid, gla-
brous or more or less covered with pubescence. Flowers glabrous or tomentose on slender
bibracteolate pedicels from the axils of lanceolate acute minute bracts, in cymose clusters
in axillary or subterminal stalked panicles; calyx-tube campanulate, the 6 lobes of the limb
nearly equal, deciduous; stamens of the inner series reduced' to linear staminodes, with
minute abortive anthers; filaments inserted on the tube of the calyx, those of the outer
series opposite its exterior lobes, shorter or sometimes rather longer than the anthers, gla-
brous or hirsute, furnished in the third series near the base with two conspicuous globose
stalked yellow glands; anthers oblong, flattened, 4-celled, introrse in the 2 outer series,
extrorse, subextrorse, or Very rarely introrse in the third series, in the pistillate flower rudi-
mentary and sterile; ovary ovoid, glabrous, more or less immersed in the tube of the calyx,
gradually narrowed into a short erect style dilated at apex into a capitate obscurely lobed
stigma; in the staminate flower linear-lanceolate, effete or minute, sometimes 0; raphe
ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit nearly inclosed while young in the thickened tube of
the calyx, exserted at maturity, surrounded at base by the cup-like truncate or slightly
lobed calyx-tube; pericarp thin and fleshy. Seed ovoid, pendulous; testa thin, membra-
naceous.
Ocotea with nearly two hundred species is confined principally to the tropical region of
the New World from southern Florida to Brazil and Peru, with Old World representatives
in the Canary Islands, South Africa, and the Mascarene Islands. One species grows nat-
urally in Florida.
Ocotea produces hard, strong, durable, beautifully colored wood often employed in cabinet-
making.
The name is derived from the native name of one of the species of Guiana.
1. Ocotea Catesbyana Sarg.
Leaves oblong-Ianceolate, entire, slightly contracted above into a long point rounded
at apex, when they unfold thin, membranaceous, light green tinged with red, and some-
times puberulous on the lower surface, at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark green and
lustrous above, pale below, S'-6' long, l'-2' wide, with thickened slightly revolute margins,
a broad stout midrib, slender remote primary veins arcuate and united near the margins
and connected by coarsely reticulate conspicuous veinlets; petioles broad, flat, I'-Y in
length. Flowers perfect, appearing in early summer in elongated panicles, their peduncles
slender, glabrous, light red, solitary or 2 or 3 together from the axils of the leaves of the
year or from those of the previous year, and 3'-4' long; calyx nearly |' across when ex-
panded, puberulous on the outer surface, hoary pubescent on the inner surface and on the
margins of the lobes, about twice as long as the stamens; filaments of the 2 outer series
slightly hirsute at the base and shorter than their introrse anthers; filaments of the third
series as long or longer than their extrorse anthers. Fruit ripening in the autumn, ovoid
360 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
or subglobose, f ' long, lustrous, dark blue or nearly black, the thickened cup-like tube of
the calyx truncate or obscurely lobed and bright red like the thickened pedicels; flesh thin
and dry; seed with a thin brittle red-brown coat, the inner layer lustrous on the inner
surface and marked by broad light-colored veins radiating from the small hilum; embryo
^' long, light red-brown.
A tree, 20°-30° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 18' in diameter, slender spreading
branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and thin terete branchlets glabrous and
dark reddish brown when they first appear, soon becoming lighter colored, and in their
second year light brown or gray tinged with red and often marked by minute pale lenticels,
and in their second or third year by small semiorbicular leaf-scars, displaying a single central
Fig. 323
fibro-vascular bundle-scar. Bark about |' thick, dark reddish brown, and roughened on
the otherwise smooth surface by numerous small excrescences. Wood heavy, hard, close-
grained, rich dark brown, with thick bright yellow sapwood of 20-30 layers of annual
growth.
Distribution. Shores and islands of Florida south of Cape Canaveral on the east coast
and of Cape Romano on the west coast; comparatively common except on some of the
western keys, and most abundant and of its largest size in the rich wooded hummocks
adjacent to Bay Biscayne; in the Bahamas.
3. UMBELLULARIA Nutt.
A pungent aromatic tree, with dark brown scaly bark, slender terete branchlets marked
in their second and third years by small semicircular or nearly triangular elevated leaf-scars
displaying a horizontal row of minute fibro-vascular bundle-scars, naked buds, and thick
fleshy brown roots. Leaves alternate, involute in the bud, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
acute or rounded at the narrow apex, cuneate or somewhat rounded at base, entire with
thickened slightly revolute margins, petiolate, coated when they appear on the lower sur-
face with pale soft pubescence and puberulous on the upper surface, at maturity thick and
coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, dull and paler below, with a slender light yellow
midrib, and remote, obscure, arcuate veins more or less imited near the margins, and con-
nected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets. Flowers perfect in axillary stalked many-flowered
umbels, inclosed in the bud by an involucre of 5 or 6 imbricated broadly ovate or obovate
pointed concave yellow caducous scales, the latest umbels subsessile at the base of terminal
leaf-buds; pedicels slender, puberulous, without bractlets, from the axils of obovate mem-
LAURACEiE
361
t
branaceous puberulous deciduoue bracts decreasing in size from the outer to the inner;
calyx divided almost to the base into 6 nearly equal broadly obovate rounded pale yellow
lobes spreading and reflexed after anthesis; stamens inserted on the short slightly thickened
tube of the calyx; filaments flat, glabrous, pale yellow, rather shorter than the anthers,
those of the third series furnished near the base with 2 conspicuous stipitate orange-colored
orbicular flattened glands; anthers oblong, flattened, light yellow, those of the first and
second series introrse, those of the third series extrorse; stamens of the fourth series reduced
to minute ovate acute yellow staminodes; ovary sessile, ovoid, often more or less gibbous,
glabrous, abruptly contracted into a stout columnar style rather shorter than the lobes of
the calyx and crowned by a simple capitate discoid stigma. Fruit ovoid, surrounded at
base by the enlarged and thickened truncate or lobed tube of the calyx, yellow-green some-
times more or less tinged with purple; pericarp thin and fleshy. Seed ovoid, light brown;
testa separable into 2 coats, the outer thick, hard, and woody, the inner thin and papery,
closely investing the embryo, chestnut-brown and lustrous on the inner surface.
Umbellularia consists of a single species.
The generic name, a diminutive of umbella, relates to the character of the inflorescence.
1. Umbellularia califomica Nutt. California Laurel. Spice-tree.
Leaves 2'-5' long, |'-1^' wide, unfolding in winter or early in the spring and continuing
to appear as the branches lengthen until late in the autumn ; beginning to fade during the
summer, turning to a beautiful yellow or orange color and falling one by one during their
Fig. 324
second season, or often remaining on the branches until the sixth year; petioles jq'-^' in
length. Flowers appearing in January before the unfolding of the young leaves, the
umbels on peduncles sometimes 1' in length. Fruit about 1' long, in clusters of 2 or 3, on
elongated thickened pedicels, persistent on the branch after the fruit ripens and falls late
in the autumn; seeds germinating soon after they reach the ground, the fruit remaining
below the surface of the soil and attached to the young plant until midsummer.
A tree, usually 20°-75°, occasionally 100°-175° high, with a trunk 3°-6° in diameter,
sometimes tall and straight but usually divided near the ground into several large diverging
stems, stout spreading or rarely pendulous (var. pendula Redh.) branches forming a broad
round-topped head, and branchlets light green and coated with soft pale pubescence when
they first appear, soon becoming glabrous and yellow-green, and in their second and third
years light brown tinged with red; at high altitudes, and in southern California much
smaller; often reduced to a large or small shrub, or on bluffs facing the ocean to broad mats
362 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
of prostrate stems. Bark f'-l' thick, dark brown tinged with red, separating on the sur~
face into thin appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light rich brown,
with thick lighter colored sapwood of 30-40 layers of annual growth; the most valuable
wood produced in the forests of Pacific North America for the interior finish of houses and
for furniture. The leaves yield by distillation a pungent volatile oil, and from the fruit a
fat containing umbellulic acid has been obtained.
Distribution. Valley of Coos River, Oregon, southward through the California coast
ranges and along the high western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the southern slopes of the
San Bernardino Mountains up to altitudes of 2500° ; usually near the banks of water-
courses and sometimes on low hills; common where it can obtain an abundant supply of
water; most abundant and of its largest size in the rich valleys of southwestern Oregon,
forming with the Broad-leaved Maple a considerable part of the forest growth.
4. SASSAFRAS Nees. Sassafras.
Pseudosassajras H. Lee.
Aromatic trees, with thick deeply furrowed dark red-brown bark, scaly buds, slender
light green lustrous brittle branchlets containing a thick white mucilaginous pith and
marked by small semiorbicular elevated leaf-scars displaying a single horizontal row of
minute fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and stout spongy stoloniferous roots covered by thick
yellow bark. Flower-bearing buds terminal, ovoid, acute, with 9 or 10 imbricated scales
increasing in size from without inward, the 3 outer scales ovate, rounded, often apiculate at
apex, keeled and thickened on the back, pale yellow-green below, dull yellow-brown above
the middle, loosely imbricated, slightly or not at all accrescent, deciduous at the opening of
the bud, much smaller than the thin accrescent light yellow-green scales of the next rows
turning dull red before falling, and obovate, rounded at apex, cuneate below, concave, coated
on the outer surface with soft silky pubescence, glabrous or lustrous on the inner surface, re-
flexed, f ' long, nearly |' broad, tardily deciduous, the 2 inner scales foliaceous, lanceolate,
acute, light green, coated on the outer surface with delicate pale hairs, glabrous on the inner
surface, infolding the leaves; sterile and axillary buds much smaller. Leaves involute in the
bud, ovate or obovate, entire or often 1-3-lobed at apex, the lobes broadly ovate, acute,
divided by deep broad sinuses, gradually narrowed at base into elongated slender petioles,
feather-veined, with alternate veins arcuate and united or running to the points of the
lobes, the lowest parallel with the margins, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, mucilaginous,
deciduous. Flowers opening in early spring with the first unfolding of the leaves, the males
and females usually on different individuals, in lax drooping few-flowered racemes in the
axils of large obovate bud-scales, their pedicels slender, rarely forked and 2-flowered, with-
out bracts, pilose, from the axils of linear acute scarious hairy deciduous bracts, or that of
the terminal flower often without a bract; calyx pale yellow-green, divided nearly to the
base into narrow obovate concave lobes spreading or reflexed after anthesis, glabrous or
pubescent on the inner surface, those of the inner row a little larger than the others; sta-
mens in the American species 9, in the Asiatic 12 with those of the inner series reduced to
staminodes, inserted on the somewhat thickened margin of the shallow concave calyx-tube,
those of the outer series opposite its outer lobes; filaments flattened, elongated, light yellow,
those of the inner series furnished at base with 2 conspicuous orange-colored stipitate glands
rounded on the back, obscurely lobed on the inner face, in the Asiatic species alternating
with 3 staminodes; anthers introrse, oblong, flattened, truncate or emarginate at apex,
4-celled, 2-celled in the Formosan species, orange-colored, in the female flower reduced to
flattened ovate pointed or slightly 2-lobed dark orange-colored stipitate staminodes, 6 in 2
rows in the American species and 12 similar to the stamens and staminodes of the staminate
flower in the Asiatic species; or occasionally fertile and similar to or a little smaller than
those of the staminate flower; ovary ovoid, light green, glabrous, nearly sessile in the short
tube of the calyx, narrowed into an elongated simple style gradually enlarged above into a
capitate oblique obscurely lobed stigma; in the staminate flower 0 in the American species.
LAURACE^
363
present, usually abortive, rarely fertile in the Asiatic species. Fruit an oblong dark blue or
black lustrous berry surrounded at base by the enlarged and thickened obscurely 6-lobed or
truncate scarlet or orange-red limb of the calyx, raised on a much elongated scarlet stalk
thickened above the middle; pericarp thin and fleshy. Seed oblong, pointed, light brown;
testa thin, membranaceous, barely separable into 2 coats, the inner coat much thinner than
the outer, dark chestnut-brown, and lustrous.
Sassafras is confined to temperate eastern North America, central China and to Formosa
where Sassafras tzumu Hemsl. and S. randaiense Rehd. occur.
Sassafras was first used as a popular name for this tree by the French in Florida.
11. Sassafras officinale Nees & Ebennaier.
Sassafras Sassafras Karst.
Leaves 4'-6' long, 2'-4' wide, densely pubescent when they first appear, pubescent or
puberulous below at maturity especially on the midrib and veins; turning in the autumn
delicate shades of yellow or orange more or less tinged with red; petioles f'-l|' in length.
Flowers Y ^^^S when fully expanded glabrous on the inner surface of the perianth, in
Fig. 325
racemes about 2' in length, stamens 9. Fruit ripening in September and October, blue,
I' long, on stalks l|'-2' in length, separating when ripe from the thick scarlet calyx-lobes
persistent with the stalks of the fruit on the branches until the beginning of winter.
A tree, occasionally 80°-90° high, with a trunk nearly 6° in diameter, short stout more
or less contorted branches spreading almost at right angles and forming a narrow usually
flat-topped head, and slender branchlets light yellow-green and coated when they first
appear with pale pubescence, becoming glabrous, bright green and lustrous, gradually turn-
ing reddish brown at the end of two or three years; frequently not more than 40°-50° tall;
at the north and in Florida generally smaller and often shrubby. Winter-buds I'-j long.
Bark of young stems and branches thin, reddish brown divided by shallow fissures, becom-
ing on old trunks sometimes 1^' thick, dark red-brown, and deeply and irregularly divided
into broad flat ridges separating on the surface into thick appressed scales. Wood soft,
weak, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable in the soil, aromatic, dull orange-brown, with
thin light yellow sapMOod of 7 or 8 layers of annual growth; largely used for fence-posts and
rails, in the construction of light boats, ox-j^okes, and in cooperage. The roots and espe-
cially their bark are a mild aromatic stimulant, and oil of sassafras, used to perfume soap and
other articles, is distilled from them. Gumbo filet, a powder prepared from the leaves by
364
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
the Choctaw Indians of Louisiana, gives flavor and consistency to gumbo soup. Passing
into the var. alhidum Blake, with glabrous or nearly glabrous young leaves, glabrous often
glaucous young branchlets, and lighter colored less valuable wood; uplands of western New
England to the mountains of western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee.
Distribution. Usually in rich sandy well-drained soil, southern Maine and eastern
Massachusetts, through southern Vermont to southern Ontario, central Michigan, and
southeastern Iowa to eastern Kansas and Oklahoma, and southward to central Florida
(Orange County) and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas; ascending on the southern
Appalachian Mountains to altitudes of 4000°; in the south Atlantic and Gulf states often
taking possession of abandoned fields.
Occasionally cultivated in the eastern states as an ornamental tree.
5. MISANTECA Cham. & Schl.
Trees with terete branchlets. Leaves coriaceous, persistent. Flowers perfect, minute, on
slender pedicels, in terminal or axillary cymose panicles; pedimcles and pedicels from the
axils of acuminate caducous bracts and bractlets; perianth fleshy, ovoid or obovoid, 6-
toothed; stamens 9, inserted near the middle of the perianth, those of the outer rank united
into a fleshy column, furnished at base with three pairs of glands, inclosing the pistil and
slightly longer than the perianth, those of the inner ranks, sterile, short or obsolete; anthers
extrorse, 2-celled, the cells united; ovary gradually narrowed into a thick style as long as
the staminal tube; stigma capitate. Fruit baccate, olive-shaped, surrounded at base by
the enlarged ligneous capsular perianth of the flower much thickened on the margin; peri-
carp thin and fleshy; endocarp thin, crustaceous; seed filling the cavity of the fruit; testa
thin, crustaceous; hilum minute, apical; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy; radicle superior,
minute.
Of the three species of the genus now known one occurs in southern Florida and Cuba, and
the others in tropical Mexico.
The name of the genus is derived from the name of the tree, Palo Misanteca at Misantha,
near the coast of the state of Vera Cruz where the type species was discovered.
\ 1. Misanteca triandra Mez.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, ovate or broad-elliptic, entire, abruptly long-pointed and acu-
minate at apex, gradually narrowed and acuminate at base, deepiy tinged with red and
Fig. 326
CAPPARIDACE^ 365
vfllose on the under side of the midrib when they unfold, soon glabrous, and at maturity
dark green and lustrous above, pale below, 3'-4' long and l|'-2' wide, with slightly undulate
margins, a prominent midrib, slender primary veins, and reticulate veinlets conspicuous on
the lower surface; petioles stout, narrow wing-margined at apex, pubescent when they first
appear, soon glabrous, Y~¥ in length. Flowers glabrous or puberulous, purplish, about
yV long, in 3-5-flowered cymes on slender peduncles, in pubescent panicles shorter than
the leaves; tube of the perianth funnel-form, the lobes equal, triangular, acute; column of
stamens pilose; ovary glabrous. Fruit in few-fruited clusters on much elongated and
thickened peduncles, ellipsoidal or slightly ovoid, acute, dark blue, f long and |' thick;
cupule light red, thickened and verrucose, acute at base, the margin reflexed, thin and en-
tire on the inner edge, thick and crenulate on the outer edge; seed ellipsoidal, pointed at
apex, rounded at base, light brown, slightly ridged when dry.
A tre« in Florida 40°-50° high, with a tall trunk 15'-20' in diameter, small spreading and
pendent branches forming a broad round-topped head, and slender red branchlets pubes-
cent when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous, and marked by numerous large pale
lenticels.
Rich hummocks between Miami and Homestead, Dade County, Florida; in Cuba and
Jamaica.
XrX. CAPPARIDACE^.
Annual or perennial herbs, trees, or shrubs, with acrid often pungent juices, alternate
or rarely opposite leaves, regular or irregular usually perfect flowers in terminal cymes
or racemes or solitary, numerous ovules inserted in two rows on each of the two placentas,
capsular or baccate 1-celled fruit, and seeds without albumen. A family of thirty-four
genera, mostly' confined to the warmer parts of the world and widely distributed in the two
hemispheres. Of the seven genera which occur in North America only one has an arbores-
cent representative.
1. CAPPARIS L.
Trees, with naked buds. Leaves conduplicate in the bud, entire, feather-veined, coria-
ceous, persistent, without stipules. Flowers regular, in terminal cymes; sepals 4, valvate
in the bud, glandular on the inner surface; petals 4, inserted on the base of the short re-
ceptacle; stamens numerous, inserted on the receptacle, their filaments free, elongated,
much longer than the introrse 2-celled anthers opening longitudinally; ovary long-stalked,
2-celled, with 2 parietal placentas; stigmas sessile, orbicular; ovules campy lotropous.
Fruit baccate, siliquiform (in the North American species) separating into 3 or 4 valves.
Seeds reniform, numerous, surrounded by pulp; seed-coat coriaceous; embryo convolute;
cotyledons foliaceous, fleshy.
Capparis, with more than one hundred species, mostly tropical, is found in the two
hemispheres, the largest number of species occurring in Central and South America. Two
of the West Indian species reach the shores of southern Florida, the most northern station
of the genus in America ; of these one is arborescent.
Capparis, from Kdirirapis, the classical name of Capparis spinosa L., is derived from
the Persian kahor, capers, the dried flower-buds of that species.
1. Capparis jamaicensis Jacq.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, rounded and emarginate at apex, slightly revolute, coriaceous,
light yellow-green, smooth and lustrous on the upper surface, covered on the lower by
minute ferrugineous scales, 2'-3' long, I'-l^' wade, with a prominent midrib and incon-
spicuous primary veins; petioles stout covered at first with ferrugineous scales often be-
coming nearly glabrous, \'-\' in length. Flowers Ij' in diameter, opening in Florida in
April and May from obtuse or acute, 4-angled buds; sepals ovate, acute, lepidote on the
outer surface, furnished on the inner with a small ovate gland, recurved when the flower is
366
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
fully expanded, and about half the size of the round white petals turning purple in fading;
stamens 20-30, with purple filaments villose toward the base, l^'-2' long; anthers yellow;
ovary raised on a slender stipe about 1^' in length. Fruit 9'-12' long, terete, sometimes
slightly torulose, pubescent-lepidote, the long stalk appearing jointed by the enlargement
of the pedicel and torus below the insertion of the stipe; seed light brown, 1|' long.
Fig. 327
A small slender shrubby tree, 18°-20°high, with a trunk sometimes 5'-6' in diameter,
and thin angled branchlets dark gray, smooth or slightly rugose, and covered with minute
ferrugineous scales. Bark rarely more than |' thick, slightly fissured, the dark red-brown
surface broken into small irregularly shaped divisions. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained,
yellow faintly tinged with red, with lighter colored sap wood of about 15 layers of annual
growth.
Distribution. Coast of Florida; Cape Canaveral and Cape Sable to the southern keys;
generally distributed, but nowhere abundant; common on several of the Antilles.
XX. HAMAMELIDACEiE.
Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, slender terete branchlets, naked or scaly buds, and
fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, petiolate, stipulate, deciduous. Flowers perfect or uni-
sexual; calyx 4-parted or 0; petals 4 or 0; stamens 4-8; anthers attached at the base, in-
trorse, 2-celled; ovary inserted in the bottom of the receptacle, 2-celled; ovules 1 or many,
anatropous, suspended from an axile placenta; micropyle superior; raphe ventral. Fruit
a woody capsule opening at the summit. Seed usually 1; embryo surrounded by fleshy
albumen; cotyledons oblong, flat, longer than the terete radicle turned toward the hilum.
The Witch Hazel family with twenty genera is confined to eastern North America, south-
western, southern, and eastern Asia, the Malay Archipelago, Madagascar, and South
Africa. Of the three North American genera two are arborescent.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.
Flowers usually unisexual, capitate, without petals, limb of the calyx short or nearly obso-
lete; capsules consolidated by their base into a globose head; seed with a terminal
wing; leaves palmately lobed. 1. Liquidambar.
Flowers usually perfect, with calyx and corolla; capsules not consolidated into a head; seed
without a wing. 2. Hamamelis.
HAMAMELIDACE^
1. LIQUIDAMBAR L.
367
Trees, with balsamic juices, scaly bark, terete often winged branchlets, scaly buds, and
fibrous roots. Leaves plicate in the bud, alternate, palmately lobed, glandular-serrate,
long-petiolate; stipules lanceolate, acute, caducous. Flowers monoecious or rarely perfect
in capitate heads surrounded by an involucre of 4 deciduous bracts, the staminate in
terminal racemes, the pistillate in solitary long-stalked heads from the axils of upper leaves;
staminate flowers without a calyx and corolla; stamens indefinite, interspersed with minute
scales; filaments filiform, shorter than the oblong obcordate anthers opening longitudinally;
pistillate flowers surrounded by long-awned scales, the whole confluent into a globular
head; calyx obconic, its limb short or nearly obsolete; stamens usually 4, inserted on the
simimit of the calyx; anthers minute, usually rudimentary or abortive, rarely fertile; ovary
partly inferior, of 2 united carpels terminating in elongated subulate recurved persistent
styles stigmatic on the inner face; ovules numerous. Capsules armed with the hardened
incurved elongated styles free above, septicidally dehiscent, consolidated by their base
into a globose head; pericarp thick and woody; endocarp thin, corneous, lustrous on the
inner surface. Seeds usually solitary or 2 by the abortion of many ovules, compressed,
angulate; seed-coat opaque, crustaceous, produced into a short membranaceous obovate
terminal wing rounded at the oblique apex.
Liquidambar with about four species is confined to the eastern United States, southern
and central Mexico, Central America, southwestern Asia, middle and southeastern China,
and Formosa. Liquid storax, an opaque grayish brown resin, is derived from Liquidam-
bar orientalis Mill., a native of Asia Minor.
Liquidambar from liquidus and ambar in allusion to the fragrant juices.
1. Liquidambar Styracifliia L. Sweet Gum. Bilsted.
Leaves generally round in outline, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at base, deeply
5-7-lob«d, with acutely pointed divisions finely serrate with rounded appressed teeth,
Fig. 328
when they unfold pilose on the lower surface, soon becoming glabrous with the exception of
large tufts of pale rufous hairs in the axils of the principal veins, at maturity thin, bright
green, smooth and lustrous, 6'-7' across, with broad primary veins and finely reticulate
veinlets; exhaling when bruised a pleasant resinous fragrance; in the autumn turning deep
crimson; petioles slender, covered at first near the base with rufous caducous hairs, and
5'-6' in length; stipules entire, glabrous, l'-^' long. Flowers: staminate in terminal
racemes 2'-3' long covered with rufous hairs, in heads stalked toward the base of the
raceme and nearly sessile above, Y in diameter, and surrounded by ovate acute deciduous
hairy bracts much larger than the lanceolate acute bracts of the female inflorescence |'
368 TREES OP NORTH AMERICA
across and conspicuous from the broad stigmatic surfaces of the recurved and contorted
styles. Fruit l'-l|' in diameter, persistent during the winter, the carpels opening in the
autumn; seed Y long and rather longer than its wing, with a light brown coat conspicu-
ously marked by oblong resin-ducts.
A tree, 80*'-140° high, with a straight trunk 4°-5° in diameter, slender branches forming
while the tree is young a pyramidal head, and in old age a comparatively small oblong
crown, and slender branchlets containing a large pith, slightly many-angled, covered when
they first appear with caducous rufous hairs, light orange color to reddish brown in their
first winter, marked by occasional minute dark lenticels and by large arcuate leaf-scars
showing the ends of 3 conspicuous fibro-vascular bundles, developing in their second season
corky wings appearing on the upper side of lateral branches in 3 or 4 parallel ranks and
irregularly on all sides of vertical branches, and increasing in width and thickness for many
years, sometimes becoming 2'-3' broad and 1' thick. Winter-buds acute, j long, and
covered by ovate acute minutely apiculate orange-brown scales rounded on the back, those
of the inner rows accrescent, tipped with red, and about 1' long at maturity. Wood
heavy, hard, straight, close-grained, not strong, bright brown tinged with red, with thin
almost white sapwood of 60-70 layers of annual growth; used for the outside and inside
finish of houses, in cabinet-making, for street pavement, wooden dishes, and fruit boxes.
Distribution. Fairfield County, Connecticut, and in the neighborhood of the coast to
southeastern Pennsylvania, southward to Cape Canaveral and the shores of Tampa Bay,
Florida, and westward through southern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois to southeastern Mis-
souri, and through Arkansas to eastern Oklahoma and the valley of the Trinity River,
Texas; reappearing on the mountains of central and southern Mexico and on the highlands
of Guatemala; in the maritime region of the south Atlantic and Gulf states and in the basin
of the lower Mississippi River one of the common trees of the forest, covering rich river
bottom-lands usually inundated every year; in the northern and middle states on the
borders of swamps and low wet swales; at the north rarely more than OO^-TO" tall, with
a trunk usually not more than 2° in diameter.
Unsurpassed in the brilliancy of the autumnal colors of the leaves; and often planted
as an ornamental tree in the eastern states.
2. HAMAMELIS L. Witch Hazel.
Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, terete zigzag branchlets, naked buds, and fibrous roots.
Leaves involute in the bud, more or less unsymmetrical at base, crenately toothed or lobed,
the primary veins conspicuous; stipules acute, infolding the bud, deciduous. Flowers
perfect, autumnal or hiemal, in 3 or rarely 4-flowered terminal clusters, from buds ap-
pearing in summer, on short recurved peduncles from the axils of leaves of the year, fur-
nished near the middle with 2 acute deciduous bractlets, covered like their acute bracts and
bractlets with dark ferrugineous pubescence, each flower surrounded by 2 or 3 ovate acute
bracts, the outer slightly united at base into a 3-lobed involucre; calyx 4-parted pale pubes-
cent on the outer siu-face, orange-brown, yellow or red on the inner surface, persistent on
the base of the ovary, the lobes reflexed; petals bright yellow, inserted on the margin of the
cup-shaped receptacle, alternate with the sepals, strap>-shaped, falling with the stamens
when the ovules are fertilized; stamens 8, inserted in 2 rows on the margin of the receptacle,
the 4 opposite the lobes of the calyx fertile, the others reduced to minute strap-shaped
scales; filaments free, shorter than the calyx, prolonged into a thickened pointed connec-
tive; anthers ellipsoid, opening laterally from without by persistent valves; ovary of 2
carpels, free at apex, inserted in the bottom of the receptacle, partly superior, remaining
during the winter without enlarging and surrounded and protected by the calyx; styles
subulate, spreading, stigmatic at apex, persistent; ovule solitary. Fruit ripening in the
autumn, usually 2 from each flower-cluster, capsular, 2-beaked at apex, surrounded for
one-third or one-half its length by the enlarged persistent calyx bearing at the base the
blackened remnants of the floral bracts, the thick and woody outer layer splitting from
HAMAMELIDACEiE
369
above loculicidally before the opening of the thin crustaceous inner layer. Seed oblong,
acute, suspended; testa crustaceous, chestnut brown, shining; forcibly discharged when
ripe by the contraction of the edges of the valves of the bony endocarp; embryo surrounded
by thick fleshy albumen; cotyledons foliaceous; hilum oblong, depressed.
Hamamelis is confined to eastern North America and eastern Asia, with three American
and two or three Asiatic species; of the American species two are sometimes small trees,
and the third H. vernalis Sarg. is a shrub of southern Missouri, western Arkansas, and
eastern Oklahoma.
The name is from djxa, at the same time with, and [iriKU an Apple-tree, and was applied
by the ancients to the Medlar or some similar tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES. •
Leaves smooth, conspicuously unsymmetrical at base; flowers autumnal.
1. H. virginiana (A, C).
Leaves roughened by persistent tubercles, slightly unsymmetrical at base; flowers hiemal.
2. H. macrophylla (C).
1. Hamamelis virginiana L.
Leaves obovate, acuminate, long-pointed or sometimes rounded at apex, very unequal
at base, the lower side rounded or subcordate, the upper usually cuneate and smaller,
irregularly and coarsely crenately lobed above the middle, entire or dentate below, when
they unfold coated, especially on the lower surface of the midrib and veins and on the
petioles and stipules with stellate ferrugineous pubescence, at maturity membranaceous,
dull dark green and glabrous or pilose above, lighter colored anJ lustrous below, and pu-
bescent or puberulous on the stout midrib and 6 or 7 pairs of primary veins, 4'-6' long,
2'-2^' wide; turning delicate yellow in the autumn; petioles slender, pubescent early in
the season, becoming glabrous ^'-1' in length; stipules lanceolate, acute, coriaceous, |'-|'
long. Flov/ers opening from the middle of September to the middle of November; calyx
orange-brown on the inner surface; petals bright yellow; |'-|' long. Fruit ripening
when the flowers of the season are expanding, \' long, pubescent, dull orange-brown and
surrounded for half its length by the large persistent calyx; seed Y long-
A tree, occasionally 20°-25° high, with a short trunk 12-14' in diameter, spreading
branches forming a broad open head, and slender flexible branchlets coated at first with
scurfy rusty stellate hairs, gradually disappearing during the summer, and in their first
winter glabrous or slightly puberulous, light orange-brown and marked by small white
dots, becoming in their second year dark or reddish brown; usually a stout shrub sending
370
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
up from the ground numerous rigid diverging stems 5°-^(f tall. Winter-buds acute,
slightly falcate, light orange-brown, covered with short fine pubescence, \'-\' long. Bark |'
thick, light brown, generally smooth but broken into minute thin appressed scales disclos-
ing in falling the dark reddish purple inner bark. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained,
light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood of 30-40 layers of annual
growth. The bark and leaves are slightly astringent and although not known to possess
essential properties are largely used in the form of fluid extracts and decoctions and in
homoeopathic practice. Pond's Extract being made by distilling the bark in diluted alcohol.
Distribution. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the valley of the St. Lawrence River to
southern Ontario, southern Wisconsin, southeastern Minnesota and northeastern Iowa, and
southward to central Georgia and southern Arkansas, growing usually on the borders of
the forest in low rich soil or on the rocky banks of streams; of its largest size and probably
only arborescent on the slopes of the high Alleghany Mountains in North and South
Carolina and Tennessee.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the northern states, and in western
and northern Europe.
2. Hamamelis macrophylla Pursh.
Leaves short-obovate or occasionally broad-elliptic, rounded, acute or rarely acuminate
at apex, cuneate, rounded or cordate at the narrow slightly unsymmetrical base, crenate-
lobulate above the middle with small rounded lobes, covered with short stellate hairs more
Fig. 330
abundant on the upper than on the lower surface, and at maturity dark green above, paler
below, and roughened by the persistent tubercle-like bases of the stellate hairs, 3'-5' long,
2'-3' wide, with a slender midrib and five or six pairs of primary veins; petioles slender,
pubescent, Y~\' iii length; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, scarious, hoary-pubescent, \'-^'
long. Flowers opening in December, January and February; calyx yellow on the inner
surface; petals light yellow, Y long and less than ^?' wide. Fruit ripening in the autumn,
about Y in length; seed dark chestnut-brown or nearly black.
A tree, often 30°-45° high, producing stoloniferous shoots round the tall trunk often 1**
in diameter, erect and spreading branches, and branchlets rusty or hoary-tomentose during
their first year, becoming glabrous or nearly glabrous and grayish brown in their second
season; often a shrub. Winter-buds rusty-tomentose, about \' in length.
Distribution. Rich soil, by streams or along the borders of the forest; valley of the
lower Savannah River, near Savannah, Chatham County, and along the Withlacoochee
River, Lowndes County, Georgia, to central and western Florida; through Alabama; in
PLATANACE^ 371
southern and central Mississippi, and through Louisiana to eastern Texas (Beaumont,
Jefferson County, and Fletcher, Hardin County), and southern Arkansas; generally dis-
tributed and most abundant in Louisiana; probably of its largest size on the bluffs of
the Alabama River in Dallas County, Alabama.
XXI. PLATANACEiE.
Trees, with watery juice, thick deeply furrowed scaly bark exfoliating from the branches
and young trunks in large thin plates, terete zigzag pithy branchlets prolonged by an upper
axillary bud, and fibrous roots. Winter-buds axillary, conic, large, smooth, and lustrous,
nearly surrounded at base by the narrow leaf-scars displaying a row of conspicuous dark
fibro-vascular bundle-scars, covered by 3 deciduous scales, the 2 inner accrescent, strap-
shaped, rounded at apex at maturity, marking in falling the base of the branchlet with
narrow ring-like scars, the outer scale surrounding the bud and splitting longitudinally with
its expansion, the second light green, covered by a gummy fragrant secretion and usually
inclosing a bud in its axil, the third coated with long rufous hairs. Leaves longitudinally
plicate in vernation, alternate, broadly ovate, cordate, truncate, or cuneate and decurrent
on the petiole at base, more or less acutely 3-7-lobed, and occasionally furnished with a
more or less enlarged basal lobe, the lobes entire, dentate with minute remote callous teeth,
or coarsely sinuate-toothed, penniveined, the veins arcuate and united near the margins
and connected by inconspicuous reticulate veinlets, clothed while young like the petioles,
stipules, and young branchlets with caducous stellate sharp-pointed branching hairs, pale
on the lower and rufous on the upper surface, long-petiolate; turning brown and withering
in the autumn before falling; petioles abruptly enlarged at base and inclosing the buds;
stipules membranaceous, laterally united below into a short tube surrounding the branchlet
above the insertion of their leaf, acute, more or less free above, dentate or entire, thin and
scarious on flowering shoots, broad and leaf-like on vigorous sterile branchlets, caducous,
marking the branchlet in falling with narrow ring-like scars. Flowers minute, appearing
with the unfolding of the leaves in dense unisexual pedunculate solitary or spicate heads,
the staminate and pistillate heads on separate peduncles or rarely united on the same pe-
duncle; staminate heads dark red on axillary peduncles; pistillate heads light green tinged
with red, on long terminal peduncles, the lateral heads in the spicate clusters sessile and
embracing at maturity the peduncle, usually persistent on the branches during the winter;
calyx of the staminate flower divided into 3-6 minute scale-like sepals slightly united at
base, about half as long as the 3-6 cuneiform sulcate scarious pointed petals; stamens as
many as the divisions of the calyx, opposite them, with short nearly obsolete filaments, and
elongated clavate 2-celled anthers, their cells opening longitudinally and crowned by a
capitate pilose truncate connective; calyx of the pistillate flower divided into 3-6, usually 4,
rounded sepals much shorter than the acute petals; stamens scale-like, elongated-obovoid,
pilose at apex; ovaries as many as the divisions of the calyx, superior, oblong, sessile, sur-
rounded at base by long ridged jointed pale hairs persistent round the fruit, gradually nar-
rowed into long simple bright red styles papillose-stigmatic to below the middle along
the ventral suture; ovules 1 or rarely 2, suspended laterally, orthotropous. Head of fruit
composed of elongated obovoid akenes rounded and obtuse or acute at apex, surmounted
by the persistent styles, 1-seeded, light yellow-brown; pericarp thin, coriaceous. Seed
elongated-oblong, suspended; testa thin and firm, light chestnut-brown; embryo erect in
thin fleshy albumen; cotyledons oblong, about as long as the elongated cylindric erect
radicle turned toward the minute apical hilum. Wood hard and heavy not strong, light
brown tinged with red, with numerous broad conspicuous medullary rays and bands of
smaller ducts marking the layers of annual growth. A family of a single genus.
1. PLATANUS L. Plane-tree.
Characters of the family.
A genus of four or five species of eastern and western North America, Mexico, Central
America, and of southwestern Asia, all resembling each other except in the form of the lobes
372
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
of the loaves and the amount of pubescence on their lower surface, in the pointed or obtuse
apex of the &kene, and in the number of heads of pistillate flowers on their peduncle.
Of the exotic species, the Old World Platanus acerifolia Willd., of doubtful origin, and
often considered a hybrid between P. orientalis L. and the Plane-tree of the eastern United
States, is now a common street tree in the cities of all the countries of temperate Europe,
and is largely used as a street and shade tree in the eastern states and in California.
Platanus is the classical name of the Plane-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Heads of fruit usually solitary; leaves broadly ovate, slightly 3-5-lobed, the lobes broad,
mostly serrulate, or entire, truncate or rarely cuneate at base. 1. P. occidentalis (.A, C).
Heads of fruit racemose.
Leaves 3-5-lobed to below the middle, the lobes entire, remotely and obscurely dentate,
or rarely sinuate-toothed, truncate or slightly cordate or cuneate at base.
2. P. racemosa (G)
Leaves deeply 5-7-lobed, the lobes elongated, slender, entire, or rarely remotely dentate,
deeply cordate or rarely cuneate or truncate at base. 3. P. Wrightii (H)
1. Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore. Buttonwood.
Leaves broadly ovate, more or less 3-5-lobed by broad shallow sinuses rounded at th«
bottom, the lobes broad, acuminate, sinuate-toothed with long straight or curved remotft
acuminate teeth, or entire with undulate margins, truncate or slightly cordate, or long-
Fig. 331
cuneate and decurrent on the petiole at base (var. attenuata Sarg.), thin and firm, brighi;
green on the upper surface, paler on the lower, glabrous at maturity with the exception
of a slight pubescence on the under side of the thin midrib and stout yellow veins, 4'-7'
long and broad, or twice as large on vigorous shoots and then frequently furnished with
dentate basal lobes; petioles stout, terete or slightly angled, becoming puberulous 3'-5' in
length ; stipules l'-l|' long, entire or sinuate-toothed. Flowers: peduncles coated with pale
tomentum, bearing 1 and sometimes 2 heads of flowers. Fruit: heads 1' in diameter, on
slender glabrous stems 3'-6' in length; akene about f ' long and truncate or obtusely rounded
at apex.
A tree, occasionally 140®-170° high, with a trunk sometimes 10**-11° in diameter above
its abruptly enlarged base, often divided near the ground into several large secondary
trunks, or rising 70°-80°, with a straight column-like shaft free of branches and with little
PLATANACE.E
373
dimunition of diameter, massive spreading limbs forming a broad open irregular head
sometimes 100° in diameter, their extremities usually erect or more or less pendulous, and
slender branchlets coated at first like the leaves, petioles, and stipules with thick pale de-
ciduous tomentum, during their first summer dark green and glabrous, marked by minute
oblong pale lenticels, becoming dark orange-brown and rather lustrous during their first
winter and light gray in their second year. Winter-buds j-^' long. Bark of young
trunks and large branches rarely more than ^' thick, dark reddish brown, broken into small
oblong thick appressed plate-like scales, smooth, light gray, and separating higher on the
tree into large thin scales, in falling exposing large irregular surfaces of the pale yellow,
whitish, or greenish inner bark, becoming at the base of large trunks 2'-3' thick, dark
brown, and divided by deep furrows into broad rounded ridges covered by small thin ap-
pressed scales. Wood the favorite material for tobacco boxes, ox-yokes, and butcher's
blocks, and now largely used for furniture and the interior finish of houses.
Distribution. Borders of streams and lakes on rich bottom-lands; southeastern Maine
to northern Vermont and through southern Ontario and Michigan to central and southern
Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and eastern Oklahoma to the valley of
the Arkansas River (Clay County), and southward to middle Florida (Gadsden County),
central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the Rio Grande (Zavalla County)
western Texas; common but most abundant and of its largest size on the bottom lands
of streams in the basin of the lower Ohio and Mississippi rivers; less abundant and of
smaller size in the coast region of the Carolinas and in western Texas; ascending the
Appalachian Mountains up to altitudes of 2500°. The most massive if not the tallest
deciduous-leaved tree of eastern North America.
Sometimes planted as a street tree, especially in the cities of eastern Texas; passing into
1. Platanus occidentalis var. glabrata Sarg.
Platanus glabrata Fern.
Leaves usually broader than long, truncate, broad-cuneate or rarely cordate at base,
3-lobed by sinuses acute or rounded in the bottom, the lobes long-acuminate, entire, the
lateral lobes often furnished near the base with one or rarely with two small acuminate in-
1% 3M
374
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
curved secondary lobes occasionally found also on the terminal lobe, tomentose bebw and
pubescent above when the flowers open the end of March in Texas, later becoming glabrous
except on the under side of the midrib and veins, usually about 2f'-5^' long and 3'-3^'
wide; petioles pubescent, becoming glabrous. Peduncles bearing one or rarely two heads.
Flowers and Fruit like those of the species.
Distribution. Western Texas, common; valley of the Colorado River, near Austin,
Travis County, to that of the Devil's River, Valverde County; in Coahuila and Nuovo
Leon; rarely northward with widely scattered individuals; the prevailing form on the
Edwards Plateau and in the counties adjacent to the Rio Grande.
2. Platanus racemosa Nutt. Sycamore.
Leaves 3-5-lobed to below the middle by broad sinuses acute or rounded in the bottom,
the lobes acute or acuminate, entire, dentate with remote callous tipped teeth, or occa-
Fig. 333
sionally coarsely sinuate-toothed, usually cordate or sometimes truncate, or cuneate and
decurrent on the petiole at base, thick and firm, light green above, paler and more or less
thickly coated below with pale pubescence most abundant along the midrib and primary
veins, 6'-10' long and broad; petioles stout, pubescent, l'-3' m length; stipules l'-l|'
long, entire or dentate, often persistent until spring. Flowers : peduncles hoary-pubescent,
bearing usually 4 or 5 heads of staminate flowers and 2-7 heads of pistillate flowers, a head
of the staminate flowers occasionally appearing on the pistillate peduncle above the heads
of fertile flowers. Fruit: heads j in diameter, on slender zigzag glabrous or pubescent
stems 6'-9' in length; akene acute or rounded at apex, Y long, tomentose while young,
becoming glabrous.
A tree, 40°-90° high, with a trunk sometimes 9° in diameter above the broad tapering
base, erect and free of branches for half its height, more often divided near the ground
into secondary stems erect, inclining, or prostrate for 20°-30° at their base, thick heavy
more or less contorted spreading branches forming an open irregular round-topped head,
and branchlets coated at first with thick pale deciduous tomentum, light reddish brown,
and marked by numerous small lenticels in their first winter, becoming gradually darker
in their second and third years; usually smaller, with a trunk 2°-4° in diameter. Winter-
buds nearly Y long. Bark at the base of old trunks S'-V thick, dark brown, deeply fur-
rowed, with broad rounded ridges separating on the surface into thin scales; thinner,
smooth, and pale, or almost white higher on the trunk and on the branches.
Distribution. Banks of the streams of western California; valley of the upper Sac-
PLATANACE^
375
ramento River (Tehama County) southward through the interior valleys, along the west-
ern foothills of the Sierra Nevada and on the southern coast ranges; and on Mount San
Pedro Martir in Lower California; exceedingly common in all the valleys of the California
coast ranges from Monterey to the southern borders of the state, and ascending the
southern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains to altitudes of 3000°-4000°.
3. Platanus Wrightii S. Wats. Sycamore.
Leaves divided by narrow sinuses to below the middle and sometimes nearly to the
center into 3-7 but usually into 3-5 elongated acute lobes entire, or dentate with callous-
tipped teeth, or occasionally furnished with 1 or 2 lateral lobes, sometimes deeply cordate
by the downward projection of the lower lobes, or often truncate or cuneate at base, thin
and firm in texture, light green and glabrous above, covered below with pale pubescence,
6'-8' long and broad, with a slender midrib, and primary veins connected by conspicuous
Fig. 334
reticulate veinlets; petioles stout, glabrous or puberulous, l^'-3' in length. Flowers:
peduncles hoary-tomentose, bearing 1-4 heads of flowers. Fruit: heads on slender gla-
brous stems 6'-8' long, about f in diameter; akenes glabrous, |' long, truncate at apex.
A tree, often 60°-80° high, with a straight trunk 4°-5° in diameter, gradually tapering
and free of branches for 20°-30°, or with a trunk divided at the ground into 2 or 3 large
stems usually more or less reclining and often nearly prostrate for 15°-20°, thick con-
torted branches, the lowest growing almost at right angles to the trunk and 50°-60° long,
the upper usually erect at first, finally spreading into a broad open handsome head, and
slender branchlets coated when they first appear with thick pale tomentum, becoming
glabrous or slightly puberulous during their first winter, marked by minute scattered len-
ticels, and light brown tinged with red or ashy gray, and gradually darker in their second
or third year. Winter-buds hardly more than |' long. Bark at the base of the trunk
dark, 3'-4' thick, deeply and irregularly divided into broad ridges, and covered on the
surface with small appressed scales, thinner and separating into large scales 10°-15° above
the ground, and gradually passing info the smooth much thinner creamy white bark
faintly tinged with green of the upper branches.
Distribution. Banks of streams in the mountain canons of southwestern New Mexico
and southern Arizona; in northern Arizona in Oak Creek Canon near Flagstaff (P. Lowell);
and in Sonora; the largest and one of the most abundant of the deciduous-leaved trees on
all the mountain ranges of southern Arizona, extending from the mouth of cafions up to
altitudes of 5000°-6000'' above the sea.
376 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
XXn. ROSACEA.
Trees, shrubs and herbs, with watery juices, terete branchlets, scaly buds, and alternate
leaves {opposite in Lyonoihamnus), with stipules. Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5
{0 in Cercocarpus), imbricated in the bud, inserted with the numerous distinct stamens on
the edge of a disk lining the calyx-tube; anthers introrse (extrorse in Vanquelinia), 2-celled,
the cells opening longitudinally; ovary superior in Lyonothamnus and Heteromeles, often
partly superior in Amelanchier; ovules 2 in each cell (1 in Cowania and Cercocarpus, 4 in
Lyonothamnus), anatropous. Seeds without albumen {albuminous in Lyonothamnus and
Cowania). A family of about ninety genera chiefly confined to the temperate parts of the
world and producing many of the most valuable fruits, including the apple, pear, quince,
strawberry, raspberry, and blackberry. The six tribes into which the genera of the family
are grouped, have arborescent representatives in North America.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.
Tribe 1. Spir^oide^. Fruit a woody capsule.
Flowers in terminal cymose corymbs; calyx-lobes persistent; ovary 5-celIed; ovules as-
cending; mature carpels adherent below and opening down the back; albumen 0; leaves
* simple. 1. Vauquelinia.
Flowers in terminal corymbs; calyx-lobes deciduous; ovary 2-celled; ovules 4 in each
cell, pendulous; mature carpels opening on the ventral and partly on the dorsal suture;
albumen thin; leaves opp)osite, simple or pinnately divided.
2. Lyonothamnus.
Tribe 2. Pomoide^. Fruit a pome composed of the thickened and succulent calyx-tube
inclosing the papery or bony carpels; stipules free from the petioles.
Mature carpels papery.
Carpels as many as the styles.
Flowers in few-flowered terminal racemes on short spur-like lateral branchlets; ovary
3-5-celled; styles more or less united below; leaves simple; winter-buds small.
3. Malus.
Flowers in broad compound terminal cymes; ovary 2-4, usually 3-celled; styles
distinct; fruit subglobose; leaves unequally pinnate; winter-buds large.
4. Sorbus.
Flowers in large terminal corymbose panicles; ovary nearly superior, 2-celled;
styles distinct; fruit obovoid. 5. Heteromeles.
Carpels becoming at maturity twice as many as the styles; flowers in erect or nodding
racemes; ovary inferior or partly superior; styles 2-5, more or less united below;
fruitsubgloboseorpyriform; leaves simple, deciduous. 6. Amelanchier.
Mature carpels bony; flowers in terminal cymose corymbs; ovary 1-5-celled; styles dis-
tinct; fruit globose to pyriform; leaves simple, deciduous. 7. Crataegus.
Tribe 3. Dryads. Calyx-tube turbinate, campanulate or hemispheric; petals 5; ovary
composed of 1 or several carpels; fruit an akene tipped with the elongated plumose
style.
Flowers terminal on short branchlets, solitary; calyx-tube turbinate; carpels 5-12; leaves
alternate, toothed or pinnatifid. 8. Cowama.
Tribe 4. Cercocarp^. Calyx-tube salver-shaped; petals 0; ovary composed of a single
carpel; fruit an akene, tipped with the elongated plumose style.
Leaves alternate, simple, entire or serrate. 9. Cercocarpus.,
Tribe 5. Prunoide^. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe; ovary 1-celled; style terminal; ovules
pendulous.
Flowers in fascicled umbels, or racemes; leaves simple, deciduous or persistent.
10. Prunus.
ROSACEiE
377
Tribe 6. CHRYSOBALANOiDEiB. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe; ovary 1-ceIled; style lateral,
ovules ascending.
Flowers in axillary or terminal cymose panicles; leaves simple, persistent.
11. Chrysobalanus.
1. VAUQUELINIA Corr.
Trees or shrubs, with slender terete branchlets and scaly bark. Leaves alternate or
rarely opposite, lanceolate, serrate, long-petiolate, reticulate- veined, coriaceous, persistent;
stipules minute, acute, deciduous. Flowers on slender bibracteolate pedicels, in com-
pound terminal leafy cymose corymbs; calyx short-turbinate, coriaceous, 5-lobed, the
lobes ovate, obtuse or acute, erect, persistent; petals 5, orbicular or oblong, white, becom-
ing reflexed, persistent; stamens 15-25, inserted in 3 or 4 series equal or semiequal, those
of the outer row opposite the petals; filaments subulate, exserted, persistent; anthers versa-
tile, extrorse; carpels 5, opposite the sepals, inserted on the thickened base of the calyx-
tube and united below into a 5-celled ovoid tomentose ovary crowned with 5 short spread-
ing styles dilated into capitate stigmas; ovules subbasilar, ascending, prolonged at the apex
into thin membranaceous wings; raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit a woody ovoid
5-celled tomentose capsule inclosed at the base by the remnants of the flower, the mature
carpels adherent below and at maturity splitting down the back. Seeds 2 in each cell, as-
cending, compressed; testa membranaceous, expanded into a long terminal membranaceous
wing; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons flat; radicle straight, erect.
Vauquelinia is confined to the New World and is distributed from New Mexico, Arizona
and Lower California to southern Mexico. Three species are distinguished; of these one
inhabits the mountain ranges of southern Arizona and New Mexico.
The generic name is in honor of the French chemist Louis Nicholas Vauquelin (1763-
1829).
1. Vauquelinia calif omica Sarg.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or rarely rounded at apex, abruptly cuneate
or slightly rounded at base, and remotely serrate with minute glandular teeth, when th«y
unfold puberulous above and densely tomentose below, and at maturity coriaceous, bright
Fig. 335
yellow-green and glabrous on the upper and tomentose on the lower surface, l|'-3' long,
^'-|' wide, with a thick conspicuous midrib grooved on the upper side, and numerous thin
primary veins connected by reticulate veinlets; deciduous in spring or early summer; petioles
thick, Y~¥ in length. Flowers appearing in June, Y in diameter, in hoary-tomentose
panicles 2'-3' across; petals oblong; inner surface of the disk pilose. Fruit fully grown by
378 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
the end of August, Y long, persistent on the branches after, opening until the spring of the
following year; conspicuous from the contrast of the bright red faded petals and the white
silky pubescence of the calyx and carpels; seed rz' long, and one third as long as its wing.
A tree, 18°-20° high, with a slender often hollow trunk 5'-6' in diameter, rigid upright
contorted branches, and slender branchlets at first bright reddish brown and more or less
thickly covered with hoary tomentum, becoming light brown or gray in their second year
and marked by large elevated leaf-scars; or more often a low shrub. . Winter-buds: axillary
minute, acuminate, reddish brown, pubescent. Bark about re' thick, dark red-brown,
and broken on the surface into small square persistent plate-like scales. Wood very heavy,
hard, close-grained, dark rich brown streaked with red, with 14 or 15 layers of annual
growth.
Distribution. Bottoms and rocky sides of gulches, or on grassy slopes; mountain ranges
of extreme southwestern New Mexico (Guadalupe Canon, teste E. A. M earns), southern
Arizona, Sonora, and Lower California; arborescent and of its largest size in Arizona on
the Santa Catalina Mountains at altitudes of about 5000° above the sea.
2. LYONOTHAMNUS A. Gray.
A tree or shrub, with scaly bark exfoliating in long strips, stout terrete pubescent ulti-
mately glabrous branchlets, and scaly, acuminate buds. Leaves opposite, long-petiolate,
Hanceolate, acuminate, rounded or cuneate at base, entire, finely crenulate-serrate or serru-
late lobulate below the middle, or sometimes irregularly pinnately parted into 3-8 linear-
lanceolate remote lobulate segments, coriaceous, transversely man3''-veined, dark green
above, paler and more or less pubescent below, persistent; stipules lanceolate, acute, minute,
caducous. Flowers on slender pedicels, in broad compound terminal pubescent cymose
corymbs, with minute acute persistent bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube hemispheric, with
1-3 bractlets, tomentose on the outer surface, the lobes nearly triangular, slightly keeled,
apiculate, persistent; disk 10-lobed, with a slightly thickened margin; petals 5, orbicular,
sessile, white; stamens 15, inserted in pairs opposite the petals and singly opposite the
sepals; filaments subulate, incurved, as long as the petals; anthers oblong, 2-celled, the
cells opening longitudinally; carpels 2, inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube, forming a
superior glandular, hairy ovary; styles 2, spreading; stigmas capitate, truncate; ovules 4
in each cell, suspended; micropyle superior; raphe ventral. Fruit of 2 woody ovoid glan-
dular-setulose carpels, dehiscent on the ventral and partly dehiscent on the dorsal suture.
Seeds ovate-oblong, pointed at the ends; seed-coat light brown, thin and membranaceous;
hilum orbicular, apical; raphe broad and wing-like; cotyledons oblong, acuminate, twice
as long as the straight radicle directed toward the hilum.
Lyonothamnus is represented by a single species found only on the islands off the coast
of southern California.
Lyonothamnus, in honor of its discoverer, William S. Lyon.
1. Lyonothamnus floribundus A. Gray. Ironwood.
Leaves 4'-8' long, Y wide when entire, or 4' wide when pinnately divided, when they
imfold covered below with hoary deciduous tomentum, at maturity dark green and lus-
trous above and yellow-green, glabrous or pubescent below, with an orange-colored
midrib. Flowers in June and July, I'-Y in diameter, in clusters varying from 4'-8' across.
Fruit ripens in August and September, ts' long.
A bushy tree, rarely 30°-40° high, with a single straight trunk 8'-10' in diameter,
and slender branchlets at first pale orange color and coated with deciduous pubescence,
becoming at the end of their first season bright red and lustrous; usually shrubby, with
several tall stems, or in exposed situations a low bush. Bark Y thick, dark red-brown, and
composed of numerous thin papery layers, forming after exfoliating long loose strips per-
sistent on the stem. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, bright clear red faintly tinged
with orange.
ROSACEA
379
Distribution. Steep slopes of canons in dry rocky soil; on the islands of Santa Catalina,
Santa Cruz, San Clemen te, Santa Rosa, California; most abundant and of its largest size on
Fig. 336
the northern shores of Santa Cruz; on Santa Catalina much smaller and rarely arborescent.
Now occasionally cultivated in California.
3. MALUS Miller. Apple.
Trees, with scaly bark, slender terete branchlets, small obtuse buds covered by im-
bricated scales, those of the inner ranks accrescent and marking the base of the branchlet
with conspicuous ring-like scars, and fibrous roots. Leaves conduplicate in the bud in the
American species, simple, often incisely lobed, especially those near the end of vigorous
branchlets, petiolate, deciduous, the petioles in falling leaving narrow horizontal scars
marked by the ends of three equidistant fibro- vascular bundles; stipules free from the
petioles, filiform, early deciduous. Flowers in short terminal racemes, with filiform de-
ciduous bracts and bractlets, on short lateral spur-like often spinescent branchlets; calyx-
tube obconic, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, acuminate, becoming reflexed,
persistent and erect on, the fruit or deciduous; petals rounded at apex, contracted below
into a stalk-like base, white, pink or rose color; stamens usually 20 in 3 series, those of the
outer series opposite the petals; carpels 3-5, usually 5, alternate with the petals, united into
an inferior ovary; styles united at base; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending; raphe dorsal;
micropyle inferior. Fruit a pome with homogeneous flesh, and papery carpels joined at
apex, free in the middle; seeds 2, or by abortion 1 in each cell, ovoid, acute, erect, without
albumen; seed-coat cartilaginous, chestnut-brown and lustrous; embryo erect; cotyledons
plano-convex, fleshy; radicle short, inferior. Mains is confined to North America where
nine species have been recognized, to western and southeastern Europe, and to central,
southern, and eastern Asia. Of exotic species, Malus pumila Mill, of southeastern Europe
and central Asia, the Apple-tree of orchards, has become widely naturalized in north-
eastern North America. Several of the species of eastern Asia and their hybrids are cul-
tivated for their handsome flowers, or for their fruits, the Siberian Crabs of pomologists.
Malus is the classical name of the Apple-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Calyx persistent on the green or rarely yellow fruit covered with a waxy exudation ; leaves
of vigorous shoots laterally lobed; anthers dark (Chloromeles).
Leaves glabrous at maturity.
380
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Leaves on flowering branchlets, acute or acuminate, serrate.
Leaves at the end of vigorous shoots distinctly lobed, those of flowering branchlets
incisely serrate or lobed.
Leaves subcordate, with the lowest pair of veins springing directly from the base,
light green on the lower surface. 1. M. glabrata (A).
Leaves truncate or rounded at base, the lowest pair of veins at some distance from
the base.
Leaves glaucescent beneath, thickish at maturity. 2. M, glaucescens (A, C).
^ Leaves light green on the lower surface, thin. 3. M. coronaria (A, C).
Leaves at the end of vigorous shoots only slightly lobed, those of flowering branch-
lets serrate.
Leaves oval-elliptic, acute; fruit much depressed, distinctly broader than high.
4. M. platycarpa (A, C).
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, thin; fruit subglobose. 5. M. lancifolia.
Leaves on flowering branchlets usually rounded at apex, those at the end of vigorous
shoots only slightly lobed; fruit subglobose. 6. M. angustifolia (A, C).
Leaves tomentose or villose at maturity, at least those of vigorous shoots, strongly
veined.
Calyx glabrous on the outer surface; leaves of flowering branchlets without lobes, gla-
brous or nearly so. 7. M. bracteata (A, C).
Calyx tomentose or pubescent on the outer surface; leaves usually incisely lobed,
pubescent or tomentose beneath, rarely glabrous. 8. M. ioensis (A, C).
Calyx deciduous from the yellow or reddish fruit without a waxy exudation; leaves of vig-
orous shoots often 3-lobed at apex; anthers yellow (Sorbomalus) .
9. M. fusca (B, G).
1. Malus glabrata Rehd. Crab Apple.
Leaves triangular-ovate or ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, cordate or rarely truncate
at base, lobed with 2 or 3 pairs of short-acute or short-acuminate coarsely serrate lobes.
when they unfold bronze color and sparingly covered with caducous hairs, glabrous when
fully expanded, and at maturity dark yellow-green and lustrous above, pale below, i^-S'
long and ^'-9,^ wide, with 5-7 pairs of prominent primary veins, the lowest pair from the
base of the leaf; i>etioles slender, glabrous, f'-lj' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous
shoots more deeply lobed and often 4' long and 3^ wide. Flaw^ers about 1 j' in diameter.
ROSACEyE
381
on slender glabrous purple pedicels I'-lj' long, in 4-7-flowered clusters; calyx-tube purple
and glabrous, the lobes glabrous on the outer surface, slightly longer than the tube; petals
suborbicular or broadly ovate, abruptly contracted below, about f ' wide, often erose-
denticulate; stamens about one third shorter than the petals; styles 5, slightly longer than
the stamens, villose below the middle. Fruit on slender pedicels about f ' in length, de-
pressed globose, slightly angled, distinctly ribbed at the deeply impressed apex, about Ij
high and lY in diameter, with a deep basal cavity; seed obo void-oblong, about |' long.
A tree, 18°-25° high, with a short trunk rarely 1° in diameter, spreading branches often
armed with stout straight spines up to 1^' in length, and glabrous purple branchlets, be-
coming purple-brown and slightly lustrous at the end of their first season, dull red-brown
in their second year, and ultimately grayish brown. Winter-buds ovoid or oblong-ovoid,
acute, glabrous, dark purple-brown up to j' in length.
Distribution. A common Crab Apple in the valleys of western North Carolina at al-
titudes of 2000°-3500°; near Biltmore, Buncombe County, Dillsboro, Jackson County, and
Highlands, Macon County.
2. Malus glaucescens Rehd. Crab Apple.
Leaves triangular-ovate or ov^te, acute, short-acuminate or rounded at apex, truncate
or rounded at base, those of flowering branchlets more or less lobed and coarsely serrate
with abruptly acuminate teeth, their lobes triangular, broad-ovate and abruptly acumi-
Fig. 338
nate, those of the lowest pair usually the longest, bronze color and covered with thin floccose
tomentum when they unfold, soon glabrous, dull yellowish green above, glaucescent below,
^¥~^¥ long and 1 j'-3' wide, with 4-7 pairs of prominent primary veins; turning yellow or
dark purple and falling early in the autumn; petioles slender, slightly villose at first, soon
glabrous, l^'-3' in length; stipules filiform, purple, glabrous or slightly villose, about I'
long; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cor-
date at base, often deeply lobed, 3'-3|' long, 3' wide, with petioles l^'-2' in length.
Flowers li'-l|' in diameter, on slender glabrous pedicels, i'-ll' in length, in usually
5-7-flowered clusters, calyx-tube coated with floccose caducous pubescence or glabrous,
slightly shorter than the long-acuminate lobes densely tomentose on the inner surface;
petals oval, abruptly contracted below into a long claw, white or rose color, ^'-f ' wide;
stamens about one third shorter than the petals; styles 5, about as long as the stamens,
densely villose below and united at base for about one fourth of their length. Fniit
382 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
depressed globose, pale yellow when ripe, V-l^' high, Ij -If ' in diameter, with a shallow
only slightly corrugated cavity at apex and a shallow concave depression at base.
An arborescent shrub or small tree, rarely more than 15° high, often spreading into thickets,
with a trunk 4' or 5' in diameter, spreading spinescent branches forming an open irregular
head, and slender branchlets slightly pubescent at first, soon glabrous, bright red-brown
in their first and second years, becoming dark gray-brown and marked by yellow lenticels.
Bark dark gray, divided by shallow longitudinal fissures and finally separating into small
thin scales.
Distribution. Glades and open woods in rich soil; western New York (Ontario, Monroe,
Cattaraugus and Erie Counties) to southern Ontario, western Pennsylvania (near Carnot,
Allegheny County); and southeastern and northern Ohio; Tiptop, Tazewell County, Vir-
ginia; near Spruce Pine, Mitchell County, North Carolina; slopes of Lookout Mountain,
above Valleyhead, DeKalb County, Alabama; apparently most generally distributed and
most abundant in Ohio.
3. Malus coronaria L. Crab Apple. Garland Tree.
Leaves ovate to oval, rounded, acute or acuminate and often abruptly short-pointed
at apex, rounded or cuneate at base, and coarsely serrate usually only above the middle,
tinged with red and villose-pubescent when they unfold, soon glabrous, and at maturity
Fig. 339
yellow-green above, paler below, 2'-3' long and lY wide, with a prominent midrib and thin
inconspicuous primary veins; turning yellow in the autumn before falling; petioles slender,
at first puberulous, becoming glabrous, ^'-1' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
broad-ovate, usually lobed with short acute lobes, more coarsely serrate, thicker, often 3'-4'
long and 2'-3' wide, with a prominent midrib and primary veins, and stout petioles often
tinged with red and lY-2,' in length. Flowers Ij'-l^' in diameter, on glabrous pedicels
^'-1' long, in 3-6-flowered clusters: calyx-tube glabrous, or rarely more or less densely
villose-pubescent (var. dasycalyx Rehd.), the lobes long-acuminate, longer than the tube,
sparingly pubescent on the outer surface, hoary-tomentose on the inner surface; petals ob-
long-obovate, gradually or abruptly narrowed into a long claw, about \' wide; stamens
shorter than the petals; styles 5, clothed for half their length witli long white hairs and
united at the base. Fruit on slender pedicels l|'-2' in length, green when fully grown,
yellow-green at maturity, f'-l' high and I'-lj' wide.
A tree, often forming dense thickets, 25°-30° high, with a trunk 12'-14' in diameter, divid- i^
ing 8°-10"^ above the ground into several stout spreading branches forming a wide open I
head, and branchlets hoary-tomentose when they first appear, glabrous or slightly pubes-
cent, bright red-brown and marked by occasional small pale lenticels in their first winter, and
ROSACEA
383
developing in their second year stout, spur-like, somewhat spinescent lateral branchlets.
Winter-buds obtuse, with bright red scales scarious and ciliate on the dark margins. Bark
Y thick, longitudinally fissured, the outer layer separating mto long narrow persistent red-
brown scales. Wood heavy, close-grained, not strong, light red, with yellow sapwood of
18-20 layers of annual growth; used for levers, the handles of tools, and many small domestic
articles.
Distribution. Western New York to southern Ontario and westward through Ohio, south-
ern Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and southern Wisconsin to Missouri (Jackson and Butler
Counties), and southward through Pennsylvania to northern Delaware, and along the Appa-
lachian Mountains to North Carolina, sometimes up to altitudes of 3300°; the var. dasycalyx
common and widely distributed in Ohio (Lorain, Clark, Franklin, Hardin and Lucas Coun-
ties, R. E. Horsey), and in Wells and Porter Counties, Indiana (C. C. Deam).
Sometimes planted in the gardens of the northern and eastern states; passing into
Malus coronaria var. elongata Rehd.
Malus elongata Ashe.
Leaves oblong-ovate, gradually narrowed and acuminate at apex, rounded or broad-
cuneate at base, incisely serrate or slightly lobed, floccose-tomentose when they unfold, soon
glabrous, dark yellow-green above, lighter below, 2'-3|' long, l'-l|' wide; at the end of vig-
orous shoots ovate, rounded or broad and cuneate at base, acuminate, lobed with short
acuminate lobes, 3|'-4' long, 2'-2|' wide, with a prominent midrib and primary veins, and
slightly pubescent orange-colored petioles I'-l^' in length. Flowers and Fruit as in the
species.
A shrub or small tree, sometimes forming dense almost impenetrable thickets.
Distribution. Western New York (Ontario, Cattaraugus and Erie Coiinties); Virginia
(on Peak Mountain, Pulaski County) ; West Virginia (near Elkins, Randolph County,
and White Sulphur Springs, Greenbrier County), and wes' ward to southern Ohio (Oberlin,
Lorain County); North Carolina (near Highlands, Macon County); and northeastern
Georgia (Rabim County).
4. Malus platycarpa Rehd. Crab Apple.
Leaves ovate to elliptic, abruptly contracted at the rounded apex into a short point,
rounded at base, and sharply usually doubly serrate, when they unfold covered with long
384
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
white hairs caducous except from the midrib and at maturity glabrous; dark yellow-green,
lustrous, and slightly rugulose on the upper surface, lighter on the lower surface, iY-Sj' long
and lh'~^¥ wide, with 5-7 pairs of prominent primary veins; petioles slender, villose, often
becoming nearly glabrous, l'-l|' in length; on vigorous shoots often broad-ovate and
lobed with short triangular lobes sometimes 4' long and nearly as wide. Flowers about
1^' in diameter, on glabrous pedicels l^-iY long, in 3-6-flowered clusters; calyx-tube
glabrous or rarely pubescent (.var. Hoopesii Rehd.), the lobes lanceolate, acuminate,
longer than the tube, glabrous on the outer surface, densely tomentose on the inner
surface; petals orbicular-obovate, usually irregularly incisely dentate and abruptly con-
tracted at base into a short claw, slightly villose on the inner surface near the base, ^ to
Fig. 341
nearly 1' wide; stamens slightly shorter than the petals; styles 5, somewhat shorter than
the stamens, villose below the middle and united below for one third their length. Fruit
on slender pedicels, li'-li' in length, depressed globose with a deep cavity at base and
apex, l^'-lf high and 2'-2^' wide; seeds oblong-obovoid, about Y long.
A tree, 18°-20° high, with a trunk 4' or 5' in diameter, spreading unarmed branches, and
branchlets clothed when they first appear with thin villose tomentum, becoming by the
end of their first year glabrous, brown or purple-brown and lustrous, dull brown in their
second season, and ultimately grayish brown. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, glabrous except
on the villose margins of the purplish brown scales, about $' long.
Distribution. Near Franklin, Macon County, North Carolina; Mercer Springs, Mercer
County, West Virginia; near Olympia, Bath County, Kentucky; Youngstown, Mahoning
County, Ohio (R. E. Horsey).
5. Malus lancifolia Rehd. Crab Apple.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate at apex, rounded
or broad-cuneate at base, finely or coarsely doubly serrate with short or occasionally with
larger teeth pointing forward, covered with thin floccose tomentum when they unfold,
soon glabrous, bright yellow-green, l§'-3' long, ^'-1' wide, with 8-10 pairs of veins; petioles
slender, slightly villose at first, soon glabrous, ^'-1' in length; leaves on vigorous shoots
ovate or oBlong-ovate, slightly lobed, more densely pubescent below, 2|'-3|' long, 2'-2^'
wide, with a thin midrib and 4-7 pairs of veins slightly villose through the season, and
stouter petioles. Flowers li'-l^' in diameter, in 3-6-flowered clusters, on slender glabrous
pedicels about Ij' in length; calyx glabrous, the lobes longer than the tube, oblong-lanceo-
late, glabrous on the outer surface, coated with villose tomentum on the inner surface;
ROSACEA
385
petals contracted into a long narrow claw, glabrous, white or rose color, |' wide; stamens
shorter than the petals; styles 5, densely villose below the middle. Fruit on slender droop-
ing pedicels about 1' long, subglobose, I'-l^' wide.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk 12'-15' in diameter, spreading spinescent branches
forming an open pyramidal head, and slender branchlets slightly pubescent or nearly gla-
Fig. 342
brous when they first appear, becoming reddish brown at the end of their first season and
ultimately gray-brown. Bark of the trunk brownish gray, divided by shallow longitudinal
fissures and separating into thin plates.
Distribution. Northeastern Pennsylvania (Scranton, Lackawanna County) to the
western and southwestern parts of the state, and southward to Randolph and Greenbrier
Counties, West Virginia, Pulaski County (on Peak Mountain), Virginia, and to the moun-
tains of North Carolina up to altitudes of 3200°, and westward to northeastern Kentucky,
through southern Ohio, eastern Indiana (Delaware County) and southern Illinois (Rich-
land, Jackson, Gallatin and Pope Counties); Missouri (Jackson and Wayne Counties).
6. Malus angustifolia Michx. Crab Apple.
Leaves elliptic to oblong-obovate, rounded or acute and apiculate at apex, gradually
narrowed and cuneate at base, and crenately serrate, hoary-tomentose below and sparingly
villose above when they unfold, soon glabrous, or occasionally pubescent on the midrib
below, and at maturity subcoriaceous dull green on the upper and light green on the lower
surface, l'-2' long, |'-|' wide; turning brown in drying; petioles slender, at first villose,
soon glabrous, Y~¥ in length; stipules linear, rose-colored, |' long; leaves at the end of vig-
orous shoots ovate, oblong-ovate or elliptic, usually lobed with numerous short acute lobes,
or coarsely serrate, usually rounded at apex, broad-cuneate at base, at maturity glabrous,
or slightly floccose-pubescent below, especially on the midrib and veins, 2'-3' long, l|'-2'
wide, with stout often rose-colored glabrous or pubescent petioles. Flowers about 1' in diam-
eter, very fragrant, on slender glabrous or rarely puberulous pedicels, f '-1' long, in mostly
386
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
3-5-flowered clusters; calyx-tube short and broad, glabrous, the lobes about as long as the
tube, glabrous on the outer surface, thickly covered with hoary tomentum on the inner
surface; petals oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed below into a long claw, rose-colored,
about i' wide; stamens shorter than the petals; styles 5, united at base, villose below the
middle. Fruit depressed-globose, pale yellow-green, |'-1' in diameter.
A tree, rarely 30° high, with a short trunk 8'-10' in diameter, rigid spreading or rarely
slender and pendulous (var. pendula Rehd.) branches forming a broad open head, and
young branchlets clothed at first with pale caducous pubescence, soon glabrous, in their
first winter brown slightly tinged with red, and in their second year light brown and
marked by occasional orange-colored lenticels. Winter-buds tV long, chestnut-brown,
Fig. 343
slightly pubescent. Bark t'-|' thick, dark reddish brown, and divided by deep longitudi-
nal fissures into narrow ridges broken on the surface into small persistent plate-like scales.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick yellow sapwood;
occasionally employed for levers, the handles of tools and other small objects. The fruit
is used for preserves.
Distribution. Southeastern Virginia in the neighborhood of the coast, southward to
western Florida, and through southern Alabama and Mississippi to western Louisiana (near
Winnfield, Winn County); in the Carolinas and Georgia, ranging inland to the Appala-
chian foothills and in Mississippi to the neighborhood of luka, Tishomingo County in the
northeastern corner of the state; in southern Illinois (Pope and Johnson Counties. E. J.
Palmer) .
7. Mains bracteata Rehd.
Leaves elliptic-ovate to oblong-ovate, acute, on flowering branchlets sometimes obtusish
at apex, cuneate or rounded at base, serrate or incisely serrate, sometimes slightly lobed
near the base, covered below with floccose tomentum when they unfold, soon glabrous, and
at maturity thin, bright yellow-green and lustrous above, light green below, l^'-3' long,
I'-li' wide; petioles glabrous, reddish like the under side of the midrib, f'-l' in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots ovate, acute, cuneate at base, usually lobed with 4 or
5 pairs of short acute or rounded lobes, more thickly tomentose when they unfold, at ma-
turity thicker, glabrous above, more or less pubescent below, often 3'-3^' long and 2'-2|'
wide, with a stout midrib and petiole. Flowers I'-l^-' in diameter, on slender glabrous
or nearly glabrous pedicels, in 3-5-flowered clusters, with subulate bractlets i'-^' long,
often persistent until after the flowers open; calyx-tube glabrous, the lobes slightly longer
than the tube, villose on the inner surface; petals oval, narrowed into a slender claw, deep
ROSACEA
387
pink, A'-^' wide; stamens about one third shorter than the petals; styles slightly shorter
than the stamens, united at base and villose below for a third of their length. Fruit de-
pressed-globose, with a shallow basal cavity and a shallow slightly corrugated cavity at
apex, slightly viscid, f -1' high and I'-lj' wide.
Fig. 344
A tree, 15°-30° high, with a trunk up to 6' or 7' in diameter, thick branches forming a
broad often symmetrical head, and stout branchlets red and glabrous when they first ap-
pear, becoming reddish brown and lustrous at the end of their first season, and dull red-
brown and armed with occasional stout spines or unarmed the following year, the vigorous
shoots more or less pubescent early in the season, becoming glabrous, or often densely pubes-
cent until autumn. Winter-buds red-brown, glabrous, or slightly pubescent. Bark dark
brown and broken into thin closely appressed scales.
Distribution. Missouri (Allenton, St. Louis County, and Campbell, Dunklin County);
northern Kentucky (Fordsville, Ohio County) ; Tennessee, without locality; North Carolina
(Biltmore, Buncombe County, near Highlands, Macon County, up to altitudes of 3500", and
Abbottsburg, Bladen County) ; Georgia (Dillard, Rabun County, near Augusta, Richmond
County); Florida (River Junction, Gadsden County).
8. Malus ioensis Britt. Crab Apple.
Leaves elliptic to ovate or oblong-obovate, acute, acuminate or rounded at apex, cuneate
or rounded at the narrow base, crenately serrate, and often slightly lobed with acute or
rounded lobes, hoary-tomentose below and floccose-pubescent above when they unfold, and
at maturity thick and firm, dark green, lustrous and glabrous above, pale yellow-green and
tomentose or nearly glabrous below, 2^'-4' long, I'-H' wide, with a slender midrib and
primary veins; turning yellow in the autumn before falling; petioles slender, hoary-tomen-
tose in early spring, becoming pubescent or nearly glabrous, f'-l' in length; leaves at the
end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate to oblong-ovate, acute, rounded at the broad or narrow
base, often deeply lobed, covered below through the season with floccose easily detached
tomentum, often 4' or 5' long and 3' or 4' wide, with a thick midrib and primary veins, and
stout hoary-tomentose petioles f '-1' in length. Flowers l|'-2' in diameter, on villose pu-
bescent pedicels l'-l|' long, in 3-6-flowered clusters; calyx covered with hoary tomentum,
the lobes narrow, rather longer than the tube; petals obovate, gradually narrowed below
into a long slender claw, rose color or white, about |' wide; stamens shorter than the pet-
als; styles 5, united at base, covered below for a third of their length with long white hairs.
388
TBEES OF NORTH AMERICA
Fruit on stout tomentose or villose stems l'-l|' long, depressed globose, with shallow basal
and apical depressions, green or greenish yellow, f'-l' high, and I'-l^' wide.
A tree, 20°-30° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, stout spreading branches forming
a wide open head, and branchlets hoary-tomentose when they first appear, glabrous or
Fig. 345
slightly pubescent, bright red-brown and marked by occasional small pale lenticels in their
first winter, the lateral branchlets usually spinescent. Winter-buds minute, obtuse, pu-
bescent above the middle. Bark |' thick, covered with long narrow persistent red-brown
scales.
Distribution. Southeastern Minnesota to Iowa, eastern Nebraska, and Missouri, and
through southern Wisconsin and Illinois to Huntington County, Indiana. Passing into
var. Palmeri Rehd., differing from the type in its smaller oblong more thinly pubescent
leaves usually rounded at apex, those of the flowering branchlets crenately serrate and not
lobed; a small tree rarely more than 15° high, with a slender stem, spiny zigzag branches
and stout branchlets densely tomentose when they first appear, becoming glabrous or
nearly glabrous and reddish or gray-brown at the end of their first season; the common form
in Missouri, Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. On the Edwards Plateau, in western Texas
(Blanco, Kendall, and Kerr Counties) M. ioensis is represented by the var. texana Rehd.,
differing in its smaller and broader leaves only slightly or not at all lobed and densely villose
through the season; usually an intricately branched shrub forming large dense thickets.
A shrub from Campbell, Dunklin County, southeastern Missouri, with small leaves and
flowers, a glabrescent calyx, and long slender flexible branches armed with numerous long
straight spines is distinguished as var. spinosa Rehd. A variety with elliptic-ovate to
oblong-ovate leaves rounded or broadly cuneate at base, nearly entire or crenately serrate,
pubescent below at least on the veins, with densely villose petioles is distinguished as var.
creniserrata Rehd.; a small tree with slender spineless branchlets villose while young; near
Pineville, Rapides Parish, and Crowly, Arcadia Parish, western Louisiana. A variety
with less deeply lobed glabrescent oblong-lanceolate leaves is distinguished as var, Bushii
Rehd. ; Williamsville, Wayne County, and Monteer, Shannon County, southern Missouri.
Mains ioensis var. plena Rehd., the Bechtel Crab, a form with large rose-colored double
flowers is a favorite garden plant.
X Malus Soulardii Britt. with ovate, elliptic or obovate usually obtuse leaves, rugose
and tomentose on the lower sm-face, and depressed-globose fruit 2'-2f ' in diameter, is be-
lieved to be a hybrid of Malus ioensis and Mains pumila.
ROSACELE 389
9. Malus fusca Schn. Crab Apple.
Mollis rivvlaris Roem.
Leaves ovate to elliptic or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, cuneate or rounded at base,
sharply serrate with appressed glandular teeth, and often slightly 3-lobed, when they un-
fold pubescent on the lower and puberulous on the upper surface, at maturity thick and
firm, dark green and glabrous above, pale and pubescent or glabrous below, l'-4' long,
h'-^V wide, with a prominent midrib and primary veins and conspicuous reticulate vein-
lets: before falling in the autumn turning bright orange and scarlet; petioles stout, rigid.
Fig. 346
pubescent, l'-l|' in length; stipules narrowly lanceolate, acute, Y~\' long; leaves at the
end of vigorous shoots ovate to obovate, acuminate, often 3-lobed above the middle,
rounded or cuneate at base, 2^'-3|' long and wide, with petioles often 2' in length. Flowers
f ' in diameter on slender pubescent or glabrous pedicels, i'-f ' long, in short many-flowered
clusters; calyx-tube deciduous from the mature fruit, glabrous, puberulous or tomentose,
the lobes rather longer than the tube, minutely apiculate, glabrous or tomentose, hoary-
tomentose on the inner surface; petals orbicular to obovate, erose or undulate on the mar-
gins, abruptly contracted into a short claw, \' wide, white or rose color; styles 2-4, glabrous.
Fruit obovoid-oblong, |'-|' long, yellow-green, light yellow flushed with red or sometimes
nearly red; flesh thin and dry.
A tree, 30°-40° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, and slender branchlets coated at
first with long pale hairs soon deciduous or persistent until the autumn, becoming bright
red and lustrous, and later dark brown, and marked by minute remote pale lenticels; often
a shrub with numerous slender stems. Winter-buds je ' long, chestnut-brown, the inner
scales at maturity lanceolate, usually bright red, and nearly \' in length. Bark Y thick,
and covered by large thin loose light red-brown plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard,
close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with lighter colored sapwood of 20-30 layers
of annual growth; used for mallets, mauls, the handles of tools, and the bearings of ma-
chinery. The fruit has a pleasant subacid flavor.
Distribution. Deep rich soil in the neighborhood of streams, often forming almost im-
penetrable thickets of considerable extent; Aleutian Islands southward along the coast and
islands of Alaska and British Columbia to Sonoma and Plumas Counties, California; of its
largest size in the valleys of western Washington and Oregon.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern states, and in western Europe.
X Malus Dawsoniana Rehd., a hybrid of Malus fusca and a form of M. pumila, has been
raised at the Arnold Arboretum from seeds collected in Oregon.
390
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
4. SORBUS L. Mountain Ash.
Trees or shrubs, with smooth aromatic bark, stout terete branchlets, large buds covered
by imbricated scales, the inner accrescent and marking the base of the branchlet by
conspicuous ring-like scars, and fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, pinnate in the Ameri-
can species, the pinnae conduplicate in the bud, serrate, deciduous; stij>ules free from the
petioles, foliaceous. Flowers in broad terminal leafy cymes; calyx-tube urn-shaped, 5-lobed,
the lobes imbricated in the bud, persistent; petals rounded, abruptly narrowed below, white;
stamens usually 20 in 3 series, those of the outer series opposite the petals; carpels 2-5,
usually 3; styles usually 3, distinct; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending; raphe dorsal; micropyle
inferior. Fruit a small subglobose red or orange-red pome with acid flesh, and papery
carpels free at the apex. Seeds 2, or by abortion 1, in each cell, ovoid, acute, erect; seed-
coat cartilaginous, chestnut-brown and lustrous; embryo erect; cotyledons plano-convex,
flat; radicle short, inferior.
Sorbus is widely distributed through the northern and elevated regions of the northern
hemisphere with three or four species in North Amerigg, of which one is arborescent, and
with many species in eastern Asia and in Europe. \Of the exotic species, Sorbus Aucu-
paria L., the common European Mountain Ash, or RoWamtree, with several of it's
varieties and hybrids, is often cultivated as an ornamental tree in Canada and th©
northern states and has become sparingly naturalized northward.
Sorbus is the classical name of the Pear or of the Service-tree.
1. Sorbus americana Marsh.
Leaves 6'-8' long, with 13-17 lanceolate acute taper-pointed leaflets unequally cuneate
or rounded and entire at base, sharply serrate above with acute often glandular teeth,
sessile or short-stalked, or the terminal leaflet on a stalk sometimes §' long, when they un-
Fig. 347
fold slightly pubescent below, at maturity membranaceous, glabrous, dark yellow-green,
on the upper surface, and paler or glaucescent and rarely pubescent on the lower surface,
2'-4^' long, l-V wide, with a prominent midrib and thin veins; turning bright clear
yellow before falling in the autumn; petioles grooved, dark green or red, 2'-3' in length, the
rachis often furnished with tufts of dark hairs at the base of the petiolules; stipules
broad, nearly triangular, variously toothed, caducous. Flowers appearing after the leaves
are fully grown, j in diameter, on short stout pedicels, in flat cymes 3'-4' across, with acute
minute caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx broadly obconic and puberulous, with short.
ROSACEA
391
nearly triangular lobes tipped with minute glands and about half as long as the nearly
orbicular creamy white petals. Fruit |' in diameter, subglobose or slightly pyriform,
bright orange-red, with thin flesh; seeds pale chestnut color, rounded at apex, acute at
base, about Y long-
A tree, 20°-30° high, with a trunk rarely more than a foot in diameter, spreading slender
branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and stout branchlets pubescent at first,
soon glabrous, becoming in their first winter brown tinged with red, and marked by the
large leaf-scars and by oblong pale remote lenticels, and darker in their second year, the
thin papery outer layer of bark then easily separable from the bright green fragrant inner
layers; more often a tall or sometimes a low shrub, with numerous stems. Winter-buds
acute, I'-f ' long, with dark vinous red acuminate scales rounded on the back, more or
less pilose, covered with a gummy exudation, the inner scales hoary-tomentose in the bud.
Bark |' thick, with a smooth light gray surface irregularly broken by small appressed
plate-like scales. Wood close-grained, light, soft and weak, pale brown, with lighter colwed
sapwood of 15-20 layers of annual growth. The astringent fruit is employed domestically
in infusions and decoctions, and in homoeopathic remedies.
Distribution. Borders of swamps and rocky hillsides; Newfoundland to Manitoba
and southward through the maritime provinces of Canada, Quebec and Ontario, the
elevated portions of the northeastern United States and the region of the Great Lakes to
Minnesota, and on the Appalachian Mountains from western Pennsylvania and West Virginia
to North Carolina and Tennessee; in North Carolina ascending to altitudes of nearly
6000°; probably of its largest size on the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior;
in the United States, except in New England, more often a shrub than a tree; on the Appa-
lachian Mountains usually low, with narrower leaflets and smaller fruit than northward.
Often cultivated in Canada and the northeastern States for the beauty of its fruit and
the brilliancy of its autumn foliage. Of its forms the most distinct is
Sorbus americana var. decora Sarg.
Pyrus sambucifolia A. Gray, not Cham, and Schlecht.
Pyrus americana var. decora Sarg.
Sorbus decora Schn.
Sorbus scopulina Britt., in part, not Greene.
Pyrus sitchensis Rob. and Fern., not Piper.
Leaves 4'-6' long, with 7-13 oblong-oval to ovate-lanceolate leaflets blunt and rounded,
abruptly short-pointed or acuminate at apex, pubescent below as they unfold, at matu-
Fig. 348
392 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
rity glabrous, dark bluish green on the upper surface and pale on the lower surface; petioles
stout, usually red l^'-i' in length. Flowers Y in diameter, in rather narrower clusters, ap-
pearing eight to ten days later than those of the type. Fruit subglobose, bright orange-
red, often Y in diameter.
A tree, occasionally 30° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, and spreading
branches forming a round-topped handsome head.
Distribution. Coast of Labrador to the northern shores of Lake Superior and Minne-
sota, southward to the mountains of northern New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York.
Distinct in its extreme forms but connected with Sorbus americana by intermediate forms.
This variety of Sorbus americana, perhaps the most beautiful of the genus when the
large and brilliant fruits cover the branches in autumn and early winter, occasionally
finds a place in the gardens of eastern Canada and the northern states.
5. HETEROMELES Roem.
A tree, with smooth pale aromatic bark, stout terete branchlets pubescent or puberu-
lous while young, acute winter-buds covered by loosely imbricated red scales, and fibrous
roots. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at the ends, sharply and remotely serrate with
rigid glandular teeth, or rarely almost entire, dark green and lustrous above, paler below,
feather- veined, with a broad midrib and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; petiolate with
stout petioles often furnished near the apex with 1 or 2 slender glandular teeth; stipules
free from the petioles, subulate, rigid, minute, early deciduous. Flowers on short stout
pedicels, in ample tomentose terminal corymbose leafy panicles, their bracts and bract-
lets acute, minute, usually tipped with a small gland, caducous; calyx-tube turbinate,
tomentose below, glabrate above, the lobes short, nearly triangular, spreading, persistent;
disk cup-shaped, obscurely sulcate; petals flabellate, erose-denticulate or emarginate at
apex, contracted below into a short broad claw, thick, glabrous, pure white; stamens 10,
inserted in 1 row with the petals in pairs opposite the calyx-lobes; filaments subulate,
incurved, anthers oblong-ovoid, emarginate; carpels 2, adnate to the calyx-tube, and
slightly united into a subglobose tomentose nearly superior ovary; styles distinct, slightly
spreading, enlarged at apex into a broad truncate stigma; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending;
raphe dorsal; micropyle inferior. Fruit obovoid, fleshy, the thickened calyx-tube con-
nate to the middle only with the membranaceous carpels coated above with long white
hairs filling the cavity closed by the infolding of the thickened persistent calyx-lobes,
their tips erect and crowning the fruit. Seed usually solitary in each cell, ovoid, obtuse,
slightly ridged on the back; seed-coat membranaceous, slightly punctate, light brown;
hilum orbicular, conspicuous; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons piano*
convex; radicle short, inferior.
The genus is represented by a single species of western North America.
The generic name, from erepos and /xtjXov, is in reference to its difference from related
genera.
1. Heteromeles arbutifolia Roem. Tollon. Toyon.
Leaves appearing with the flowers in early summer, 3'-4' long, I'-l^' wide, usually
persistent during at least two winters; petioles ¥~j in length. Flowers opening from
June to August in clusters V-6' across and often more or less hidden by young lateral
branchlets rising above them. Fruit ripening in November and December, mealy, as-
tringent and acid, scarlet or rarely yellow, ^ long, remaining on the branches until late in.
the winter.
A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a straight trunk 12'-18' in diameter, dividing a few
feet above the ground into many erect branches forming a handsome narrow round-topped
head, and slender branchlets covered at first with pale pubescence, in their first winter
dark red and slightly puberulous, ultimately becoming darker and glabrous. Winter-buds
I' long. Bark f'-^' thick, Hght gray, with a generally smooth surface roughened by ob-
ROSACEiB
393
scure reticulate ridges. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, dark red-brown, with thin
lighter colored sapwood of 7 or 8 layers of annual growth. The fruit-covered branches
are gathered in large quantities and used in California in Christmas decorations.
Distribution. Usually in the neighborhood of streams or on dry hills and especially
on their northern slopes, and often on steep sea-cliffs; California: coast region from Men-
docino County to Lower California ; most common and of its largest size on the islands off
Fig. 349
the California coast; on the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and on the San Bernardino
Mountains up to altitudes of 2000*' above the sea and usually shrubby; very abundant
and forming groves of considerable extent on the island of Santa Catalina.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in California, and rarely in the countries
of southern Europe.
6. AMELANCHIER Med.
Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, slender terete branchlets, acute or acuminate buds,
with imbricated scales, those of the inner rows accrescent and bright-colored, and fibrous
roots. Leaves alternate, conduplicate in the bud, simple, entire or serrate, penniveined,
petiolate, deciduous; stipules free from the petioles, linear, elongated, rose color, cadu-
cous. Flowers in erect or terminal racemes, on slender bibracteolate pedicels developed
from the axils of lanceolate acuminate pink deciduous bracts; calyx-tube campanulate
or urceolate, the lobes acute or acuminate, recurved, persistent on the fruit; disk green,
entire or crenulate, nectariferous; petals white, obovate-oblong, spatulate or ligulate,
rounded, acute or trimcate at apex, gradually contracted below into a short slender claw;
stamens usually 20, inserted in 3 rows, those of the outer row opposite the petals; filaments
subulate, persistent on the fruit, anthers oblong; ovary inferior or superior, more or less
adnate to the calyx-tube, the summit glabrous or tomentose, 5-celled, each cell incom-
pletely divided by a false partition; styles 2-5, connate below, spreading and dilated
above into a broad truncate stigma; ovules 2 in each cell, erect; micropyle inferior. Fruit
subglobose or pyriform, dark blue or bluish black, often covered with a glaucous bloom,
open at the summit, the cavity surrounded by the lobes of the calyx and the remnants
of the filaments; flesh sweet, dry or juicy; carpels membranaceous, free or connate, gla-
brous, or villose at apex. Seeds 10 or often 5 by the abortion of 1 of the ovules in each
cell, ovoid-ellipsoid; seed-coat coriaceous, dark chestnut-brown, mucilaginous; embryo
filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons plano-convex; radicle inferior.
Amelanchier is widely distributed with many species through the temperate, northern
394
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and mountainous regions of eastern and western North America; it occurs with one species
in southern Europe, northern Africa and southwestern Asia, and with another in central
and western China and Japan. Only three species, all North American, attain the habit
and size of trees. The fruit of nearly all the species is more or less succulent, and several
are cultivated in gardens for the beauty of their early and conspicuous flowers, and oc-
casionally for their fruit. The name is of doubtful origin.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
licaves finely serrate, acute or acuminate at apex; flowers on elongated pedicels in nodding
racemes; summit of the ovary glabrous; winter-buds lanceolate, long-acuminate.
Leaves densely white tomentose while young; flowers appearing before or as the leaves
unfold in silky tomentose racemes; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate or nearly triangu-
lar and acute; fruit dry and tasteless. 1. A. canadensis (A).
Leaves slightly pubescent as they unfold, soon glabrous, dark red-brown while young;
flowers appearing after the leaves are nearly half grown in glabrous racemes; calyx*
lobes lanceolate or subulate, long-acuminate; fruit sweet and succulent.
2. A. laevis (A).
Leaves coarsely serrate usually only above the middle, rounded at apex, oblong-ovate
or oval; flowers on shorter j)edicels in short erect or spreading racemes; summit of the
ovary covered with hoary tomentum; winter-buds ovoid or ellipsoid, acute or short-
acuminate. 3. A. florida (F, C, G).
1. Amelanchier canadensis Med. Service Berry. Shad Bush.
Amelanchier canadensis var. tomentula Sarg.
Leaves ovate-oval, oblong-obovate or rarely lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate and
often abruptly short-pointed at apex, rounded, slightly cordate or occasionally cuneate
at base, and finely serrate with acuminate teeth pointing forward; thickly coated when
Fig. 350
they unfold with silvery white tomentum, more or less densely pale pubescent below
until midsummer, later becoming glabrous or nearly glabrous, yellowish green on the
upper surface, paler on the lower surface, usually 2'-4' long and l'-2' wide, southward
sometimes up to 6' in length, with a slender midrib, and thin primary veins; petioles
slender, hoary-tomentose at first, usually becoming glabrous by midsummer, l^'-2' in
t
ROSACEiE 395
length. Flowers I'-Y long, appearing in early spring before or as the leaves unfold, on
pedicels \'-Y in length, in short nodding silky tomentose racemes, their bracts and bract-
lets linear-lanceolate, villose, bright red; calyx-tube campanulate, glabrous or densely
hoary-tomentose, the lobes ovate, acuminate or nearly triangular and acute, glabrous or
hoary-tomentose on the outer surface, tomentose on the inner surface, reflexed after the
petals fall; petals oblong-obovate, rounded or nearly truncate at apex, about ^' wide;
summit of ovary glabrous. Fruit ripening in June and July, maroon-purple, dry and
tasteless, about Y in diameter.
A tree, occasionally 50°-70° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, small erect and
spreading branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender branchlets thickly
covered when they first appear with long white hairs, soon glabrous, bright red-brown
during their first year, becoming darker in their second season, and marked by numerous
pale lenticels; usually smaller, and in the south Atlantic and Gulf states sometimes a
shrub only a few feet tall. Winter-buds green tinged with brown, Y~i' long, about -^2'
thick. Bark Y-Y thick, dark ashy gray, divided by shallow fissures into longitudinal
ridges covered by small persistent scales.
Distribution. At the north usually on dry exposed hills, on the borders of woods and
in fence rows, southward often on the banks of streams and the borders of swamps; valley
of the Penobscot River (Winn and Milford, Penobscot County) and Washington County
(Pembroke, M. L. Fernald), Maine; Quebec (near Longueuil, Bro. M. Victorin); valley
of the Connecticut River (central Vermont, southern New Hampshire, Massachusetts and
Connecticut), and westward through western Massachusetts, New York, southern On-
tario, southern Ohio, southern Michigan, and Indiana and Illinois; in central Iowa and
southeastern Nebraska (Nemaha County, J. M. Bates), and southward to western Florida,
southern Alabama, south central Mississippi, Louisiana westward to St. Landry Parish
(near Opelousas, R. S. Cocks), Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma; rare and of small size
in the south Atlantic coast-region; ascending the southern Appalachian Mountains to alti-
tudes of about 2200°, not common; abundant and probably of its largest size in western
New York and southern Michigan.
Occasionally cultivated, and the first of all the cultivated species to flower in the spring.
2. Amelanchier laevis Wieg. Service Berry.
Amelanchier canadensis of many authors, in part, not L.
Leaves ovate to elliptic or rarely lanceolate, acute or acuminate and often abruptly
short-pointed at apex, rounded and occasionally slightly cordate or rarely cuneate at
base, and sharply and coarsely serrate with subulate callous-tipped teeth, covered when
they unfold with long matted pale hairs more abundant on the lower surface than on the
upper surface, soon glabrous, dark red-brown until nearly half grown, and at maturity
dark green and slightly glaucous above, paler below, usually 2'-2^' long and I'-l^' wide,
rarely S'-SY long and not more than 1' wide, with a thin midrib and primary veins,
rarely deep green and lustrous above (f. nitida Wieg.); petioles slender, slightly villose
at first, soon glabrous, i'-l' in length. Flowers Y-Y long, appearing when the leaves are
nearly half grown on pedicels ^'-1' in length, in open few-flowered nodding racemes, be-
coming much lengthened before the fruit ripens, their bracts and bractlets linear-lanceo-
late, slightly villose, tinged with rose color; calyx-tube campanulate, glabrous, the lobes
lanceolate or subulate, long-acuminate, glabrous on the outer surface, tomentose on the
inner sin-face, usually reflexed before the petals fall; petals oblong-obovate, rounded at
apex, about Y wide; summit of the ovary glabrous. Fruit ripening in June and July, obo-
void to subglobose, usually rather broader than long, about Y in diameter, purple or
nearly black, glaucous, sweet and succulent, on pedicels often l|'-2' in length.
A tree, sometimes 30°-4<0° high, often with a tall trunk 12'-18' in diameter, small spread-
ing branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender glabrous branchlets red-
dish brown when they first appear, rather darker during their first winter and dull grayish
396
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
brown in their second season, and marked by small dark lenticels; at the north often a
shrub sometimes only a few feet high. Winter-buds Y long, about ^^' thick, green tinged
with red, the inner scales lanceolate, bright red above the middle, ciliate with silky white
hairs, and sometimes 1' long when fully grown. Bark Y~¥ thick, dark reddish brown,
divided by shallow fissures into narrow longitudinal ridges and covered by small jjersistent
scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, dark brown sometimes
tinged with red, with thick lighter-colored sapwood of 40-50 layers of annual growth; oc-
casionally used for the handles of tools and other small implements.
Fig. 351
Distribution. Cool ravines and hillsides; Newfoundland, through the maritime prov-
inces of Canada, Quebec and Ontario to northern Wisconsin, and southward through
New England, New York and Pennsylvania, and along the Appalachian Mountains to
northern Georgia; on the North Carolina Mountains ascending to altitudes of 5500°;
common and generally distributed at the north and in New England, New York and
through the Appalachian forests; the forma nitida only in Newfoundland.
Occasionally cultivated and very beautiful in spring with its abundant pure white flow-
ers and conspicuous red-brown leaves.
3. Amelanchier fiorida Lindl. Service Berry.
Amelanchier alnifolia Sarg., probably not Nutt.
Amelanchier Cusickii Fern.
Leaves oblong-ovate to oval or ovate, or at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate or
occasionally broad-obovate, rounded or rarely acute at apex, rounded or slightly cordate
at base, and coarsely serrate only above the middle with straight teeth; when they unfold
often tinged with red and sometimes floccose-pubescent below, usually soon glabrous, at
maturity thin, dark green on the upper surface, pale and rarely pubescent on the lower
surface, l^'-2^' long, and I'-l^' wide, with a thin midrib and about ten pairs of primary
veins; petioles slender, at first glabrous or puberulous becoming glabrous, Y-V in length.
Flowers ^'-f long, appearing M^hen the leaves are about half grown on pedicels i'-i'
in length, in short crowded erect glabrous or pubescent racemes, their bracts and bractlets
scarious, slightly villose; calyx-tube campanulate, glabrous or tomentose, the lobes ovate,
long-acuminate, glabrous or tomentose on the outer surface, tomentose or rarely nearly
glabrous on the inner surface, soon reflexed; petals oblong-obovate gradually narrowed or
broad at the rounded apex, ^-j wide; summit of the ovary densely tomentose. Fruit
ROSACEA
S97
usually ripening in July, on pedicels ^'-f ' long, in short nearly erect or spreading racemes,
short-oblong or ovoid, dark blue, more or less covered with a glaucous bloom, Y to nearly
§' in diameter, sweet and succulent.
A tree, occasionally 30°-40° high, with a tall trunk 12'-14' in diameter, small erect
and spreading branches forming an oblong open head, and slender branchlets glabrous, pu-
bescent or puberulous when they first appear, bright red-brown and usually glabrous dur-
ing their first season, rather darker in their second year, and ultimately dark gray-brown;
more often a large or small shrub. Winter-buds ovoid to ellipsoidal, acute or acuminate.
Fig. 352
dark chestnut-brown, glabrous or puberulous, ^-j' long, scales of the inner ranks ovate,
acute, brightly colored, coated with pale silky hairs, ^'-f long. Bark about |' thick,
smooth or slightly fissured, and light brown slightly tinged with red. Wood heavy, hard,
close-grained, light brown. The nutritious fruit was an important article of food with
the Indians of northwestern America, who formerly gathered and dried it in large quantities.
Distribution. Valley of the Yukon River (near Dawson) and Wrangell, Alaska, and
southward to the coast region of British Columbia, and southward in Washington and
Oregon possibly to northern California, ranging east in the United States to western
Idaho, arid probably to the northern Rocky Mountain region; its range, like that of the
other species of western North America, still very imperfectly known.
7. CRATAEGUS. Hawthorn.
Trees or shrubs, with usually dark scaly bark, rigid terete more or less zigzag branchlets
marked by oblong mostly pale lenticels, and by small horizontal slightly elevated leaf-
^cars, light green when they first appear, becoming red or orange-brown and lustrous or
gray, rarely unarmed or armed with stout or slender short or elongated axillary simple or
branched spines generally similar in color to that of the branches or trunk on which they
grow, often bearing while young linear elongated caducous bracts, and usually producing
at their base one or rarely two buds often developing the following year into a branch, a
leaf, or a cluster of flowers, or sometimes lengthening into a leafy branch. Winter-buds
small, globose or subglobose, covered by numerous imbricated scales, the outer rounded
and obtuse at apex, bright chestnut-brown and lustrous, the inner accrescent, green or
rose color, often glandular, soon deciduous. Leaves conduplicate in the bud, simple, gen-
erally serrate, sometimes 3-nerved, often more or less lobed, especially on vigorous leading
branchlets, membranaceous to coriaceous, petiolate, deciduous; stipules often glandular-
serrate, linear, acuminate, frequently bright-colored, deciduous, or on vigorous branchlets
398 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
often foliaceous, coarsely serrate, usually lunate and stalked and mostly persistent until
autumn. Flowers pedicellate, in few or many-flowered simple or compound cymose corymbs
terminal on short lateral leafy branchlets, with linear usually bright-colored often glandular
caducous bracts and bractlets leaving prominent gland-like scars, the lower branches of com-
pound corymbs usually from the axils of upper leaves; branches of the inflorescence mostly
3-flowered, the central flower opening before the others; calyx-tube usually obconic, 5-lobed,
the lobes acute or acuminate and usually gland-tipped, rarely foliaceous, glandular-serrate
or entire, green or reddish toward the apex, reflexed after the flowers open, persistent and
often enlarged Dn the fruit, or deciduous; disk thin or fleshy, entire, lobed or slightly sulcate,
concave or somewhat convex; petals imbricated in the bud, orbicular, entire or somewhat
erose or rarely toothed at apex, white or rarely rose color, spreading, soon deciduous;
stamens often variable in number in the same species by imperfect development, but
normally 5 in 1 row and alternate with the petals, or 10 in 5 pairs in 1 row alternate with
the petals, or 15 in 2 rows, those of the outer row in 5 pairs opposite the sepals and alter-
nate with and rather longer than those of the inner row, or 20 in 3 rows, those of the inner
row shorter and alternate with those of the 2d row, or 25 in 4 rows, those of the 4th row
alternate with those of the 3d row; filaments broad at base, subulate, incurved, often
persistent on the fruit; anthers pale yellow to nearly white, or pink to light or dark rose
color or purple; ovary composed of 1-5 carpels inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube and
united with it; styles free, with dilated truncate stigmas, persistent on the mature carpels;
ovules ascending; raphe dorsal; micropyle inferior. Fruit subglobose, ovoid or short-oblong,
scarlet, orange-colored, red, yellow, blue, or black, generally open and concave at apex;
flesh usually dry and mealy; nutlets 1-5; united below, more or less free and slightly spread-
ing above the middle, thick-walled, rounded, acute, or acuminate at apex, full and rounded
or narrowed at base, rounded or conspicuously ridged and grooved on the back, flattened,
or nearly round when only 1, their ventral faces plane or plano-convex, in some species
penetrated by longitudinal cavities or hollows, and marked by a more or less conspicuous
hypostyle sometimes extending to below the middle or nearly to the base of the nutlet.
Seed solitary by abortion, erect, compressed, acute, with a membranaceous light chestnut-
brown coat; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons plano-convex, radicle short,
inferior.
Crataegus is most abundant in eastern North America, where it is distributed from New-
foundland to the mountains of northern Mexico, and is represented by a large number of
arborescent and shrubby species. A few species occur in the Rocky Mountains and Pacific-
coast regions, and in China, Japan, Siberia, central and southwestern Asia, and in Europe.
The genus is still very imperfectly known in North America, and in the absence of sufficient
information concerning them several arborescent species are necessarily excluded from the
following enumeration. The beautiful and abundant flowers and showy fruits make many
of the species desirable ornaments of parks and gardens, and several are cultivated. Of
exotic species, the Old World Crataegus Oxyacantha L., and C. monogyna Jacq., early intro-
duced into the United States as hedge plants, have now, become naturalized in many places
in the northeastern and middle states. Crataegus produces heavy hard tough close-
grained red-brown heartwood and thick lighter colored usually pale sapwood; useful for
the handles of tools, mallets, and other small articles.
The number of the stamens, although it differs on the same species within certain usually
constant limits, and the color of the anthers, which appears to be specifically constant with
one exception, afford the most satisfactory characters for distinguishing the species in
the different groups.
Cratoegus, from Kpdros, is in reference to the strength of the wood of these trees.
ROSACEA 399
CONSPECTUS OF THE NATURAL GROUPS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN
ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
1. Nutlets without ventral cavities.
*Veins of the leaves extending to the points of the lobes only.
—•-Petioles short, usually slightly wing-margined above the middle, glandless or with
occasional minute glands; leaves cuneate at base.
Corymbs compound, generally many-flowered; flowers appearing after the unfolding
oftlie leaves; flesh of the fruit usually green or greenish yellow, dry and mealy,
^eaves coriaceous or subcoriaceous, rarely thin, dark green and shining above,
usually serrate only above the middle, their veins thin except on vigorous
shoots; fruit mostly subglobose to short-oblong; nutlets 1-5, thick, usually
obtuse and rounded at the ends, prominently ridged on the back. ^ ^^
I. Crus-galli (page ^myr
Leaves membranaceous or subcoriaceous, mostly acute, their veins prominent;
fruit short-oblong to subglobose, often conspicuously punctate, |'-1' long;
nutlets 2-5, prominently ridged on the back. II. Punctatae (page 422).
Corymbs simple, few-flowered; flowers appearing with or before the unfolding of the
leaves; fruit scarlet, lustrous; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid; nutlets rounded and
slightly grooved on the back. III. .ffistivales (page 434).
-Petioles elongated, slender, eglandular or occasionally glandular; corymbs many-
flowered {few-flowered in one species each of Dilatatce and Intricatoe).
••-••Leaves acute or acuminate at the ends, broad at base on one species; fruit not
more than f in diameter; flesh usually thin and dry. IV. Virides (page 437).
HH- Leaves usually broad at base.
Fruit subglobose to short-oblong, often broader than high, red or green, often
slightly 5-angled, pruinose; mature calyx raised on a short tube; flesh of the
fruit dry and mealy ; nutlets 5, grooved on the back. V. Pruinosae (page 449) .
Fruit subglobose to short-oblong, ovoid or obovoid, generally longer than broad,
rarely slightly pruinose, mature calyx sessile; flesh of the fruit dry and mealy;
stamens 10, anthers rose color; leaves hairy above early in the season.
VI. Silvicolse (page 453).
Fruit short-oblong to obovoid, red or scarlet; flesh of the fruit usually soft and
juicy; anthers rose color or pink; leaves thin, at maturity glabrous below.
VII. Tenuifoliae (page 456).
Fruit subglobose, oblong or obovoid, crimson, scarlet, or rarely yellow; flesh thick,
occasionally succulent, and edible; nutlets usually 5, thin, pointed at the
ends, mostly obscurely grooved or ridged on the back; corymbs tomentose or
pubescent; leaves membranaceous to subcoriaceous, broad, rounded or cuneate
at base, at maturity usually pubescent or tomentose below.
VIII. MoUes (page 463)'
Fruit short-oblong to obovoid, scarlet; flesh usually soft and juicy; nutlets 3-5,
grooved and usually ridged on the back; corymbs glabrous or tomentose;
leaves thin or rarely subcoriaceous, oblong-ovate or oval, more or less acutely
lobed; anthers rose or purple; rarely white in shrubby species.
IX. Coccineae (page 488).
Fruit subglobose to short-oblong, crimson, or red tinged with green, its calyx
enlarged and prominent; nutlets 5; stamens 20; anthers rose color; leaves
thin, at the end of vigorous shoots as broad or broader than long.
% X. Dilatatae (page 500).
++ Leaves cuneate at base.
Corymbs many-flowered; leaves subcoriaceous; fruit subglobose, rarely short-
oblong; nutlets 2 or 3, obtuse at the ends, conspicuously ridged on the back;
corymbs glabrous or tomentose; leaves dark green and lustrous above,
XL Rotundifoliae (page 504)
400 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Corymbs few-flowered {many-flowered in one species of Bracteatce).
Fruit subglobose to short-oblong, greenish or yellowish; nutlets 3-5, usually
rounded at the ends, conspicuously ridged on the back; leaves subcoria-
ceous, yellow-green. XII. Intricatae (page 508).
Fruit subglobose, red or orange-red; nutlets 3-5, slightly grooved on the back;
stamens 20; anthers rose color; leaves thin, incisely lobed.
XIII. Pulcherrimae (page 511),
Fruit subglobose to short-oblong, \'-\' long; nutlets 3-5, narrowed at the ends^
prominently ridged on the back; corymbs villose; bracts large and con
spicuous; calyx-lobes foliaceous; stamens 20; anthers yellow; leaves dark
green, lustrous and scabrate above, their petioles sparingly glandular
through their whole length. XIV. Bracteatae (page 513).
—••Petioles long or short, leaves and corymbs glandular; corymbs usually simple, few-
flowered; fruit subglobose to short-oblong or obovoid, green, orange, or red, flesh
usually hard and dry; branchlets conspicuously zigzag. XV. Flavae (page 515).
** Veins of the leaves extending to the points of the lobes and to the sinuses; corymbs
many-flowered; stamens usually 20.
Fruit depressed-globose to short-oblong, not more than \' long, scarlet; nutlets 2-5,
prominently ridged and often grooved on the back; anthers rose color or yellow.
XVI. Microcarpae (page 530).
Fruit subglobose, \'-\' in diameter, blue or blue-black; nutlets 3-5, obtuse at the ends,
slightly ridged on the back; anthers yellow; leaves cuneate at base, dark green and
lustrous. XVII. Brachyacanthae (page 533).
2. Nutlets with longitudinal cavities on their ventral faces; flowers in many flowered com-
pound corymbs.
Fruit obovoid to subglobose or short-oblong, lustrous, orange or scarlet; nutlets 2 or 3,
obtuse at the ends, prominently ridged on the back; leaves thin to subcoria-
ceous, mostly pubescent below. XVIII. Macracanthae (page 535).
Fruit short-oblong to subglobose, black; rarely chestnut color; nutlets 5, obtuse at the
ends, obscurely ridged on the back; stamens 10-20; anthers pale rose color.
XIX. Douglasianae (page 545).
Fruit subglobose, short-oblong to ovoid, scarlet; nutlets 3-5, acute at the ends, ridged
on the back, ventral cavities obscure; leaves scabrate above.
XX. Anomalae (page 547).
I. CRUS-GALLI.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Corymbs, leaves, and young branchlets slightly hairy while young, soon becoming glabrous
{glabrous while young in 1, 4, 6, 9, and 13).
Stamens 10.
Anthers rose color or purple.
Leaves glabrous, obovate-cuneiform, coriaceous, their veins within the parenchyma;
fruit short-oblong to subglobose, dull red often covered with a glaucous bloom.
1. C. Crus-galli (A).
Leaves oblong to ovate, usually acute, coriaceous; fruit short-oblong to subglobose,
dark crimson, lustrous, the flesh red and juicy. 2. C. Canbyi (A).
Leaves obovate, usually short-pointed at the broad apex, subcoriaceous; fruit
short-oblong to obovoid, bright scarlet. 3. C. peoriensis (A).
Leaves oblong-obovate to oval, or broadly ovate, their petioles glandular with
minute stipitate glands; fruit short-oblong to subglobose, orange-red, villose
until nearly fully grown. 4. C. fecunda (A).
Anthers yellow.
Leaves subcoriaceous.
Leaves oval to elliptic, acute or acuminate; fruit short-oblong, green tinged with
xed. 5. C.regaUs(C).
ROSACEA 401
Leaves glabrous, obovate, acute, acuminate, or rounded at apex; fruit short-
oblong, dull dark crimson. 6. C. arduennae (A).
Leaves obovate to oblong-cuneiform, rounded or acute at apex; fruit subglobose
to obovoid, dull red, or green flushed with red. 7. C. algens (A, C).
Leaves broadly oval to oblong, rounded or acute or short-pointed at apex;
fruit subglobose, dull green tinged with red or cherry-red. 8. C. Palmeri (C).
Leaves thin.
Leaves ovate to obovate, acute, dull green above; fruit subglobose, flattened at
the ends, dark dull crimson. 9. C. erecta (A).
Leaves oval to oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate, lustrous above; fruit short-
oblong, rounded at the ends, bright scarlet. 10. C. acutifolia (A).
Stamens 20.
Anthers rose color.
Leaves broad-obovate, coarsely serrate; corymbs many-flowered; anthers large,
bright rose color; fruit green tinged with dull red. 11, C. Bushii (C).
Leaves narrow-obovate, finely serrate; corymbs few-flowered; anthers small pale
rose color; fruit crimson, lustrous. 12. C. Cocksii (C).
Anthers yellow.
Leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate; calyx-lobes slender, elongated.
13. C. arborea (C).
Leaves oblong-obovate; calyx-lobes short and broad. 14. C. uniqua (C).
Corymbs, leaves, and branchlets more or less villose or pubescent through the season.
Stamens 10.
Anthers rose color or pink.
liCaves finely crenately serrate, scabrate above; anthers rose color.
15. C. Engelmannii (A).
Leaves coarsely serrate with straight teeth, glabrous above; anthers pink.
16. C. montivaga (C).
Anthers yellow {doubtful in 17 and 18).
Leaves oval, oblong-obovate or elliptic, acute, thin to subcoriaceous; fruit globose
to subglobose, orange-red. 17. C. denaria (C).
Leaves obovate to obovate-cuneiform, rounded or acute at apex, thin; fruit short-
oblong, dark red, more or less pruinose. 18. C. signata (C).
Stamens 20.
Anthers rose color.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute, scabrate; fruit short-oblong, dull green tinged with
red, slightly pruinose. 19. C. edita (C).
Leaves oblong to obovate-cuneiform, rounded and obtuse or occasionally acute at
apex, glabrous or scabrate above; fruit globose to subglobose or short-oblong,
dark red. 20. C. tersa (C).
Anthers yellow.
Leaves oblong-obovate, rounded or gradually narrowed at apex, subcoriaceous, pale
below; fruit subglobose, orange color with a red cheek, 21. C. berberifolia (C).
Leaves oblong or obovate-cuneiform, rounded and obtuse or rarely acute at apex,
coriaceous, glabrate or slightly scabrate above; fruit subglobose, orange or
yellow with a red cheek. 22. C. edura (C).
Leaves oblong to obovate-cuneiform, rounded or acute at apex, subcoriaceous,
glabrous or glabrate above, pale below; fruit ellipsoid to short-oblong, yellow.
23. C. crocina (C).
Leaves oblong to obovate-cuneiform, rounded or obtuse or rarely truncate at apex,
coriaceous, scabrate above; fruit globose to subglobose, bright red or scarlet.
24. C. fera (C).
Leaves obovate, acute, thin to subcoriaceous; fruit subglobose to shca-t-oblong;
somewhat flattened at apex, bright orange-red. 25. C. Mohrii (C).
40^
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
1. Crataegus Crus-galliL. Cock-spur Thorn.
Leaves glabrous, obovate, acute or rounded at apex, cuneate and gradually narrowed
to the slender vcntire base, and sharply serrate above with minute appressed usually gland-
tipped teeth, when they unfold tinged with red, membranaceous and nearly fully grown
when the flowers open about the 1st of June, and at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark
green and lustrous above, pale below, reticulate- venulose, l'-4' long, and |'-1' wide, with
a slender midrib, and primary veins within the parenchyma; tiuning bright orange and
scarlet in the autumn before falling; petioles stout, Y~¥ in length; leaves at the end of
vigorous shoots acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate, often 5'-6' long. Flowers f ' in
diameter, on slender pedicels, in many-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly
obconic, glabrous, the lobes linear-lanceolate, entire or minutely glandular-serrate; stamens
10; anthers rose color; styles usually 2, surrounded at base by tufts of pale hairs. Fruit
Fig. 353
ripening late in October and persistent on the branches until spring, short-oblong to
subglobose, ^' long, dull red often covered with a glaucous bloom; calyx little enlarged;
nutlets usually 2, full and rounded at the ends, with a high rounded grooved ridge, j' long.
A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, covered with dark brown,
scaly bark, stout rigid spreading branches forming a broad round-topped head, and gla-
brous, light brown or gray branchlets armed with stout straight or slightly curved sharp-
pointed chestnut-brown or ashy gray spines 3'-4' long and becoming on the trunk and
large branches 6'-8' in length and furnished with slender lateral spines.
Distribution. Usually on the slopes of low hills in rich soil; valley of the St. Lawrence
River near Montreal, southward to Delaware and along the Appalachian foothills to North
Carolina, and westward through western New York and Pennsylvania to southern Michi-
gan, and southern Illinois.
A form, var. pyracanthifolia Ait., with narrower elliptic to obovate leaves acute or
rounded at apex, and slightly pubescent while young on the upper side of the midrib, and
with rather smaller flowers and smaller bright red fruit, is not rare in eastern Pennsylvania
and northern Delaware; a form, var. salicifolia Ait., cultivated in European gardens, but
not known in a wild state, with thinner narrower and more elongated lanceolate or oblance-
olate leaves, should also probably be referred to this species. A form, var. oblongata Sarg.,
with rather brighter colored oblong fruit often 1' long, and nutlets acute at the ends, is not
rare near Wilmington, Delaware, and at Durham, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. A form,
var. capUlata Sarg,, with thinner leaves, slightly villose corymbs, and 1 or rarely 2 nutlets,
occurs near Wilmington, Delaware.
ROSACBiE 403
Often cultivated as an ornamental plant and for hedges in the eastern United States,
and very frequently in the countries of eastern and northern Europe.
2. Crataegus Canbyi Sarg.
Leaves oblong-ovate to ovate, obovate or oval, acute, acuminate or rarely rounded at
apex, gradually narrowed, cuneate and entire at base, and coarsely often doubly serrate
above the middle, more than half grown when the flowers open about the 1st of May and
then glabrous or very rarely with a few scattered hairs on the upper side of the midrib and
on the corymbs, and at maturity coriaceous, glabrous, dark green and very lustrous above,
pale and dull below, 2'-2^' long, and I'-l^' wide, with a thick pale midrib, and 4 or 5 pairs
of remote primary veins conspicuous on the lower surface; petioles glandular with scattered
Fig. 354
dark red persistent glands, red below the middle, f '-f ' in length; leaves at the end of
vigorous shoots often deeply and irregularly divided into broad acute lobes, and fre-
quently 3'-4' long and 2' wide. Flowers f in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in broad
loose many-flowered long-branched corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes entire,
or serrate with minute scattered glandular teeth; stamens usually 10, occasionally 12 or
13; anthers, small, rose color; styles 3-5. Fruit ripening in October but persistent until
after the beginning of winter, on elongated slender stems, in loose many-fruited drooping
clusters, short-oblong to subglobose, rounded at the ends, with a distinct depresssion at
the insertion of the stalk, lustrous, dark crimson, marked by occasional large pale dots,
^'-f long; calyx-lobes reflexed, closely appressed, often deciduous before the fruit ripens;
flesh thick, bright red, very juicy; nutlets 3-5, with a broad rounded ridge, bright chestnut-
brown, about J long.
A bushy tree, sometimes 20° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, large ascending wide-
spreading branches forming a broad open irregular head occasionally 30°-35° in diameter,
and glabrous chestnut-brown branchlets armed with thick usually straight chestnut-brown
spines ^^-lY long.
Distribution. Hedges and thickets near Wilmington, Newcastle County, Delaware;
shores of Chesapeake Bay (near Perry ville, Cecil County), Maryland, and in eastern
Pennsylvania.
3. Crataegus peoriensis Sarg.
Leaves obovate, short-pointed or occasionally rounded at the broad apex, gradually nar-
rowed, cuneate and entire below, sharply and often doubly serrate usually only above the
middle, and sometimes irregularly lobed with short broad terminal lobes, when they unfold
404 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
villose above, especially toward the base of the midrib, and bright bronze color, becoming
at maturity thick and firm, glabrous, dark green and very lustrous above, pale below, 1^'-
2' long, and f ' wide, with 4 or 5 pairs of thin primary veins conspicuous on the under side
and extending obliquely from the slender midrib to the end of the lobes; petioles usually
about I' in length, slightly glandular above the middle, and covered when they first appear
with short pale deciduous hairs; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots deeply divided into
broad acute lateral lobes, 2'-3' long, and If wide. Flowers opening in May and June, cup-
shaped, about I' in diameter, on slender elongated pedicels, in broad loose glabrous
corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes narrow acuminate, entire or irregularly
glandular-serrate, pubescent below the middle on the inner surface; stamens 10; anthers
Fig. 355
small, rose color; styles "4 or 3, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum.
Fruit ripening early in October, on slender elongated pedicels, in drooping many-fruited
clusters, short-oblong or obovoid, rounded at the ends, slightly depressed at the insertion
of the stalk, bright scarlet, marked by many small dark dots, |'-f' long; calyx-lobes en-
larged, erect, incurved and persistent; flesh thick, nearly white, firm and dry; nutlets 2
or 3, about I' long.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk occasionally 1° in diameter, stout spreading branches
forming a broad flat-topped symmetrical head, and slender orange-brown branchlets
armed with straight or slightly curved thin dull chestnut-brown spines 2'-2f long.
Distribution. Open woods, the moist borders of streams and depressions in the prairie,
and on hillsides in clay soil. Short and Peoria Counties, Illinois.
4. Crataegus fecunda Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate to oval, or broad-ovate, acute or rarely rounded and short-
pointed at apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed at base, and coarsely and usually doubly
serrate except toward the base, when they unfold dark green, lustrous and roughened above
by short pale appressed caducous hairs and pale yellow-green and villose on the midrib and
primary veins below, about half grown when the flowers open early in May and at matu-
rity thin and]firm in texture, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale yellow-green
on the lower surface, 2^-2^' long, and If -2' wide, with a stout midrib and remote primary
veins after midsummer often bright red below; turning late in the autumn to brilliant shades
of orange or scarlet or deep rich bronze color; petioles often glandular, at first coated with
pale hairs, soon glabrous, dull red at maturity, f-f' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous
shoots often slightly lobed with short broad acute lobes, convex by the hanging down of the
margins, S'-4i' long, and 2'-3' wide. Flowers f ' in diameter, on slender pedicels, in wide
many-flowered slightly villose corymbs, with large glandular bracts and bractlets; calyx-
ROSACEiE
405
tube narrowly obconic, more or less villose, the lobes elongated, acute, coarsely serrate
with stipitate dark red glands, villose on the inner surface; stamens usually 10, occasionally
12-15; anthers small, dark rose color; styles 2 or 3. Fruit on slender pedicels often ^' long.
Fig. 356
in broad many-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong to subglobose, full and rounded at
the ends, covered until nearly fully grown with long soft pale hairs, and at maturity orange-
red marked by many small dark dots, |'-1' long; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, erect and
incurved, coarsely glandular-serrate above the middle, dark red on the upper side toward
the base; flesh very thick, firm and hard, pale green; nutlets 2 or 3, Y long*
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk 10'-12' in diameter, covered with dark brown scaly
bark, stout wide-spreading branches forming a broad symmetrical round-topped rather
open head, and stout branchlets covered at first with soft matted pale hairs, soon glabrous,
light orange-green, becoming ashy gray in their second season, and armed with numerous
very slender straight or slightly curved chestnut-brown shining spines 2'-2|' long.
Distribution. Rich woodlands near AUenton, St. Louis County, Missouri, and on the
bottom-lands of the Mississippi River, Clair County, Illinois.
5. Crataegus regalis Beadl.
Leaves oval to elliptic, acute or acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed and concave-
cuneate at the entire base, and coarsely, often doubly serrate above with acute straight or
Fig. 357
406 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
incurved teeth, when they unfold tinged with red and sparingly villose above and on the
midrib below, soon glabrous, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the end of April,
becoming at maturity thick and firm or subcoriaceous, bright green and lustrous on the
upper surface, pale on the lower surface, 1|'-2|' long, and I'-lY wide, with a stout yellow
midrib and primary veins; turning in the autumn yellow, orange, and brown; petioles stout,
reddish brown toward the base, about 1' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
broadly oval, coarsely serrate, mostly slightly incisely lobed, 3'-4' long, and l§'-2' wide,
with a thicker midrib and veins. Flowers |' in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in broad
many-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes linear-lanceolate, entire or
remotely serrate; stamens 10; anthers yellow; styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening in September or
October, on slender stems, in few-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong, f'-^' long, green
tinged with red; calyx-lobes slightly enlarged, reflexed and often deciduous from the ripe
fruit; flesh yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, about i' long.
A tree, often 20° high, with a tall trunk 8'-12' in diameter, stout ascending or spreading
branches forming a broad symmetrical head, and stout glabrous orange-brown branchlets
armed with stout or slender nearly straight spines l§'-2' long.
Distribution. Low woods, northwestern Georgia and northern Alabama; common in the
flat woods near Rome, Floyd County, Georgia.
6. Crataegus arduennae Sarg.
Leaves obovate, acute, acuminate or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed from near the
middle to the entire cuneate base, and finely crenulate-serrate above with glandular teeth.
Fig. 358
glabrous and deeply tinged with red as they unfold, nearly fully grown when the flowers
open at the end of May or early in June, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green and very
lustrous above, pale below, l^-^Y long, and |'-1' wide, with a slender yellow midrib, and
obscure primary veins mostly within the parenchyma; petioles stout, occasionally sparingly
glandular, i'-f ' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots mostly elliptic, short-pointed,
coarsely serrate, usually laterally lobed, and often 2^'-3' long, and l^'-2' wide, with a stout
midrib and prominent slender primary veins. Flowers |'-f ' in diameter, on long slender
pedicels, in broad many-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the
lobes abruptly narrowed from the base, linear, acuminate, tipped. with small dark red
glands, entire or slightly and irregularly serrate; stamens 5-12; usually 10; anthers small,
pale yellow; styles 1 or 2. Fruit on slender pedicels, in drooping many-fruited clusters,
short-oblong, dull dark crimson, marked by large pale dots, about Y long, and ^'-^ in
diameter; calyx only slightly enlarged, the lobes reflexed and appressed; flesh thin and
ROSACEA
407
yellow; nutlet 1, gradually narrowed from the middle to the obtuse ends, grooved and
irregularly ridged on the dorsal face, or 2 and then broad, rounded at the ends, with a high
wide rounded ridge, about -^^' long.
A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a trunk 8'-12' in diameter, covered with smooth light
gray bark, spreading branches forming a round-topped head, and slender slightly zigzag
branchlets light orange-green when the first appear, becoming dark purple and lustrous and
ultimately grayish brown, and armed with many slender straight or slightly curved dark
purple-brown shining spines l'-2' long.
Distribution. Central and northern Missouri, northern Illinois, northeastern Indiana
(Allen County), southeastern Michigan, southern Ontario, through Ohio to western New
York (South Buffalo, Erie County), and in eastern Pennsylvania (Berks County).
7. Crataegus algens Beadl.
Leaves obovate to oblong or elliptic, rounded or acute at apex, gradually narrowed and
concave-cuneate at the entire bas^ sharply serrate above, villose on the upper side of the
Fig. 359
midrib and nearly full grown when the flowers open at the end of May, and at maturity
glabrous, subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, pale below, l|'-2' long, and \'-\\'
wide, with a thin midrib and slender primary veins; turning in the autumn to shades of
orange, yellow, and brown; petioles slender, rarely glandular with minute glands, about
\' in length ; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots oblong-obovate, rounded or abruptly short-
pointed at apex, coarsely serrate, and often 3' long and 1|' wide. Flowers Y in diameter,
on slender elongated pedicels, in broad many-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube nar-
rowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes slender, acuminate, entire or remotely serrate; stamens
10; anthers yellow; styles 1-3. Fruit ripening in September and October, on slender pedi-
cels, in few-fruited hanging clusters, subglobose to obovoid, |'-^' in diameter, dull red, or
green flushed with red, f '-^' long; calyx somewhat enlarged, with reflexed persistent lobes;
nutlets usually 1 or 2, prominently ridged on the back, |'-f ' long.
A tree, 15°-18° high, with a short trunk occasionally 7'-8' in diameter, stout ascending
wide-spreading branches forming a wide round-topped head, and stout glabrous bright
chestnut-brown branchlets becoming gray in their second year, and armed with stout
nearly straight spines l'-2' long.
Distribution. Borders of woods and fields; western North Carolina to northern Georgia
and central Alabama (near Selma, Dallas County, common), and to eastern Tennessee; one
of the commonest species in the neighborhood of Asheville, Buncombe County, North
Carolina.
408
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
8. Crataegus Palmeri Sarg.
Leaves broadly oval to oblong, rounded, acute or short-pointed at apex, gradually nar-
rowed and cuneate at the entire base, and coarsely serrate above with straight gland-tipped
teeth, nearly fully grown when the flowers open during the first week in May, and then very
thin, dark green and lustrous above, pale bluish green below, and at maturity coriaceous, dark
green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, l^'-2' long, and Ij'-lf
wide, with a slender yellow midrib and 4 or 5 pairs of very thin primary veins; petioles
stout, rose-colored in the autumn, about f in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
Fig. 360
oblong-ovate to elliptic, usually acute, coarsely serrate, occasionally laterally lobed, glandu-
lar at base, 2^'-3' long, and l^'-2' wide. Flowers about ^' in diameter, on slender pedicels,
in many-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes slender, acuminate,
tipped with small dark glands, entire or slightly serrate; stamens 10; anthers pale yellow;
styles 3, surrounded at base by a thin ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening in October,
on slender elongated pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, subglobose, dull green tinged
with red or cherry-red, marked by large pale dots, about §' in diameter; calyx sessile, with
erect and incurved lobes mostly persistent on the ripe fruit; nutlets 3, thin, acute at the
ends, slightly and irregularly ridged on the back with a low grooved ridge, j'-ts' long.
A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk often a foot in diameter, covered with smooth
pale bark, stout wide-spreading branches forming a broad round-topped symmetrical head,
and slender nearly straight glabrous, bright chestnut-brown branchlets armed with thin
straight dark red-brown shining spines |'-3' long.
Distribution. Southwestern Missouri, usually in low rich soil; common near Carthage
and Webb City, Jasper County, and near Noel, McDonald County, to southeastern Kansas
and northwestern Arkansas.
9. Crataegus erecta Sarg.
Leaves oval to obovate, acute and short-pointed at apex, cuneate and entire at base, and
finely glandular-serrate, when they unfold often villose with a few short caducous pale
hairs on the upper side of the midrib, nearly fully grown when the flowers open early in
May, and at matiuity thin and firm in texture, dark dull green on the upper surface, pale
on the lower surface, l^'-2' long, and l'-l|' wide, with a slender midrib, and thin prominent
primary veins; in the autumn turning dull orange color; petioles slender, glandular with
minute dark glands, usually dark red after midsummer, ^'-|' in length; leaves at the end
of vigorous shoots often nearly orbicular, coarsely serrate with broad nearly straight
glandular teeth, and sometimes 3' long and 2|' wide. Flowers ^'-f in diameter, on slender
i
ROSACEiE
409
pedicels, in broad loose many-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic,
the lobes narrow, elongated, acuminate, entire or occasionally obscurely and irregularly
serrate; stamens usually 10, occasionally 11-13; anthers small, pale yellow; styles 3 or 4,
surrounded at base by a narrow ring of short pale hairs. Fruit on elongated pedicels, in
few-fruited drooping clusters, subglobose and usually a little longer than broad, flattened
at the ends, dark dull crimson marked by occasional dark-colored dots, Y~¥ long 5 calyx-
tube short, the lobes closely appressed, gradually narrowed from a broad base and usually
persistent on the ripe fruit; nutlets 3 or 4, with a broad high grooved ridge, j^^' long.
Fig. 361
A tree, 25°-40° high, with a trunk l°-3° in diameter, thick ascending branches forming
a wide open rather symmetrical head, and bright chestnut-brown or orange-brown ulti-
mately dark brown spreading branchlets armed with thin straight chestnut-brown spines
l'-2' long.
Distribution. Rich bottom-lands of the Mississippi River, St. Clair County (East St.
Louis, near Fish Lake, and Cahokia) to Richland County, and southern Illinois and south-
ern Indiana; banks of Desperes River, south St. Louis, St. Louis County, and Osage, Cole
County, Missouri, and western and southwestern Arkansas.
10. Crataegus acutifolia Sarg.
Leaves oval to oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate or rarely rounded at apex, cuneate
at the usually entire base, finely crenulate-serrate often only above the middle with glan-
dular teeth, nearly fully grown when the flowers open about the 10th of May, and then
membranaceous, and lustrous above, with occasional short scattered pale caducous hairs
on the upper side of the midrib, and at maturity thin and firm, dark green and lustrous
above, pale yellow-green below, about 1^' long, and 1' wide, with a slender light yellow
midrib and about 4 or 5 pairs of thin primary veins: petioles glandular when they first
appear with minute dark glands, Y~¥ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
frequently divided at apex into 2 or 3 pairs of short acute lobes, and often 3' long and
2' wide. Flowers Y in diameter, on slender pedicels, in many-flowered compact
corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, entire or ob-
sciu'ely and irregularly glandular-serrate; stamens 10; anthers small, pale yellow, styles
2 or 3. Fruit ripening and falling at the end of September, on slender pedicels ¥~j
long, in few-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, bright
scarlet, marked by occasional dark dots, |' long; calyx-tube prominent, with closely ap-
pressed lobes often deciduous before the fruit ripens; nutlets 2 or 3, with a broad rounded
ridge, about tV long.
410
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, often 30° high, with a trunk 18' in diameter, stout wide-spreading branches
forming a symmetrical round-topped rather open head, and stout bright chestnut-brown
Fig. 362
branchlets dark gray-brown in their second year, and occasionally armed with scattered
thin straight chestnut-brown spines l'-2' long.
Distribution. Open woods; banks of the Desperes River near Carondelet, St. Louis
County, Missouri; in St. Clair County (north of stock yards. East St. Louis, and near
Cahokia), and in Richland County, Illinois, western Tennessee and to the neighborhood of
Fayetteville, Arkansas.
11. Crataegus BushiiSarg.
Leaves obovate, broad and rounded or acute at apex, or elliptic and acute, gradually
narrowed from near the middle to the cuneate entire base, and coarsely serrate above,
<
Fig. 363
when they unfold dark green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, and villose with
short white hairs on both sides of the midrib and veins, nearly fully grown when the flowers
open at the end of April, and at maturity coriaceous, lustrous, glabrous, Ij'-ll' long, and
j'-l' wide, with a stout yellow midrib and few slender prominent primary veins; petioles
ROSACEiE 411
villose early in the season, becoming glabrous, usually about ^ in length ; leaves at the end
of vigorous shoots usually elliptic, acute, coarsely serrate, frequently 3' long and 1|' wide, *
with stouter and more broadly winged petioles. Flowers j-V in diameter, on slender
pedicels, in broad many-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx- tube broadly obconic, glabrous,
the lobes elongated, linear-lanceolate, entire or occasionally slightly dentate; stamens
20; anthers large, bright rose color; styles two or three, surrounded at base by con-
spicuous tufts of white hairs. Fruit ripening late in October or in November, on slender
pedicels about |' long, in few-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong, green tinged with
dull red, §' long, with only slightly enlarged erect and incurved calyx-lobes mostly decidu-
ous before the fruit ripens; flesh thin, green, dry and hard; nutlets 2 or 3, with a high
rounded ridge, |' long.
A tree, 15°-20° high, with a trunk 8'-10' in diameter, covered with dark scaly bark, small
spreading branches forming a broad open irregular head, and nearly straight dull chestnut-
brown branchlets gray-brown in their second year, and unarmed or sparingly armed with
stout straight chestnut-brown spines l^'-lf long.
Distribution. Rich upland woods near Fulton, Hemstead County, southern Arkansas;
Chopin, Natchitoches Parish, near Winn, Winnfield Parish, and Lake Charles, Calcasieu
Parish, Louisiana; in the neighborhood of Marshall, Harris County, Texas.
12. Crataegus Cocksii Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at
base, finely serrate above the middle with straight acuminate teeth, glabrous, dark green
Fig. 364
and lustrous above, dull and paler below, I'-l j' long, and i'-|' wide, with a slender midrib,
and primary veins mostly within the parenchyma; petioles slender, about i' in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-obovate, rounded or abruptly short-pointed at
apex, thicker, more coarsely serrate, often 1^' long and 1' wide. Flowers ^'-f ' in diameter,
on slender pedicels, in compact few-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube broadly ob-
conic, glabrous, the lobes oblong-ovate, gradually narrowed and acuminate, entire, sparingly
villose on the inner surface; stamens 20, small, pale rose color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded
at base by clusters of white hairs. Fruit ripening in October, on slender pedicels about |'
in length, in few-fruited clusters, short-oblong to slightly obbvoid, crimson, lustrous,
3 '-2' long, with spreading calyx-lobes mostly deciduous from the ripe fruit; nutlets 2 or 3,
obovoid, acute at apex, rounded at base, prominently ridged on the back, f ' long.
A slender tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk 4'-6' in diameter, with dark red-brown bark
covered with small closely appressed scales, smooth slender drooping branches forming a
broad open head, and slender bright red-brown pendulous branchlets becoming gray in
their second year, and armed with straight slender dark chestnut-brown lustrous spines
li'-lf in length.
41S
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Low rich woods at the marble quarry near Winnfield, Winn Parish,
, Louisiana.
Distinct in the Crus-galli Group in its head of slender pendulous branches.
13. Crataegus arborea Beadl.
Leaves obovate to oblanceolate, narrowed, acute or rounded at apex, gradually nar-
rowed and concave-cuneate at the long tapering entire base, and finely serrate above the
middle with minute straight teeth, nearly fully grown when the flowers open the middle of
April and then glabrous, and at maturity subcoriaceous, bright green and lustrous above,
pale below. If '-2' long, and about f wide; turning in the autumn orange, yellow, and brown;
Fig. 365
petioles |'-f' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots coarsely serrate, occasionally
slightly lobed, and often 3' long and 1^' wide. Flowers ^' in diameter, on slender pedicels,
in broad many-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes
slender, elongated, acuminate, slightly serrate; stamens 20; anthers pale yellow; styles
usually 2. Fruit ripening in September and October, globose to subglobose, j'-^' in diame-
ter, red, the calyx enlarged, with elongated coarsely glandular-serrate reflexed lobes; nutlets
usually 2, about |' long.
A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, spreading or ascending
branches forming a broad handsome head, and branchlets orange-green in their first season,
becoming reddish in their first winter, and usually unarmed.
Distribution. In open woods usually in clay soil near Montgomery, Montgomery
County, Alabama.
14. Crataegus uniqua Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute or occasionally rounded at apex, gradually narrowed to
the long cuneate base, and finely serrate above the middle with straight or incurved glandu-
lar teeth, more than half grown and sparingly villose on the upper side of the midrib when
the flowers open the middle of April, and at maturity glabrous, dark green and lustrous
above, paler below, l'-l|' long, and |'-f' wide, with a thin midrib, and slender primary
veins mostly within the parenchyma; petioles slender, glabrous, f'-^' in length; leaves at
the end of vigorous shoots broad-obovate, rounded or acute at apex, coarsely serrate, 2'-2|'
long, and I'-l j' wide. Flowers f'-^' in diameter, on slender pedicels, in mostly 5-8-flow-
ered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes short and broad, acuminate,
entire or slightly dentate near the middle, sparingly villose on the inner surface; stamens
20; anthers small, nearly white; styles 2 or 3. Fruit on slender drooping pedicels, short-
•blong, rounded at the ends, dull red, about |' long and ^' thick; calyx prominent, with
1
ROSACEA
413
reflexed closely appressed persistent lobes; flesh thin, dry and hard; nutlets 2 or 3, broad
and rounded at base, narrowed at apex, about I' long.
A tree, 18°-20° high, with a slender stem covered with close dark slightly ridged bark,
small wide-spreading branches forming a flat-topped head, and slender slightly zigzag
Fig. 366
orange or red-brown branchlets unarmed, or armed with few or many straight or slightly
curved dark chestnut-brown shining spines |'-1' in length.
Distribution. Woods in low sandy soil; eastern Texas (near Marshall, Harrison County,
and Livingston, Polk County), to southwestern Arkansas.
15. Crataegus Engelmannii Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate or rarely elliptic, rounded or often short-pointed and acute at apex,
gradually narrowed or entire below, finely crenulate-serrate usually only above the middle
Fig. 367
and generally only at the apex, nearly fully grown and roughened on the upper surface by
short rigid pale hairs when the flowers open about the middle of May, and at maturity
414
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
coriaceous, dark green, lustrous and scabrate above, pale below, and pilose on both sur-
faces of the slender midrib and obscure primary veins and veinlets, I'-l^' long, and
I'-l' wide; petioles glandular, villose when they first appear, soon glabrous, usually about
Y in length. Flowers f in diameter, on slender pedicels, in broad loose 8-11-flowered vil-
lose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, villose or nearly glabrous, the lobes narrow,
acuminate, entire, glabrous on the outer surface, usually puberulous on the inner surface;
stamens 10; anthers small, rose color; styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening early in November, on
slender pedicels, in drooping many-fruited glabrous clusters, globose or short-oblong, bright
orange-red, with a yellow cheek, about |' in diameter; calyx prominent, with large spread-
ing lobes usually deciduous before the fruit ripens; nutlets 2 or 3, thick, with a broad
rounded ridge, Y long.
A tree, 15°-20° high, with a trunk 5'-6' in diameter, wide-spreading usually horizontal
branches forming a low flat- topped or rounded head, and branchlets covered with long
pale hairs when they first appear, soon glabrous and bright red-brown, becoming gray or
gray tinged with red during their second year, and armed with numerous stout straight
or slightly curved spines l^'-2§' long.
Distribution. Dry limestone slopes and ridges; common near Allenton and Pacific,
St. Louis and Franklin counties, Missouri; near Eureka Springs, Carroll County, Arkansas,
southern Illinois, western Kentucky and Hot Spring and Van Buren Counties, Arkansas.
16. Crataegus montivaga Sarg.
Leaves obovate to oval, rhombic or suborbicular, rounded, acute or acuminate or ab-
ruptly short-pointed at apex, concave-cuneate at base, and sharply coarsely serrate usually
Fig. 368
to below the middle with straight acuminate glandular teeth, covered above with short
white hairs and glabrous below when they unfold, and at maturity dark green, lustrous
and scabrate above, pale yellow-green belo^, I'-lj' long, and f'-l' wide, with a slender
midrib and prominent primary veins; petioles slender, villose early in the season, becom-
ing glabrous, about Y in length. Flowers opening late in April, about Y in diameter, on
villose pedicels I'-Y long, in compact mostly 7-10-flowered villose corymbs, their bracts
and bractlets linear-obovate, conspicuously glandular-serrate; calyx-tube broadly obconic,
glabrous or with occasional hairs near the base, the lobes gradually narrowed from a wide
base, glandular-serrate, sometimes laciniate near the acuminate apex, glabrous on the
outer sm-face, villose on the inner surface; stamens 10-15, usually 10; anthers pink; styles
2 or 3. Fruit ripening late in September or in October, on erect nearly glabrous or vil-
lose pedicels, short-oblong to ellipsoid, orange-red, about Y long; the calyx enlarged and
conspicuous; flesh thin, yellow-green; nutlets 2 or 3, rounded at apex, with a low broad
rounded ridge, about Y long.
A bushy tree, rarely more than 12°-15° high, with a short trunk 10'-12' in diameter, erect
ROSACEA
415
and spreading branches, and slender nearly straight branchlets orange-brown and covered
with long scattered pale hairs when they first appear, dull red-brown and glabrous at the
end of their first season, becoming gray the following year. Bark of the branches smooth
and dark brown, becoming slightly scaly on the trunk.
Distribution. Rocky banks of streams; western Texas (Comal, Kendall, Bandera,
Edwards, Brown and Calhoun Counties, and on the Davis Mountains, Jeff Davis County);
common on the banks of the Guadalupe and other streams on the Edwards Plateau.
Interesting as the extreme southwestern representative of the Crus-galli Group, and its
only species in western Texas.
17. Crataegus denaria Beadl.
Leaves oval, oblong-obovate or elliptic, acute or acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed
from near the middle and cuneate and entire below, and coarsely often doubly serrate above
Fig, 369
with straight teeth, when they unfold tinged with red and slightly pilose above and gla-
brous below, nearly fully grown when the flowers open toward the end of May, and at
maturity firm to subcoriaceous, bright green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale on
the lower surface, 2^'-3' long, and |'-1 j' wide, with a slender midrib and few remote thin
primary veins; turning in the autumn orange, yellow, or brown; petioles stout, conspicu-
ously glandular, and about j in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broadly oval
to ovate or obovate, occasionally incisely lobed, 2|'-3' long, and l|'-2' wide. Flowers
^'-f in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in broad lax many-flowered sparingly villose
corymbs; calyx narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes slender, elongated, acuminate and
glandular at apex, mostly entire or slightly serrate below; stamens usually 10; styles 3-5.
Fruit on long slender pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters, globose to subglobose, i'-xV
in diameter, orange-red, the calyx somewhat enlarged, with spreading or closely appressed
lobes; nutlets 3-5, slightly ridged on the back, about j\' long.
A tree, 18°-20° high, with a trunk sometimes 8' in diameter, spreading branches, and
branchlets sparingly villose with long matted white hairs when they first appear, soon
glabrous, and unarmed or armed with occasional straight slender spines about 1|' long.
Distribution. Banks of streams, eastern Mississippi; common in the neighborhood of
Columbus, Lowndes County.
18. Crataegus signata Beadl.
Leaves obovate to elliptic, rounded and often short-pointed or acute at apex, gradually
narrowed from near the middle and cuneate at the entire base, and sharply glandular-
416
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
serrate usually only above the middle, about half grown when the flowers open early in
April, and then gray-green and coated above and on the lower side of the midrib and prin-
cipal veins with short pale hairs, and at maturity thin and firm in texture, dark green,
lustrous and slightly pilose above, paler and pubescent below on the slender midrib and
2-5 pairs of primary veins, l^'-2' long, and f'-l' wide; petioles slender, grooved above,
glandular, usually about |' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often broad-
ovate to elliptic, coarsely dentate or sometimes incisely lobed, frequently 2^' lonfj and
2' wide. Flowers about f ' in diameter, on slender pedicels, in few-flowered compact
hairy corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, villose with long matted hairs, the lobes
narrow, acute, entire or irregularly glandular-serrate, usually glabrous on the outer surface,
villose on the inner surface; stamens 10; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a few pale hairs.
Fruit ripening and falling toward the end of October, in few-fruited drooping slightly villose
Fig. 370
clusters, short-oblong, rounded at the ends, dark red, more or less pruinose, marked by
numerous pale dots, and about |' long; calyx enlarged, with elongated closely appressed
lobes usually persistent on the ripe fruit; flesh thin and yellow; nutlets 3-5, prominently
ridged and grooved on the back, about j' long.
A tree, usually 15°-18° high, with a tall trunk 4 '-5' in diameter, covered with ashy
gray bark, often nearly black near the base of old stems, and separating freely into thin
plate-like scales, numerous ascending or spreading branches forming a round-topped or
oval compact head, and stout chestnut-brown branchlets armed with stout, nearly straight
bright chestnut-brown spines l'-2' long.
Distribution. Open glades and dry copses of the Pine-covered coast-plain of southern
Alabama.
19. Crataegus edita Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate or rarely elliptic, acute at the gradually narrowed apex, gradually
narrowed from near the middle to the cuneate entire base, and coarsely and often doubly
serrate above, when the flowers open from the 15th to the 20th of April lustrous and sca-
brate on the upper surface with short rigid pale hairs and puberulous on the lower surface,
and at matm*ity coriaceous, dark green, lustrous, and slightly roughened above, pale yellow-
green and scabrate below, l^'-2' long, and ^'-1' wide; petioles stout, villose, becoming
pubescent or puberulous, ^'-|' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often
slightly divided into lateral lobes, more coarsely serrate and sometimes 3' long, and 1^'
wide, with stout broadly winged petioles. Flowers |'-|' in diameter, on slender villose
ROSACEA
417
pedicels, in villose few-flowered narrow corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous
or slightly hairy toward the base, the lobes linear-lanceolate, usually entire or obscurely
glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer surface and puberulous on the inner surface;
stamens 20; anthers small, rose color; styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening early in October or in
November, on stout glabrous or slightly villose pedicels usually about ^' long, in drooping
few-fruited clusters, short-oblong, rounded at the ends, slightly pruinose, dull green tinged
Fig. 371
with red, l'-^ long, with a prominent calyx-tube and elongated spreading lobes puberulous
on the inner surface and often deciduous before the ripening of the fruit; flesh very thin,
green, dry and hard; nutlets 2 or 3, with a broad low rounded ridge, j' long.
A tree, in low moist ground sometimes 40° high, with a trunk 1° in diameter, free of
branches for 18°-20°, stout horizontal branches forming a broad round symmetrical
head, and nearly straight branchlets villose when they first appear, soon glabrous, light
chestnut-brown becoming dark gray-brown in their second or third year, and armed with
stout or slender straight chestnut-brown spines l'-2' long; or on the dry soil of low hills
much smaller and generally 20°-25° high.
Distribution. Low wet woods on the borders of streams, and on dry hills in forests of
Oak and Pine; near Marshall, Harris County, Texas; Natchitoches, Natchitoches Parish,
and to the neighborhood of Shreveport, Louisiana.
20. Crataegus tersa Beadl.
Leaves oblong to obovate, rounded and obtuse at apex, gradually narrowed to the con-
cave-cuneate entire base, and coarsely serrate above with acute or rounded teeth, when
they unfold tinged with red, sparingly villose above and tomentulose below, nearly fully
grown when the flowers open the middle of April, and at maturity coriaceous, dark
green, lustrous, and glabrous or scabrate above, pale and pubescent below, \\'-1' long,
and l'-l|' wide, with a slender midiib and thin primary veins; turning in the autumn
yellow, orange, and brown; petioles stout, at first hoary-tomentose, glabrous at matur-
ity, about \' in length ; leaves on the end of vigorous shoots, broad-obovate, short-pointed
at the rounded apex, often 2' long and \\' wide, with a prominent midrib and primary
veins. Flowers f '-f ' in diameter, on short stout hairy pedicels, in usually 8-10-flowered
very compact corymbs densely clothed with long matted pale hairs; calyx-tube nar-
rowly obconic, villose, the lobes acuminate, glandular-serrate, villose on the outer and
slightly pilose on the inner surface; stamens 18-20; anthers pale rose color, styles usually
2 or 3. Fruit ripening in October, on stout glabrous stems, in compact drooping few-
fruited clusters, globose to subglobose or short-oblong, about \' long, dark red; calyx prom-
418
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
inent, with enlarged erect or spreading glandular-serrate lobes; flesh thin, yellow, dry and
mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, mostly obtuse and rounded at the ends, about i' long.
Fig. 372
A tree, sometimes IS^-gO® high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, spreading branches
forming a broad flat-topped head, and stout chestnut-brown branchlets at first pilose,
becoming glabrous before autumn, and usually unarmed.
Distribution. Low woods west of Opelousas, St. Landry Parish, Louisiana.
21. Crataegus berberifolia T. & G.
Leaves oblong-obovate to elliptic, rounded or gradually narrowed at apex, narrowed
from above the middle to the cuneate entire base, and serrate above with straight or in-
curved teeth, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the end of March or early in
April and then roughened above by short rigid white hairs, and whitish and pubescent below.
Fig. 373
and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green, lustrous and nearly glabrous on the upper surface,
pale and pubescent on the lower surface especially on the thin midrib and slender primary
veins, l§'-2' long, and j'-l' wide; petioles comparatively slender, at first densely villose, be-
ROSACEyB 419
coming glabrous, usually about Y in length. Flowers f-|' in diameter, on slender villose
pedicels, in compact mostly 4-5-flowered villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic,
thickly coated with long matted pale hairs, the lobes slender, acuminate, sparingly villose
or niearly glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface, entire or slightly serrate;
stamens 20; anthers yellow; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale
hairs. Fruit ripening early in October, on slender pedicels, in few-fruited drooping puber-
ulous clusters, subglobose, orange with a red cheek, about ^' in diameter; calyx-tube
slightly enlarged, with spreading or incurved lobes; flesh thin and yellow; nutlets 2 or 3,
slightly ridged on the back, about |' long.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, covered with dark gray scaly
bark, stout branches spreading into a broad flat-topped head, and slender branchlets
covered at first with matted white hairs, becoming glabrous and light orange-brown at the
end of their first season, and pale gray-brown the following year, and unarmed or armed
with occasional slender nearly straight red-brown spines I'-l^' long.
Distribution. Borders of prairies and low moist soil a few miles west of Opelousas, St.
Landry Parish, Louisiana.
22. Crataegus edura Beadl.
Leiaves oblong-obovate, rounded and obtuse or occasionally acute at apex, gradually
narrowed from above the middle to the cuneate base, and serrate only at the apex, nearly
fully grown when the flowers open early in April and then thin, dark green and puberulous
Fig. 374
above especially on the midrib, very pale and villose below, and at maturity thick and cori-
aceous, 1 j'-l^' long, and l^'-lf wide, with a slender midrib, and primary veins within the
parenchyma; turning in the autumn orange, yellow, or brown; petioles slender, light yellow,
pilose, Y~¥ in length. Flowers |'-|' in diameter, on short sparingly villose pedicels, in
compact hairy 5-12-flowered corymbs; calyx narrowly obconic, glabrous or with a few
hairs at the base, the lobes narrow, acuminate, glabrous; stamens 16-20; anthers pale
yellow or nearly white; styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening and falling in September, in few-
fruited drooping clusters, subglobose, orange or yellow with a red cheek, about j-^' in
diameter; calyx-lobes little enlarged, closely appressed, often deciduous; nutlets 2 or 3,
rather obscurely ridged on the back, about Y long.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk 6^-8' in diameter, branches spreading out into a broad
flat-topped head, and branchlets pilose when they first appear, soon glabrous, becoming
reddish brown, unarmed or armed with chestnut-brown or gray spines l§'-2' long.
Distribution. Low woods near Opelousas, St. Landry Parish, Louisiana.
4^0
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
23. Crataegus crocina Beadl.
Leaves oblong-obovate, rounded or acute at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at
the slender entire base, and sharply serrate above the middle with straight or incurved
glandular teeth, when they unfold more or less pubescent, and at maturity subcoriaceous,
dark green, lustrous and glabrous or glabrate above, pale and covered below with short
matted pale hairs most abundant on the thin midrib and obscure primary veins, li'-2'
Fig. 375
long, and |'-1' wide; turning in the autumn orange, yellow, or brown; petioles slender, puber-
ulous, about \' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots elliptic to oblong-obovate,
acuminate more coarsely serrate, often 2^' long and f ' wide. Flowers opening at the end
of April when the leaves are fully grown, |'-f ' in diameter, on short villose pedicels, in
compact few-flowered villose corymbs; calyx narrowly obconic, coated with matted white
hairs, the lobes narrow, acute, entire or sparingly serrate, glabrous on the outer surface,
slightly villose on the inner surface toward the apex; stamens 20; anthers yellow; styles
usually 2 or 3. Fruit ripening in October, ellipsoidal or short-oblong, nearly ^' long, yellow,
the calyx prominent, with elongated mostly recurved lobes; nutlets usually 2, narrowed
and acute at the ends, ridged on the back, about I' long.
A tree, 18°-20° high, with a short trunk 4'-6' in diameter, spreading branches forming
a wide flat-topped head, and slender mostly unarmed branchlets covered at first with
matted pale hairs, and dark orange-brown and puberulous in their first winter.
Distribution. Low woods near Opelousas, St. Landry Parish, Louisiana.
24. Crataegus fera Beadl.
Leaves oblong-obovate, rounded or rarely acute at apex, gradually narrowed and con-
cave-cuneate at the slender entire base, and sharply serrate above the middle with straight
or incurved teeth, fully grown when the flowers open the middle of April and then thin,
covered above by short white hairs, and slightly villose along the midrib and veins below,
and at maturity coriaceous, dark green, scabrate and lustrous on the upper surface, pale
and puberulous on the lower surface on the slender midrib and obscure primary veins,
2^'-3' long, and about f wide; turning in the autumn orange, yellow, or brown; petioles
slender, pubescent early in the season, becoming puberulous, f '-f ' in length; leaves at the
end of vigorous shoots oblong-obovate, rounded or acute and often short-pointed at apex,
coarsely serrate, often 2^' long, and lY wide. Flowers: |' in diameter, on long slender
villose pedicels, in broad lax compound many-flowered corymbs covered more or less
thickly with white hairs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, slightly hairy near the base, gla-
ROSACEA
421
brous above, the lobes narrow, acuminate, entire or sparingly glandular-dentate, glabrous
on the outer surface and puberulous on the inner surface; stamens 16-20; anthers light
yellow; styles usually 2 or 3. Fruit ripening in September and October, on long slender
pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, globose or subglobose, bright red or scarlet,
f in diameter; flesh thin and mealy; calyx enlarged, with spreading or erect persistent
lobes; nutlets 2 or 3, with a high narrow ridge, \'-j^' long.
Fig. 376
A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a trunk 8'-9' in diameter, spreading branches form-
ing a broad flat-topped head, and slender nearly straight branchlets, villose at first, becom-
ing glabrous, pale reddish brown, ultimately ashy gray, and sometimes armed with slender
straight spines l'-l|' long.
Distribution. Low open Oak and Hickory woods near Opelousas, St. Landry Parish,
and Natchitoches, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana.
25. Crataegus Mohrii Bead!.
Leaves obovate or rhombic, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed and cuneate at the
entire base, and coarsely, occasionally doubly serrate above with straight or incurved teeth,
Fig. 377
422 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
when they unfold glabrous and slightly villose along the midrib and the lower side of the
principal veins, nearly fully grown when the flowers open early in May, and at maturity
thin and firm or subcoriaceous, dark green and very lustrous above, pale below, I'-l^' long,
and f '-1' wide, usually with 4 pairs of thin primary veins, a stout midrib sometimes pu-
berulous on the under side and bright red in the autumn; petioles frequently red at ma-
turity, ^'-|' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots sometimes 3' long and 2' wide,
mostly broad-elliptic, acute or acuminate, coarsely doubly serrate, and frequently divided
toward the apex into short broad acute lobes; petioles, strait, glandular; petioles broadly
winged, and occasionally glandular with minute dark glands. Flowers cup-shaped,
about I' in diameter, on slender elongated pedicels, in loose thin-branched many-flowered
glabrous or villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous or occasionally pilose
toward the base, the lobes linear-lanceolate, entire or finely glandular-serrate; stamens
20; anthers small, light yellow; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale
hairs. Fruit ripening about the middle of October, gracefully drooping on elongated thin
bright red pedicels, in many-fruited clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, somewhat flat-
tened at apex, full and rounded at base, bright orange-red, about |' in diameter; calyx
prominent, with a short tube and usually erect lobes often deciduous before the fruit ripens;
nutlets usually 3, about |' long.
A tree, from 20°-30° high, with a tall straight trunk 6'-8' in diameter, covered with thin
ashy gray or light red-brown bark, sometimes armed with long slender or branched spines,
spreading slightly pendulous branches forming a rather open broad symmetrical head,
and branchlets furnished with thin nearly straight bright chestnut-brown shining spines
r-ll'long.
Distribution. Western Georgia to central Alabama and eastern Mississippi, and north-
ward to middle Tennessee; abundant and of its largest size in the low flat woods ne§r
Birmingham, Jefiferson County, Alabama, ascending into the poorer and drier soils of the
neighboring hillsides and low mountain slopes.
II. PUNCTATJE.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Fruit usually short-oblong.
Anthers rose color or yellow; stamens 20; leaves obovate, often acutely lobed above the
middle, their veins deeply impressed; fruit on stout pedicels, short-oblong to sub-
globose, flattened at the ends, dull red or bright yellow, marked by large pale dots.
26. C. punctata (A).
Anthers rose color; stamens 10-20; leaves oblong-obovate or oval, their veins not deeply
impressed, fruit on long slender pedicels, short-oblong to obovoid, rounded at the
• ends, dull brick-red, marked by large pale dots, 27. C. pausiaca (A).
Fruit usually globose or subglobose.
Stamens 20.
Anthers pale yellow.
Corymbs villose.
Leaves obovate to oval or rarely rhombic, acute; fruit globose, or sometimes
broader than high, dull red, marked by small pale dots. 28. C. collina (A, C).
Leaves obovate, oval, or ovate, acute or acuminate, incisely lobed; fruit globose,
dull red. 29. C. aranicola (C).
Corymbs glabrous; leaves broadly oval to ovate, rounded or acute at apex, occa-
sionally rounded at base, subcoriaceous; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, dull
orange-red, marked by large pale dots. 30. Cc fastosa (C).
Anthers rose color.
Leaves scabrate on the upper surface.
Leaves ovate, oval or rarely obovate, acuminate; flowers in compact usuaHj
e-8-flowered corymbs. 31. C. sylvestris (A).
ROSACEA 423
Leaves obovate to rhombic, acute or rarely rounded at apex; flowers in wide
usually 9-12-flowered corymbs. 32. C. verruculosa.
Leaves glabrous on the upper surface.
Corymbs slightly villose.
Leaves obovate to rhombic, acute or rounded at apex; fruit globose, dark
dull red. 33. C. sordida (C).
Leaves oval to obovate, acute or acuminate at apex; fruit often rather longer
than broad, bright canary-yellow. 34, C. brazoria (C).
Corymbs densely villose; leaves obovate, acute, acuminate or rounded at apex;
fruit subglobose, dark dull red. 35. C. dallasiana (C).
Stamens 10.
Anthers pale yellow; leaves obovate, acute or acuminate or rounded and short-
pointed at apex; fruit subglobose, pubescent at the ends, dull orange-red.
36. C. Lettermanii (A).
Anthers rose color; leaves oblong-obovate, acute or rounded at apex; fruit globose,
bright scarlet, slightly pruinose. 37. C. pratensis (A).
26. Crataegus punctata Jacq.
Leaves obovate, pointed or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed to the cuneate entire
base, sharply and often doubly serrate above the middle with minute teeth, and sometimes
more or less incisely lobed, thickly covered below with pale hairs and pilose above when
Fig. 378
they unfold, about half grown when the flowers open from the middle of May until early in
June and then pilose on the midrib and veins below and nearly glabrous above, and at
maturity thick and firm, pale gray-green and glabrous on the upper surface, more or less
villose on the lower surface, 2'-3' long, and |'-1|' wide, with a broad prominent midrib, and
primary veins deeply impressed on the upper surface; turning bright orange or orange and
scarlet in the autumn; petioles stout, at first villose or tomentose, becoming pubescent or
glabrous, |'-^' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots usually incisely lobed, and
often 3'-4' long and l|'-2' wide. Flowers |'-f ' in diameter, on slender villose pedicels, in
tomentose or villose many-flowered compact corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, villose
or tomentose, the lobes narrow, acute, nearly entire or minutely glandular-serrate, villose
on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers rose color or yellow; styles 5, surrounded at base
by conspicuous tufts of white hairs. Fruit ripening and falling in October, on elongated
nearly glabrous pedicels, in drooping clusters, short-oblong to subglobose, truncate at
the ends dull red or bright yellow (var. aurea Ait.) and usually agreeing with the anthers
in color, marked by numerous small white dots, |'-1' long; nutlets 5, about I' long.
4S4
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, gO^-SO" high, with a trunk occasionally a foot in diameter, stout branches spread*
ing nearly at right angles and forming a round or flat-topped head, or sometimes ascending
and forming a narrow open irregular head, and branchlets coated at first with pale decidu-
ous pubescence, becoming light orange-brown or ashy gray, and armed with slender straight
light orange-brown or gray spines 2'-3' long.
Distribution. Common and generally distributed; rich hillsides; valley of the Chateau-
gay River, Quebec, to the valley of the Detroit River, Ontario, southward through western
New England to Delaware, and along the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia,
ascending in North Carolina and Tennessee to altitudes of nearly 6000°, and westward
through New York, Ohio and Indiana to southern Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, southern
Wisconsin, southeastern Minnesota, and in central Iowa. A form (var. canescens Britt.),
densely hoary-tomentose on the under surface of the leaves, and on the petioles and
corymbs, occurs in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and near Albany, Albany County, New
York; and a form (var. microphylla Sarg.) with smaller leaves and compact few-flowered
corymbs has been found at Linesville, Crawford County, Pennsylvania.
27. Crataegus pausiaca Ashe.
Leaves oblong-obovate to oval, rounded or acute at apex, gradually narrowed from near
the middle to the concave-cuneate entire base, and finely doubly serrate above with straight
glandular teeth, more than half grown when the flowers open from the 20th to the end of
Fig. 379
May and then membranaceous, dark yellow-green, and slightly villose above and along
the under side of the midrib and veins, and at maturity glabrous, dark yellow-green above,
paler below, 2'-2|' long, and 1 j'-l^' wide, with a slender yellow midrib, and 5 or 6 pairs of
primary veins extending very obliquely to the end of the leaf; petioles slender, wing-mar-
gined above the middle, villose only early in the season, f'-l' in length; leaves at the end
of vigorous shoots elliptic to rhombic, long-pointed, slightly or deeply divided into broad
lateral lobes, coarsely serrate, often 3^'-4' long and 2'-2^' wide. Flowers ^' in diameter,
on long slender hairy pedicels, in broad many-flowered thin-branched villose corymbs;
calyx-tube narrowly obconic, villose below with closely appressed white hairs, glabrous
above, the lobes abruptly narrowed from the base, slender, acuminate, tipped with minute
dark glands, entire or occasionally obscurely toothed above the middle, glabrous on the
outer surface, villose on the inner surface; stamens 10-15, rarely 20; anthers dark rose
color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at base by a broad ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening
about the middle of October, on elongated slender slightly hairy pedicels, in drooping
many-fruited clusters, short-oblong to obovoid, broad and rounded at the ends, dull bricis"
ROSACEi© 4^5
fed, marked by large pale dots, j-^'-^^' long, and about f ' thick; calyx small, with spreading
appressed lobes mostly deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thin, hard, slightly juicy, green
or greenish yellow; nutlets 3 or 4, thin, acute or obtuse at the ends, ridged on the back »
with a high broad deeply grooved ridge, about |' long.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall straight trunk often a foot in diameter, covered with
dark brown scaly bark, stout wide-spreading branches forming a broad symmetrical round
or flat-topped head, slender straight branchlets light orange-green and sparingly villose at
first, becoming light orange-brown during their first season, light or dark gray-brown the
following year, and armed with numerous stout slender straight orange-brown shining
spines l|'-2' in length, long persistent on the branches and trunk, finally ashy gray, and
becoming sometimes a foot long, with long slender lateral spines.
Distribution. Dry limestone hills and low moist bottom-lands, Bucks, Berks and Dela-
ware counties, eastern Pennsylvania; at Chapin, Ontario County, New York.
28. Crataegus collina Chapm.
Leaves obovate to oval or occasionally to rhombic, acute, gradually narrowed or broadly
cuneate at the entire base, and irregularly and often doubly serrate above with glandular
incurved or straight teeth, when they unfold bright red and covered with soft pale hairs
Fig. 380
most abundant on the under side of the midrib and principal veins, less than one third
grown when the flowers open at the end of April, and at maturity subcoriaceous, yellow-
green on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, glabrous with the exception of a
few hairs on the under side of the stout yellow midrib and 4 or 5 pairs of slender primary
veins, l^'-2' in length, and l'-l|' wide; petioles slender, villose, soon glabrous, more or less
winged toward the apex, |'-| long; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots frequently divided
into short broad acute lateral lobes, more coarsely dentate and often 3' long and 2|' wide,
with a stout broadly winged petiole generally light red like the lower side of the base of
the midrib. Flowers f ' in diameter, on long stout pedicels, in broad many-flowered vil-
lose corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, villose particularly toward the base, the lobes
gradually narrowed from a broad base, acuminate, usually glabrous on the outer surface,
villose on the inner surface, finely glandular-serrate with dark glands, bright red toward the
apex ; stamens usually 20 ; anthers large, pale yellow ; styles 5 . Fruit ripening in September,
on stout elongated pedicels, in few-fruited erect or drooping puberulous clusters, subglobose
but sometimes rather broader than long, dull red, marked by small pale dots, Y-^' in
diameter; calyx enlarged, the lobes closely appressed, glandular-serrate, mostly persistent;
426 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
flesh yellow; nutlets 5, broad and rounded at the ends, ridged and often grooved on the
back, about I' long.
A tree, usually 15°-20° but occasionally 25° high, with a tall straight trunk often but-
tressed at base, frequently armed with numerous large much-branched spines sometimes
6'-8' long, stout wide-spreading branches forming a handsome flat-topped symmetrical
head, and branchlets tinged with red and villose with long matted silky white hairs when
they first appear, soon puberulous, and dull reddish brown, becoming gray in their second
year, and furnished with stout lustrous spines 2'-3' long.
Distribution. Hillsides in rich soil in the foothill region of the southern Appalachian
Mountains from southwestern Virginia to central Georgia and westward to northeastern
Mississippi and middle Tennessee; in central Alabama; ascending to altitudes of 2500° above
the sea.
29. Crataegus amnicola Beadl.
Leaves obovate, oval or ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed and
concave-cuneate at the entire base, coarsely sometimes doubly serrate above with straight
or incurved glandular teeth, and incisely lobed above the middle with short acute or acu-
Fig. 381
minate lobes, deeply tinged with red and covered with short pale mostly caducous hairs
when they unfold, about half grown and sparingly villose on the midrib and veins when the
flowers open late in April or early in May, and at maturity subcoriaceous, bright green,
glabrous, Ij'-l^' long, and l'-l|' wide; turning in the autumn yellow, orange, red, and
brown; petioles slender, sparingly villose early in the season, becoming glabrous, sometimes
slightly glandular, ^'-3' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots sometimes 2' long
and 1|' wide. Flowers about f in diameter, on elongated slender slightly villose pedicels,
in narrow many-flowered villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous or with a
few scattered hairs at the base, the lobes narrow, acuminate, glandular-serrate, glabrous;
stamens 20; anthers nearly white; styles 3-5. Fruit on slender elongated glabrous pedicels,
in drooping few-fruited clusters, subglobose, dull red, about Y ^^ diameter; calyx enlarged,
with elongated coarsely serrate reflexed conspicuous lobes; flesh yellow, thin, and firm;
nutlets 3-5, rounded or slightly grooved on the back, nearly j' long.
A tree, occasionally 25° high, with a trunk 8'-12' in diameter, spreading or ascending
branches forming a large wide head, and branchlets villose at first with long matted white
hairs, soon glabrous, becoming orange-brown and ultimately ashy gray, and unarmed,
or armed with stout spines lj'-2' long.
Distribution. Low moist woods and the borders of streams, southeastern Tennessee,
northwestern Georgia, and northeastern Alabama; common.
ROSACEA
437
30. Crataegus fastosa Sarg.
Leaves broadly oval to ovate, rounded or acute at apex, concave-cuneate or rounded at
the entire base, and coarsely doubly serrate above with straight glandular teeth, when they
unfold covered above with long pale hairs and provided below with large tufts of snow-
white tomentum in the axils of the primary veins, when the flowers open from the 20th to
the 25th of April dark yellow-green and nearly glabrous on the upper surface and still
tomentose in the axils of the veins below, and at maturity subcoriaceous, glabrous, yellow-
green and lustrous above, pale yellow-green below. If '-2' long, and l'-2' wide, with a prom-
inent light yellow midrib deeply impressed on the upper side, and usually 3-5 pairs of
primary veins; petioles slender, at first densely villose, becoming puberulous, i'-f in
length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots occasionally lobed with broad acute lobes.
Flowers about f in diameter, on slender pedicels, in compact many-flowered glabrous
corymbs, with large conspicuous oblong-obovate and acute to lanceolate coarsely glandular-
serrate bracts and bractlets usually persistent until after the petals fall; calyx broadly
obconic, the lobes abruptly narrowed at base, slender, acuminate, coarsely glandular-
Fig. 382
serrate, glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers
pale yellow; styles 5, surrounded at base by a broad ring of pale tomentum. Fruit
ripening from the middle to the end of October, on thin reddish pedicels, in few-fruited
drooping clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, dull orange-red, marked by large pale dots,
f ' in diameter; calyx enlarged, with spreading serrate lobes villose on the upper side, mostly
deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thin, yellow-green; nutlets 3-5, thin, narrowed at the
ends, obscurely ridged on the back with a broad low often grooved ridge, about j%' long.
A tree, 18°-20° high, with a short trunk 8'-12' in diameter, covered with dark brown or
nearly black scaly bark, small ascending branches forming an irregular open head, and
slender nearly straight branchlets, dark orange-green tinged with red when they first appear,
becoming before autumn bright reddish brown and very lustrous, and dull reddish brown
the following year, and armed with numerous stout nearly straight bright chestnut-brown
shining spines l^'-2' long.
Distribution. Low woods near Fulton, Hempstead County, Arkansas; not common.
31. Crataegus silvestris Sarg.
Leaves ovate, oval or rarely obovate, acuminate, concave-cuneate or rounded at the
entire base, sharply doubly serrate above with straight glandular teeth, and slightly divided
above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of small acuminate lobes, nearly fully grown when the
flowers open at the end of May and then roughened above by short white hairs, and villose
428
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
below on the slender midrib and veins, and at maturity subeoriaceous, dark yellow-green
lustrous and scabrate on the upper surface, paler and still villose on the lower surface,
2j'-2|' long, and If '-2' wide; petioles stout, slightly hairy on the upper side, occasion-
ally glandular, and f '-f ' in length. Flowers f ' in diameter, on slender villose pedicels, in
compact villose usually 6-8-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the
lobes slender, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, slightly villose on the inner surface;
stamens 20; anthers pink; styles usually 3. Fruit ripening at the end of September, on
slender reddish slightly hairy pedicels, in few-fruited erect or spreading clusters, subglobose
to short-oblong, truncate at base, rounded at apex, dull orange-red, about ^' in diameter;
Fig. 383
calyx prominent with a broad deep cavity, and spreading coarsely serrate persistent lobes
villose on the upper surface; flesh thick, dry and mealy; nutlets 3, gradually narrowed and
rounded at the ends, ridged on the back with a high deeply grooved ridge, about f ' long
and l'-}' wide.
A tree,30°-35° high, with a tall trunk often 1° in diameter, large ascending and spreading
branches forming an open head, and stout nearly straight glabrous branchlets, light orange-
green and marked by small pale lenticels when they first appear, becoming light chestnut-
brown and lustrous in their first season, and dull red-brown the following year, and armed
with slender straight or slightly curved dark chestnut-brown lustrous spines I'-l^' long.
Distribution. Woods in low moist soil, near London, Ontario.
32. Crataegus verruculosa Sarg.
Leaves obovate to rhombic, acute or rarely rounded at apex, cuneate and entire at base,
and sharply often doubly serrate above with straight or incurved glandular teeth, when
they unfold dark red, covered above by short pale hairs and below by long matted white
hairs most abundant on the midrib and veins, about half grown when the flowers open from
the 1st to the 10th of May and then thin, dark yellow-green and scabrate on the upper
surface, and paler and pubescent on the lower surface, and at maturity subeoriaceous,
dark green, lustrous and nearly smooth above, pale and still pubescent below on the stout
midrib and conspicuous primary veins extending very obliquely toward the end of the leaf,
l^'-2' long, and l'-l|' wide; petioles stout, wing-margined at apex, at first villose, becoming
pubescent or puberulous, |'-^' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often broad-
ovate to oval, sharply doubly serrate with straight teeth, sometimes slightly lobed above
the middle with short acute lobes, and frequently 3' long and 2' wide. Flowers f ' in di-
ameter, on long slender villose pedicels, in broad lax compound 6-12 usually 9-flowered
villose corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, thickly covered with matted pale hairs, the
lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, slender, acute, tinged with red at apex, spar-
ROSACE.E
429
iBgly glandular-serrate, pubescent; stamens 20; anthers pale rose color; styles 3-5 sur-
rounded at base by a broad ring of long pale hairs. Fruit ripening about the 1st of Octo-
ber, on stout pubescent pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters, subglobose, somewhat
flattened and pubescent at the ends, dark red; calyx prominent, with more or less decid-
uous lobes; nutlets 3-5, narrowed and acute at the ends, rounded and very irregularly
ridged and sometimes obscurely grooved on the back, about |' long.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk 10'-12' in diameter, thick spreading branches
forming a broad compact round-topped symmetrical head, and stout nearly straight
branchlets thickly covered with matted pale hairs when they first appear, becoming reddish
Fig. 384
or orange-brown, nearly glabrous and roughened by minute tubercles at the end of their
first season, gray-brown the following year, and armed with numerous straight stout or
slender dark chestnut-brown very lustrous spines f'-l' long.
Distribution. Springfield, Greene County, Missouri, Hot Spring, Garland County, and
Hempstead and Miller Counties, Arkansas; not rare.
33. Crataegus sordida Sarg.
Leaves rhombic, acute, or occasionally obovate and rarely rounded at apex, cuneate
and entire below, serrate above with narrow straight or incurved glandular teeth, and occa-
sionally irregularly divided above the middle into short acute lobes, about half grown when
the flowers open the first week of May and then membranaceous, bright green, lustrous
and glabrous with the exception of a few short caducous hairs on the upper surface, particu-
larly on the midrib and principal veins, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green and
lustrous above, paler below, generally about 1^' long and 1\' wide; petioles stout, slightly
winged toward the apex, at first villose, soon glabrous, about Y long, often bright red in the
autumn; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots sometimes oblong or oval, coarsely dentate,
usually divided above the middle into short acute lobes, 3'-4' long, 2'-2^' wide, and de-
current on the stout glandular petioles. Flowers I'-l^' in diameter, on slender pedicels,
in few-flowered compact slightly villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes
narrow, acuminate, villose on the inner surface; petals dull white; stamens 20; anthers small,
rose color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening
and falling the middle of September, on short pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters,
globose, ^'-|' in diameter, dark dull red; calyx prominent, with elongated coarsely serrate
appressed or incurved lobes; flesh thin and yellow; nutlets 2 or 3, broad, rounded and ridged
on th^e back with a low rounded ridge, |' long.
A slender tree, 30°-25° high, with a tall trunk 5 '-6' in diameter, often armed with long-
430
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
branched spines, small ascending branches forming a narrow oval head, and slender nearly
straight branchlets, dark orange-green and villose with long scattered pale hairs some-
times persistent until autumn, dull chestnut-brown in their second season, and dark
Fig. 385
gray-brown the following year, and furnished with numerous thin nearly straight bright
chestnut-brown shining spines l'-2|' long, or often unarmed.
Distribution. Low woods and the gravelly banks of streams in Shannon, Carter, and
Ripley G^unties, southern Missouri.
34. Crataegus brazoria Sarg.
Leaves oval to obovate, acute or acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed, cuneate and
entire at base, and coarsely and irregularly glandular-serrate above with straight spreading
teeth, coated with hoary tomentum and often bright red when they unfold, nearly fully
Fig. 386
grown and covered with short soft pale hairs most abundant on the under side of the thin
midrib and 3 or 4 pairs of primary veins when the flowers open from the middle to the end
of March, and at maturity thin and firm in texture, glabrous, dark green and lustrous
ROSACEiE
431
above, paler below, 2'-2|' long, and li'-l^' wide; petioles slender, early in the season to-
mentose, becoming glabrous or puberulous, |'-f ' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous
shoots broad-ovate or oblong, rounded or broad-cuneate at base, coarsely dentate, 5' long,
and 2^' wide. Flowers f in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in broad slightly villose 7
or 8-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, coated with long matted pale hairs,
the lobes narrow, acuminate, obscurely glandular-serrate or nearly entire, villose on both
surfaces; stamens 20; anthers small, dark red; styles 5, surrounded at base by a thin ring of
hoary tomentum. Fruit ripeninrj after the 1st of October, in spreading or drooping few-
fruited clusters, subglobose and often rather longer than broad, bright canary-yellow,
marked by occasional dark dots, Y-^' long; calyx prominent, the lobes usually deciduous
before the fruit ripens: flesh thin, light yellow, rather dry but sweet and edible; nutlets
5, rounded and grooved on the back, Y long.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall straight trimk 8'-10' in diameter, numerous ascending
branches forming a handsome symmetrical round-topped head, and branchlets covered
when they first appear with matted pale hairs, dull reddish brown and often puberulous
in their second season, and reddish brown the following year, and unarmed or occasionally
armed with long thin gray spines.
Distribution. Low rich woods near the banks of the Brazos River, Columbia and Bra-
Boria, Brazoria County, Texas.
35. Crataegus dallasiana Sarg.
Leaves oblong, acute, acuminate or roimded at apex, gradually narrowed to the concave-
cuneate entire base, coarsely doubly serrate above with straight glandular teeth, and usu-
ally slightly lobed above the middle, coated below with thick hoary tomentum and villose
Fig. 387
above as they unfold, nearly fully grown and villose or tomentose below when the flowers
open early in April, and at maturity thin, dark yellow-green, glabrous and lustrous on the
upper surface, pale and pubescent on the lower surface on the slender midrib and 3 or 4
pairs of thin arching veins. If '-2|' long, and li'-l^' wide; petioles slender, wing-margined
toward the apex, hoary-tomentose early in the season, becoming glabrous, about |' in
length. Flowers about f in diameter, on long slender hairy pedicels, in many-flowered
densely villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, densely coated with long matted
pale hairs, the lobes slender, acuminate, tipped with a minute red gland, sparingly and
irregularly glandular-serrate, villose; stamens 20; anthers light rose color; styles 5. Fruit
ripening at midsummer, on stout erect slightly hairy pedicels, in few-fruited clusters, sub*
43S
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
globose, dull dark red, f '-§' in diameter; calyx prominent, with spreading lobes bright red
on the upper side at the base; nutlets 5, acute at the narrov/ ends, thin, rounded and
grooved with a broad shallow groove or irregularly ridged on the back, x'-t\' long.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk 4'-6' in diameter, covered with pale bark, small
erect branches forming an open irregular head, and slender somewhat zigzag branchlets
thickly coated at first with hoary tomentum, reddish brown and lustrous before autumn,
ultimately ashy gray, and armed with straight slender gray spines 1|'-1^' long.
Distribution. Forest-covered bottom-lands of the small tributaries of the Trinity River,
Dallas County, Texas; not common.
36. Crataegus Lettermanii Sarg.
Leaves obovate, acute or acuminate or rounded and short-pointed at apex, gradually
narrowed from near the middle and cuneate at the mostly entire base, coarsely often
doubly serrate above with straight or incurved glandular teeth, and frequently slightly and
Fig. 388
Irregularly divided above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of short acute lobes, strongly plicate
when they unfold and covered with a thick coat of pale tomentum, nearly half grown,
roughened above by short pale hairs and pubescent below when the flowers open early in
May, and at maturity thick, bright yellow-green and scabrate above, pale and pubescent
below on the stout midrib and 4 or 5 pairs of primary veins, about 2' long and 1|' wide;
petioles stout, more or less winged above the middle, at first tomentose, becoming
pubescent or nearly glabrous, usually about f in length; leaves at the end of vigorous
shoots broad-oval, acute or acuminate, more coarsely serrate, 2^'-3' long, and 2'-2^' wide.
Flowers about f ' in diameter, on short villose pedicels in compact, many-flowered thick-
branched densely villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, tomentose, the lobes narrow,
acuminate, finely glandular-serrate, villose; stamens 10; anthers small, pale yeUow; styles
5, surrounded at base by a broad ring of hoary tomentum. Fruit ripening early in October,
on stout pubescent pedicels, in few-fruited spreading or drooping clusters, subglobose or
occasionally slightly obovoid, rounded and puberulous at the ends, dull orange-red,
marked by large pale dots, about Y in diameter; calyx broad, the lobes enlarged, coarsely
glandular-serrate, reflexed, often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thin; nutlets 5,
prominently ridged on the back with a high rounded ridge, Y long.
A tree, 18°-20° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, with thin dark brown or nearly black
bark separating freely into small plate-like scales, and often armed with thin much-
branched spines frequently 7'-8' long, small erect branches forming a wide open head, and
branchlets coated when they first appear with hoary tomentum, dull red-brown, villose or
ROSACEA
433
pubescent during their first season, and furnished with stout straight bright red-brown
shining spines l^'-2' long.
Distribution. Low rich soil inundated during several weeks in winter, among Oaks
and Hickories; near Allenton, St. Louis County, Missouri.
37. Crataegus pratensis Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed below from near
the middle to the cuneate entire base, ^arply and often doubly serrate usually only above
the middle with straight or incurved teeth tipped early in the season with a minute dark
red caducous gland, and often more or less deeply divided toward the apex into short broad
acute lobes, when they unfold bright bronze-yellow or dark red, and covered with short
pale hairs, almost smooth and nearly fully grown when the flowers ©pen at the end of May,
and at maturity glabrous, thick, dark green and lustrous above, pale below, l|'-2' long, and
I'-l^' wide, with a thin midrib, and 4 or 5 pairs of primary veins extending obliquely toward
Fig. 389
the end of the leaf, and raised and prominent below; petioles slender, glabrous, usually
about I' in length ; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often oval or broad-ovate, frequently
3' long and 2^' wide. Flowers f in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in broad loose
many-flowered corymbs pubescent or puberulous at first but soon glabrous; calyx-tube
narrowly obconic, coated toward the base with long matted pale hairs, the lobes narrow,
acuminata, coarsely glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the inner
surface* stamens 10; anthers small, rose color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at base by a narrow
ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening early in October and remaining on the branches
until November, on elongated pedicels, in loose drooping many-fruited clusters, globose,
bright scarlet, slightly pruinose, marked by occasional large pale dots, about Y in diameter;
calyx prominent, with much enlarged coarsely glandular-serrate lobes often deciduous be-
fore the fruit becomes entirely ripe; flesh thin and yellow; nutlets 2 or 3, thick and broad,
about j' long.
A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a tall trunk 3'-7' in diameter, often armed with long
slender much-branched ashy gray spines, spreading branches forming a round-topped sym-
metrical head, and branchlets occasionally slightly villose when they first appear, soon
glabrous, light orange-brown in their first season, and reddish or grayish brown the follow-
ing year, and furnished with numerous thin straight or slightly curved shining chestnut-
brown spines 2'-3' long.
Distribution. Open woods near the banks of small streams in the prairie region of Stark
and Peoria Counties, Illinois.
434
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
III. -ffiSTIVALES.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves glabrous with the exception of small axillary tufts of pale hairs on the lower sur-
face, oblong-obovate; stamens 15-20; anthers pink or pale rose color,
38. C. aestivalis (C).
Leaves hoary-tomentose below early in the season, becoming villose with rufous hairs most
abundant on the midrib and veins; stamens 20; anthers deep rose color.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute or broad and rounded at apex, often slightly lobed
above the middle, lustrous above; pedicels villose-pubescent. 39. C. rufula (C).
Leaves elliptic to oblong-cuneiform, narrowed at apex, dull above; pedicels glabrous.
40. C. opaca (C).
38. Crataegus aestivalis Sarg. May Haw. Apple Haw.
Mesjpilus (Bstivalis Walt.
Leaves oblong-obovate, rounded or acute at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at
base, glabrous with the exception of small axillary tufts of pale hairs, and coarsely crenately
serrate above the middle with gland-tipped teeth, beginning to unfold as the flowers open th«
Fig. 390
middle of March, and when the fruit ripens at the end of May thin, dark green and lustrous
above, yellow-green below, \\'-%' long, and \'-\' wide, with a slender yellow midrib and ob-
scm'e primary veins; petioles slender, narrow wing-margined to below the middle, rarely fur-
nished with occasional deciduous glands, about \' in length; leaves at the ends of vigorous
shoots elliptic to oblong-obovate, acute and usually abruptly short-pointed at apex, con-
cave-cuneate at base, often lobed with one or two lateral lobes. Flowers |' in diameter,
on pedicels about \' long, in compact 2 or 3-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic,
glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, short, entire, without glands,
acute or acuminate and often red at apex, persistent and red on the fruit; stamens 15-20;
anthers large, pink or pale rose color; styles usually 3. Fruit on a short slender erect
pedicel, about \' long, usually solitary, short-oblong, scarlet, lustrous, about Y in length,
the calyx persistent with erect lobes; flesh yellow, juicy, acidulous; nutlets usually 3, acute
at ends, rounded and slightly ridged on the back, \' long.
ROSACEiE
435
A slender tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall stem 6'-8' in diameter, covered with pale flaky
bark, erect or slightly spreading branches forming a narrow head, and slender straight or
slightly zigzag branchlets chestnut-brown and lustrous during their first season, and dull
gray-brown the following year, and armed with stout straight gray spines |'-1|' in length.
Distribution. Low river banks, the borders of swamps and in depressions filled with
water during most of the year; banks of the Ogeechee River near Meldrim, Ej05ngham
County, and near Valdosta, Lowndes County, Georgia; swamp of the Combahee River near
Yemassee, Hampton County, and near Aiken, Aiken County, South Carolina; pond holes
eight or nine miles west of Newbern, Craven County, North Carolina; passing into var.
maloides Sarg. with young leaves tinged with red and villose along the upper side of the
midrib, those at the end of vigorous shoots sometimes broad-obovate, rounded and divided
at apex into 3 short rounded lobes, longer acuminate calyx-lobes and dark red anthers.
Wet prairies, Volusia County, Florida; and into var. cerasoides Sarg. differing in the
presence of short white hairs on the upper surface of the young leaves, in the longer acumin-
ate calyx-lobes slightly villose on the inner surface and often minutely serrate near the
middle, in the dark rose-colored anthers, and the late ripening fruit up to |' in diameter, on
drooping pedicels often Y in length. An arborescent shrub with a round-topped head
30°-40° across, numerous large erect and spreading stems often 30° high, covered with
smooth pale bark separating into thin plate-like scales, in falling disclosing the dull red in-
ner bark, and slender nearly straight glabrous branchlets armed with straight slender spines
l'-l§' in length. Fruit ripening late in July and in August. Low, wet, often inundated
prairies near Sewall, Volusia County, Bradfordville, Leon County, Jasper, Hamilton
County, and Quincy, Gadsden County, Florida. A form of this variety growing in
Volusia County (f. luculenta Sarg.) differs in the more numerous hairs on the upper
surface of the young leaves, in the rather smaller flowers, smaller and less juicy fruit ripen-
ing at the end of June or early in July, and in its often arborescent habit.
39. Crataegus rufula Sarg.
Cratcegus cestivalis Torr. & Gray in part, not Mespilus cestivalis Walt.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed, cuneate and
3ntire at base, finely crenately glandular-serrate, and often slightly lobed above the middle;
Fig. 391
with short rounded lobes, covered above with soft pale hairs and whitish tomentose below
when thej unfold, and at maturity thick, dark green, lustrous and glabrous or slightly
436 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
pubescent along the midrib on the upper surface, rufous-pubescent especially on the midrib
and veins on the lower surface, 1^-2' long, and f'-lj' wide, rarely not more than 1' long
and Y wide; petioles slender, villose-pubescent with rufous hairs, occasionally glandular,
1'-^' in length; leaves at the ends of vigorous shoots oblong-obovate, rounded and short-
pointed to elliptic and acuminate, laterally lobed, or deeply 3-lobed at apex, often 2^'
long and 1^' wide. Flowers appearing from the 10th to the end of March, f '-1' in diam-
eter, in mostly 3-5-flowered clusters, on villose-pubescent pedicels about |' in length;
calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous or villose-pubescent sometimes in the same cluster,
the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, acuminate, entire or slightly glandular-
serrate nearly to apex, glabrous or slightly pubescent on the outer surface; stamens 20;
anthers dark rose color; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a ring of white tomentum.
Fruit ripening at the end of May, often solitary on glabrous erect pedicels i'-|' long, sub-
globose, scarlet, lustrous, about ^' in diameter, the calyx persistent with erect lobes;
nutlets only slightly grooved on the back, about I' long.
A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, covered with rough
deeply furrowed dark bark, paler and less deeply furrowed on smaller and younger stems,
stout ascending and spreading branches forming a broad round-topped head, and slender
slightly zigzag branchlets covered when they first appear with pale tomentum, glabrous or
rusty tomentose until the early summer, becoming chestnut-brown, lustrous and glabrous
before autumn and dull gray in their second year, and unarmed or armed with slender or
stout straight spines Y~^¥ in length.
Distribution. Depressions filled with water except in spring and early summer, sandy
borders of ponds and streams and low wet prairies, Cottondale and Round Lake, Jackson
County, and Quincy, Gadsden County, Florida; near Bainbridge, Decatur County, and
Albany, Dougherty County, Georgia; near Dothan, Houston County, Alabama; pond
holes along the Neuse River near Goldsboro, Wayne County, North Carolina.
40. Crataegus opaca Hook.
Crataegus OBstivalis Torr. & Gray in part, not Mespilus OBstivalis Walt.
Leaves elliptic to oblong-cuniform, gradually narrowed and acute or bluntly pointed
at apex, cuneate at the often glandular base, finely crenately serrate above the middle with
Fig. 392
minute glandular teeth, pilose above and hoary-tomentose below when they unfold, and
at maturity dull dark green and glabrous or slightly hairy on the midrib on the upper sur-
face, pubescent on the lower surface with rusty brown hairs most abundant on the midrib
ROSACEiE 437
and veins, 2'-2^' long, and |'-1' wide; petioles slender, villose-pubeseent, about Y in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots elliptic to oblong-ovate, often irregularly laterally
lobed, and 2^'-3' long and wide. Flowers appearing in February and March before or
with the unfolding of the leaves, 1' in diameter, on glabrous pedicels |' long, in 3-5-flowered
corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes narrowed from a wide base,
short, nearly triangular, acute and tipped at apex with a conspicuous gland, entire or
minutely serrate, glabrous, often deeply tinged with red; stamens 20; anthers large, deep
rose color; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a broad ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripen-
ing early in May, in usually 2-3-fruited clusters, depressed-globose, scarlet, lustrous,
dotted with pale spots, |'-f ' in diameter, with a small narrow cavity surrounded by the
erect calyx-lobes; nutlets 3-5, rounded at the ends, rounded and slightly grooved on the
back, j' long.
A tree, 20°-30° high, with a tall stem occasionally 1° in diameter, covered with deeply
fissured bark, divided into dark red-brown persistent scales, slender mostly erect branches
forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender branchlets villose-pubescent when they
first appear, soon glabrous, lustrous and bright chestnut-brown during their first season,
becoming dull gray in their second year, and armed with stout straight chestnut-brown
spines |'-1' in length, or more often unarmed; occasionally with several stems forming a
large shrub.
Distribution. In deep depressions filled with water for most of the year, low river
banks and borders of swamps; near Mt. Vernon, Mobile County, and near Selma, Dallas
County, Alabama; southern Mississippi (Meridian, Lauderdale County, and Hattiesburg,
Forrest County); eastern Louisiana; sometimes in St. Tammany Parish covering large
tracts almost to the exclusion of other plants; western Louisiana from the coast to nearly
the northern border of the state, and eastern Texas to the valley of the Trinity River;
rare and local east of the Mississippi River; common westward. The fruit is largely used
in making preserves and jellies.
IV. VmiDES.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Stamens 20.
Fruit not exceeding \' in diameter.
Anthers pale yellow.
Corymbs, branchlets and leaves glabrous.
Bark of the trunk pale gray, close and smooth.
Leaves ovate to oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate, rarely rounded at apex;
fruit depressed-globose, bright scarlet or orange. 41. C. viridis (A, C).
Leaves ovate, acute, often broadly cuneate at base; fruit subglobose, orange-
red. 42. C. ovata (A).
Leaves oval or ovate, acute, rounded or broadly cuneate at base; fruit globose,
yellow-green flushed with red. 43. C. vulsa (C).
Bark of the trunk dark brown or nearly black; leaves subcoriaceous.
Leaves oblong-ovate to semiorbicular, acute, often short-pointed or rarely
rounded at apex; fruit short-oblong to obovoid or globose, dull orange
color. 44. C. glabriuscula.
Leaves oval to rhombic, acute or acuminate; fruit subglobose to short-oblong,
bright orange-red. 45. C.blanda(C).
Corymbs and branchlets villose-pubescent; leaves ovate or obovate, acute or
rounded at apex; fruit subglobose, orange-red. 46. C. velutina (C).
Anthers deep rose color; leaves elliptic to oblong-ovate, acute, acuminate or rarely
rounded at apex; fruit globose or subglobose, orange-red. 47. C. arborescens (C).
Fruit $'— i^g' in diameter.
438
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Anthers yellow.
Leaves cuneate at base; calyx-tube glabrous.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-obovate, acuminate; fruit short-oblong, dull brick
red covered with a glaucous bloom. 48. C. nitida (A).
Leaves obovate to oval or rhombic, acute or rarely rounded at apex; fruit subglo-
bose to short-oblong, dark crimson. 49. C. mitis (A).
Leaves, broad and rounded at base, ovate, acute; calyx-tube villose; fruit subglo-
bose to short-oblong, dark red. 50. C. atrorubens (A).
Anthers rose color; corymbs villose; fruit red.
Leaves obovate, oval or ovate, acute, scabrate above; fruit globose to subglobose,
anthers deep rose color. 51. C. ingens (C).
Leaves broadly obovate, oval or ovate, acute or acuminate, smooth above; fruit
globose or depressed-globose; anthers pale rose color. 52. C. penita (C).
Stamens usually 10; occasionally 12-20; anthers bright red; leaves oblong-obovate to oval,
usually acute or acuminate; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, bright orange-red.
53. C. micracantha (C).
41. Crataegus viridis L.
Cratcegus Davisii Sarg.
Leaves ovate to oblong-obovate or oval, acute or acuminate or rarely rounded at apex,
gradually narrowed to the cuneate base, finely serrate above with incurved glandular
Fig. 393
teeth, and sometimes slightly 3-lobed toward the apex, tinged with red and slightly hairv
above when they unfold, nearly fully grown when the flowers open in April and May, and
at maturity membranaceous to subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper sur-
face, paler on tl;ie lower surface, with large axillary tufts of pale hairs, l'-2' long, and
\'-\' wide, with a thick midrib and conspicuous primary veins; often turning brilliant
scarlet late in the autumn before falling; petioles slender, I'-l^' in length; leaves at the
end of vigorous shoots often deeply laterally lobed with narrow acuminate lobes, and 2^ '-4'
long, and l|'-2' wide. Flowers f ' in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in many-flowered
corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes lanceolate, entire; stamens 20;
anthers pale yellow; styles 2-5, usually 5, surrounded at base by conspicuous tufts of pale
hairs. Fruit ripening in the autumn and mostly persistent on the branches through the
winter, on long slender pedicels, in drooping many-fruited clusters, depressed-globose^
bright scarlet or orange, \'-\' in diameter; calyx little enlarged, the lobes often deciduous
ROSACEA
439
irom the ripe fruit; nutlets usually 5, narrowed and rounded at the ends, rounded and
slightly grooved or ridged on the back, xV'-g' loiig-
A tree, 20°-35° high, with a straight often fluted trunk 8°-12° tall, and 18'-20' in diam-
eter, covered with close gray or pale orange-colored bark, small branches forming a round
rather compact head, and slender glabrous branchlets ashy gray to light red-brown in their
first winter, and unarmed or occasionally armed with slender sharp pale spines |'-1' long.
Distribution. On the often inundated borders of streams and swamps, rarely in drier
ground on low slopes; southeastern Virginia (banks of the Blackwater River near Zuni,
Isle of Wight County), North Carolina (Salisbury, Rowan County), South Carolina (near
Aiken, Aiken County), eastern Georgia (near Augusta, Richmond County, and Macon,
Bibb County), western Florida (River Junction, Gadsden County, and Tallahassee, Leon
County to the swamps of the lower Apalachicola River), and westward through central
and southern Alabama, southern Mississippi, and Louisiana to the valley of the San
Antonio River (Sutherland Springs, Wilson County), Texas, and to central and western
Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma and southeastern Missouri (Butler County), southeastern
Kansas and northward in the region adjacent to the Mississippi River from Louisiana to
northeastern Missouri, and to Pike County, Illinois, ranging eastward in Mississippi to
Tishomingo County in the northeastern corner of the state, to northwestern Georgia, south-
eastern Tennessee, and to Richland County, Illinois; rare and local in the Atlantic and east
Gulf states; common and often forming great thickets in western Louisiana, the coast region
of eastern* Texas, southern Arkansas, and in the region adjacent to the Mississippi River.
42. Crataegus ovata Sarg.
Leaves ovate, acute, broadly or acutely concave-cuneate at the entire base, coarsely
often doubly serrate above with glandular teeth, and occasionally slightly divided into
Fig. 394
short lateral lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open early in May and then dark
green, very smooth and glabrous above with the exception of a few short scattered hairs
near the base of the midrib, paler below, with small persistent axillary tufts of white hairs,
and at maturity membranaceous, 2'-2|^' long, and l|'-2' wide, with a slender yellow midrib
and primary veins; petioles slender, rose-colored in the autumn, about f in length; leaves
at the end of vigorous shoots rounded or trimcate at the broad base, coarsely serrate, and
sometimes 3' long and wide. Flowers about ^' in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in
broad loose many-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes
tooad acute, entire or coarsely glandular-serrate toward the apex, glabrous; styles 5
440
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Fruit ripening in October, on elongated pedicels, in long drooping clusters, subglobose or
a little longer than broad, orange-red, z~t^' long; calyx enlarged, with elongated closely
appressed lobes sometimes deciduous from the ripe fruit; nutlets 5, acute at the ends,
rounded or slightly ridged on the back, about y\' long.
A tree, 25°-30° high, with a tall trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, covered with smooth
gray bark, slender glabrous branchlets light reddish brown and lustrous during their first
year, becoming grayish brown in their second season, and unarmed or armed with occa-
sional dark purple slender slightly curved shining spines 1' long.
Distribution. Low moist soil on the banks of the River Desperes, South St. Louis, St.
Louis County, and near Alba, Jasper County, Missouri.
43. Crataegus vulsa Beadl.
Leaves oval or ovate, acute, broad and rounded or broad-cuneate at the entire base,
irregularly and often doubly serrate above with straight or incurved gland-tipped teeth,
and often divided into several short acute lateral lobes, when they unfold dark bronze-red,
and pilose with scattered caducous hairs, and furnished below with tufts of pale often per-
Fig. 395
sistent hairs in the axils of the principal vpins, nearly fully grown when the flowers open
late in April, and at maturity thin, bright green on the upper surface, paler on the lower
surface, about 2' long and 1^' wide, with a slender midrib and 4 or 6 pairs of thin pale yellow
primary veins; turning in the autumn yellow or brown; petioles slender, somewhat villose
at first, soon becoming glabrous, about f in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, broad and rounded or occasionally truncate or broadly
cuneate at base, more coarsely serrate and more deeply lobed, often 3' long and 2^' wide,
with a stout winged glandular petiole. Flowers f ' in diameter, on slender pedicels, in
compact 3-10-flowered corymbs, with linear acuminate glandular red bracts and bractlets;
calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base,
acuminate, entire or occasionally obscurely serrate toward the apex, glabrous; stamens
20; anthers pale yellow; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a thin ring of pale hairs. Fruit
ripening at the end of September or early in October, on slender pedicels, in few-fruited
drooping clusters, globose, yellow-green flushed with red, \' in diameter; calyx prominent,
with closely appressed lobes; flesh yellow-green; nutlets 3-5, thin, rounded, sometimes
slightly ridged and grooved on the back, about y\' long.
A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a tall trunk 5'-6' in diameter, covered with thin
fissured bark separating into light gray scales tinged with brown, and often armed with
long compound spines, ascending or spreading branches forming an oval usually compact
ROSACEiE
441
symmetrical head, and slender nearly straight glabrous chestnut-brown branchlets be-
coming gray, and armed with thin nearly straight bright chestnut-brown shining spines
I'-l^' long; sometimes a shrub, with numerous stems.
Distribution. Rich moist soil in the neighborhood of streams; northwestern Georgia
and northeastern Alabama.
44. Crataegus glabriuscula Sarg.
Leaves oblong-ovate to semiorbicular, acute or often short-pointed or rarely rounded
at apex, gradually narrowed from below the middle to the slender entire base, coarsely
and often doubly serrate usually only above the middle with broad straight gland-tipped
teeth, and sometimes divided toward the apex into 2 or 3 short acute lobes, nearly fully
grown when the flowers open the 1st of April, and then membranaceous and slightly pilose
above with scattered hairs most abundant along the base of the midrib, and at maturity
subcoriaceous, hard and firm, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale on the
lower surface, l^'-2' long, and |'-1' wide, with a thin light yellow midrib, and primary
Fig. 3%
veins extending obliquely toward the end of the leaf, conspicuous secondary veins and reti-
culate veinlets; petioles slender, wing-margined, Y in length; leaves at the end of vigorous
shoots often ovate, broadly cuneate at base, much more coarsely serrate, more frequently
lobed, 2'-2^' long and wide. Flowers about §' in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in
few-flowered rather compact corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes
short, gradually narrowed from a broad base, entire, villose on the inner surface; stamens
20, anthers nearly white; styles 5, Fruit ripening in September and often persistent until
late into the winter, on long slender pedicels, in compact many-fruited drooping clusters,
short-oblong te obovoid or nearly globose, dull orange color, marked by minute dark dots,
about j' long; calyx enlarged, conspicuous, with spreading or closely appressed lobes dull
red on the upper side at base, often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh very thin, yel-
low, dry and hard; nutlets 5, rounded and sometimes obscurely grooved on the back, about
iV^ong.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall straight trunk often a foot in diameter, covered with
thin dark brown scaly bark, long ascending branches forming a narrow head, and slender
nearly straight branchlets, unarmed or armed with occasional slender straight chestnut-
brown lustrous spines f'-l' long.
Distribution. Bottom-lands of the Trinity River and its branches near Dallas, Dallas
County, and in Tarrant County, Texas, in forests of Elms and Nettle-trees,
442
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
45. Crataegus blanda Sarg.
Leaves oval to rhombic, acute or acuminate, and occasionally slightly lobed toward the
apex, broadly cuneate or concave-cuneate at the entire base, coarsely crenately serrate
above the middle with gland-tipped teeth, coated with soft pale hairs when they unfold,
fully grown when the flowers open about the 1st of May, and then membranaceous, dark
green and lustrous above and glabrous below with the exception of large axillary tufts of
snow-white tomentum, and at maturity subcoriaceous, yellow-green and lustrous on the
upper surface, paler on the lower surface, l|'-2' long, and V-lY wide, with a slender mid-
rib, and 2 or 3 pairs of thin primary veins extending obliquely toward the end of the leaf;
Fig. 397
petioles slender, at first villose along the upper side, soon becoming glabrous, f'-l' in
length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often broadly ovate, rounded at base, more
deeply lobed above the middle, 2'-2Y long, and l^'-2' wide. Flowers 1' in diameter, on
slender elongated pedicels, in broad many-flowered corymbs, with linear entire bracts
and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from a
broad base, acuminate, entire or obscurely dentate, glabrous; stamens 20; anthers canary-
yellow; styles 5. Fruit ripening about the middle of October, on slender pedicels, in many-
fruited drooping clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, bright orange-red, \' in diameter;
calyx prominent, with spreading lobes usually deciduous from the ripe fruit; nutlets 5,
thin, narrowed at the ends, deeply grooved on the back, |' long.
An unarmed tree, 25°-30° high, with a tall trunk 10 '-12' in diameter, covered with dark
brown or nearly black bark divided by shallow fissures an* , b. oken on the surface into small
plate-like scales, stout ascending branches forming a broad irregular head, and nearly
straight glabrous branchlets dark orange-green at first, becoming dull red-brown during
their first season and darker brown the following year.
Distribution. Dry uplands and low rolling hills: central Arkansas to the valley of the
Brazos River, Texas (Columbia and Brazoria), and to Menden, Louisiana, and Selma, Ala-
bama.
46. Crataegus velutina Sarg.
Leaves ovate to obovate, acute or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at
the entire base, and sharply often doubly serrate with straight glandular teeth, more than
half grown when the flowers open at the end of April and then covered above by short
white h^s and below with hoary pubescence, and often furnished with axillary tufts of
white tomentum, and at maturity glabrous, smooth and lustrous on the upper surface and
covered on the lower surface with matted pale hairs, l|'-2' long, and l^'-2' wide, with a
thin midrib and primary veins; petioles slender, thickly covered early in the season with
ROSACEA
448
matted hairs, becoming glabrous, i'-l' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
ovate, rounded or broad-cuneate at base, coarsely serrate, usually slightly lobed above the
middle, and often 2|'-3' long and lY wide. Flowers Y in diameter on slender villose pedi-
cels, in usually 7-12-flowered hairy corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, villose, the lobes
gradually narrowed from a broad base, short, acute, entire, slightly villose; stamens 20;
anthers yellow; styles 5. Fruit on long slender glabrous or nearly glabrous drooping stems
in few-fruited clusters, subglobose, orange-red, marked by small pale dots, about j' in
diameter; calyx prominent, with a deep narrow cavity pointed in the bottom, and closely
Fig. 398
appressed lobes; flesh thin, dry and mealy; nutlets 5, acute at base, rounded at apex, ridged
on the back with a low grooved ridge, about |' long and |' wide.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk 8'-10' in diameter, covered with dark rough scaly bark,
and slender slightly zigzag branchlets, hoary-tomentose when they first appear, light red-
dish brown, marked by pale lenticels and glabrous or sometimes pubescent near the end
in their first autumn, and ashy gray the following year, and armed with slender nearly
straight chestnut-brown spines l'-l|' in length.
Distribution. Uplands in dry sandy soil, Fulton, Hempstead County, near Texarkana,
Bowie County, Arkansas; and in the valley of the lower Brazos River (near Columbia,
Brazoria County), Texas, and eastern Louisiana.
4'. . Crataegus arborescens Ell.
Leaves elliptic to oblong-obovate, acute, acuminate or rarely rounded and abruptly
short-pointed and slightly lobed at apex, gradually narrowed cuneate and entire at base,
and coarsely doubly serrate above the middle with incurved glandular teeth, villose on the
upper side of the midrib with short white hairs when they unfold, and at maturity thin,
glabrous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler and often furnished on the
lower surface with small axillary tufts of pale hairs, l'-2' long, and f '-1' wide, with a slen-
der midrib and primary veins; petioles slender, glabrous, ^-V in length; leaves at the end
of vigorous shoots oval to oblong-ovate or elliptic, acuminate, abruptly or gradually nar-
rowed and cuneate at base, more or less deeply lobed with acuminate lateral lobes, often
2|' long and 1|' wide, their petioles stout, and glabrous early in the season. Flowers Y iii
diameter, on slender pedicels, in wide many-flowered compound corymbs; calyx-tube nar-
rowly obconic, glabrous or slightly pilose, the lobes slender, acuminate, 'entire, glabrous
or slightly villose on the inner surface, deciduous from the ripe fruit; stamens 20; anthers
444
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
deep rose color; styles usually 5. Fruit on short pedicels in many-fruited drooping clus-
ters, globose or subglobose, orange-red, j-Y in diameter; nutlets 5, pointed at the ends,
slightly ridged on the back, about ^' long.
Fig. 399
A tree, 25°-30° high, with a tall trunk 12'-18' in diameter covered with close pale gray
bark, spreading and erect branches forming a broad rather open irregular head, and slender
glabrous red-brown branchlets, ashy gray in their second season, and unarmed or armed
with straight slender chestnut-brown spines.
Distribution. River banks, low wet woods and borders of swamps; Georgia-coast
region, near Dorchester, Liberty County, in the neighborhood of Savannah, and on
the Ogeechee River at Fort Argyle, Chatham County (type station); near Augusta,
Richmond County, Georgia.
48. Crataegus nitida Sarg.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-obovate, acuminate, abruptly or gradually narrowed and
cuneate at the entire base, coarsely serrate above with straight or incurved glandular teeth.
Fig. 400
and often more or less divided into 2 or 3 pairs of broad acute lobes, dark red and slightly
villose along the upper side of the midrib with scattered caducous hairs when they unfold.
ROSACEA
445
nearly fully grown when the flowers open early in May, and at maturity thick and coria-
ceous, dark green and very lustrous on the upper surface, pale and dull on the lower sur-
face, 2'-3' long, and I'-l^' wide, with a prominent midrib usually red on the lower side, and
few thin prominent primary veins generally extending to the point of the lobes; turning in
the autumn rich orange color through shades of bronze and orange-red; petioles stout, gland-
ular, villose while young on the upper side, soon becoming glabrous, ^'-f ' in length ; leaves
at the end of vigorous shoots more deeply lobed and frequently 5' long and 2|' wide. Flow-
ers J in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in broad compound many-flowered glabrous
corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes slender, elongated, acuminate,
entire or sparingly glandular-serrate; stamens 15-20; anthers pale yellow; styles 2-5.
Fruit ripening at the end of October, on slender elongated pedicels, in many-fruited droop-
ing clusters, short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, pruinose with a glaucous bloom,
marked by small dark dots, |'-f' long, and about |' in diameter; calyx only slightly en-
larged, the lobes dark red at the base on the upper side, usually erect, often deciduous be-
fore the fruit ripens; nutlets 2-5, rounded and ridged on the back with a broad low rounded
ridge, light-colored, j long.
A tree, often 30° high, with a tall straight trunk sometimes 18' in diameter, covered with
close dark bark broken into thick plate-like scales, stout spreading lower branches and
erect upper branches forming a broad often irregular head, and slender glabrous branchlets
bright orange-brown and lustrous during their first and second seasons, becoming pale
reddish brown in their third year, and ultimately ashy gray, and unarmed or armed with
occasional straight thin bright chestnut-brown lustrous spines l'-l|' long.
Distribution. Bottoms of the Mississippi River, St. Clair County, and to Shawneetown,
Gallatin County, Illinois, to Hannibal, Missouri, and in eastern Arkansas to Helena, Phil-
lips County; common.
49. Crataegus mitis Sarg.
Leaves obovate to oval or rhombic, acute or rarely rounded at apex, gradually narrowed
and concave-cuneate at the entire base, and coarsely serrate above with straight glandular
teeth, nearly fully grown when the flowers open during the first week of May, and then
light yellow-green above, paler below, and glabrous with the exception of a few short hairs
on the upper side of the midrib, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous on
the upper surface, pale yellow-green on the lower surface, 1|'-2|' long, and l'-l|' wide, with
a prominent midrib and slender primary veins; petioles stout, wing-margined at apex, occa-
sionally glandular with minute glands, l^'-l^' in length. Flowers §'-f' in diameter, on
long slender pedicels, 'n compact 8-15-flowered glabrous corymbs, with red glandular bracts
446
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and bractlets; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes glabrous, abruptly narrowed
from a broad base, acuminate, finely glandular-serrate below the middle with minute
stipitate red glands; stamens 20; anthers yellow; styles 2-4, usually 3. Fruit ripening the
middle of October, on slender pedicels, in many-fruited drooping clusters, subglobose to
short-oblong, rounded at the ends, dark crimson, marked by occasional large dark dots, |'-
f long, about |' in diameter; calyx only slightly enlarged, the lobes serrate, closely ap-
pressed, often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thick, pale orange color, and juicy; nut-
lets usually 3, thick, full and rounded at the ends, prominently ridged on the back, with
a broad high rounded deeply grooved ridge, about j' long.
A tree, 25°-30° high, with a tall trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, covered with dark
scaly bark, large spreading branches forming a broad round-topped head, and glabrous
branchlets dull light reddish brown during their first season, becoming dark brown or ashy
gray, and armed with stout straight or slightly curved dull red-brown or purplish spines
usually about 1^' long.
Distribution. Low moist rich soil on the bottoms of the Mississippi River near the vil-
lage of Cahokia, St. Clair County and Richland County, Illinois.
50. Crataegus atrorubens Ashe.
Leaves ovate, acute, usually rounded or sometimes cuneate or truncate at the broad
entire base, coarsely and usually doubly serrate above, and often divided into 2 or 3 pairs
Fig. 402
of short acute lobes, about half grown when the flowers open late in April or early in May
and then slightly roughened above by short scattered white hairs, and furnished below
with conspicuous axillary tufts of pale tomentum, and at maturity thin, glabrous, dark
dull green and smooth on the upper surface, light yellow-green on the lower surface, about
2' long and 1|' wide, or on vigorous shoots frequently 3' long, and 2^' wide, with a thin
midrib and 4 or 5 pairs of slender primary veins; petioles slender, nearly terete, more or less
densely villose early in the season, soon becoming glabrous, l'-l|' in length. Flowers
about f ' in diameter, on slender elongated villose pedicels, in broad loose glabrous or
villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, densely villose throughout or only at base
with pale tomentum, the lobes short, acute, finely glandular-serrate, villose particularly
on the inner surface; stamens 20; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale
tomentum. Fruit ripening and falling early in October, on slender pedicels, in drooping
few-fruited clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, rounded at the ends, dark red; calyx
somewhat enlarged, with spreading lobes usually deciduous before the fruit ripens; nutlets
4 or 5, thin, rounded and sometimes obscurely grooved on the back, about x\' long.
ROSACEA
447
A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a tall trunk 12'-18' in diameter, covered with dark red-
brown scaly bark, thin erect and spreading branches forming a compact rather narrow
head, and slender glabrous branchlets marked by occasional dark lenticels, dark green more
or less tinged with red when they first appear, soon becoming dark chestnut-brown and
very lustrous, and bright reddish brown in their second year, and usually unarmed.
Distribution. St. Louis County, Missouri, and rich bottom-lands of the Mississippi
River, St. Clair County, Illinois; not common.
51. Crataegus ingens Beadl.
Leaves obovate-oval or ovate, broadly or acutely cuneate at the entire base, crenately
serrate above, and often slightly lobed toward the acute apex, about half grown when the
flowers open at the end of April or early in May and then roughened above by short rigid
hairs and villose below along the midrib, and the remote slender veins extending obliquely
Fig. 403
to the point of the lobes, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green and scabrate on the
upper surface, paler and nearly glabrous on the lower surface, l|'-2' long, and 1|'-1^' wide;
turning in the autumn yellow, orange, red, or brown; petioles stout, narrowly wing-mar-
gined to the middle, pubescent while young, becoming glabrous, about f ' in length; leaves
at the end of vigorous shoots more deeply lobed and often 3'-3^' long, and 2' wide, with a
stout broad- winged petiole sometimes 1|' long. Flowers ^'-f ' in diameter, on slender hairy
pedicels, in many-flowered compact hairy corymbs; calyx narrowly obconic, coated, esp^
cially toward the base with matted pale hairs, the lobes slender, elongated, acute, glandu-
lar with bright red glands, glabrous on the outer, sparingly villose on the inner surface;
stamens 20; anthers deep rose color; styles 3-5. Fruit ripening in October, on stout puber-
ulous pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, globose to subglobose, red, about f ' in
diameter; calyx little enlarged, with reflexed appressed nearly glabrous lobes; nutlets 3-5,
rounded or slightly grooved and ridged on the back, Y long.
A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, spreading branches forming
a wide round-topped head, and unarmed branchlets covered at first with matted pale hairs,
soon becoming glabrous, dark chestnut-brown.
Distribution. Moist woods and the low banks of streams; southeastern Tennessee and
northwestern Georgia.
52. Crataegus penita BeadL
Leaves broad-obovate, oval, or ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, broadly or acutely
coneave-cuneate at the entire base, sharply often doubly serrate above with glandular
448 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
mostly straight teeth, and often sHghtly lobed above the middle, deeply tinged with red
and covered with pale hairs when they unfold, nearly fully grown when the flowers open
about the 1st of May and then smooth above, and glabrous below with the exception of
axillary tufts of pale hairs, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the
upper surface, paler on the lower surface, l|'-2' long, and I'-lf wide, with a prominent
midrib and slender primary veins; turning orange, yellow, and brown in the autumn; petioles
slender, covered while young like the upper side of the base of the midrib with pale decid-
Fig. 404
uous hairs, |'-|' in length ; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often rounded or subcordate
at base, more or less deeply lobed, and 2|'-3' long and broad, with a stout broadly winged
glandular petiole. Flowers about f ' in diameter, on elongated glabrous or sparingly hairy
pedicels, in compact few-flowered nearly glabrous corymbs; calyx broadly obconic, glabrous,
the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, slender, acuminate, entire, or furnished
with occasional minute glandular teeth, slightly villose on the inner surface; stamens 20;
anthers white faintly tinged with pink; styles 3-5. Fruit ripening in October, on elongated
slender pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, globose or depressed-globose, red, about Y
in diameter; calyx enlarged, with spreading or reflexed lobes villose on the upper side; nut-
lets 3-5, narrowed and acute at the ends, rounded and broadly grooved on the back, about
i'long.
A tree, 18°-20° high, with a short trunk sometimes 10' in diameter, stout ascending or
spreading branches forming a wide head, unarmed branchlets puberulous while young,
soon glabrous, becoming light reddish brown.
Distribution. Low moist woods and the banks of streams; southeastern Tennessee.
53. Crataegus micracantha Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate to oval, acute, acuminate, or rarely rounded at apex, gradually
or abruptly narrowed from above or from below the middle to the cuneate entire base,
coarsely crenulate-serrate, and occasionally 3-lobed above with short broad acute lateral
lobes, when they unfold villose on the upper and hoary-tomentose on the lower surface, more
than half grown when the flowers open about the middle of May and then membranaceous
and slightly villose above with short scattered pale hairs, and at maturity thin but firm
in texture, dark yellow-green, lustrous and smooth above, paler and tomentose below on
the slender midrib and 3 or 4 pairs of very obscure primary veins, 2'-2^' long, and I'-l^' wide;
petioles slender, tomentose early in the season, becoming glabrous or pubescent, ^'-1' in
length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often broadly rhombic to obovate, acuminate, fre-
quently deeply 3-lobed or divided into 2 or 3 pairs of short lateral lobes, usually 2^'- 3' long.
ROSACEA
449
Flowers cup-shaped, I' in diameter, on long slender pedicels thickly coated with matted
white hairs, in broad lax many-flowered compound hairy corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly
obconic, villose, the lobes linear, acuminate, entire, slightly villose, tipped with minute
dark glands; stamens usually 10, occasionally 12, 15, or 20; anthers small, deep bright red;
styles 5. Fruit ripening the middle of October, on slender pubescent pedicels, in drooping
many-fruited clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, bright
orange-red, lustrous, marked by occasional large pale dots, about j' long; calyx prominent.
Fig. 405
with a short villose tube, and spreading erect hairy lobes often deciduous from the ripe
fruit; nutlets 5, thin, acute at the narrow ends, rounded and sometimes slightly grooved on
the back, about j^' long.
An unarmed tree, sometimes 25° high, with a tall trunk 8'-12' in diameter, covered with
light or dark brown bark separating freely into thin narrow scales, stout spreading branches
forming a broad flat-topped handsome head, and slender nearly straight branchlets coated
until after the flowering time with thick hoary tomentum, bright red-brown and puberu-
lous during their first season, becoming light or dark dull reddish brown the following year.
Distribution. Common in low woods in rich moist soil near Fulton, Hempstead County,
Arkansas.
V. PRUINOS.®.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Stamens 20.
Anthers rose color.
Leaves elliptic; fruit subglobose, green and pruinose when fully grown, becoming dark
purple-red and very lustrous; anthers large, deep rose color. 54. C. pruinosa (A, C).
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate; fruit short-oblong, dull russet-green; anthers small,
light rose color. 55. C. georgiana (C).
Anthers white; leaves ovate, acute, cordate at base; fruit broader than high, scarlet,
pruinose, becoming lustrous. 56. C. callicaipa (A).
Stamens 10; anthers dark rose color; leaves broad-ovate, acuminate; fruit subglobose, green
more or less tinged with red, pruinose. 57. C. disjtmcta (A.)
54. Crataegus pruinosa K. Koch.
Leaves elliptic, acute, broadly or acutely cuneate at the entire base, irregularly and often
doubly serrate above with glandular straight or incurved teeth, and divided in 3 or 4 pairs
450
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
of short acute or acuminate lateral lobes, when they unfold bright red and glabrous with
the exception of a few short caducous hairs on the upper side of the base of the midrib,
nearly fully grown when the flowers open from the middle to the end of May and then mem-
branaceous and bluish green, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark blue-green and often
glaucous above, pale below, I'-l^' long, and f '-1' wide, with a slender midrib, and 3 or 4 pairs
of thin primary veins running to the point of the lobes; late in the autumn turning dull
orange color; petioles slender, glandular, slightly winged at the apex, often bright red in
early spring and in the autumn, I'-l^' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-
ovate, often rounded at base, more coarsely serrate and more deeply lobed, frequently
2^' long and wide, with stouter and more broadly winged petioles. Flowers i'-l' in
diameter, on long slender pedicels, in few-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube broadly
obconic, glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from a wide base, long-pointed, finely
glandular-serrate below the middle; stamens 20; anthers large, deep rose color; styles 5,
Fig. 406
surrounded at base by a thick ring of hoary tomentum. Fruit on long thin light green
ultimately bright red pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, 5-angled, apple green and
covered with a glaucous bloom until nearly fully ripe, at maturity late in October subglo-
bose but rather broader than high, barely angled, |'-f' in diameter, dark purple-red,
marked by many small dull dots, very lustrous; calyx prominent, with a long well-developed
tube, and enlarged usually erect lobes often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thick,
light yellow; nutlets 5, light-colored, acute at apex, nprrowed and rounded at base, deeply
grooved on the back, j' long.
A tree, 15°-20° high, with a stem a few inches in diameter, spreading horizontal branches
forming a broad open irregular head, and slender glabrous branchlets bright chestnut-
brown during their first season, later becoming dark reddish brown, and armed with numer-
ous stout straight light chestnut-brown spines I'-l^' long; often shrubby, with several
intricately branched stems.
Distribution. Slopes of low hills often in limestone soil; southwestern Vermont, west-
ward through New York to southern Ontario (neighborhood of Toronto), and through Ohio
and Indiana to central and northern Illinois, and southward through eastern Pennsylvania
to northern Delaware.
55. Crataegus georgiana Sarg.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, rounded or broad-cuneate at base, finely
and often doubly serrate with straight or incurved gland-tipped teeth, and divided into
ROSACEiE
451
numerous short acute lateral lobes, glabrous with the exception of a few pale caducous
hairs on the upper surface and bronze-yellow when they unfold, nearly half grown when
the flowers open about the 20th of April and then thin, dark yellow-green above and pale
below, and at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark blue-green on the upper smface, pale
on the lower surface, li'-2' long, and I'-l j' wide, with a slender yellow midrib and 3 or 4
pairs of thin primary veins; petioles slender, often short-winged at the apex, usually about
}' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often 3' long and 2' wide, sometimes deltoid
and usually much more deeply lobed. Flowers f in diameter, on slender pedicels, in
usually 5-7-flowered compact glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the
lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, acuminate, entire or obscurely and irregularly
serrate, glabrous; stamens 20; anthers small; light rose color; styles 5; surrounded at the
base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening and falling early in October, on
slender pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters, short-oblong, full and rounded at the
Fig. 407
ends, often obscurely 5-angled, dull russet-green, f'-^' long; calyx-lobes only slightly
enlarged, mostly deciduous before the fruit ripens, leaving a well-defined ring at the summit
of the short calyx-tube; flesh thin, light green; nutlets 5, thin, rounded and irregularly
grooved on the back, about |' long.
A tree, sometimes 25°-30° high, with a tall trunk 10'-12' in diameter, stout wide-spread-
ing branches forming a broad symmetrical round-topped head, and slender lustrous chest-
nut-brown branchlets armed with straight or slightly curved thin spines rarely more than
U'long.
Distribution. Low rich river-bottoms and meadows in the neighborhood of Rome,
Floyd County, Georgia.
56. Crataegus callicarpa Sarg.
Leaves ovate, acute, cordate at base, coarsely often doubly serrate with long straight
glandular teeth, and slightly divided into 3 or 4 pairs of short broad acuminate lateral
lobes, not more than a quarter grown when the flowers open late in April and then very
thin, yellow-green and slightly villose above and on the midrib below, and at maturity
thin, glabrous, dark yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale yellow-green on
the lower surface, 4'-4^' long, and 2'-2|' wide, with a stout midrib, and 3 or 4 pairs of prom-
inent primary veins connected by conspicuous cross veinlets; petioles stout, slightly wing-
margined at apex, sparingly glandular, I'-lj' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
thicker, with shorter glandular petioles rose-colored toward the base. Flowers 1' in diam-
eter, on short stout pedicels, in small compact 5-10-flowered corymbs, with lanceolate to
452
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
linear-obovate glandular bracts and bractlets usually persistent until the flowers open;
calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes separated by wide sinuses, short, broad,
acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, slightly villose on the inner surface; stamens 20;
anthers white; styles 5, surrounded at base by a broad ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripen-
ing early in October on short stout spreading pedicels in 2 or 3-fruited clusters, broader than
high, distinctly 5-angled, rounded at the wide apex, truncate at base, with a deep depres-
sion at the insertion of the pedicel, scarlet, pruinose, becoming lustrous, marked by numer-
ous large pale dots, |'-|' broad, and about f ' high; calyx-lobes deciduous; flesh thin, light
yellow slightly tinged with red, remaining on the ground through the winter without be-
coming soft; nutlets 5, thin, acute at apex, rounded at base, rounded and slightly grooved or
ridged with a low grooved ridge on the back, z'-V long and wide.
Fig. 408
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall stem 5 '-6' in diameter covered with dark scaly bark, and
stout nearly straight branchlets dark orange-green when they first appear, becoming light
chestnut-brown, lustrous and marked by small pale lenticels in their first season, and dull
reddish brown the following year, and armed with stout straight or slightly curved purplish
spines I'-lf' in length.
Distribution. Rich hillsides, near Shrewsbury, St. Louis County, Missouri.
57. Crataegus disjuncta Sarg.
Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, full and rounded or concave cuneate at the entire base,
sharply often doubly serrate above with straight or incurved glandular teeth, and slightly
and irregularly divided above the middle into narrow acuminate spreading lobes, thin, gla-
brous, dark blue-green above, pale below, 2^'-3' long, and 2j'-2|' wide, with a slender yel-
low midrib, and 4 or 5 pairs of thin primary veins extending obliquely to the point of the
lobes; petioles slender, wing-margined at apex, glandular, V-lY in length. Flowers opening
the first of May, f ' in diameter, on long stout pedicels, in glabrous compact 3-6 usually
5-flowered glabrous corymbs, with conspicuous glandular early deciduous bracts and bract-
lets; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes slender, acuminate, glabrous, entire
or sparingly glandular-serrate; stamens 10; anthers large, dark rose color; styles 4 or 5,
surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit on stout rigid pedicels, in
drooping or spreading clusters, subglobose, usually rather broader than high, angled,
green more or less tinged with red, pruinose, ^'-f in diameter; calyx prominent, with a
short tube and much enlarged spreading or erect lobes usually deciduous at midsummer;
flesh thin, greenish yellow; nutlets usually 4, rounded at the ends, deeply grooved on the
back, about j' long.
A tree, 15°-18° high, with a tall slender trunk, covered with dark slightly scaly bark, small
ROSACEiE 453
erect and spreading branches forming an open irregular head, and stout slightly zigzag
glabrous branchlets dark olive-green tinged with red when they first appear, dark dull red-
Fig. 409
dish brown or purple and marked by small pale lenticels at the end of their first season,
becoming light grayish brown in their second year, and armed with numerous stout nearly
straight dark purple lustrous spines 2^'-3' in length.
Distribution. Gravelly banks of small streams near Monteer, Shannon County, and at
Carl Junction, Jasper County, Missouri, and to Heber Springs, Cleburne County, and
Fayetteville, Washington Coimty, Arkansas.
VI. SILVICOL^.
MedioximoB Sarg.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Fruit on short erect pedicels; leaves rounded or occasionally slightly cordate at base.
58. C. drymophila (C).
Fruit on elongated drooping pedicels.
Leaves truncate, cordate or rounded at base; anthers, pale rose. 59. C. diffusa (A).
Leaves cuneate or rounded at base; anthers, dark purple. 60. C. luxuriosa (A).
58. Crataegus drymophila Sarg.
CratcBgus silvicola Beadl.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, rounded at the entire base, sharply and often
doubly serrate above with gland-tipped teeth, and slightly and irregularly divided into short
acute lateral lobes, when they unfold dark red and coated with short soft pale hairs most
abundant on the upper surface, about half grown when the flowers open at the end of April
and then nearly glabrous, and at maturity thin, dark yellow-green and smooth or scabrate
above, pale and glabrous below, or occasionally villose along the under side of the slender
midrib, and of 3 or 4 pairs of thin primary veins extending to the point of the lobes, about
2' long and l^'-lf wide; petioles slender, glandular, about 1' in length; leaves at the
end of vigorous shoots often deltoid, truncate or cordate at base, more coarsely serrate,
more deeply lobed, and often 2^' long and wide. Flowers about f ' in diameter, on slender
pedicels, in compact few-flowered thin-branched glabrous corymbs, with linear glandular
bright red caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes
gradually narrowed, acuminate, glabrous, entire or glandular-serrate; stamens 10; anthers
large, dark rose color; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit
ripening at the end of September and soon falling, on short pedicels, in erect few-fruited
clusters, subglobose and often a little broader than long, red or greenish yellow, with a rosy
454
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
cheek, about Y in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with spreading lobes usually deciduous
before the fruit ripens; flesh thin and yellow; nutlets 3-5, about j long.
A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a tall straight trunk 6'-8' in diameter, covered with
close or slightly fissured bark broken into small gray or red-brown scales, and often armed
with long stout branched gray spines, ascending or spreading branches forming a narrow
irregular or round-topped head, and slender branchlets dark green tinged with red and
covered with long pale scattered white hairs when they first appear, soon becoming gla-
Fig. 410
brous, bright red-brown during their first year, and ultimately ashy gray, and armed with
few or many thin straight or somewhat curved bright chestnut-brown spines l|'-2' long;
or in dry soil of upland forests usually a shrub, with numerous stems.
Distribution. Low moist flat woods; northern Alabama and northwestern and central
Georgia, and occasionally on the drier uplands of the sm-rounding country; common;
central Mississippi (Pelahatchee, Rankin County ; Jackson, Hinds County, and in Franklin
County); eastern Louisiana (Holtsville, St. Tammany Parish, anthers pink, R, S. Cocks).
59. Crataegus diffusa Sarg.
Cratcegus Beckwithae Sarg.
Cratcegus Rohhinsiana Sarg.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, rounded, truncate or cordate at the entire
base, often doubly serrate above with straight glandular teeth, and more or less deeply
divided into 4 or 5 pairs of spreading acuminate lateral lobes, deeply-tinged with red, gla-
brous below and covered above with short white hairs when they unfold, nearly fully grown
when the flowers open from the middle to the 20th of May and then thin, pale yellow-green
and hairy above and pale below, and at maturity thin and firm, smooth, dark green and
glabrous on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, 1 j'-2' long, and I'-l^' wide, with
a slender yellow midrib, and thin primary veins extending obliquely to the point of the
lobes; often turning orange color tinged with red in the autumn; petioles slender, slightly
wing-margined at apex, glandular with minute stipitate dark glands, \'-\' in length; leaves
at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, usually long-pointed, cordate or rarely truncate
at base, more coarsely serrate, more deeply lobed, and frequently 2^'-3' long, and 2'-2^'
wide, with a stout reddish conspicuously glandular petiole f '-|' in length. Flowers ^'-f '
in diameter, on slender glabrous pedicels, in 6-10-flowered corymbs, with linear glandular
bracts and bractlets mostly deciduous before the flowers open; calyx-tube broadly obconic,
glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from a wide base, acuminate at the gland-tipped
ROSACEvE
455
apex, entire or slightly and irregularly toothed near the middle; stamens 7-10; anthers
light rose color; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at base by a ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripen-
ing from the first to the middle of October, on slender pedicels, in few-fruited erect clusters,
depressed-globose, rather broader than high, dull red and slightly pruinose, becoming lus-
trous, and about ^' in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with spreading appressed lobes bright
red on the upper side below the middle and mostly persistent on the ripe fruit ; flesh thin,
hard, greenish white; nutlets 4 or 5, broad and rounded at base, narrowed and rounded at
apex, ridged on the back with a high ridge, about j' long.
A tree, occasionally 30° high with a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, covered with light gray
closely appressed scales, comparatively small erect branches forming an open head, and
Fig. 411
slender slightly zigzag branchlets marked by numerous dark lenticels, green tinged with
red and glabrous when they first appear, bright chestnut-brown and lustrous during their
first winter, and pale gray-brown the following year, and armed with numerous slender or
occasionally stout nearly straight bright red-brown shining spines Ij'-ll' long; usually
smaller and sometimes a shrub.
Distribution. Valley of the Connecticut River (Walpole, Cheshire County, New
Hampshire, and Westminster and Putney, Windham County, Vermont), western Ver-
mont (near Burlington, Chittenden County); eastern, central and western New York;
common.
60. Crataegus liuairiosa Sarg.
Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, gradually narrowed and cuneate or rounded at the
often unsymmetrical base, finely often doubly serrate with straight glandular teeth, and
slightly divided usually only above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of small acute lobes, about
half grown when the flowers open late in May and then thin, dark yellow-green and rough-
ened above by short white hairs and paler below, and at maturity thin, dark yellow-green
and scabrate on the upper surface, pale bluish green on the lower surface, 2j'-2^' long, and
li'-2' wide, with a slender midrib and obscure primary veins; petioles slender, slightly
wing-margined at apex, occasionally glandular with minute persistent glands, I'-lj' in
length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, rounded at base, coarsely serrate,
laterally lobed with numerous short broad lobes, often 3' long and 2^' wide. Flowers
f in diameter, on short slender pedicels, in compact mostly 6-12-flowered corymbs;
calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes long, slender, acuminate, entire or occasionally
456
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
slightly dentate near the middle, glabrous on the outer surface, slightly villose on the
inner surface; stamens 8-10; anthers bright purple; styles 3-5. Fruit ripening and be-
ginning to fall early in October, on short stout pedicels, in drooping usually 1-3-fruited
clusters, subglobose to slightly obovoid, scarlet, lustrous, marked by pale dots, ^-j in
diameter ; calyx little enlarged, with a deep narrow cavity and spreading and incurved usu-
ally persistent lobes dark red on the upper side below the middle; flesh thick, yellow-green
and acid; nutlets 3-5, usually 4, gradually narrowed and rounded at the ends, ridged on the
back with a broad high grooved ridge, about j long.
An oval-headed tree, 20°-30° high, with a short trunk sometimes 8'-10' in diameter.
Fig. 412
covered with dark gray scaly bark, and stout zigzag often contorted branchlets dark
orange-green and marked by large pale lenticels when they first appear, becoming light
chestnut-brown and lustrous in their first season and dull red-brown the following year,
and armed with few stout slightly curved chestnut-brown shining spines l'-l|' long,
persistent and becoming branched on old stems.
Distribution. Rich hillsides, Kittanning, Armstrong County, and on the flood plain of
the Allegheny River at Whiskey Hollow across the river from Kittanning, and Lines-
ville, Crawford County, Pennsylvania.
VII. TENUIFOLLffi;.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Stamens 5-10.
Corymbs villose.
Leaves oblong-ovate; stamens usually 5; anthers pink; fruit obovoid to short-oblong.
61. C. apiomorpha (A).
Leaves oblong-obovate; stamens 10; anthers reddish purple; fruit obovoid to sub-
globose. 62. C. paucispina (A),
Corymbs glabrous; leaves oval or ovate; stamens usually 5; anthers dark reddish
purple; fruit short-oblong. 63. C. pentandra (A).
Stamens usually 20.
Corymbs villose.
Leaves broad-ovate to obovate or rarely oval; fruit short-oblong to obovoid.
64. C. lucorum (A).
Leaves rhombic to broad-ovate or rarely obovate; fruit ellipsoidal.
65. C. lacera (C).
ROSACB.E
457
Corymbs glabrous.
Leaves ovate; anthers pale rose color; fruit subglobose to broad-obovoid, dark red.
66. C. depilis (A).
Leaves ovate; stamens 15-20; anthers dark rose color; fruit subglobose.
67. C. basilica (A).
61. Crataegus apiomorpha Sarg.
Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, rounded or rarely cuneate at the entire often unsym-
metrical base, finely doubly serrate above with slender glandular teeth, and slightly divided
above the middle into 4 or 5 pairs of triangular acute lobes, about half grown when the
flowers open early in May and then membranaceous, light yellow-green and tinged with
red or bronze color, and covered above with short white hairs and pale and glabrous below,
and at maturity thick and firm in texture, dark blue-green and smooth and lustrous or
Fig. 413
sometimes dull and scabrate on the upper surface, pale blue-green on the lower surface,
l^-^j long, and 1|'-1|' wide, with a stout midrib, and primary veins arching obliquely to
the point of the lobes; petioles slender, slightly winged at the apex, often sparingly glandu-
lar, f -1' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often 3' long. Flowers |'-|' in
diameter, on short villose or glabrous pedicels, in compact many-flowered usually hairy
corymbs, their bracts and bractlets linear to oblong-obovate, glandular-serrate with stipi-
tate dark red or purple glands, turning red before falling, mostly persistent until after the
flowers open; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes abruptly narrowed at base,
slender, acuminate, entire or sparingly glandular; stamens 5-10, usually 5; anthers pink;
styles 3-5, surrounded at base by tufts of pale hairs. Fruit ripening early in September and
soon falling, on slender pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, obovoid or rarely short-
oblong, bright reddish purple, marked by small scattered pale dots, f '-f ' long, and j'-^' in
diameter; calyx much enlarged, with spreading lobes, their tips mostly deciduous from the
ripe fruit; flesh thin, yellow, juicy, pleasantly acid; nutlets 3-5, thin, rounded and ridged
on the back with a low ridge, about Y long.
A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk 6' in diameter and 3°-6° long, covered with
dark gray bark separating into thin plates, in falling disclosing the yellow inner bark,
numerous ascending branches forming an oblong or pyramidal crown, and slender branch-
lets dark dull red-brown during their first season, becoming dark gray-brown the following
year, and unarmed, or armed with slender nearly straight dull red-brown ultimately ashy
gray spines I'-l^' long; or often shrubby, with numerous stems spreading into small
clumps.
458
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Dry open places, borders of woods, and the margins of the high banks
of streams; common and generally distributed in northeastern Illinois.
62. Crataegus paucispina Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acuminate, rounded, concave-cuneate to truncate or subcordate
at the entire base, sharply doubly serrate above with straight glandular teeth, and deeply
divided into 4 or 5 pairs of acute lateral lobes spreading or pointing toward the apex of the
leaf, about half grown when the flowers open early in May and then light yellow-green and
slightly roughened above by short white hairs and paler and glabrous below, and at matur-
ity membranaceous, dark blue-green and scabrate on the upper surface, pale blue-green
on the lower surface, 2§'-3' long, and 1|'-2|' wide, with a slender yellow midrib, and thin
primary veins extending obliquely to the point of the lobes; petioles slender, usually with-
out glands, tinged with purple in the autumn, f -1|' in length. Flowers f '-f in diameter,
on slender hairy pedicels, in broad 12-20-flowered slightly villose corymbs, their bracts and
bractlets linear to oblong-obovate, glandular, red, mostly persistent until after the flowers
Fig. 414
open; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes narrow, acuminate, glandular-
serrate with small dark red stipitate glands, glabrous on the outer, pubescent on the inner
surface; stamens 10; anthers bright reddish purple; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at base by
tufts of pale hairs. Fruit ripening during the first half of September and soon falling, on
slender glabrous pedicels, in drooping clusters, obovoid to subglobose, crimson or purplish,
marked by numerous small pale dots, slightly pruinose, ^'-f ' long, and about Y in diameter;
calyx small, with reflexed and appressed or erect and incurved serrate lobes dark red on the
upper side below the middle, often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thin, yellow, juicy,
acid and edible; nutlets 4 or 5, thin, narrowed and acute at the ends, rounded and slightly
grooved or obscurely ridged on the back, about \' long.
A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk 4'-6' in diameter and often 6° long, covered
with dark gray or nearly black bark separating into thin plate-like scales, numerous
branches forming a roimd-topped head, and slender glabrous branchlets dark yellow-green
when they first appear, becoming dark reddish brown at the end of their first season, olive-
green in their second year, and ultimately dark gray-brown, and armed with small straight
light red-brown shining spines ^'-f ' long.
Distribution. Woods and river banks in dry clay soil; northeastern Illinois; common.
63. Crataegus pentandra Sarg.
Leaves oval or ovate, acuminate, broadly cuneate or rarely rounded at the entire base,
divided above the middle into numerous short acute or acuminate lobes, and coarsely and
ROSACEA
459
often doubly serrate with straight or incurved teeth tipped with small dark glands, nearly
fully grown and very thin when the flowers open at the end of May, and at maturity mem-
branaceous, dark green and roughened above by short rigid pale hairs, pale and glabrous
below, 2'-2^' long, and l|'-2' wide, with a slender yellow midrib, and thin primary veins ex-
tending to the point of the lobes; petioles slender, often winged toward the apex, glandular
with minute dark glands, usually about 1' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
more deeply lobed, and often 4' long and S' wide. Flowers f '-f in diameter, on long slender
pedicels, in compact few-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, gla-
brous, dark red, the lobes linear-lanceolate, entire or finely glandular-serrate; stamens
usually 5, occasionally 6-10; anthers large, dark red-purple; styles 3, surrounded at base
by a thin ring of hoary tomentum. Fruit ripening about the middle of September and soon
falling, on stout pedicels, in drooping narrow clusters, short-oblong, full and rounded at the
ends, dark crimson, lustrous, marked by minute pale dots, usually about f long and |'
in diameter; calyx enlarged and persistent, the lobes elongated, strongly incurved, often
Fig. 415
deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thick, dry and mealy; nutlets 3, narrowed and acute
%t the ends, prominently ridged on the back with a high broad ridge, |' long.
A tree, rarely more than 15° high, with a straight trunk 5'-6' in diameter, covered with
thin bark separating into papery lustrous pale scales, stout branches forming a broad open
irregular head, and slender glabrous branchlets bright chestnut-brown during their first
season, becoming ashy gray the following year, and armed with many thick straight or
curved bright chestnut-brown or red-brown spines I'-l^ long.
Distribution. Low hills and limestone ridges; western and southern Vermont; southern
Connecticut (rocky shore of Alewive Creek, Waterford, New London County), and east-
ern and central New York (Whitesboro, Oneida County).
64. Crataegus lucorum Sarg.
Leaves broad-ovate to obovate or rarely oval, broad-cuneate or rounded at the entire
base, coarsely serrate above with straight teeth tipped with large persistent bright red
glands, and deeply divided above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of wide acute or acuminate
Idbes, rather more than a third grown when the flowers open early in May and then light
yellow-bronze color, covered on the upper surface with short soft pale hairs and glabrous
on the lower surface, and at maturity membranaceous, smooth, dark dull green and gla-
brous above, pale yellow-green below, about 2' long and Ij' wide, with a slender yellow
midrib;, and 3 or 4 pairs of thin primary veins extending obliquely to the point of the lobes;
460
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
petioles slender, glandular, often somewhat winged toward the apex, l'-l|' in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots usually ovate and rounded at the broad base, more
deeply lobed, and sometimes 3' long and broad. Flowers f ' in diameter, on thin pedicels,
in narrow compact few-flowered small villose corymbs; calyx broadly obconic, glabrous,
the lobes narrow, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, villose on the inner surface;
stamens 20; anthers small, dark purple; styles 4 or 5. Fruit ripening about the middle of
September and soon falling, on short stout pedicels, in erect few-fruited slightly villose
clusters, obovoid until nearly fully grown and then short-oblong or somewhat obovoid,
full and rounded at the ends, crimson, lustrous, marked by small pale dots, ^'-f ' long;
calyx enlarged, the lobes elongated, coarsely glandular-serrate, villose above, closely
appressed, often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thick, yellow, dry and mealy;
nutlets 4 or 5, thin, rounded, and sometimes obscurely ridged on the back, about \' long.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall straight trunk 6'-8' in diameter, covered with close dark
red-brown bark, slender ascending branches forming a narrow open head, and thin branch-
Fig. 416
lets dark green and somewhat villose when they first appear, becoming dull orange-brown
in their first summer and ultimately dark gray-brown, and armed with straight or slightly
curved bright red-brown lustrous spines l'-l|' long.
Distribution. Rich moist soil along the margins of Oak-groves on the banks of sloughs;
Barrington, Cook County, Illinois; near Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York.
65. Crataegus lacera Sarg.
Leaves rhombic to broad-ovate or rarely obovate, acute at apex, broadly cuneate and
entire at base, coarsely often doubly serrate above with straight glandular teeth, and divided
above the middle into numerous acute lobes, when they unfold coated below with thick
hoary tomentum and villose above, nearly fully grown when the flowers open about the
20th of April and then glabrous on the lower surface and covered on the upper surface with
short scattered pale hairs, and at maturity glabrous, light yellow-green, paler below than
above, thin, about 1^' long and Ij' wide, with a slender yellow midrib and few remote
primary veins; petioles slender, villose, becoming glabrous or puberulous, slightly winged
at the apex, often red toward the base, j'-|' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
broad-ovate, often deeply 3-lobed, coarsely serrate, 3'-4' long and broad. Flowers f ' in di-
ameter, on slender villose pedicels, in sparingly villose few-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube
narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes linear-lanceolate, elongated, coarsely glandular-ser-
rate, glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers small,
rose color; styles 4 or 5. Fruit ripening toward the end of October, on short stout gla-
ROSACEiE
461
brous pedicels, in erect few-fruited clusters, ellipsoidal, rounded at the ends, bright cherry-
red, lustrous, marked by occasional large dark dots, about ^' long; calyx only slightly
Fig. 417
enlarged, with small nearly triangular villose spreading lobes mostly deciduous before the
fruit ripens; flesh thick, orange color; nutlets 3-5, thin, narrowed at the ends, only
slightly ridged on the rounded back, y\' long.
A slender tree, 25°-30° high, with a tall trunk 4 '-5' in diameter, covered with pale scaly
bark, small short branches forming a narrow head, and slender branchlets dark olive-green
and villose when they first appear, becoming light red-brown and glabrous during their first
summer, and ultimately dull light gray, and armed with thin straight bright chestnut-
brown lustrous spines f '-If ' long.
Distribution. Low rich forest-glades near Fulton, Hempstead County, Arkansas.
66. Cratsgus depilis Sarg.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded or broad-cuneate and often unsymmetrical
at the entire base, sharply doubly serrate above with straight glandular teeth, and often
Fig. 418
divided into 4 or 5 pairs of short acute lobes, when they unfold deeply tinged with red and
covered above with fine short caducous hairs, nearly half grown when the flowers open
46^
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
during the second week of May, and at maturity membranaceous, glabrous, smooth, yel-
lowish to bluish green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, l^'-2' long, and I'-l j'
wide, with a slender midrib and 5 or 6 pairs of thin primary veins; turning yellowish and
brown or russet color in the autumn; petioles slender, glabrous, sparingly glandular with
minute glands, f'-l' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often 2|' long and
Ij' wide. Flowers f in diameter, on slender pedicels, in broad glabrous 8-12-flowered
corymbs, with linear or oblong glandular bracts and bractlets; calyx narrowly obconic, gla-
brous, the lobes lanceolate, glandular-serrate, deeply tinged with purple; stamens 20; an-
thers pale rose color; styles 4 or 5. Fruit ripening early in September and soon falling, on
slender pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters, subglobose to broad-obovoid, dark red to
reddish purple, lustrous, |'-f ' long, and f'-f in diameter; calyx only slightly enlarged, the
lobes reflexed, glandular-serrate, and red on the upper side toward the base; flesh thick,
yellow, sweet, juicy and slightly acid; nutlets 4 or 5, full and rounded at apex, narrowed
and acute at base, and prominently but irregularly ridged on the back with a high some-
times grooved ridge, i'-yV long.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk 4'-8' in diameter and 6°-9° long, covered with dark
gray or gray-brown flaky bark, spreading branches forming an oblong or rounded open
head, and slender glabrous branchlets bright red-brown and very lustrous during their first
summer, becoming light gray-brown the following year, and armed with stout or slender
nearly straight spines f '-1^' long.
Distribution. Rich clay or gravelly soil in pastures and qn the borders of woods; north-
eastern Illinois (Lake, Cook and Mill Counties) .
67. Crataegus basilica Beadl.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, broad-cuneate or rounded at the entire or crenate
base, sharply and often doubly serrate above with straight slender glandular teeth, and
Fig. 419
divided into numerous short acute lateral lobes, more than half grown when the flowers
open early in May and then roughened above by short pale hairs and glabrous below, and
at maturity thin but firm in texture, bright green and scabrate above, paler below, 2^-3'
long, and l|'-2' wide, with a slender yellow midrib, and thin veins arching to the point of
the lobes; turning yellow and brown in the autumn ; petioles slender, slightly winged at apex,
I'-lj' in length. Flowers |'-|' in diameter, on elongated slender pedicels, in 5-15-flowered
glabrous compact corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes slender, acumi-
nate, glabrous, entire or occasionally serrate; stamens 15-20; anthers dark rose color;
ROSACEvE 463
styles 3-5. Fruit ripening and falling early in September, on slender pedicels, in few-
fruited drooping clusters, subglobose, scarlet, covered with a glaucous bloom, ^'-f ' in di-
ameter; flesh soft, sweet, and edible; nutlets 3-5, narrowed and acute at the ends, prom-
inently ridged on the back with a high broadly grooved ridge, i'-j/ long.
A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a trunk 7'-8' in diameter, covered with dark gray or
brown scaly bark, ascending or slightly spreading branches forming a narrow irregular head,
and stout glabrous branchlets dark chestnut-brown in their first season becoming dark gray,
and armed with numerous slender bright chestnut-brown lustrous ultimately gray spines
2'-2^' long.
Distribution. Open woods and the borders of fields and roads, western North Carolina,
usually at altitudes of 2000°-3000° above the sea.
VIII. MOLLES.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Stamens 20.
Anthers pale yellow or white (rose color in 7l).
Leaves broad and rounded, truncate or cordate at base; fruit subglobose to short-
oblong or obovoid, red, crimson or scarlet.
Mature leaves glabrous on the upper surface.
Leaves thin.
Fruit subglobose to short-oblong, scarlet, ripening in August and September.
68. C. mollis (A).
Fruit obovoid to short-oblong, dark red, ripening in October. 69. C. sera (A).
Leaves subcoriaceous; fruit short-oblong to obovoid, crimson, ripening in October
and November. 70. C. arkansana (C).
Mature leaves scabrate on the upper surface; fruit depressed-globose, red, ripening
in August and September. 71. C. gravida (A).
Leaves broad-cuneate or rounded at base, acute or acuminate, scabrate on the upper
siu*face at maturity.
Fruit red.
Leaves villose below at maturity on midrib and veins, those at the end of vigorous
shoots cuneate at base; flowers in usually 7-12-flowered corymbs; fruit short-
oblong, orange-red. 72. C. invisa (C).
Leaves hoary-tomentose below at maturity, those at the end of vigorous shoots
rounded, cordate or abruptly cuneate at the broad base; flowers in 15-20-
flowered corymbs; fruit ellipsoidal, ovoid, short-oblong or subglobose, crimson.
73. C. limaria (C).
Fruit bright canary yellow, subglobose; leaves villose below at maturity elliptic to
ovate, oval or slightly obovate. 74. C. vibumifolia (C).
Leaves narrowed at base.
Mature leaves glabrous on the upper surface; fruit short-oblong to subglobose.
Leaves oblong-obovate or oval. 75. C. Berlandieri (C).
Leaves elliptic to ovate or slightly obovate. 76, C. meridionalis (C).
Mature leaves scabrate on the upper surface; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, red.
Leaves ovate to oval; flowers in 3-10-flowered corymbs; calyx-lobes glabrous.
77. C. Treleasei (C).
Leaves ovate; flowers in many-flowered corymbs; calyx-lobes villose.
78. C. canadensis
Anthers rose color.
Leaves broad at base.
Mature leaves smooth on the upper surface.
Leaves thick, ovate, acute at apex; fruit short-oblong to obovoid, bright cherry
red. 79. C. corusca (A).
464 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Leaves thin, broad-ovate to suborbicular, rounded at apex; fruit subglobose to
ovoid, bright yellow. 80. C. Kelloggii (A).
Mature leaves scabrate on the upper surface, oblong-obovate; fruit short-oblong,
crimson. 81. C. induta (C).
Leaves narrowed at base; fruit red.
Leaves yellow-green.
Mature leaves glabrous on the upper surface; fruit short-oblong to obovoid,
82. C. texana (C).
Mature leaves scabrate on the upper surface.
Fruit subglobose to short-oblong. 83. C. quercina (C).
Fruit obovoid. 84. C. dispersa (C).
Leaves blue-green, subcoriaceous, ovate to suborbicular, scabrate on the upper
surface; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, red. 85. C. lanuginosa (C).
Stamens 10.
Anthers yellow.
Leaves broad at base.
Leaves smooth on the upper surface.
Leaves ovate or rarely oval, dark yellow-green above; fruit subglobose, crimson,
ripening late in August. 86. C. amoldiana (A).
Leaves ovate, blue-green above; fruit obovoid to short-oblong, scarlet, ripening
in September. 87. C. champlainensis (A).
Leaves scabrate on the upper surface, ovate, acute, rounded or abruptly cuneatv;
at base; anthers nearly white; fruit short-oblong, bright orange-red.
88. C. pennsylvanica (A).
Leaves cuneate at base, scabrate on the upper surface, ovate, acute; fruit obovoid,
orange-red. 89. C. submollis (A).
Anthers rose color.
Leaves broad at the rounded, abruptly cuneate or cordate base.
Leaves scabrate on the upper surface.
Leaves oval, rounded or cuneate at base; flowers in wide many-flowered corymbs;
fruit short-oblong, crimson. 90. C. EUwangeriana (A).
Leaves oblong-ovate; flowers in compact few-flowered corymbs; fruit obovoid to
short-oblong, scarlet. 91. C. Robesoniana (A).
Leaves smooth on the upper surface at maturity, ovate, usually broad-cuneate at
base; fruit obovoid to short-oblong, crimson. 92. C. anomala (A).
Leaves cuneate at base, smooth on the upper surface at maturity; fruit subglobose,
orange-red. 93. C. noelensis (C).
68. Crataegus mollis Scheele. Red Haw.
Leaves broad-ovate, acute, usually cordate or rounded at the wide base, coarsely and
generally doubly serrate with straight glandular teeth, and more or less deeply divided
into 4 or 5 pairs of acute or rounded lateral lobes, covered above with short pale hairs and
hoary-tomentose below when they unfold, about half grown when the flowers open early
in May and then membranaceous, light yellow-green and hairy above and pubescent or
tomentose below, and at maturity firm in texture, dark yellow-green and slightly rugose
on the upper siu-face and paler and pubescent or puberulous on the lower surface along the
stout midrib, and 4 or 5 pairs of primary veins extending to the point of the lobes, 3'-4'
long and broad; petioles stout, terete, at first tomentose, ultimately pubescent or nearly
glabrous, often slightly glandular with small dark caducous glands, I'-l j' in length; leaves
at the end of vigorous shoots more deeply lobed, with a deeper basal sinus, and frequently
5'-6' long and broad. Flowers 1' in diameter, on stout densely villose pedicels, in broad
many-flowered tomentose corymbs, with conspicuous bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube
narrowly obconic, hoary-tomentose, the lobes narrow, acuminate, coarsely glandular-ser-
rate with bright red glands, villose on the outer, tomentose on the inner surface; stamens
20; anthers large, light yellow; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at base by a broad ring of hoary to-
ROSACEiE
465
mentum. Fruit ripening late in August and early in September, on stout pedicels, in droop-
ing few-fruited villose clusters, short-oblong to subglobose, rounded at the ends, more or
less pubescent, scarlet marked by occasional large dark dots; f'-l' in diameter; calyx
prominent, hairy, with large erect and incurved lobes usually deciduous before the fruit
ripens; flesh thick, yellow, subacid, dry and mealy; nutlets 4 or 5, thin, rounded and ob-
scurely ridged on the back, light brown, I' long.
Fig. 420
A tree, sometimes 40° high, with a tall trunk often 18' in diameter, heavy wide-spreading
smooth ashy gray branches forming a broad round-topped and often symmetrical head,
and stout branchlets covered at first with a thick coat of long white matted hairs, villose
during their first season, becoming glabrous in their second year, and armed with occa-
sional straight thick bright chestnut-brown shining spines l'-2' long.
Distribution. Low rich soil usually on the bottom-lands of streams; northern Ohio and
southwestern Ontario (Point Edward) to northern Missouri, eastern South Dakota, eastern
Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and Richland County, Illinois; common; near Nashville, David-
son County, Tennessee.
69. Crataegus sera Sarg.
Leaves oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded, truncate or slightly cordate at the
broad base, irregularly divided into 4 or 5 pairs of short acute lateral lobes, and sharply
and sometimes doubly serrate nearly to the base with straight glandular teeth, unfolding
about the 1st of May with the opening of the flowers and then covered above with short
soft white hairs and tomentose below, and at maturity membranaceous, dark yellow-green
and glabrous on the upper surface, pubescent on the lower surface, 2'-4' long, and 2|'-3'
wide, with a slender midrib, and thin remote primary veins extending to the point of the
lobes; petioles slender, tomentose, becoming pubescent, l'-l|' in length; leaves at the end
of vigorous shoots more deeply lobed, and often 4'-5' long and 3'-4' wide. Flowers f ' in
diameter, on stout densely villose pedicels, in compact mauy-flowered tomentose corymbs;
calyx-tube broadly obconic, coated with broad matted pale hairs, the lobes broad, acute
or acuminate, glandular-serrate with large dark glands, tomentose on the outer surface and
villose on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers pale yellow; styles 4 or 5, usually 5.
Fruit ripening about the 1st of October, on stout puberulous or villose pedicels, in drooping
or erect few-fruited clusters, obovoid or short-oblong, dull dark red, marked by small pale
dots, usually slightly villose or pubescent at the ends, f long, and §' in diameter; calyx
enlarged, with erect, coarsely glandular-serrate, incurved lobes often deciduous before the
ripening of the fruit; flesh thick, dry and mealy; nutlets usually 5, thin, light brown.
Vregularly grooved on the back with a broad shallow groove, |' long.
466
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, 30°-40° high, with a tall straight trunk 12'-18' in diameter, thick branches form-
ing a broad round-topped symmetrical head, and branchlets hoary-tomentose at first, be-
Fig. 421
coming light red-brown and puberulous and ultimately pale orange-brown, and armed
with occasional straight or slightly curved chestnut-brown lustrous spines 1 j'-l|' in length.
Distribution. Walpole Island, Lamberton County, southwestern Ontario; Belle Isle in
the Detroit River, near Port Huron, St. Clair County, and in the neighborhood of Grand
Rapids, Kent County, Michigan; northeastern Illinois (Cook, Will, Lake and Dupage
Counties), and in the neighborhood of Milwaukee, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.
70. Crataegus arkansana Sarg.
Leaves oblong-ovate or oval, acute, rounded, broadly cuneate or truncate at base,
usually divided above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of short broad acute lobes, and serrate
sometimes to the base with short straight glandular teeth, when the flowers open about the
Fig. 422
middle of May nearly one third grown and coated with soft white hairs, and at maturity
thick and leathery, dull dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale yellow-green on
the lower surface, 2'-3' long, and l|'-2' wide, with a stout light yellow midrib and primary
ROSACEiE
467
veins slightly villose below, conspicuous secondary veins and reticulate veinlets; late in
October and in November turning bright clear yellow; petioles stout, deeply grooved, more
or less winged toward the apex, glandular with minute usually deciduous dark glands, at
first tomentose, ultimately glabrous or puberulous, turning dark red after midsummer,
I'-l^' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, rounded or truncate at
base, often 4' long and 3' wide. Flowers nearly 1' in diameter, on short stout pedicels, in
broad rather compact many-flowered villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, coated
with long matted pale hairs, the lobes short, acute, coarsely glandular-serrate, glabrous or
slightly villose; stamens 20; anthers large, pale yellow; styles 5. Fruit ripening at the end
of October and falling gradually at the end of several weeks, on stout villose pedicels, in
few-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong or rarely obovoid, rounded and slightly tomen-
tose at the ends, bright crimson, very lustrous, marked by few large dark dots, |'-1' long,
about I in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with small linear-lanceolate coarsely glandular-
serrate erect and persistent lobes; flesh thick, yellow, subacid; nutlets 5, small in com-
parison to the size of the fruit, thin, rounded or slightly and irregularly ridged on the back,
riong.
A tree, 20° high, with a tall straight stem, thick slightly ascending wide-spreading
branches forming a broad open irregular head, and stout branchlets dark green and covered
early in the season with long pale hairs, becoming orange-brown, glabrous, and very lus-
trous in their first winter, and unarmed or armed with occasional straight light chestnut-
brown shining spines, |'-i' in length.
Distribution. Bottom-lands of the White River near Newport, Jackson County, Arkan-
sas; hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts, and unsurpassed late in the autumn in the
beauty of its large brilliant abundant fruits long persistent on the branches.
71. Crataegus gravida Beadl.
Leaves broad-ovate, acute, rounded or truncate at base, coarsely and often doubly
serrate with incurved glandular teeth, and slightly incisely lobed, roughened above by
short pale hairs and hoary-tomentose below when they unfold, nearly half grown when the
Fig. 423
flowers open about the 1st of May, and at maturity thin, firm, dark green, lustrous and
scabrate above, paler and pubescent or puberulous below, particularly on the slender mid-
rib and veins. If -2^' long, and If wide; turning in the autumn yellow, orange and
brown; petioles slender, tomentose early in the season, becoming pubescent or nearly
glabrous, about f-1' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots oblong-ovate to nearly
orbicular, round or cuneate at the broad base, more coarsely serrate, more deeply lobed,
468
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and often 2|'-3' long and wide, their petioles |'-1' long. Flowers about f ' in diameter, oe
short hoary-tomentose pedicels, in narrow crowded many-flowered hoary-tomentose cor-
ymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, covered with matted pale hairs, the lobes gradually
narrowed, acuminate, glandular-serrate, viUose; stamens 20; anthers dark rose; styles 5.
Fruit ripening in August and September, on elongated tomentose pedicels, in few-fruited
drooping clusters, depressed-globose, red; calyx enlarged, the lobes conspicuously serrate,
puberulous on the upper surface, reflexed and closely appressed, sometimes deciduous from
the ripe fruit; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 5, thin, narrow and rounded at
base, acute at apex, rounded and obscurely grooved on the back, about j^' long.
A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a trunk 8'-10' in diameter, heavy wide-spreading
branches forming a broad round-topped head, and stout branchlets covered at first with a
thick coat of matted pale hairs, orange-red and puberulous at the end of their first season,
glabrous and reddish brown the following year, and armed with slender nearly straight
spines about 1|' long.
Distribution. Limestone hills in the neighborhood of Nashville, Davidson County,
Tennessee.
72. Crataegus invisa Sarg.
Leaves ovate to oval, acute or acuminate at apex, cuneate or rounded at base, coarsely
often doubly serrate with broad straight glandular teeth, and slightly divided usually only
above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of small acuminate lobes, densely tomentose below anc
Fig. 424
villose above when they unfold, about one third grown when the flowers open at the end oJ
March and then thin, dark yellow-green and roughened on the upper surface by short
hairs and coated below with long matted white hairs, and at maturity thin, yellow-green,
scabrate and lustrous above, hairy below especially on the midrib and veins, 2|'-3' long,
and 2'-2^' wide; petioles slender, slightly wing-margined at apex, covered with pale hairs
early in the season, becoming nearly glabrous, and l|'-2' in length; leaves at the end of
vigorous shoots broad-ovate, acuminate, abruptly cimeate at the wide base, more coarsely
serrate, deeply divided into acute lateral lobes, and often 3|'-4' long and 3'-3^' wide;
petioles slender, villose, l^'-2' in length. Flowers opening at the end of March, about f ' in'
diameter, on slender pedicels thickly coated like the wide calyx-tube with long matted
white hairs, in broad mostly 7-12-flowered corymbs; calyx-lobes gradually narrowed from
the base, short, broad, acuminate, laciniately glandular-serrate, thickly covered with long
white hairs on the outer surface, villose above the middle on the inner surface; stamens 20;
anthers white; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a ring of long white hairs. Fruit ripening
ROSACEiE
469
at the end of October, on long slender slightly hairy pedicels, in erect or spreading few-
fruited clusters, short-oblong, full and rounded and slightly hairy at the ends, orange-red,
marked by large pale dots, and about |' in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with spreading
lobes dark red on the upper side below the middle and villose toward the apex; flesh thin,
yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, rounded at the ends, broader at apex than at base,
rounded and only slightly grooved on the back, ^ long.
A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a tall trunk covered with dark brown bark broken into
small closely appressed plate-like scales, large spreading branches forming a wide irreg-
ular head, and stout slightly zigzag branchlets clothed when they first appear with hoary
tomentum, dull gray-brown, marked by small pale lenticels and slightly pubescent at the
end of their first season and dark gray the following year, and unarmed or armed with
occasional slender straight chestnut-brown spines I'-l^' long.
Distribution. In dense woods on the rich bottom-lands of Red River near Fulton,
Hempstead County, and near Texarkana, Miller County, Arkansas, Hugo, Choctaw
County, Oklahoma, and to San Augustine, San Augustine County, Texas.
73. Crataegus limaria Sarg.
Cratoegus Mackensenii Sarg.
Leaves ovate, acute, concave-cuneate or rounded at base, coarsely often doubly serrate
with broad straight glandular teeth, and slightly divided into 3 or 4 pairs of small acute
lateral lobes, not more than a quarter grown when the flowers open early in April and then
Fig. 425
thm, yellow-green and covered above with short white hairs and thickly coated below with
hoary tomentum, and at maturity light green and scabrate on the upper surface, pale and
tomentose on the lower surface, 2|'-3' long, and l^'-2' wide, with a stout midrib and thin
primary veins; petioles slender, slightly wing-margined at apex, covered when they first
appear with long matted white hairs, villose through the season, and l'-l|' in length; leaves
at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, rounded or cordate at the wide base, more
deeply lobed, and often 4' long and broad. Flowers opening early in April, f '-1' in diame-
ter, on long slender pedicels coated with matted white hairs, in compact 15-20-flowered
villose corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, thickly covered with white hairs, the lobes
gradually narrowed from the base, wide^ acuminate, laciniately glandular-serrate, villose;
stamens 20; anthers white; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale tomen-
tum. Fruit ripening in October, on long stout erect or spreading hairy pedicels, in few-
fruited clusters, ellipsoidal to ovoid or short-oblong, rounded at apex, truncate at base.
470 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
crimson, lustrous, marked by large pale dots, villose especially at the ends, |'-|' in diameter;
calyx prominent, with a long villose tube, and erect villose persistent lobes dark red on
the upper side below the middle, their tips slightly spreading or incurved; flesh thick, yel-
low, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, narrowed and rounded at apex, rounded at the broad base,
slightly grooved on the back, ^'-|' long.
A tree, often 30° high, with a tall trunk 8'-12' in diameter, covered with dark scaly bark,
stout ascending branches forming a narrow irregular head, and slender zigzag branchlets
thickly coated when they first appear with long white hairs, light orange-brown, lustrous,
pubescent and marked by pale lenticels at the end of their first season, dull gray-brown and
glabrous the following year, and armed with slender straight or slightly curved purple
ultimately ashy gray spines 2'-2^' long.
Distribution. In dense woods on the rich bottom-lands of the Red River near Fulton,
Hempstead County, Arkansas; river banks; western Texas (Guadalupe River, near Vic-
toria, Victoria County; Cibolo River, Sutherland Springs, Wilson County; San Antonio
River, Bexar County; C. Mackensenii Sarg.).
74. Crataegus vibumifolia Sarg.
Leaves elliptic to ovate, oval or slightly obovate, acute or rounded at apex, concave-
cuneate at the entire base, coarsely often doubly serrate above with straight glandular
teeth, and slightly and irregularly divided above the middle into 2 or 3 pairs of small acute
Fig. 426
lobes, half grown when the flowers open about the 20th of March and then thin, yellow-
green and roughened above by short white hairs and hoary-tomentose below, and at matu-
rity thick, deep green, very lustrous and scabrate on the upper surface, coated on the lower
surface with pale hairs, 2^'-3^' long, and 2'-2|' wide, with a prominent midrib and primary
veins; petioles slightly wing-margined at apex, densely hoary-tomentose early in the season,
becoming glabrous, f'-l|' in length. Flowers about f in diameter, on long slender to-
mentose pedicels, in wide lax mostly 5-12-flowered corymbs, with large lanceolate to spatu-
late foliaceous bracts and bractlets slightly serrate above the middle, and generally persist-
ent until after the petals fall; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, thickly coated with matted
white hairs, the lobes gradually narrowed from the base, long, slender, acuminate, lacini-
ately glandular-serrate, slightly villose on the outer surface, densely villose on the inner
surface; stamens 20; anthers white; styles 4 or 5. Fruit ripening early in October, on long
slender drooping slightly hairy pedicels, in few-fruited clusters, subglobose, bright canary
yellow, about 1' in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with spreading lobes; flesh thick, light
yellow, soft and succulent; nutlets 4 or 5, gradually narrowed and rounded at the ends,
irregularly ridged on the back with a broad grooved ridge, |' long.
ROSACE-ffiJ
471
A tree, 30°-35® high, with a tall trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, covered with gray
scaly bark, large ascending and spreading branches forming an open irregular head, and
stout nearly straight unarmed branchlets thickly coated with hoary tomentum when they
first appear, becoming purple, lustrous and nearly glabrous at the end of their first season
and dark brown or gray-brown the following year.
Distribution. Borders of woods in low ground, valley of the Brazos River near Colum-
bia, Brazoria County, and in low woods on the Colorado River, at Wharton, Wharton
County, Texas.
75. Crataegus Berlandieri Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate or oval, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed, cuneate and
entire below the middle, coarsely and often doubly serrate with broad straight or incurved
glandular teeth, and unequally divided above into numerous acute or acuminate lobes.
Fig. 427
when the flowers open from the middle to the end of March coated on the upper surface
with short pale caducous hairs and on the lower surface with thick hoary tomentum, and
at maturity thin and firm in texture, glabrous, dark green, and lustrous above, pale and
pubescent below, and usually about 3' long and 2' wide, with a slender midrib, remote
primary veins extending to the point of the lobes, conspicuous secondary veins, and retic-
ulate veinlets; petioles more or less winged toward the apex, tomentose early in the season,
becoming pubescent, Y~i' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often 5' long and
^' wide, with rounded, acute lobes. Flowers f in diameter, on long stout hoary-tomentose
pedicels, in broad loose many-flowered tomentose corymbs, with oblong-obovate to lance-
olate finely glandular-serrate villose conspicuous bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly
obconic, covered with thick pale tomentum, the lobes broad, acute, very coarsely glandular-
serrate, tomentose on the outer surface and villose on the inner surface; stamens 20, anthers
yellow; styles 5, surrounded at base by tufts of white hairs. Fruit ripening after the middle
of October, on slender elongated pedicels, in loose drooping clusters, short-oblong to sub-
globose, scarlet, about \' long; calyx much enlarged, with coarsely serrate erect and per-
sistent villose lobes; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 5, rounded and occasionally
obscurely grooved on the back, about \' long.
A tree, 15°-20° high, with a tall straight trunk 8'-10'in diameter, covered with thin dark
brown furrowed bark, spreading branches forming a broad open head, and branchlets
hoary-tomentose at first, soon puberulous, dull reddish brown or yellow-brown by mid-
summer, becoming ashy gray late in the autumn, and armed with few straight gray spines
about 1' in length.
47^ TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Low rich woods on the bottom-lands of the Brazos River at Columbia
and Brazoria, Brazoria County, Texas.
76. Crataegus meridionalis Sarg.
Leaves elliptic to ovate or slightly obovate, acuminate, cuneate at the entire base, and
coarsely often doubly serrate above with broad straight glandular teeth, coated below with
hoary tomentum and covered above with short white hairs when they unfold, more than
half grown when the flowers open from the first to the middle of April, and at maturity
thin, yellow-green and scabrate on the upper surface, paler and villose-pubescent on the
lower surface, especially on the slender midrib and primary veins, 2'-3^' long, and l'-2'
wide; petioles slender, slightly wing-margined at apex, densely villose-pubescent with white
hairs early in the season, becoming glabrous or nearly glabrous, |'-f' in length; leaves at
the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate to broad-elliptic, more coarsely serrate, occasionally
Fig. 428
slightly divided into short broad lateral lobes, often 4' long and 2^' wide, with a stout mid-
rib and petioles broadly wing-margined at apex, and about ^' in length. Flowers f in
diameter, on stout pedicels thickly covered like the narrow obconic calyx-tube with matted
silvery white hairs, in broad compact many-flowered villose corymbs, with conspicuous
glandular-serrate villose bracts and bractlets mostly persistent until after the flowers open;
calyx-lobes narrow, acuminate, laciniately glandular-serrate, slightly villose-pubescent
when the buds open; stamens 20; anthers white; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a broad
ring of white tomentum. Fruit ripening from the middle to the end of September, on
elongated slender puberulous pedicels, in few-fruited drooping red-stemmed clusters, short-
oblong to subglobose, rounded at the ends, scarlet, Y to f ' in diameter, the calyx per-
sistent, much enlarged, with erect or spreading conspicuous lobes; nutlets 3-5, rounded at
base, acute at apex, ridged on the back with a high rounded ridge, about Y long.
A tree, often 25** high, with a trunk 8' in diameter, covered with dark bark slightly divided
by shallow fissures into broad thin plates, spreading ashy gray branches forming a round-
topped head, and slender zigzag branchlets, covered when they first appear with long white
hairs, soon glabrous, orange-brown or reddish brown during their first season and dull gray
the following year, and armed with numerous straight slender purple spines l'-2' in length
Distribution. Limestone soil, in upland woods and glades; common in the limestone belt
of central Alabama, from the neighborhood of Gallion, Hale County to western Missis-
sippi (Starkville, Oktibbeha County, and Brookville, Noxubee County).
77. Crataegus Treleasei Sarg.
Leaves ovate to elliptic, acute, concave-cuneate or rounded at the narrow base, sharply
doubly serrate above with straight glandular teeth, and slightly divided into 3 or 4 pairs oi
ROSACEA 47S
narrow acuminate lateral lobes, unfolding with the opening of the flowers at the end of
April or early in May and then light yellow-green tinged with bronze color, lustrous and
covered above with short shining caducous white hairs and hoary-tomentose below, and at
maturity thin, light yellow-green and scabrate on the upper surface, paler and pubescent
on the lower surface, especially on the slender midrib, and 4 or 5 pairs of thin primary
veins extending obliquely to the point of the lobes. If '-2j' long, and l|'-2' wide; petioles
slender, more or less wing-margined at apex, villose early in the season, pubescent in the
autumn, ^'-f in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, acute, cune-
ate at the wide base, often 2|'-3' long and 2'-2|' wide; petioles stout, wing-margined at
apex f '-1' long. Flowers 1' in diameter, on short stout pedicels covered with matted pale
hairs, in 3-10-flowered compact compound or rarely simple villose corymbs; calyx-tube
broadly obconic, covered with matted pale hairs, the lobes glabrous, narrowed from the
base, with wide rounded sinuses between them, slender, acuminate, tipped with a small red
Fig. 429
gland, and glandular-serrate with stipitate red glands; stamens 20; anthers pale yellow;
styles 4 or 5, usually 5. Fruit ripening at the end of September, on stout erect villose pedi-
cels, in few-fruited clusters, subglobose, often broader than high, crimson, lustrous, marked
by numerous large pale dots, pubescent at the ends, and ^'-f in diameter; calyx prominent,
with a short villose tube, and reflexed appressed villose lobes often deciduous from the
ripe fruit; flesh thick, light yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 4 or 5, thin, full and rounded at
apex, narrowed and acute at base, grooved with a broad shallow groove and sometimes
irregularly ridged on the back, about A' long.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk sometimes 6' in diameter, slender branches forming
a narrow open head, and thin nearly straight branchlets thickly covered at first with long
lustrous white hairs, dull light reddish brown and puberulous at the end of their first season,
becoming dark gray-brown, and armed with stout straight or slightly curved dark purple
shining spines usually about 1^' long, or unarmed.
Distribution. Banks of small streams in moist soil from Doe Run to Bismarck, St.
FVangois County, Missouri.
78. Crataegus canadensis Sarg.
Leaves ovate, short-pointed, slightly lobed usually only above the middle with short
broad acute lobes, and coarsely and frequently doubly serrate to the broad-cuneate base
with spreading glandular teeth, coated above in early spring with soft white hairs, and
below with dense hoary tomentum, about a third grown when the flowers open at the end
of May, and at maturity thin and firm in texture, blue-green and scabrate on the
174 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
upper surface, pale and pubescent on the lower surface on the midrib and primary veins,
9,'-^,^' long, and 1 " to nearly 3' wide; petioles slender, glandular, often more or less winged
above, at first tomentose, becoming nearly glabrous, |'-1' in length; leaves at the end of
vigorous shoots broad-ovate, truncate or slightly cordate at the broad base, more deeply
lobed, often 2^'-3' long and wide, the petioles wing-margined at apex often glandular,
and l'-l|' in length. Flowers about f in diameter, in broad loose tomentose corymbs;
calyx-tube broadly obconic, villose with long matted hairs, the lobes lanceolate, villose,
and glandular with large red stipitate glands; stamens 20; anthers small, nearly white;
styles 5, surrounded at base by a thin ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening early in
October and falling gradually until after midwinter, on stout pedicels, in erect slightly
villose few-fruited clusters, short-oblong to subglobose, crimson, lustrous, marked by large
scattered pale dots, slightly hairy toward, the ends, ^'-f long, Y'V in diameter; calyx
prominent, the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, elongated, glandular, villose.
r'^V^^
Fig. 430
spreading or reflexed, often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thin, pale yellow,
dry and mealy; nutlets 5, thin, rounded and irregularly ridged on the back, \' long.
A tree, 18°-30° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, stout spreading branches forming
a broad round-topped symmetrical head, and stout zigzag branchlets dark green and
covered with matted pale hairs when they first appear, soon becoming light orange-brown
and very lustrous, and armed with numerous stout straight or slightly curved dark chest-
nut-brown shining spines 2'-2|' long.
Distribution. Limestone ridges near the St. Lawrence River at Chateaugay, Caugh-
nawaga, and La Tortue in the Province of Quebec.
79. Crataegus corusca Sarg.
Leaves ovate, acute, truncate, rounded or slightly cordate at the broad base, regularly
divided into 4 or 5 pairs of short acute lateral lobes, and doubly serrate with straight
glandular teeth, when they unfold covered above with short soft pale hairs and glabrous
below, about a third grown when the flowers open the middle of May, and at maturity thin
but firm and rigid in texture, glabrous, dark yellow-green, bright and lustrous above,
pale yellow-green below, 2'-2^' long and wide, with a slender pale midrib and primary
veins; petioles slender, villose early in the season, soon becoming glabrous and dark red
below the middle, l^'-2^' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots frequently divided
into narrow acute lateral lobes, and often 3|'-4' long and wide. Flowers f ' in diameter,
on stout villose pedicels, in compact narrow many-flowered corymbs covered with
matted pale hairs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, or villose toward the base, the
ROSACEA
475
lobes narrowed from a broad base, acute, coarsely glandular-serrate, villose on the inner
surface; stamens 20; anthers small, pale pink; styles 4 or 5. Fruit beginning to ripen and
fall about the middle of September and continuing to fall until the end of October, on
stout pedicels, in glabrous few-fruited clusters, short-oblong to obovoid, bright cherry-red,
lustrous, marked by dark scattered pale dots, |'-|' long, and |'-|' in diameter: calyx little
Fig. 431
,Avy<ij~
enlarged, the lobes slightly glandular-serrate, usually deciduous before the fruit ripens;
flesh thick, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 4 or 5, dark-colored, rounded on the back, |'
long.
A tree, 18°-20° high, with a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, wide-spreading branches form-
ing a handsome symmetrical head, and stout branchlets dark green and coated with matted
pale hairs when they first appear, soon becoming light red-brown, light orange-brown and
lustrous in their second year, and armed with thick nearly straight bright chestnut-brown
spines often 3' in length.
Distribution. Sandy shores of Lake Zurich, Lake County, Illinois.
80. Crataegus Kelloggii Sarg.
Leaves broad-ovate to suborbicular, rounded and often short-pointed at apex, rounded,
broadly cuneate or truncate at the entire base, coarsely serrate above with straight gland-
tipped teeth, and divided usually only above the middle into several short broad acute or
acuminate lobes, about half grown when the flowers open during the last week of April and
then thin, yellow-green, covered above with short pale hairs and pubescent below on the
midrib and veins, and at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark yellow-green, glabrous
and smooth on the upper surface, pale and glabrous on the lower surface with the exception
of a few hairs near the base of the thin yellow midrib and of the 4 or 5 pairs of slender prom-
inent primary veins arching to the point of the lobes, 2'-2|' long, l|'-2^' wide, and often
broader than long; petioles slender, slightly winged at apex, villose while young with long
matted white hairs, becoming glabrous, f '-1' in length. Flowers f ' in diameter, on slender
hairy pedicels, in compact 5-10-flowered villose corymbs, with oblong-obovate to linear
acuminate glandular bracts and bractlets mostly persistent until the flowers open; calyx-
tube broadly obconic, slightly hairy at base, glabrous above, the lobes slender, acuminate,
glandular with minute dark red stipitate glands, or entire, glabrous on the outer surface,
sparingly villose on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers pale rose color; styles 5. Fruit
ripening at the end of September and soon falling, on long slender glabrous pedicels, in few-
fruited drooping clusters, subglobose to short-ovoid, bright yellow, marked by many small
476
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
pale dots, f'-l' in diameter; calyx small, with spreading reflexed lobes slightly villose
toward the apex and often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy;
nutlets 5, rounded and very slightly grooved on the back, about f long.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk 4'-5' in diameter, covered with nearly black
deeply furrowed bark, erect branches, and nearly straight branchlets dark green tinged
Fig. 432
with red and slightly villose when they first appear, bright red-brown and lustrous at the
end of their first season, becoming dark dull reddish brown the following year, and unarmed,
or armed with slender nearly straight bright chestnut-brown shining spines usually about
1' long.
Distribution. Banks of the Desperes River, South St. Louis, St. Louis County, Missouri;
not common.
81. Crataegus induta Sarg. Turkey Apple.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute, cuneate, rounded or rarely truncate at the broad entire
base, coarsely doubly serrate above with glandular teeth, and slightly and irregularly
divided into broad acute lateral lobes, about a third grown when the flowers open from
Fig. 433
ROSACBiE
477
the middle to the end of April and then thin, light yellow-green and roughened above by
short lustrous white hairs and hoary-tomentose below, and at maturity thin, dark yellow-
green and scabrate on the upper surface, pale and tomentose or pubescent on the lower
surface, particularly on the stout midrib and 4 or 5 pairs of prominent primary veins, 3'-4'
long, and 2|'-3' wide; petioles slender, more or less wing-margined at the apex, glandu-
lar, hoary-tomentose early in the season, becoming sparingly villose in the autumn, 1 j'-l|'
in length. Flowers f ' in diameter, on slender tomentose pedicels, in broad many-flowered
hoary-tomentose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, thickly coated with long densely
matted white hairs, the lobes small, acuminate, glandular-serrate, villose; stamens 20;
anthers small, rose color; styles 5, surrounded at base by a broad ring of snow-white hairs.
Fruit ripening the middle of October, on stout villose pedicels, in few-fruited clusters, short-
oblong, rounded and villose at the ends, crimson or reddish yellow, lustrous, marked by
small pale dots, |'-2' in diameter; calyx prominent, with a short tomentose tube and much
enlarged coarsely glandular-serrate hairy erect incurved lobes often deciduous from the
ripe fruit; flesh thick, orange-colored, with an astringent subacid flavor; nutlets 5, thin,
rounded and slightly grooved on the back, i^e'-f ' long.
A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk often a foot in diameter, covered with thick
dark brown furrowed bark, large spreading and ascending branches forming an open irreg-
ular head, and stout branchlets covered at first with long matted white hairs, light orange-
brown, lustrous and puberulous at the end of their first season, becoming ashy gray or
light grayish brown the following year, and armed with many stout nearly straight dark
purple shining spines usually about 2|' long.
Distribution. Dry upland woods, near Fulton, Hempstead County to Texarkana,
Miller County, and Prescott, Nevada County, Arkansas; common.
82. Crataegus texana Buckl.
Leaves broad-ovate, acute or rarely rounded at apex, broadly concave-cuneate at base,
coarsely doubly glandular-serrate above, and usually divided above the middle into 4 or 5
pairs of broad acute lobes, covered above when they unfold with short soft pale hairs and
Fig. 434
below with a thick coat of hoary tomentum, more than half grown when the flowers open
late in March, and at maturity thick and firm, dark green and lustrous above, pale and
pubescent or tomentose below, particularly on the stout midrib, primary veins, prominent
secondary veins and reticulate veinlets, 3'-4' long, 2^'-3' wide; petioles stout, deeply
grooved, more or less winged above, at first tomentose, becoming nearly glabrous, ^'-f in
length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots sometimes truncate or slightly cordate at the
broad base, more deeply lobed, and frequently 3' long and wide. Flowers f in diameter, on
478 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
elongated slender densely villose pedicels, in broad open many-flowered tomentose corymbs,
with oblong or oblong-obovate acute conspicuous villose bracts and bractlets often 1^' in
length; calyx-tube broadly obconic, coated with pale tomentum, the lobes foliaceous, grad-
ually narrowed from a broad base, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, and villose with
long matted pale hairs; stamens 20; anthers large, dark red; styles 5, surrounded at base
by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening toward the end of October, in drooping
many-fruited tomentose ultimately glabrous clusters, obovoid and tomentose until nearly
grown, becoming when fully ripe short-oblong or slightly obovoid, rounded at the ends,
bright scarlet, marked by occasional large pale dots, puberulous at apex, |'-1' long; calyx
enlarged, with glandular-serrate usually erect lobes, dark red at base on the upper side,
often deciduous before the ripening of the fruit; flesh thick, yellow, sweet, and edible;
nutlets 5, slightly grooved on the back, \'-l' long.
A tree, often 30° high, with a tall trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, thick branches
ascending while the tree is young, forming an open irregular crown, and spreading in old
age into a broad symmetrical round-topped head, and branchlets dark bronze-green and
covered with long matted white hairs when they first appear, becoming dull reddish brown
and ultimately pale ashy gray, and armed with occasional thin nearly straight bright
chestnut-brown lustrous spines usually about 2' long, or often unarmed.
Distribution. Rich bottom-lands, Texas coast region; valley of the lower Brazos River
to those of the Navidad (Canardo, Jackson County), Guadalupe (Victoria, Victoria County),
and Cibolo (Sutherland Springs, Wilson County).
83. Crataegus quercina Ashe. .
Leaves elliptic to obovate, usually acute or occasionally rounded at apex, obtusely or
acutely cuneate at the entire base, irregularly doubly serrate above with slender glandular
teeth, and often divided above the midrib into narrow acuminate lobes, when they unfold
Fig. 435
conspicuously plicate, often dark red and coated above with long soft pale hairs and covered
below with a thick coat of silvery white shining tomentum, about a third grown when the
flowers open from the middle to the end of March, and at maturity thin but firm in texture,
dark green, lustrous and scabrate above, pale and pubescent or tomentose below, and 2'-2^'
long and wide, with a slender midrib, 4 or 5 pairs of thin primary veins, and conspicuous
reticulate veinlets; petioles stout, tomentose, about Y in length; leaves at the end of vig-
orous shoots broad-ovate, rounded or obtusely cuneate at the wide base, usually deeply
divided mto numerous acuminate lateral lobes, often 3' long and 2§' wide. Flowers f ' in
diameter, on long slender tomentose pedicels, in broad many-flowered lax hoary-tomen-
ROSACEiE
479
tose corymbs, with oblong-obovate glandular-serrate villose bracts and bractlets; calyx-
tube narrowly obconic, hoary-tomentose, the lobes short, acute, coarsely glandular-serrate,
tomentose; stamens 20; anthers small, dark red; styles 5, surrounded at base by tufts
of long snow-white hairs. Fruit ripening after the middle of October, on slender nearly
glabrous pedicels, in few-fruited tomentose spreading clusters, subglobose but often rather
longer than broad, rounded at the ends, tomentose until nearly fully grown, glabrous at
maturity, dark red, marked by numerous large pale dots, about ^' in diameter; calyx
prominent, with short spreading often deciduous lobes; flesh thin, light yellow, hard and
dry, generally shrivelling before the fruit falls; nutlets 5, rounded and ridged on the back,
about j' long.
A tree, remarkable for the lustre of its white tomentum, occasionally 25° high, with a
tall trunk 6'-8' in diameter, covered with light gray scaly bark, becoming near the base of
old trees deeply furrowed and nearly black, ^scending branches forming a broad symmet-
rical head, and branchlets coated when they first appear with hoary tomentum, becoming
light red-brown and more or less villose during their first season, glabrous and rather
darker in their second year, and armed with numerous straight or slightly curved chestnut-
brown shining spines usually l'-l|' long.
Distribution. Sandy bottom-lands in open Live Oak-forests on the Brazos River,
near Columbia, Brazoria County, Rosenburg and Richmond, Fort Bend County, Wharton,
Wharton County, and San Augustine, San Augustine County, Texas.
84. Crataegus dispersa Ashe.
Cratcegus pyriformis Britt.
Leaves oval to broad-ovate, acute and often short-pointed at apex, gradually narrowed
and concave-cuneate at the entire base, sharply and sometimes doubly serrate above with
straight glandular teeth, and often slightly and irregularly lobed above the middle, fully
Fig. 436
grown when the flowers open about the 10th of May and then thin, light yellow-green,
roughened above by short rigid pale hairs and pubescent below, particularly on the slen-
der midrib and 5 or 6 pairs of remote primary veins, and at maturity thin and firm, lus-
trous and scabrate on the upper surface, pale and pubescent on the lower surface, and
generally about 3' long and 2' wide; petioles slender, winged at apex, tomentose, ultimately
pubescent, I'-lj' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots usually ovate, coarsely
serrate, more deeply lobed, and frequently 4'-5' long and 3'-4' wide. Flowers 1' in diam-
eter, on long slender tomentose pedicels, in broad many-flowered lax corymbs; calyx-tube
narrowly obconic, villose, the lobes narrow, acuminate, glandular-serrate, and covered
more or less thickly with pale hairs; stamens 20; anthers pale rose color; styles 4 or 5, usu-
480
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ally 5, surrounded at base by a broad ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening in October, on
long slender pubescent pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters, obovoid, rounded at the
ends, bright cherry-red, lustrous, marked by occasional large pale dots, about f ' long and
\' in diameter; calyx prominent, with linear glandular-serrate closely appressed lobes
often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thin, light yellow, juicy; nutlets 4 or usually
5, rounded, and deeply grooved on the back, dark brown, f long.
A tree, 25°-30° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, spreading branches forming a
broad symmetrical head, and slender branchlets light green and villose when they first ap-
pear with long matted pale hairs, dull red-brown and pubescent in their first season, be-
coming glabrous the following year, and armed with occasional thin nearly straight bright
chestnut-brown shining spines usually about 1|' long.
Distribution. Rich bottom-lands of the streams of Shannon County, southern Missouri.
85. Crataegus lanuginosa Sarg.
Leaves ovate to suborbicular, acute or rounded and short-pointed at apex, broadly
cuneate or rounded at the entire base, coarsely and sharply doubly serrate above with
glandular teeth, and often irregularly divided above the middle into short broad acute
Fig. 437
lateral lobes, less than half grown when the flowers open during the last week of April
and then dark green and villose above and covered below with a thick coat of hoary tomen-
tum, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark blue-green, lustrous and scabrate on the upper
surface, yellow-green and tomentose on the lower surface, l|'-2' long, and I'-l^' wide,
with a thick midrib, and 3-5 pairs of stout primary veins extending obliquely to the point
of the lobes; petioles stout, tomentose, |'-|' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
often broad-ovate, very coarsely glandular-serrate, rounded or truncate at base, and' fre-
quently 3' long and wide. Flowers f ' in diameter, on short stout pedicels covered with
long matted pale hairs, in compact many-flowered hoary-tomentose corymbs, with large
glandular-serrate conspicuous bracts and bractlets persistent until the flowers open; calyx-
tube broadly obconic, hairy, the lobes short, broad, acute, glandular with minute stipitate
glands, densely villose on the outer surface and slightly villose on the inner surface; sta-
mens 20; anthers rose color; styles 5, surrounded at base by large tufts of snow-white hairs.
Fruit ripening at the end of October, on short tomentose erect pedicels, in few-fruited clus-
ters, subglobose to short-oblong, rounded and slightly hairy at the ends, \' in diameter;
calyx enlarged, with villose coarsely serrate usually erect spreading or incurved persistent
lobes bright red on the upper side near the base; flesh thin, orange color, dry and mealy;
nutlets 5, thin, rounded and very irregularly ridged on the back, about \' long.
A tree, sometimes 25° high^ with a stout trunk covered with pale bark, spreading and
ROSACEA
481
erect branches, and stout zigzag branchlets light green and villose early in the season, dull
red-brown and sparingly villose or pubescent at the end of their first year, becoming dark
or light gray-brown, and armed with many long straight purple shining ultimately ashy
gray spines 1 j'-3^' in length.
Distribution. Southwestern Missouri; comnion near Webb City, Jasper County, to
Gum Springs, Clark County, Arkansas; well distinguished by the distinctly blue color of
the small leaves, the dark crimson hard fruits and by the remarkable development of the
spines unusual in the species of this group.
86. Crataegus amoldiana Sarg.
Leaves broad-ovate or rarely oval, acute, regularly divided above the middle into num-
erous short acute lobes, and coarsely doubly serrate with straight glandular teeth except
at the rounded truncate or occasionally cuneate base, coated with dense matted pale hairs
when they unfold, about half grown when the flowers open at the end of May or early in
June and then roughened above by stout stiff hairs and soft-pubescent below, and at ma-
turity thin, smooth, very dark green and lustrous above, paler below, and slightly villose
on the under side of the slender midrib, and of the thin prominent primary veins extending
Fig. 438
to the point of the lobes, 2'-3' long and wide; petioles slender, densely villose early in the
season, becoming puberulous, |'-1^' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots acute
or acuminate, round or obtusely cuneate at base, more deeply lobed, often 3'-4' long and
3' wide. Flowers about f ' in diameter, on slender pedicels, in broad many-flowered to-
mentose corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, densely tomentose, the lobes narrow,
elongated, acuminate, glandular-serrate, villose on both surfaces; stamens 10; anthers, large,
pale yellow; styles 3-5, usually 3 or 4, surrounded at base by a broad ring of thick hoary
tomentum. Fruit ripening about the middle of August and mostly falling before the first
of September, on stout pedicels, in erect spreading or rarely drooping few-fruited villose
clusters, subglobose but rather longer than broad, bright crimson marked by many large
pale dots, villose, particularly toward the ends, with long scattered white hairs, f long;
calyx little enlarged, with elongated coarsely glandular-serrate spreading lobes often de-
ciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thick, bright yellow, subacid; nutlets 3 or 4, light-
colored, prominently ridged on the back with a high rounded ridge, about j long.
A tree, 15°-20° high, with a short trunk 10'-12' in diameter, stout ascending branches
forming a broad open irregular head, and slender conspicuously zigzag branchlets clothed
early in the season with long matted pale hairs, becoming dark orange-brown and very
lustrous before midsummer, glabrous or puberulous during their first winter, bright orange-
48S
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
brown or gray-brown during their second yeax, and armed with many stout straight or
slightly curved bright chestnut-brown shining spines 2|'-3' long.
Distribution. Thickets on a dry bank in the Arnold Arboretum, valley of the Mystic
River at West Medford, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and near Lyme, New London
County, Connecticut.
Often cultivated in the parks and gardens in the neighborhood of Boston; very conspicu-
ous and easily recognized in winter by its ascending remarkably zigzag branchlets.
87. Crataegus champlainensis Sarg.
Leaves ovate, acute, rounded, truncate, slightly cordate or broad-cuneate at base,
usually divided into 2 or 3 pairs of short narrow acute lobes, and coarsely often doubly
serrate with glandular teeth, roughened above by short pale hairs and villose below when
they unfold, nearly fully grown when the flowers open early in June, and at maturity thick
and firm in texture, conspicuously blue-green and glabrous above, light yellow-green and
somewhat pubescent below on the slender midrib and remote primary veins, 2'-2^' louig.
Fig. 439
and V-lY wide; petioles slender, more or less tomentose early in the season, usually becom-
ing glabrous and light red below the middle before autumn, and f'-l' in length; leaves
at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, rounded or slightly cordate at base, more
deeply lobed, and often 3'-4' long and wide. Flowers f ' in diameter, on short slender
densely villose pedicels, in compact few-flowered densely villose corymbs; calyx-tube nar-
rowly obconic, coated with thick hoary tomentum, the lobes lanceolate, finely glandu-
lar-serrate, tomentose on the outer surface usually only below the middle, villose on
the inner surface; stamens 10; anthers small, light yellow; styles 5, surrounded at base
by tufts of pale hairs. Fruit ripening early in September and usually remaining on the
branches during the remainder of the year, on short slightly pubescent pedicels, in com-
pact erect villose clusters, obovoid to short-oblong, bright scarlet, marked by scat-
tered pale dots, more or less villose or pubescent toward the ends; calyx prominent, per-
sistent, with a long tube, the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, acuminate,
finely glandular-serrate, villose, dark red on the upper side below the middle, spreading or
erect; flesh thick, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 5, ridged on the back with a broad ridge,
A tree, 15°-20° high, with a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, covered with deeply fissured
bark separating into thin loose plate-like scales, stout wide-spreading branches forming a
broad round-topped often symmetrical head, and slender somewhat zigzag branchlets
coated early inthe season with hoary tomentum, soon becoming glabrous and light chest-
ROSACEiE
483
nut-brown and lustrous, and armed with straight or slightly curved chestnut-brown spines
U'-2' long.
Distribution. Limestone ridges; valley of the St. Lawrence River near Montreal,
Province of Quebec, southward through the Champlain valley to eastern New York and
westward through New York, and southern Ontario to the neighborhood of Toronto.
88. Crataegus pennsylvanica Ashe.
Leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded or abruptly cuneate at base, coarsely often doubly
serrate with straight glandular teeth, and slightly divided into 3 or 4 pairs of short broad
acuminate lobes, slightly ting«d with red when they unfold, more than half grown when
the flowers open the middle of May and then thin, dark yellow-green and roughened above
by short white hairs and villose on the prominent midrib and primary veins below, and at
maturity thin, dark yellow-green and scabrate on the upper surface, paler, scabrate and
still somewhat villose on the midrib and veins below, 2|'-3|' long, and 2'-2|' wide; petioles
slender, slightly wing-margined at apex, villose through the season, occasionally glandular.
Fig. 440
li'-l^' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots rounded or truncate at base, coarsely
serrate, more deeply lobed, and often 4'-4^' long and broad, with a stout midrib, promi-
nent primary veins, a conspicuously' glandular petiole, and large foliaceous lunate coarsely
glandular-serrate persistent stipules. Flowers f '-1' in diameter, on slender densely villose
pedicels in broad lax hairy mostly 8-15-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic,
covered with long white hairs, the lobes long, slender, acuminate, laciniately glandular-
serrate, glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface; stamens 8-12; anthers
faintly tinged with pink; styles 3-5. Fruit ripening and falling early in October, on short
stout drooping slightly hairy pedicels, in 4-12-fruited clusters, short-obovoid, full and
rounded at apex, bright orange-red marked by small pale dots, puberulous at the ends,
f'-l' in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with small spreading lobes dark red on the upper
side, their tips often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thick, orange-yellow, somewhat
acidulous, edible, sometimes made into jelly; nutlets 3-5, rounded at apex, acute at base,
rounded and slightly grooved or ridged on the back, about Y long.
A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a tall trunk often 18' in diameter, covered with dark
gray scaly bark, large spreading branches forming a wide symmetrical round-topped head,
and stout slightly zigzag branchlets dark orange-green and more or less tinged with red
when they first appear, becoming dark chestnut-brown, marked by large dark lenticels
and more or less pubescent in their first season, dark red-brown the following year, and
armed with stout straight or slightly curved chestnut-brown spines l'-l|' long.
Distributicm. Meadows in low moist soil near Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Penn-
sylvania.
484
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
89. Crataegus submollis Sarg.
Leaves ovate, acute, gradually narrowed and cuneate at the nearly entire base, coarsely
doubly serrate above with straight glandular teeth, and divided into 3 or 4 pairs of short
acute lobes, half grown at the end of May or early in June when the flowers open and then
roughened above by short stiff pale hairs and soft-pubescent below, particularly on the
midrib and veins, and at maturity thin, dark yellow-green and scabrate above, pale below,
3'-3|' long, and 2'-2|' wide, with a thick yellow midrib and remote primary veins puberulous
on the lower side; petioles stout, nearly terete, more or less winged at apex, tomentose
early in the season, becoming puberulous, often bright red toward the base, V-St' in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, cuneate, rounded, truncate, or occasionally
slightly cordate at base, often 4' long and 3'-3§' wide. Flowers 1' in diameter, on long
slender villose pedicels, in broad many-flowered tomentose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly
obconic, covered with a thick coat of long matted white hairs, the lobes gradually narrowed
from a broad base, acute, glandular with large red stipitate glands, glabrous or villose on
Fig. 441
the outer surface; stamens 10; anthers small, pale yellow; styles 3-5, surrounded at base
by a narrow ring of long white hairs. Fruit ripening and falling during the first half of
September, on elongated slender slightly villose pedicels, in broad gracefully drooping
many-fruited clusters, obovoid, bright orange-red, lustrous, marked by large scattered
pale dots, puberulous toward the base, about f long; calyx much enlarged, with erect
coarsely glandular-serrate persistent lobes; flesh yellow, thin, subacid, dry and mealy:
nutlets usually 5, rounded and slightly ridged on the back, about Y in length.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk occasionally a foot in diameter, ascending or
spreading ashy gray branches forming a broad handsome head, and branchlets dark green
and coated with hoary tomentum when they first appear, light or dark orange-brown and
slightly tomentose at midsummer, becoming glabrous, lustrous, and light red-brown or
dark orange-brown, and armed with numerous thin straight or somewhat curved bright
chestnut-brown shining spines 2^'-3' in length.
Distribution.'' Rich damp hillsides and the borders of woods and roads; valley of the
St. Lawrence River from the Isle of Orleans westward ; Hull County, Province of Quebec;
near Ottawa, Ontario; valley of the Penobscot River and Gerrish Island, Maine to thf
coast of eastern Massachusetts.
90. Crataegus Ellwangeriana Sarg.
Leaves oval, acute, rounded or broad-cuneate at the entire base, irregularly divided
usuaUy only above the middle into numerous short acute lobes, and coarsely and often
BOSACE^
485
doubly serrate above with straight or incurved glandular teeth, about half grown when
the flowers open the middle of May, and then roughened above by short pale hairs and
villose below on the slender midrib and primary veins, and at maturity thin, light green
and scabrate on the upper surface, pale and nearly glabrous on the lower surface, 2^'-3|'
long, and 2'-3' wide; petioles slender, villose early in the season, finally glabrous, H'-2' in
length; stipules oblong-obovate, acute, villose, coarsely glandular-serrate, §' long, those of
the upper leaves mostly persistent until after the ripening of the fruit. Flowers 1' in
diameter, on short stout hairy pedicels, in many-flowered densely villose corymbs; calyx-
tube broadly obconic, villose, the lobes long, lanceolate, glandular with small pale stalked
glands, villose on both surfaces; stamens 10, sometimes 8; anthers small, rose color; styles
3-5. Fruit ripening and falling at the end of September, on slender glabrous pedicels, in
drooping villose many-fruited crowded clusters, short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends,
bright crimson, lustrous, covered at the ends with scattered pale hairs, 1' long, and ^'-f ' in
diameter; calyx little enlarged, the lobes elongated, glandular-serrate above the middle,
Fig. 442
villose on the inner surface, spreading, or erect and incurved; flesh thin, yellow, juicy and
acid; nutlets 3-5, thick, pale brown, deeply and often doubly and irregularly grooved on
the back, j'-|' long.
A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a tall trunk often a foot in diameter, covered with
pale gray scaly bark, stout ascending branches forming a broad symmetrical head, and
slender zigzag branchlets dark green and clothed at first with long matted pale hairs, be-
coming in their first summer light chestnut-brown and slightly villose, dark chestnut-
brown and very lustrous in their second year, and armed with stout straight or somewhat
curved dark chestnut-brown shining spines l|'-2' long.
Distribution. Western New York (common) to western Pennsylvania, and through
southern Ontario to southern Michigan.
91. Crataegus Robesoniana Sarg.
Cratcegus sjnssiflora Sarg.
Leaves oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, rounded broadly cuneate or rarely
cordate at the entire base, sharply doubly serrate above with slender straight gland-tipped
teeth, and deeply divided into numerous broad acute or acuminate lateral lobes, villose
above and densely tomentose below when they unfold, about half grown when the flowers
open at the end of May and then roughened above by short rigid white hairs and pubescent
486
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
below on the midrib and veins, and at maturity dark yellow-green and scabrate on the
upper surface, glabrous on the lower surface, 3'-3§' long, and 2|'-3' wide, with a slender
midrib, and 4 or 5 pairs of prominent veins extending obliquely to the point of the lobes;
petioles slender, more or less wing-margined at apex, slightly grooved, sparingly glandular,
villose early in the season, becoming glabrous and rose color in the autumn, 1|'-1§' in
length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots cordate or rarely cuneate at base, deeply
lobed, often 4' long and 3^' wide, with a stout conspicuous glandular petiole. Flowers
I' in diameter, on short slender villose pedicels, in small very compact few, usually 4-6-
flowered, thin-branched villose corymbs, with oblong-obovate acuminate glandular bracts
and bractlets mostly deciduous before the flowers open; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, coated
with long matted white hairs, the lobes slender, acuminate, finely glandular-serrate, gla-
brous on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface; stamens 10; anthers dark rose
color; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening
at the end of September or early in October, on short reddish pubescent pedicels, in compact
drooping clusters, oblong-obovoid to short-oblong, scarlet, lustrous, marked by smaU pale
Fig. 443
dots, about f ' long, and Y in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with spreading sharply serrat€
lobes often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thick, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 4 or 5,
thin, acute at the ends, rounded or only slightly grooved on the back, about |' in length.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk often 1° in diameter, covered vnih. smooth pale gray
bark, and stout spreading' branches forming a round-topped head, and stout slightly zigzag
dark red-brown branchlets sparingly villose early in the season, soon glabrous, bright red-
brown, very lustrous and marked by small pale lenticels at the end of their first season,
becoming dark gray or gray-brown the following year, and armed with few stout spreading
bright chestnut-brown shining ultimately gray spines V-lY long.
Distribution. Western Massachusetts through central and western New York to the
neighborhood of Toronto, southern Ontario.
, 92. Crataegus anomala Sarg.
Leaves ovate, acute, divided above the middle into 5 or 6 pairs of short acute or acu-
minate lobes, and coarsely doubly serrate with spreading glandular teeth except toward
the broad-cuneate or occasionally rounded base, when they unfold conspicuously plicate,
covered above with short appressed pale hairs, and villose below, especially on the slender
midrib, and thin remote primary veins arching to the point of the lobes, about a third
grown when the flowers open at the end of May, and at maturity membranaceous, light
ROSACE.E
487
yellow-green, smooth and glabrous above, paler and villose below, 2^-3' long, and 2'-3'
wide; petiolesi^tout, glandular on the upper side with scattered dark glands, f '-1' in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots, rounded or truncate at base, and often 4'-4^' long and
2|'-3' wide. Flowers saucer-shaped, |' in diameter when fully expanded, on elongated
slender hairy pedicels, in broad loose many-flowered villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly
obconic, coated with long matted pale hairs, the lobes long, acuminate, coarsely glandular-
serrate, pubescent on the outer surface and tomentose on the inner surface; stamens usually
10, occasionally 7 or 8; anthers large, bright red; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at base by a
narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening in October, on long slender slightly pubes-
cent pedicels, in loose many-fruited sparingly villose clusters, obovoid to oblong, gradually
narrowed to the rounded base, crimson, lustrous, marked by large pale dots, slightly vil-
lose, particularly toward the full and rounded apex, |'-|' long, §'-§ ' in diameter; calyx large
and prominent, with elongated acuminate lobes abruptly narrowed from a broad base, dark
red on the upper side, tomentose on the lower, finely glandular-serrate, spreading or closely
Fig. 444
appressed, often deciduous before the ripening of the fruit; flesh thin, light yellow, some-
what juicy; nutlets 4 or 5, thin, prominently and irregularly ridged on the back, |'-i\' long.
■ A bushy tree, sometimes 20** high, with a short trunk 6' in diameter, covered with pale
gray-brown scaly bark, stout ascending branches, and slender somewhat zigzag branch-
lets at first dark green and villose with long matted white hairs, puberulous and light
orange-brown during their first season, becoming glabrous and orange-brown or bright red,
and armed with numerous stout straight or slightly curved bright chestnut-brown spines
li'-2' long.
Distribution. Low limestone ridges near the banks of the St. Lawrence River in the
Caughnawaga Indian Reservation opposite Lachine in the Province of Quebec; western
Vermont (Clarendon, Rutland County); Crown Point, Essex County, and Fort Ann,
Washington County, New York.
93. Crataegus noelensis Sarg.
Leaves ovate to oval, acute, acuminate or rarely rounded at apex, acutely or broadly
cuneate at base, and coarsely doubly serrate with straight teeth, covered above with short
white hairs and densely villose-pubescent below when they unfold, more than half grown
when the flowers open at the end of April, and at maturity dark yellow-green, smooth and
glabrous on the upper surface, villose-pubescent on the lower surface, 2'-3' long, and 1 j'-
2^' wide, with a prominent midrib and thin conspicuous primary veins; petioles slender,
slightly wing-margined at apex, hoary-tomentose early in the season, becoming glabrous,
488
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
l'-l|' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots ovate, acuminate, rounded or cuneate
at the broad base, more coarsely serrate, usually laterally lobed with short broad acuminate
lobes, 3'-4' long, and 2|'-3' wide. Flowers f to nearly 1' in diameter, on short pedicels
densely covered like the narrow obconic calyx-tube and the compact 5-10-flowered corymb
with long matted white hairs; calyx-lobes slender, long-acuminate, minutely glandular-
serrate, slightly villose; stamens 5-10, usually 10; anthers rose color; styles 3-5, surrounded
at base by a broad ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening in September, on slender droopy-
ing pubescent pedicels, subglobose, orange-red, ^'-f in diameter, the calyx prominent with
a short tube and spreading closely appressed lobes; flesh thin, soft and yellow; nutlets 3-5,
rounded at base, narrowed and rounded at apex, slightly grooved on the back, about \' long.
Fig. 445
A tree, 15°-18° high, with a trunk sometimes 1° in diameter, spreading branches forming
a broad flat or round-topped head, and stout zigzag branchlets coated when they first
appear with matted white hairs, reddish brown, pubescent or puberulous during their
first season and gray the following year, and armed with few or many slender straight
purple lustrous spines l'-2|' in length, sometimes persistent and compound on old trunks.
Distribution. Rich alluvial soil; in the neighborhood of Noel, McDonald County, and
Galena, Stone County, Missouri, and to Rogers, Benton County, Arkansas; common.
IX. COCCINEiE.
Flabellatce Sarg.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Stamens 20; leaves yellow-green and scabrate above.
Leaves ovate; anthers deep rose-purple; fruit obovoid to short-oblong, bright red,
often slightly pruinose. 94. C. neo-londinensis (A).
Leaves oblong-ovate; anthers pink; fruit obovoid, crimson, lustrous. 95. C. Hillii (A).
Stamens 10-20, usually 10; anthers pinkish purple, leaves broad-ovate, dull dark green and
scabrate above; fruit short-oblong to slightly obovoid, dull red or crimson.
96. C. assurgens (A).
Stamens usually 10.
Fruit on short stout pedicels; leaves yellow-green and glabrous above.
Leaves oval, drooping, conspicuously concave; anthers purple; fruit short-oblong,
dark dull red, villose at the ends. 97. C. Pringlei (A).
Leaves oval to oblong-ovate; anthers dark reddish purple; fruit short-oblong, crimson,
lustrous. 98. C. lobulata (A).
Fruit on long slender pedicels; leaves broad-ovate to obovate or rhombic, dark rich
ROSACEA
489
green and scabrate above; anthers rose color; fruit short-oblong, bright scarlet,
lustrous. 99. C. pedicellata (A).
Stamens usually 5-7, rarely 10.
Fruit obovoid to ellipsoidal; leaves oval or ovate, conspicuously yellow-green; anthers
dark reddish purple; fruit crimson, lustrous. 100. C. Holmesiana (A).
Fruit short-oblong; leaves oblong-ovate, deep yellow-green, nearly smooth above; an-
thers pink; fruit yellowish red, glaucous 101. C. accUvis (A).
Fruit subglobose to obovoid.
Leaves glabrous above; anthers dark rose color.
Leaves broad-ovate, thin, light yellow-green and lustrous above; fruit bright red or
scarlet. 102. C. delecta (A).
Leaves oblong-ovate, subcoriaceous, dark dull green; fruit bright cherry-red,
pruinose. 103. C. Eamesli (A).
Leaves scabrate above, oblong-ovate, thin, dark yellow-green; anthers pale rose
color; fruit crimson. 104. C. sertata (A).
94. Crataegus neo-londinensis Sarg.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded, truncate or broadly concave-cuneate at the
wide entire or glandular base, sharply often doubly serrate above with straight glandular
teeth, and divided into numerous short narrow acuminate lateral lobes, about half grown
Fig. 446
when the flowers open the middle of May and then very thin, light yellow-green and
roughened above by short white rigid hairs and paler and sparingly hairy below, and at
maturity membranaceous, dull yellow-green and scabrate on the upper surface, pale green
and glabrous below, or occasionally slightly hairy on the under side of the stout yellow
midrib, and of the thin remote primary veins arching to the point of the lobes, 3'-4' long,
and 2|'-3|' wide; petioles slender, nearly terete, glandular, at first slightly hairy, becoming
glabrous and purplish toward the base, l'-2' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
only slightly larger. Flowers I'-lf in diameter, on slender sparingly villose pedicels, in
lax slightly drooping usually 5-12-flowered villose or nearly glabrous corymbs, with linear
often slightly falcate glandular bracts and bractlets, persistent until after the flowers open;
calyx-tube narrowly obconic, covered with short matted pale hairs, the lobes gradually
narrowed from a broad base, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate below the middle, gla-
brous on the outer, villose on the inner surface; stamens 17-21, usually 20; anthers deep
rose-purple; styles 4 or 5, usually 5, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale tomentumk
490
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Fruit ripening and beginning to fall early in September, on stout villose or glabrous pedi-
cels, in large drooping few-fruited clusters, obovoid or short-oblong, bright red, often
slightly pruinose, marked by numerous minute pale dots, f'-f long, ^'-f in diameter;
calyx enlarged, prominent, with spreading or erect and incurved coarsely serrate persistent
lobes, their upper surface bright red below the middle and covered above with soft white
hairs; flesh thick, orange-yellow, soft, juicy and acidulous; nutlets 4 or 5, thin, narrowed
at the ends, acute at base, rounded at apex, rounded and sometimes broadly grooved on the
back, about ^^' long.
A tree, often 20° high, with a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, covered with light grayish
brown slightly fissured bark, large spreading and drooping branches forming an open head
often 20° across, and slender branchlets olive-green and slightly hairy when they first appear,
dull red-brown and marked by many large pale lenticels during their first season, becoming
light gray and rather lustrous, and armed with stout straight dark purple shining ulti-
mately gray spines often 2' long.
Distribution. Borders of woods near the shores of Fisher's Island Sound, Mumford's
Point, Groton, and near Lyme, New London County, Connecticut.
95. Crataegus Hillii Sarg.
Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, rounded or rarely cuneate at the broad entire base,
coarsely doubly serrate above with straight glandular teeth, and divided into numerous
short acuminate lateral lobes, when they unfold coated above with short lustrous white
Fig. 447
hairs and densely tomentose below, particularly on the midrib and veins, about one fourth
grown when the flowers open the middle of May and then roughened above by short hairs
and villose below, and at maturity thin, light yellow-green and scabrate on the upper sm*-
face, pale yellow-green on the lower siu-face, 2^'-3' long, and 2'-2^' wide, with a slender
midrib often slightly hairy near the base, and 4 or 5 pairs of thin primary veins extending
obliquely to the point of the lobes; petioles slender, densely villose early in the season,
slightly hairy in the autumn, and I'-lv' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
often truncate or slightly cordate at base, deeply lobed with broad triangular lobes, and
3^'-4' long and wide, with a stout rose-colored glandular petiole, and hairy lunate glandular-
serrate stipules. Flowers about f in diameter, on slender densely villose pedicels, in
broad many-flowered hairy compound corymbs, their large linear to oblong bracts and
bractlets occasionally persistent until midsummer; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, thickly
covered with long spreading white hairs, the lobes abruptly narrowed at base, broad
ROSACEA
491
acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the inner
surface; stamens 20; anthers pink; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of
pale tomentum. Fruit ripening from the middle to the end of September, on slender puber-
ulous pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters, obovoid, broad and rounded at apex, grad-
ually narrowed to the rounded base, crimson, lustrous, marked by small pale dots, 2'"!'
long, |'-|' in diameter; calyx only slightly enlarged, with closely appressed coarsely serrate
lobes often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh yellow, thin, acidulous, juicy; nutlets 4 or 5,
thin, gradually narrowed and acute at the ends, irregularly ridged and sometimes grooved
on the back, about f long.
A tree, 25°-30° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter and 6° or 7° long, cov-
ered with close light gray bark tinged with red and divided by shallow fissures into small
plates, stout ascending branches tormin;* r/i open irregular often round-topped head, and
slender nearly straight branchlets densely villose whrzl they first appear, dark orange color
tinged with red and sparingly villose whr:' the flowers open, becoming bright red-brown
and lustrous at the end of their first season and dark dull reddish brown the following year,
and sparingly armed with slender nearly straight red-brown shining spines l|'-2' long.
Distribution. Open woods near the bca*ders of streams in moist rich soil; northeastern
Illinois, (Thatcher's Park, Glendon Park, and River Forest, Cook County) ; not common.
96. Crataegus assurgens Sarg.
Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, rounded or rarely cuneate at the wide entire base,
sharply doubly serrate above with straight gland-tipped teeth, and slightly divided,
into 3 or 4 pairs of small acuminate lobes, about one third grown when the flowers open
Fig. 448
the middle of May and then roughened above by short white hairs and glabrous or spar-
ingly villose below, with persistent hairs on the slender yellow midrib, and on the veins
arching obliquely to the point of the lobes, and at maturity membranaceous, dull dark
green and scabrate on the upper surface, light yellow-green on the lower siu-face, 2|'-3§'
long, and 2|'-2f' wide; petioles slender, villose early in the season, becoming pubescent
V-lY in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often deeply lobed, coarsely serrate
sometimes 4' long and wide, with long stout glandular petioles and foliaceous lunate acu
minate coarsely glandular-serrate persistent stipules. Flowers f '-f ' in diameter, on shor^
villose pedicels, in compact 8-15-flowered hairy corymbs, with oblong, acuminate, glandu-
lar bracts and bractlets, deciduous with the opening of the flowers; calyx-tube narrowly
obconic, sparingly villose, the lobes long, narrow, acuminate, tipped with minute red
492
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
glands, finely glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer, pubescent on the inner surface; stiK
mens 10-20, usually 10; anthers pinkish purple; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at base by tufts
of pale hairs. Fruit ripening from the 15th to the 20th of September, and usually falling
about the 1st of October, on short glabrous pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters,
short-oblong to slightly obovoid, dull red to crimson, ^'-f long, about |' wide; calyx
sessile, with spreading closely appressed serrate usually persistent lobes; flesh thin, pale
yellow or nearly white, acidulous; nutlets 4 or 5, broad, narrow and acute at the ends,
prominently ridged on the back with a high narrow ridge, or often grooved, about Y long.
A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk 2'-6' in diameter and often 6°-9° long, covered
with close dark gray bark, ascending branches forming an oblong, open head, and slender
branchlets light orange-yellow and covered when they first appear with long scattered
caducous white hairs, becoming bright red-brown and lustrous, and dark gray-brown the
following year, and armed with many stout usually slightly curved bright red-brown
shining spines, I'-l^' long.
Distribution. River banks and low woods in rich soil; northeastern Illinois (Ley den
township. La Grange, Thatcher's Park, Cook County, Highland Park, Deerfield, Wau-
conda, Lake County); Fox Point, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.
97. CrataBgus Pringlei Sarg.
Leaves oval, acute, rounded or often abruptly narrowed and cuneate at base, occasion-
ally irregularly lobed above the middle with short broad acute lobes, and coarsely and often
doubly serrate with glandular teeth, as they unfold villose on both surfaces, and often
Fig. 449
more or less tinged with red, when the flowers open, usually in the last week of May,
roughened above by short closely appressed pale hairs and glabrous below with the excep-
tion of a few hairs on the slender midrib and remote primary veins, and at maturity thin,
glabrous, and bright yellow-green on the upper surface, pale below, 2'-2^' long, and If '-2j'
wide, usually conspicuously concave by the gradual turning down of the blades from the
midrib to the margins, drooping on long thin slender glandular petioles at first villose,
ultimately glabrous, I'-lf in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots sometimes
truncate or slightly cordate at the base, and frequently 3' long and wide. Flowers about
J in diameter, on stout hairy pedicels, in many-flowered compound villose corymbs; calyx-
tube narrowly obconie, villose, particularly toward the base, the lobes narrow, acuminate,
coarsely glandular-serrate, villose on both surfaces or only on the inner surface; stamens
10, occasionally 5-10; anthers small, purple; styles 3-5, surrounded at the base by con-
ROSACEiE
493
spicuous tufts of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening and falling late in September or early in
October, on stout pedicels, in erect villose mostly few-fruited clusters, short-oblong, dark
dull red, marked by few dark dots, villose at the ends with long scattered pale hairs, f
long and f ' in diameter; calyx little enlarged, the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad
base, acuminate, glandular-serrate, often erect; flesh thick, yellow, dry and acid, with a
disagreeable flavor; nutlets 3-5, rounded and slightly ridged on the back, |' long.
A tree, occasionally 25° high, with a tall trunk 10'-12' in diameter, covered with thin bark
separating into large flakes broken into small loose dark red-brown scales, stout branches
forming a wide symmetrical head, and slightly zigzag branchlets at first dark green and
villose, soon becoming glabrous, chestnut-brown and lustrous, bright orange-brown during
their second year, and armed with thick straight or somewhat curved chestnut-brown
spines often 1^' long.
Distribution. Southern New Hampshire, through southern Vermont to western Mas-
sachusetts and eastern New York; through central and western New York and southern
Ontario to northeastern Ohio (Plymouth, Ashtabula County), the southern peninsula
of Michigan and northeastern Illinois.
98. Crataegus lobulata Sarg. Red Haw.
Leaves oval to oblong-ovate, acute at apex, broad-cuneate or rounded at the entire
base, sharply and often doubly serrate above with straight glandular teeth, and deeply
divided into numerous narrow acute or acuminate lobes spreading or pointing to the apex
Fig. 450
or to the base of the leaf, when they first appear and until after the opening of the flowers
during the last week in May covered above with short soft pale hairs and slightly pubescent
below on the slender midrib, and thin primary veins arching to the point of the lobes, and
at maturity thin, dark yellow-green and glabrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower
surface, with occasional short white hairs toward the base of the midrib, 2^ '-3^' long and
2'-2|' wide; petioles slender, nearly terete, at first tomentose, particularly at the base,
becoming pubescent or nearly glabrous and bright red, I'-l^' in length; leaves at the
end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, rounded or truncate at the broad base, divided into
numerous acuminate lateral lobes, often 3^'-4' long and 3'-3|' wide. Flowers f ' in di-
ameter, on elongated slender pedicels, in rather compact many-flowered tomentose cor-
ymbs, with linear-lanceolate glandular-serrate bright red bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube
broadly obconic, glabrous, or villose toward the base, dark red, the lobes gradually nar-
rowed from a broad base, glabrous, coarsely glandular-serrate with large dark red stipitate
glands; stamens usually 10, occasionally 5-10; anthers small, dark reddish purple; styles
494 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA •
3-5, sometimes surrounded at the base by a ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening and
falling early in October, on short stout pedicels, in erect compact tomentulose clusters,
short-oblong, somewhat flattened at the rounded ends, bright crimson, very lustrous,
marked by occasional small white dots, about f ' long and f ' in diameter; calyx little en-
larged, the lobes small, lanceolate, coarsely glandular-serrate, tomentose on the upper
surface, erect and incurved, persistent; flesh thick, yellow, sweet and juicy; nutlets 3-5,
thin, dark colored, ridged and often grooved on the back, I' long.
A tree, occasionally S5° high, with a straight trunk often a foot in diameter, covered
with dark red-brown fissured bark broken into small thick plate-like scales, stout gemerally
ascending branches forming an open usually narrow irregular head, and slender branchlets,
dark green and covered with matted pale hairs when they first appear, becoming bright
chestnut-brown and very lustrous during their first season, and light orange-brown the
following year, and armed with many stout nearly straight chestnut-brown spines rarely
more than 1' in length.
Distribution. Burlington, Chittenden County, Vermont, and southward through the
Champlain valley to Crown Point, Essex County and to the neighborhood of Albany,
New York; western Massachusetts to southern Connecticut (Stratford, Fairfield County);
common.
99. Crataegus pedicellata Sarg.
Leaves broad-ovate or occasionally obovate or rhombic, acute or acuminate, broad-
cuneate or rounded at the entire base, coarsely often doubly serrate above with spreading
glandular teeth, and divided above the middle into 4 or 5 pairs of short acute or acuminate
Fig. 451
lobes, nearly two thirds grown when the flowers open during the last week in May, and
then roughened above by short rigid pale hairs and glabrous below, and at maturity mem-
branaceous, dark rich green and scabrate on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface,
S'-4' long, and 2'-3' wide, with a slender midrib, and thin remote primary veins arching to
the point of the lobes; petioles slender, nearly terete, glandular with minute scattered
dark glands, at first villose, becoming glabrous, l^'-2^' in length; leaves at the end of
vigorous shoots sometimes truncate or slightly cordate at base, more deeply lobed, often
3'-4' long and 3' wide. Flowers Y in diameter, on long thin pedicels, in loose lax
many-flowered slightly villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes
broad, acute, very coarsely glandular-serrate; stamens usually 10; anthers rose color;
styles 5, surrounded at base by a conspicuous ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening and
falling during September, on long slender pedicels, in few-fruited drooping glabrous clus-
ROSACEA
495
ters, obovoid until nearly fully grown, becoming short-oblong when fully ripe, rounded at
the ends, bright scarlet, lustrous, marked by numerous small dark dots, f ' long, and 2'"!'
in diameter; calyx large and conspicuous, the lobes much enlarged, coarsely serrate, and
usually erect and incurved; flesh pale, thin, dry and mealy; nutlets 5, narrowed and acute
at the ends, rounded and deeply grooved on the back, about Y long.
A tree, 18°-20° high, with a tall trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, covered with close
red-brown scaly bark, long comparatively slender spreading or ascending branches
forming a handsome symmetrical head, and thin branchlets dark chestnut-brown and
slightly villose at first, becoming very lustrous and ashy gray in their second year, and
armed with straight or slightly curved shining chestnut-brown spines l^'-2' long.
Distribution. Central and western New York to western Pennsylvania (Allegheny and
Crawford counties), and to southern Ontario to the neighborhood of Toronto and London;
common; passing into var. gloriosa Sarg. diflFering in its rather larger flowers with pink
anthers, larger and more lustrous fruit often mammillate at base and ripening a few days
earlier and in its convex leaves. A tree, 20°-25° ^^high, with a trunk often 1° in diameter,
and a symmetrical round-topped head; Rochester, Monroe County, New York; not
common.
100. Crataegus Holmesiana Ashe.
Leaves oval or ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, rounded or broad-cuneate at base,
©oarsely doubly serrate above the middle with straight teeth tipped at first with promi-
nent dark red caducous glands, and usually divided into 3 or 4 pairs of short acute or acu-
Fig. 452
minate lateral lobes, when they unfold dark red, roughened by rigid pale hairs on the upper
surface, and glabrous or sometimes villose on the lower surface, scabrate above, pale yellow-
green and nearly half grown when the flowers open early in May, and at maturity thick
and firm, almost smooth, conspicuously yellow-green, usually about 2' long and If wide,
with a prominent midrib often bright red on the lower side toward the base, and 4-6 pairs
of slender primary veins arching to the point of the lobes; petioles slender, nearly terete,
glandular, glabrous or sometimes puberulous while young, I'-l^' in length; leaves at the
end of vigorous shoots often broad-ovate to oval, rounded, truncate or slightly cordate at
base, more coarsely serrate and more deeply lobed, and frequently 4' long and 3' wide.
Flowers cup-shaped, Y-¥ in diameter, on long slender glabrous pedicels, in loose
glabrous or rarely puberulous many-flowered corymbs, with oblanceolate or linear acute
glandular caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, more or
less deeply tinged with red, the lobes long, acuminate, glandular-serrate, or often nearly
496 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
entire; glabrous on the outer surface, villose-pubescent on the inner surface; stamens usually
5, sometimes 6-8; anthers large, dark reddish purple; styles usually 3, surrounded at base
by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening and falling early in September, on
long slender pedicels, in many-fruited drooping clusters, obovoid to ellipsoidal, crimson,
lustrous, marked by occasional small dark dots, about f long, and 5' in diameter; calyx
enlarged, conspicuous, with erect and incurved glandular-serrate lobes, bright red toward
the base on the upper side; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy, with a disagreeable flavor;
nutlets usually 3, light chestnut-brown, prominently grooved and ridged on the back with
a broad rounded ridge, about |' long.
A tree, often 30° high, with a tall straight trunk 10-15' in diameter, covered with pale
gray-brown or nearly white scaly bark, stout ascending branches forming an open irregular
rather compact head, and stout glabrous branchlets dark green more or less tinged with
red when they first appear, becoming bright chestnut-brown or orange-brown and lus-
trous, and ultimately ashy gray, and armed with occasional thick mostly straight bright
chestnut-brown shining spines l|'-2' long.
Distribution. Rich moist hillsides and the borders of streams and swamps, neighbor-
hood of Montreal and southern Ontario to the coast of southern Maine, central and western
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, western New York, and eastern Pennsylvania; most abund-
ant and of its largest size on the hills of Worcester County, Massachusetts. In Sellersville,
Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in a form of this species (var. villipes Ashe) the young
branchlets, petioles, and corymbs are often puberulous and the under surface of the leaves
more or less hairy, especially on the midrib and veins. Passing into var. tardipes Sarg. dif-
fering from the type in its darker green leaves somewhat rougher on the upper surface,
flowers often f ' in diameter on villose pedicels, and in the shorter slightly hairy pedicels
of the fruit ripening early in October.
A tree, in size, habit and bark similar to the species; southern Ontario (neighborhood of
Toronto, common, near London, bank of the St. Clair River below Sarnia and Walpole
Island, Lamberton County); Province of Quebec (Montreal, Caughnawaga, Isle Perrot,
St. Ann's and Hemmingford) ; central and western New York.
101. Crataegus acclivis Sarg.
Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, broad-cuneate or rounded at the entire base, coarsely
doubly serrate above with straight gland-tipped teeth, and deeply divided into numerous
wide-spreading acuminate lateral lobes, when they unfold tinged with red, densely villose
on the upper surface, pubescent on the midrib and veins below, about half grown when the
flowers open during the last week of May and then light yellow-green, slightly roughened
above by short white hairs and pubescent on the midrib and veins below, and at maturity
membranaceous, dark yellow-green and nearly smooth above, pale yellow-green and gla-
brous below, 2§'-3' long, and 2 -2|' wide, with a stout yellow midrib, and 5 or 6 pairs of
primary veins extending obliquely to the point of the lobes; petioles slender, slightly wing-
margined at apex, glandular with numerous small dark glands, densely villose early in the
season, becoming puberulous or glabrous in the autumn, l^'-2' in length; leaves at the end
of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, acuminate, cordate at the wide base, deeply divided into
wide acute lateral lobes, and often 4'-5' long and wide, with foliaceous, lunate, coarsely
glandular-serrate stipules, 1^' wide, and persistent throughout the season. Flowers f in
diameter, on slender densely villose pedicels, in broad lax many-flowered long-branched
hairy corymbs, their bracts lanceolate, glandular, large and conspicuous, persistent until
after the flowers open; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, covered with a thick coat of long
matted hairs, the lobes long slender, acuminate, serrate with occasional large gland-
tipped teeth, glabrous on the outer surface, slightly villose on the inner surface; stamens
usually 5; anthers pink; styles mostly 5. Fruit ripening the middle of September and soon
falling, on long slender slightly hairy pedicels, in many-fruited drooping clusters, short-
oblong, broad and rounded at the ends, yellowish red, glaucous, marked by occasional pale
dots, about I' long and f wide; calyx sessile, with usually erect enlarged coarsely serrate
II
II
ROSACEiE 497
lobes villose on the upper side and often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thick, yellow,
rather juicy; nutlets usually 5, narrow and acute at the ends, ridged with a high broad ridge,
or rounded and slightly groovsd on the back, about f ' long.
A tree, 25°-30° high, with a short trunk occasionally 4'-5' in diameter, covered with
smooth light gray bark, numerous erect branches forming an oblong open very irregular
Fig. 453
head, and stout slightly zigzag branchlets coated when they first appear with long matted
pale hairs, light red-brown and lustrous, marked by small pale lenticels, and pubescent at
the end of their first season, becoming dull red or orange-brown the following year, and
armed with stout straight or curved bright red-brown shining spines l|'-2' long.
Distribution. New York: near Albany, Albany County, steep banks of the gorge of
the Genesee River, Rochester, Monroe County, banks of the Niagara River, Niagara Falls,
Niagara County, and near Buffalo, Erie County; common.
102. Crataegus delecta Sarg.
Leaves broad-ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, rounded or broad-cuneate at the entire
base, sharply often doubly serrate above with straight glandular teeth, and divided usually
only above the middle into numerous short acuminate lateral lobes, when they unfold
tinged with red and covered with glistening white hairs more abundant below than above,
nearly half grown when the flowers open during the first half of May and then roughened
on the upper surface by short white hairs and glabrous or sparingly villose on the midrib
and veins below with scattered hairs sometimes persistent through the season, and at ma-
turity membranaceous, light yellow-green, lustrous and glabrous above, paler below, l^'-2'
long and wide, with a stout yellow midrib, and 6 or 7 pairs of slender primary veins arching
obliquely to the point of the lobes; turning purplish in the autumn before falling; petioles
slender, covered early in the season with matted pale hairs, becoming glabrous, slightly
glandular, often tinged with red below the middle, f'-l' in length; leaves at the end oi
vigorous shoots sometimes long-pointed at apex and slightly cordate at base, more deeply
lobed and more coarsely serrate, and often 3'-4' long and wide. Flowers f'-l' in diameter,
on long slender slightly hairy pedicels, in broad villose 10-15-flowered sparingly villose
corymbs, with glandular caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic, villose
or nearly glabrous, the lobes acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer
surface, villose on the inner surface; stamens 5-10, usually 5; anthers dark rose color;
styles 3-5, usually 5. Fruit ripening from the first to the middle of September and soon
falling on stout glabrous pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters, subglobose to slightly
498
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
obovoid, bright red or scarlet, becoming purple when fully ripe, ^'-f long, and f '- 1' in
diameter; calyx prominent, with erect and incurved coarsely serrate lobes; flesh thick,
yellow, juicy, mildly acid and edible; nutlets 3-5, usually 5, narrowed and acute at the ends,
rounded and very irregularly ridged on the back, j'-re' long.
A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a trunk rarely 1° in diameter and 6°-9° long, covered
with light gray slightly fissured smooth bark, spreading or ascending branches forming ap
Fig. 454
oblong open head, and slender branchlets at first slightly villose, becoming glabrous, dull
red, and ultimately gray or olive-gray, and armed with stout nearly straight spines much
thickened below the middle, dark chestnut-brown and lustrous, becoming dull brown or
gray, and usually l'-2' long.
Distribution. Pastures, open woods or their borders; northeastern Illinois (Lockport,
"Will County, Wauconda, Fort Sheridan, Deerfield, Lake Forest, Highland Park, Lake
County).
103. Crataegus Eamesii Sarg.
Leaves oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, concave-cuneate or rounded at the entire or
glandular base, sharply often doubly serrate above with straight glandular teeth, and di-
vided into numerous short acute lateral lobes, about half grown when the flowers open the
middle of May, and then membranaceous, light yellow-green and roughened above by
short rigid white hairs and pale and glabrous below with the exception of a few hairs on the
midrib, and slender primary veins arching to the point of the lobes, and at maturity sub-
coriaceous, glabrous, dark rather dull green and smooth above, pale yellow-green below,
3'-3^' long, and 2'-2^' wide; petioles slender, wing-margined above, villose at first, becom-
ing glabrous, I'-l^' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots usually rounded or trun-
cate at the broad base, more deeply lobed, often 3^'-4' long and 3^' wide. Flowers about f '
in diameter, on slender slightly hairy pedicels, in crowded compact 5-25, usually 15-18-
flowered sparingly villose corymbs, with linear-obovate coarsely glandular reddish bracts
and bractlets, mostly deciduous before the flowers open; calyx narrowly obconic, glabrous,
the lobes long, slender, glandular with large bright red stipitate glands, glabrous on the
outer, slightly villose on the inner surface; stamens 5-10, usually 5-8; anthers deep rose-
purple; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale pubescence. Fruit ripen-
ing early in September and soon falling, on stout glabrous pedicels, in large many-fruited
droophig clusters, short-oblong to slightly ovoid, rounded at the ends, bright cherry-
red, lustrous, pruinose, marked by few large dark dots, f '-|' long, and about 5' in diame-
UOSACILE
499
ter; calyx only slightly enlarged, the lobes erect and incurved, coarsely serrate, dark red
on the upper side below the middle, their tips deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thick,
pale yellow, juicy; nutlets 4 or 5, narrow at the ends, irregularly ridged often with a high
broad ridge, and sometimes grooved on the back, about Y long.
A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, ascending branches forming
a narrow open head, and stout glabrous branchlets bright reddish brown and rather lus-
Fig. 455
trous during their first season, becoming light gray slightly tinged with red in their second
year, and armed with stout straight or slightly curved spines I'-l^' long; or occasionally
shrubby, with a short trunk divided near the ground into several spreading stems.
Distribution. Rich moist ground, Stratford, Fairfield County (E. H. Eames), and
Ansonia, New Haven County, Connecticut (E. B. Harger).
104. Crataegus sertata Sarg.
Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, rounded, truncate, subcordate or rarely cuneate at
the broad base, finely and often doubly serrate with straight gland-tipped teeth, and
deeply divided into 5 or 6 pairs of wide acuminate lobes, when they unfold coated above
with short pale hairs and villose below on the midrib and veins, about half grown and vil-
lose when the flowers open during the first half of May, and at maturity membranaceous,
dark yellow-green and scabrate on the upper surface, pale yellow-green and glabrous on
the lower surface, 2^'-3' long, and l^'-2' wide, with a thin yellow midrib, and slender
primary veins arching obliquely to the point of the lobes; petioles slender, slightly grooved,
villose early in the season, ultimately glabrous, sparingly glandular, l|'-3' in length; leaves
at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, rounded or slightly cordate at base, often 3' long
and 2|' wide. Flowers |'-1' in diameter, on slender pedicels, in broad 10-15-flowered
densely villose corymbs, with linear to linear-obovate glandular large and conspicuous
caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous above, villose below,
the lobes abruptly narrowed from the base, broad, acuminate, tipped with small red glands,
coarsely glandular-serrate, glabrate on the outer surface, pubescent on the inner surface;
stamens 5-10, usually 5; anthers pale rose color; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by tufts of
pale hairs. Fruit ripening about the middle of September and soon falling, on slender
villose or pubescent pedicels, in drooping many-fruited clusters, subglobose to slightly
obovoid, rounded at the ends, bright red and lustrous, becoming darker or crimson when
fully ripe, marked by occasional large pale dots, about ^' long and wide; calyx prominent,
with enlarged mostly erect incurved serrate lobes; flesh thin, yellow, aromatic, pleasantly
500
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
acid; nutlets 3-5, usually 4, thin, narrow and acute at the ends, slightly ridged on the back
with a wide or narrow ridge, f ' long.
A tree, 10°-20° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter and often 4°-5° long, covered with
close dark gray bark separating into long narrow thin plate-like scales, stout spreading
branches forming a handsome open head, and slender nearly straight branchlets thickly
coated when they first appear with matted pale hairs, light brown and lustrous at the end
Fig. 456
of their first season, and dark gray-brown the following year, and unarmed or armed with
stout nearly straight or curved spines l'-2|' long.
Distribution. Open woods and pastures in rich moist soil; northeastern Illinois (Mo-
kena. Will County, Glenellyn, Dupage County, Barrington, Glendon Park, Cook Countyi
Highland Park, Lake Zurich, Lake County) ; Fox Point, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.
X. DILATATiE.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Flowers in broad 6-12-flowered corymbs.
Leaves broad-ovate; fruit bright scarlet. 105. C. dilatata (A).
Leaves nearly orbicular to oval; fruit dull red blotched with green, or orange-red.
106. C. suborbiculata (A).
Leaves ovate to slightly obovate; fruit crimson, pruinose. 107. C. hudsonica (A).
Flowers in very compact 5-7-flowered corymbs; leaves broad-ovate; fruit usually broader
than high, much flattened at the ends, dark crimson, very lustrous.
108. C. coccinioides (A).
105. Crataegus dilatata Sarg.
Leaves broad-ovate, acute, truncate, cordate or slightly rounded at the broad base,
coarsely and generally doubly and irregularly serrate above with straight teeth tipped
with large dark glands, unequally lobed usually with 2 or 3 pairs of acute or acuminate
lateral lobes, about one third grown when the flowers open at the end of May, and then
light yellow-green, conspicuously plicate, roughened on the upper surface with short stiff
white hairs and glabrous on the lower surface, and at maturity smooth and glabrous, dark
green above, pale below, 2'-2^' long, and almost as wide as long, with a slender midrib
and 4 or 5 pairs of thin primary veins; petioles slender, somewhat glandular, at first villose,
soon glabrous, often dark red toward the base after midsummer, l'-2' in length; leaves at
i
ROSACEA
50i
the end of vigorous shoots often 4'-5' long, and frequently rather broader than long. Flow-
ers I'-li' in diameter, on slender elongated hairy pedicels, in broad, loose, usually 8-12-
flowered slightly villose corymbs, with lanceolate bracts and bractlets glandular like the
inner bud-scales with dark red glands; calyx-tube broadly obconic, covered toward the
base with matted pale hairs, nearly glabrous above, the lobes broad, acuminate, coarsely
glandular with large scattered red glands, glabrous on the outer surface and generally
slightly villose on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers large, rose color; styles usually 5,
surrounded at base by small tufts of white hairs. Fruit ripening and falling early in Sep-
tember, on slender pedicels, in many-fruited drooping clusters, subglobose, bright scarlet,
marked by numerous small dark dots, about f in diameter; the calyx much enlarged, with
Fig. 457
spreading coarsely serrate lobes bright red on the upper side toward the base; flesh thin,
sweet and yellow; nutlets 5, thin, rounded and prominently ridged on the back, about Y
long.
A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a tall straight trunk, covered with light gray-brown
scaly bark, branches spreading into a wide round-topped synmietrical head, and short
glabrous slightly zigzag branchlets armed with few stout straight light brown shining
spines l'-2' long.
Distribution. Eastern Massachusetts, coast of Rhode Island, western Vermont, in the
neighborhood of Albany, New York, and near Montreal, Province of Quebec.
106. Crataegus suborbiculata Sarg.
Leaves nearly orbicular to oval or rarely to oblong, short-pointed at apex, broad and
rounded or broad-cuneate at the entire base, sharply doubly serrate above with slender
straight or incurved glandular teeth, and often divided above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of
short acute lobes, when they unfold pale yellow-green and somewhat villose on the upper
surface toward the base and below in the axils of the principal veins, about a third grown
when the flowers open during the first week of June, and at maturity thin and firm in tex-
ture, dull dark green above, paler below, usually about 1|' long and broad, with a slender
midrib and 4 or 5 pairs of thin primary veins; petioles slender, slightly glandular, more or
less winged above, f '-1' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots nearly orbicular to
oval, more coarsely serrate and more deeply lobed, and frequently S' long and wide, their
petioles often broadly winged and conspicuously glandular. Flowers f ' in diameter, on
short stout pedicels, in compact 6-12-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx broadly obconic,
the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, long, acuminate, entire or occasionally
oO^
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
obscurely denticulate; stamens 20; anthers small, rose color; styles 5, surrounded at base
by a broad ring of hoary tomentum. Fruit falling in October without becoming mellow,
on short rigid pedicels, in few-fruited erect clusters, subglobose, often rather longer than
broad, about f ' in diameter, dull red more or less blotched with green, or often wholly
green on one face, or scarlet in one form; calyx enlarged, prominent, with a broad deep
Fig. 458
cavity and nearly entire wide-spreading lobes; flesh yellow, thin, dry and hard; nutlets 5,
broad and thick, narrow and rounded at the ends, obscurely and unequally grooved on
the back, about |' long.
A tree, rarely more than 15°-20° high, with a well-developed trunk 5'-6' in diameter,
stout spreading branches forming a broad low flat-topped head, and stout branchlets
orange-brown in their flrst season, becoming dark gray-brown the following year, and
armed with thick straight or slightly curved bright chestnut-brown shining spines l'-2'
in length.
Distribution. Low limestone ridges opposite Lachine near the south bank of the
St. Lawrence River, and on the Island of Montreal, Province of Quebec; near Cornwall,
Ontario.
107. Crataegus hudsonica Sarg.
Leaves ovate or slightly obovate, acute, gradually and abruptly narrowed and mostly
concave-cuneate at the entire base, sharply and often doubly serrate above with straight
or incurved glandular teeth, and frequently slightly divided above the middle into short
acute lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the end of May, and then thin,
light yellow-green, smooth and glabrous above with the exception of a few short white
scattered hairs on the midrib, and pale and glabrous below, and at maturity thin and firm
in texture, glabrous, 2'-2|' long, and l|'-lj' wide, with a slender yellow midrib, and
5 or 6 pairs of thin primary veins extending obliquely to the point of the lobes; petioles
slender, wing-margined above, glandular, at first slightly hairy, becoming glabrous and
rose color toward the base, f '-1' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate
to suborbicular, full and rounded or broad-cuneate at the wide base, deeply divided into
broad lateral lobes, and 2'-3' long and wide. Flowers about f ' in diameter, on long slender
pedicels, in broad usually 10-12-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic,
glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, acuminate, glandular-serrate
often only below the middle, glabrous on the outer surface, slightly hairy on the inner sur-
face; stamens 20; anthers rose color; styles 3-5. Fruit rii)ening early in September, in
ROSACEA
503
few-fruited drooping clusters, subglobose, crimson, pruinose, marked by numerous pale
dots, about f ' in diameter; calyx enlarged, with a deep broad cavity, and closely appressed
serrate lobes villose on the upper side; flesh thick, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5,
rounded at base and narrowed and rounded at apex, rounded and sometimes ridged on the
back with a high rounded ridge, about /§' long.
Fig. 459
A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, covered with pale scaly
bark, heavy ascending and spreading branches forming a broad open head, and stout
ascending glabrous branchlets dark orange color when they first appear and light orange-
brown and lustrous during their first winter, and armed with numerous slender straight or
slightly curved bright red-brown shining spines l|'-2' long; sometimes a broad bush, with
numerous stout spreading stems.
Distribution. Rolling hills in the valley of the Hudson River, near Albany, Albany
County, New York.
108. Crataegus coccinioides Ashe.
LeaTes broad-ovate, acute, full and rounded or truncate at base, sharply and often doubly
serrate with straight glandular teeth, and divided above the middle into short acute
lobes, as they unfold conspicuously plicate, very lustrous, yellow-green, and villose on the
lower side of the midrib with a few short pale hairs usually persistent during the season,
about half grown when the flowers open early in May, and at maturity thin and firm in
texture, rather rigid, dull dark green and smooth on the upper surface, pale on the lower
surface, 2^'-3' long, and 2'-2^' wide, with a thin pale yellow midrib deeply impressed
above and often bright red toward the base after midsummer, and slender primary veins
arching to the point of the lobes; turning late in October gradually bright orange and
scarlet; petioles glandular on the upper side with minute-stalked dark red glands, at first
villose, soon glabrous, often bright red or pink toward the base, f'-l' in length; leaves at
the end of vigorous shoots more or less cordate at base and usually 3^'-4' long and wide.
Flowers f ' in diameter, in very compact 5-7-flowered glabrous or slightly villose corymbs,
with coarsely serrate oblong-obovate acute bracts and bractlets, conspicuously glandular
with large bright red glands; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes gradually nar-
rowed from a broad base, acute and coarsely glandular-serrate; stamens 20; anthers large,
deep rose color; styles 5, surrounded at base by a ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening
early in October and falling gradually during a month or six weeks, on stout pedicels, in
few-fruited compact erect clusters, subglobose, much flattened at the ends, often obscurely
504 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
angled, dark crimson, very lustrous, marked by numerous large pale dots, f ' long, and j
wide; calyx much enlarged and conspicuous, with spreading or erect lobes bright red on
the upper side near the base; flesh thick, firm, subacid, more or less deeply tinged with red;
nutlets 5, comparatively small, light-colored, narrow at the ends, acute at apex, rounded
at base, rounded and slightly ridged on the back, about Y long.
A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a stem 8'-10' in diameter, covered with dark brown
scaly bark, stout spreading light gray branches forming a broad handsome head, and stout
nearly straight glabrous bright chestnut-brown very lustrous branchlets armed with thick
dark reddish purple shining spines l§'-2' long.
Distribution. Dry woods in the neighborhood of St. Louis, to southwestern Missouri
and to Farmington, Washington County, Arkansas, in eastern Kansas.
XL ROTUNDIFOLIffi.
CoccinecB Sarg.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Stamens 10; leaves coriaceous.
Leaves elliptic or obovate; fruit subglobose, dark crimson; anthers pale yellow.
109. C. rotundifolia (A).
Leaves elliptic or ovate; fruit short-oblong to oblong-obovoid, bright carmine-red;
anthers rose color. 110. C. Jonesae (A).
Stamens 20; leaves subcoriaceous, rhombic to oblong-obovate; fruit short-oblong to sub-
globose, dark dull red or rusty orange-red; anthers pale yellow.
111. C. Margaretta (A, C).
109. Crataegus rotundifolia Mcen.
Cratcegus coccinea var. rotundifolia Sarg.
Leaves elliptic or obovate, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed from above the mid-
dle to the cuneate entire base, finely and often doubly serrate above with incurved or
straight teeth tipped with minute dark glands, and divided above the middle into several
short acute lateral lobes, about half grown when the flowers open at the end of May, and
then thin, light yellow-green and glabrous, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green, smooth
•and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, \\'-^' long, and I'-l^' wide,
ROSACEA
505
with a thin midrib, and 4 or 5 pairs of primary veins extending to the point of the lobes;
petioles slender, glandular, slightly winged at apex, glabrous, often dark red toward the
base, I'-l' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots oblong-ovate, oval or often nearly
orbicular, more deeply lobed, and frequently 2^-3' long and wide. Flowers ^'-f ' in diam-
eter, on slender pedicels, in broad loose many-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube
Fig. 461
broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, acute, coarsely
glandular-serrate, glabrous, often bright red toward the apex; stamens 10; anthers small,
pale yellow; styles 3 or 4. Fruit ripening and falling late in October, on short stout pedicels,
in drooping many-fruited glabrous clusters, subglobose but occasionally rather longer than
broad, dark crimson, marked by scattered dark dots, about |' in diameter; calyx enlarged,
conspicuous, the lobes bright red on the upper side toward the base, wide-spreading or erect;
flesh thin, yellow, dry and sweet; nutlets 3 or 4, rounded at the ends, about j' long.
A bushy tree, occasionally 20° high, with a short trunk 8'-10' in diameter, covered with
dark red-brown scaly bark, stout ascending branches forming a broad round-topped sym-
metrical head, and slender glabrous branchlets light green when they first appear, bright
red-brown and lustrous during their first year, and ultimately ashy gray, and armed with
many stout straight or slightly curved chestnut-brown shining spines l'-l|' long.
Distribution. Nova Scotia, southern Quebec and Ontario to Manitoba and Saskatche-
wan (Saskatoon), and southivard through New England, eastern and northern New York,
the southern peninsula of Michigan and northern Indiana; in Pennsylvania (Lackawanna,
Bucks, Northampton and Blair Counties); common in the New England coast region; a
form (var. pubera Sarg.) with young leaves covered above with soft pale hairs and pubes-
cent on the under side of the midrib and veins and villose petioles, flowers with a pubescent
calyx-tube, in villose corymbs, becoming pilose when the fruit ripens, and young branchlets
covered with long matted pale hairs, ranges from Newfoundland to the shores of Lake
St. John, Province of Quebec, northern Ontario, Winnepeg and Manitoba, and southward
through the maritime provinces of Canada, New England to southern Connecticut, north-
ern and western New York (near Buffalo, Erie County), the northern peninsula of Michi-
gan, northeastern Wisconsin ; in central Minnesota (St. Cloud, Stearns County) ; common
northward.
110. Crataegus Jonesae Sarg.
Leaves elliptic to ovate, acute, gradually narrowed or broad-cuneate at the entire
base, coarsely doubly serrate above with spreading or incurved teeth tipped with decidu-
506
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ous dark red glands, and usually divided above the middle into 2 or 3 pairs of short acute
or acuminate lobes, more than half grown when the flowers open during the first week of
June, and then membranaceous and coated with soft pale hairs most abundant on the under
side of the midrib and principal veins, and at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark green
and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and puberulous on the lower surface, 3'-4' long and
2'-3' wide, with a stout midrib, 4-6 pairs of primary veins and conspicuous secondary
veinlets; petioles stout, more or less winged toward the apex, villose, ultimately glabrous,
tinged with red below the middle, l|'-2' in length, after midsummer often twisted at base,
bringing the lower surface of the leaf to the light; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
usually more coarsely serrate and much more deeply lobed, with broadly winged petioles,
and falcate coarsely glandular-serrate stipules sometimes 1' in length. Flowers 1' in diam-
eter, on long slender pedicels, in broad loose lax many-flowered tomentose corymbs; calyx-
Fig. 462
tube narrowly obconic, tomentose, the lobes abruptly narrowed from a broad base, long,
acute, entire, villose; stamens 10; anthers large, rose color; styles 2, or generally 3, sur-
rounded at base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening usually early in
October, on slender elongated pedicels, in broad many-fruited drooping glabrous or puber-
ulous clusters, short-oblong to oblong-obovoid, rounded at the ends, bright carmine-red,
marked by occasional large dots, f '-1' long, and f ' in diameter; calyx conspicuous, with en-
larged and elongated closely appressed lobes; flesh thick, yellow, sweet and mealy; nutlets
3 or rarely 2, thick, narrowed and acute at base, full and broad at apex, rounded and
ridged on the back with a high broad ridge, about ■^^' long.
A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a tall trunk often a foot in diameter, covered with dark
brown scaly bark, ascending or spreading branches forming a broad open irregular head,
and stout branchlets tomentose early in the season, becoming orange-brown, glabrous and
very lustrous during their first summer, and light gray the following year, and armed with
stout straight or curved chestnut-brown shining spines 2'-3' long and usually pointed
toward the base of the branch.
Distribution. Rocky shores of sounds and bays; coast of Maine, Islesboro and Belfast
Bay to the island of Mount Desert (Waldo and Hancock Counties) ; in hedges, near Fred-
ericton, York County, New Brunswick; Riviere du Loup, Kamouraska County, Province
of Quebec (Brother Victorin).
111. Crataegus Margaretta Ashe.
Leaves broad-rhombic, oblong-obovate or rarely ovate, acute or rounded at apex,
gradually narrowed and usually entire below, coarsely often doubly crenately-serratt
ROSACEiE
507
above with usually glandless teeth, and divided above the middle or frequently only at
apex into short broad rounded or acute lobes; when the flowers open in May thin and
roughened above by short pale hairs and glabrous below, and at maturity firm and rather
leathery in texture, or subcoriaceous, glabrous, smooth, dark green and somewhat lustrous
on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, I'-lj' long, and 1' wide, with a yellow
midrib, and 3-5 pairs of primary veins extending obliquely to the point of the lobes; petioles
slender, often slightly winged toward the apex, glandular at first with minute dark red
caducous glands, |'-1' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate or semi-
orbicular, usually more deeply and more generally lobed, often 3' long and 2'-3' wide.
Flowers about f in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in 3-12-flowered thin-branched
slightly villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, slightly villose toward the base, or
glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from below, acuminate or short-pointed at apex,
finely and irregularly glandular-serrate, glabrous or villose on the inner surface; stamens
Fig. 463
usually 20; anthers small, light yellow; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at the base by a narrow
ring of pale tomentum, and villose below the middle with occasional long spreading hairs.
Fruit ripening and falling at the end of September, in few-fruited drooping clusters, short-
oblong, rounded at the ends, or subglobose and flattened at the ends, dull dark red or rusty
orange-red or rarely yellow, marked by occasional dark dots, and about §' long; calyx only
slightly enlarged, the lobes spreading or erect and frequently deciduous before the fruit
ripens; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, broad and rounded at base, acute
at apex, conspicuously grooved and ridged on the back with a broad rounded ridge, about
i'long.
A tree, occasionally 25° high, with a straight trunk 4'-6' in diameter, covered with thin
dark gray-brown bark, small rather erect branches forming a narrow open head, and slender
branchlets, orange-green, glabrous or sometimes pubescent when they first appear, becom-
ing bright chestnut-brown and lustrous, and ashy gray or gray tinged with red dm-ing their
second year, and armed with thin straight or slightly curved bright chestnut-brown spines
f '-ir long.^
Distribution. Central Iowa (Steamboat Rock, Harden County, Cedar Rapids, Linn
County), southward to Missouri (Hannibal, Marion County, Webster, St. Louis County to
the neighborhood of Springfield, Greene County), and eastward to northeastern Illinois
(Downers Grove, Dupage County) ; through north central Indiana to southern Michigan
(Kalamazoo and Ingham Counties) ; through central and southern Ohio to the southeastern
part of the state (Washington County) ; southeastern Ontario (London and Oakwood) ; in
central Tennessee (West Nashville, Davidson County).
508
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
XII. INTRICATE.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Stamens 10; leaves broad-ovate to oval.
Fruit depressed-globose, yellow-green flushed with russet-red; anthers pale yellow; calyx-
lobes eglandular. 112. C. Boyntonii (A, C).
Fruit subglobose, red or russet-red; anthers pale rose color; calyx-lobes glandular with
stalked glands. 113. C. Buckleyi (A).
Stamens 20,
Leaves oval to ovate or oblong-obovate; fruit short-oblong, dull red, often with a bright
russet face; stamens usually 5-15; anthers small, pale yellow. 114. C. venusta (C).
Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic or ovate; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, yellow or
orange-yellow, more or less flushed with red; anthers large, purple.
115. C. Sargentii (C).
112. Crataegus Boyntonii Bead!.
Leaves broad-ovate to oval, acute, rounded or cuneate at the entire glandular base,
sharply and often doubly serrate above with glandular teeth, and frequently divided into
2 or 3 pairs of short broad acute lateral lobes, when they unfold deep bronze-red, slightly
Fig. 464
glandular and viscid, nearly fully grown when the flowers open early in May, and then
membranaceous and glabrous or occasionaly slightly pilose, and at maturity subcoriaceous,
glabrous, yellow-green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, \'-9,\' long, and l'-2'
wide, with a thin pale yellow midrib and 4-7 pairs of slender veins; petioles stout, glandular
often to the base with bright red glands, slightly winged above, usually about Y in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often as broad as long, truncate or cordate at base, and
more coarsely dentate and more deeply lobed. Flowers about f in diameter, on short
slender pedicels, in compact 4-10-flowered compound corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic,
•the lobes abruptly narrowed from a broad base, acute or rounded at apex, entire or ob-
scurely and irregularly glandular-serrate above the middle; stamens 10; anthers large, pale
yellow; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a broad thick ring of hoary tomentum. Fruit
ripening and falling early in October, on short stout pedicels, in few-fruited erect clusters,
depressed-globose, more or less angled, yellow-green flushed with russet-red, marked with
small dark dots, usually about \' in diameter; calyx prominent, the large spreading lobes
ROSACEiE 509
often deciduous before the fruit ripens; nutlets 3-5, acute or acuminate at apex, rounded
at the narrow base, about j long.
A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a tall straight trunk 6'-8' in diameter, sometimes
armed with long gray compound spines, stout ascending branches forming a narrow open
irregular or occasionally a round-topped head, and glabrous branchlets furnished with
many thin nearly straight light chestnut-brown spines l^'-2' long; or more often a shrub,
with numerous stems.
Distribution. Banks of streams, the borders of fields and upland woods in the southern
Appalachian foothill region from southern Virginia to northern Georgia; in northern Ala-
bama, southeastern Kentucky, and eastern Tennessee; sometimes ascending to altitudes
of 3000° above the sea.
113. Crataegus Buckleyi Beadl.
Leaves broad-ovate or oval, acute, rounded or subcordate or narrowed and concave-
cuneate at the entire base, coarsely often doubly serrate above with straight glandular
teeth, and more or less incisely lobed with acuminate lateral lobes, more than half grown
Fig. 465
when the flowers open about the middle of May and then pale green and glabrous with the
exception of a few caducous hairs on the upper side of the base of the midrib, and at ma-
turity dark green above, paler below, l^'-2' long, and l|'-2' wide; petioles stout, conspicu-
ously glandular above the base, wing-margined at the apex, glabrous, i'-f in length.
Flowers about f ' in diameter, on slender glabrous pedicels, in compact 3-7-flowered simple
corymbs, with conspicuously glandular bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic,
glabrous, the lobes broad, acuminate, laciniately cut toward the apex, and glandular with
stipitate glands; stamens 10; anthers pale rose color; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by tufts
of pale hairs. Fruit ripening late in September or in October, subglobose, usually angled,
red or russet-red, about |' in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with spreading or reflexed
lobes; flesh thin, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, broad and rounded at base, rounded at the
slightly narrowed apex, prominently ridged on the back, with a broad grooved ridge,
about j%' long.
A tree, often 25° high, with a trunk 4'-7' in diameter and sometimes 10°-12° long,
covered with gray or often dark brown scaly bark, stout spreading or ascending branches,
and thick glabrous red-brown branchlets armed with thin straight shining spines ^' long,
becoming much longer and branched on the trunk and large branches.
Distribution. Southwestern Virginia, through western North Carolina to eastern
Tennessee; usually at altitudes between 2000° and 3000°; common on wooded slopes with
Oaks, Hickories, and Pines.
510
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
114. Crataegus venusta Beadl.
Leaves oval to ovate or occasionally to oblong-ovate, acute, gradually or abruptly nar-
rowed and cuneate or rounded at the entire base, finely serrate above with usually incurved
glandular teeth, and frequently slightly and irregularly divided above the middle into 1-3
pairs of short broad acute lobes, when they unfold dark bronze color, with a few scattered
pale caducous hairs on the upper surface, about half grown when the flowers open from the
20th to the end of April, and then yellow-green, smooth and glabrous, and at maturity
dark dull green above, pale below, 2^' long, and 1|' wide, with a stout midrib and 4-7 pairs
of thin primary veins; late in the autumn turning, especially those on leading shoots, deep
orange or scarlet; petioles stout, glandular, more or less winged above, i'-f in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots generally broad-ovate, rounded at base, deeply lobed
with broad lobes, and often 3|' long and 3' wide. Flowers 1' in diameter, on short
pedicels, in 4-9-flowered compact corymbs, their bracts and bractlets like the inner bud-
Fig. 466
scales coarsely glandular-serrate and bright red before falling; calyx-tube broadly obconie,
the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, acute, coarsely glandular-serrate often
only below the middle; stamens 15-20, usually 15-17; anthers small, pale yellow; styles
3-5, surrounded at the base by a ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening and falling from the
1st to the middle of October, on stout pedicels often 1' long, in few-fruited clusters, short-
oblong, rounded at the ends, dull red, often with a bright russet face, and marked by occa-
sional large dark dots; calyx prominent, with a long tube, and spreading lobes often decidu-
ous before the fruit ripens; flesh thick, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, narrow and
acute at base, broad, about j' long.
A bushy tree, often 25° high, with a short trunk a foot in diameter, furnished like the
large branches with innumerable stout much-branched spines frequently 6' long, and
slender nearly straight glabrous dark chestnut-brown branchlets, armed with many stout
straight or slightly curved dark chestnut-brown shining spines frequently pointing toward
the base of the branch, and 1^'-2|' long.
Distribution. Open Oak and Hickory-woods on the dry slopes of Red Mountain in the
southern part of the city of Birmingham, Jefferson County, Alabama.
115. Crataegus Sargentii Beadl.
Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic or rarely to ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, gradually
or abruptly cuneate or rounded at the nearly entire base, irregularly doubly serrate above
with straight or incurved glandular teeth, and usually irregularly divided into 3 or 4 pairs
i
ROSACEA
511
of short broad acute or acuminate lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open late in
April, and then subcoriaceous, pale yellow-green, and villose on the midrib with scattered
pale caducous hairs, and at maturity lustrous, dark yellow-green above, pale below, 2'-3'
long, and 1 Y-2' wide, with a thin midrib, 5-7 pairs of thin light yellow veins and conspicu-
ous reticulate veinlets; turning in the autumn bright yellow and red; petioles slender,
glandular, more or less broadly winged toward the apex, |'-f ' in length ; leaves at the end
of vigorous shoots oblong-ovate, concave-cuneate at base, often 3' long and 2' wide, their
petioles broadly wing-margined to below the middle. Flowers nearly 1' in diameter, on
long thin slightly villose pedicels, in 2-5 usually 3-flowered simple corymbs, with coarsely
glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous or slightly
villose, the lobes foliaceous, acute, coarsely glandular-serrate above the middle; stamens
20; anthers large, dark rose color; styles 3-5, usually 4, surrounded at base by a narrow
ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening and falling about the middle ol September, often only a
uingle fruit maturing from a flower-cluster, subglobose to short-oblong, rounded at the
Fig. 467
ends, yellow or orange-yellow, generally more or less flushed with red, marked by occasional
large dark dots, ^'-^' long; calyx prominent, with an elongated tube and closely appressed
lobes; flesh yellow, thin and hard; nutlets 3-5, usually 4, about j' long.
An intricately branched tree, rarely more than 20° high, with a tall trunk 6'-7' in diame-
ter, stout ascending branches forming a narrow or sometimes a round flat-topped head,
and glabrous branchlets armed with thin straight or slightly curved dark chestnut-brown
shining spines, |'-1|' long; often a large shrub, with few or many stems.
Distribution. Rocky woods and bluffs in the foothill region of northwestern Georgia
(cliffs of the Coosa River near Rome, Floyd County), southeastern Tennessee (near Chata-
nooga, Hamilton County, and Tracy City, Grundy County), and northeastern Alabama;
very abundant in Alabama at Valley Head, De Kalb County, and on the low ridges extend-
ing southward to the neighborhood of Birmingham, Jefferson County.
Xni. PULCHERRIMiE.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves oval to ovate or nearly orbicular, their lobes acute or rounded; fruit bright red.
116. C. opima (C).
Leaves ovate to oval or obovate, their lobes acute; fruit orange-red. 117. C. robur (C)
512
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
116. Crataegus opima Beadl.
Leaves oval to ovate or nearly orbicular, acute, gradually or abruptly natrowed and
cuneate at the entire base, finely serrate above with incurved teeth, and usually divided
above the middle into short acute, acuminate or rounded lobes, half grown when the
flowers open the middle of April, and then glabrous with the exception of a few short cadu-
cous hairs on the midrib and veins, and at maturity light green on the upper surface, pale
on the lower surface, 1^' long, and Ij wide, with a slender midrib, and 5 or 6 pairs of
arcuate primary veins spreading to the point of the lobes; petioles narrowly winged at
the apex, usually about f ' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots sometimes rounded
or nearly truncate at base and 1^'-2|' long and broad. Flowers about f ' in diameter, on
short slender pedicels, in compact few-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube broadly ob-
conic, glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, acute, entire or sparingly
glandular-serrate, tipped with dark red glands, glabrous on the outer surface, puberulous
on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers dark rose color; styles 3-5, surrounded at base
by a narrow ring of snowy white tomentum. Fruit ripening about the 1st of October and
Fig. 468
then remaining on the branches for several weeks, on short stout pedicels, in compact few-
fruited erect or drooping clusters, subglobose, often rather longer than broad, bright red,
about y in diameter; calyx prominent, with a well-developed tube, and much enlarged
closely appressed lobes often deciduous with the tube before the fruit becomes entirely
ripe; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, thin, |' long.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall, slender often spiny trunk covered with ashy gray bark
nearly black at the base of old trees, spreading and ascending branches forming a rounded
or oval usually open head, and thin nearly straight bright red-brown glabrous branchlets
becoming gray tinged with red or brown in their second season, and armed with thin
nearly straight bright chestnut-brown lustrous spines, I'-l^' long.
Distribution. Open woods in clay soil in the neighborhood of Greenville, Butler County,
Alabama; common near Tallahassee, Leon County, Florida.
117. Crataegus robiu: Beadl.
Leaves ovate, oval or obovate, acute or acuminate, entire or sparingly glandular below,
finely serrate above with incurved glandular teeth, and incisely lobed above the middle
with numerous short acute lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the end of
March, and then membranaceous and dark yellow-green and lustrous, and at maturity
ROSACEA
513
yellow-green, l^'-2' long, and l'-l|' wide, with a slender yellow midrib, and thin primary
veins extending very obliquely to the point of the lobes; turning in the autumn orange,
yellow, or brown; petioles slender, slightly wing-margined toward the apex, sparingly
glandular, ^'-1' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broadly ovate, cuneate or
nearly truncate at the wide base, deeply divided into broad lateral lobes, often 2'-3' long
and broad, with a stout broadly winged petiole frequently 1' long. Flowers li'-lj' in
diameter, on long slender pedicels, in 5-10-flowered glabrous corymbs, with large conspicu-
ously glandular bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes grad-
ually narrowed from a broad base, glabrous, entire or sparingly serrate; stamens 20; anthers
pale rose color; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripen-
ing in September and October, on elongated, slender pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clus-
ters, subglobose, orange-red, about |' in diameter; calyx-lobes deciduous before the matur-
ity of the fruit leaving a narrow ring round the shallow cavity; flesh thin and firm; nutlets
3-5, broad, rounded at the ends, barely grooved on the rounded back, /g' long and nearly
as broad.
Fig. 469
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk 4'-6' in diameter, covered with gray or brown scaly
bark, spreading or ascending branches, and slender red-brown branchlets unarmed or
armed with stout spines f '-1' long; more often a large much-branched shrub, with one or
more stems.
Distribution. Woods and borders of fields, northwestern Florida; common in the
neighborhood of Tallahassee, Leon County.
XTV. BRACTEATiE.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves oval to broad-obovate, subcoriaceous; corymbs many-flowered; stamens 10-20,
usually 20; fruit bright red or orange-red. 118. C. Harbisonii (C).
Leaves broad-ovate or rarely obovate, thin; corymbs 3-10-flowered; stamens 20; fruit
bright red. 119. C. Ashei (C)
118. Crataegus Harbisonii Bead!.
Leaves oval to broad-obovate, acute at apex, cuneate or rounded at the entire base,
and coarsely serrate above with straight glandular teeth, when they unfold roughened
above by stout, rigid pale hairs, and soft and pubescent below, nearly fully grown early in
514
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
May when the flowers open, and then thin, dark yellow-green above and pale below, and
at maturity subcoriaceous; pale on the lower surface, 2'-2^' long, and I'-l^' wide, with a
stout midrib and primary veins deeply impressed on the upper side of the leaf, and con-
spicuous reticulate veinlets; petioles stout, villose, more or less winged above, Y~¥ in
length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, cuneate and decurrent on their
stouter petiole, 3'-4' long, and 2|'-3' wide, with lunate coarsely glandular-dentate stipuk-
frequently ^ long. Flowers f in diameter, in broad loose usually 10-12-flowered corymbs,
with broad acute conspicuous glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly
obconic, densely villose at the base and glabrous or pubescent above, the lobes elongated,
gradually narrowed from a broad base, acute, bright green, more or less hairy, coarsely
glandular-serrate, with large stipitate dark red glands; stamens 10-20, usually 20; anthers
large, light yellow; styles 3-5. Fruit ripening and falling early in October, subglobose,
often rather longer than broad, bright red or orange-red, marked by numerous large dark
dots; calyx enlarged, with spreading glandular lobes often deciduous before the fruit ripensi
flesh yellow, thick, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, narrowed at the ends, 5' long.
Fig. 470
A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk 10'-12' in diameter, covered with light gray op
gray-brown bark, and often armed with straight or much-branched r^.pines, wide-spreading
light gray or reddish branches forming a rather open symmetrical head, and slender branch-
lets coated when they first appear with long spreading white hairs, pubescent or glabrous
and light red-brown or orange-brown during their first season, becoming dark or light gray
the following year, and furnished with numerous usually stout straight dark reddish brown
shining spines l|'-2' long.
Distribution. Dry limestone hills and ridges; West Nashville, Davidson County,
Tennessee; common.
119. Crataegus Ashei Bead!.
Leaves broad-ovate or occasionally obovate, acute and generally short-pointed at apex,
gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate and usually entire at base, coarsely and occa-
sionally doubly serrate above with straight or incurved teeth tipped with small dark glands,
when they unfold roughened on the upper surface with short pale hairs and pubescent
below, nearly fully grown and membranaceous when the flowers open early in May, and at
maturity thin but firm in texture, pale and puberulous on the lower surface on the slender
midrib and primary veins, about 2' long and lY wide; petioles stout, broadly winged above,
glandular, pubescent early in the season but ultimately nearly glabrous, about ^' in length;
ROSACEA
515
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots usually broadly oval or nearly orbicular, rounded or
short-pointed at apex, 2|'-3' long, and 2'-2|' wide. Flowers f in diameter, on slender
hairy pedicels, in 3-10-flowered simple or compound corymbs, with broad conspicuous
glandular bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic, thickly coated with long matted
reflexed white hairs, the lobes broad, acute, nearly glabrous on the outer surface, villose on
the inner surface, glandular with sm.ill stout stipi'':ate glands; stamens 20; anthers small,
yellow; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening and
falling late in September or early in October, on stout villose or glabrous pedicels, in few-
fruited clusters, subglobose or rather longer than broad, bright red, marked by large scat-
tered dots, more or less villose toward the ends, about 1' in diameter; calyx conspicuous,
with elongated coarsely glandular-serrate, erect incurved or reflexed lobes; flesh thick and
yellow; nutlets 3-5, thin, acute at the ends, Y long.
A tree, rarely more than 20° high, with a slender trunk covered with smooth light gray
or red-brown bark becoming fissured and scaly on old individuals, stout ascending branches
Fig. 471
forming a pyramidal or oval head, and slender branchlets coated when they first appeal
with long pale matted reflexed hairs, soon becoming nearly glabrous, lustrous, orange-
brown or reddish wn, and light gray or ^-^ray tinged with red during their second season,
and armed with straight or .Hghtly curved thin dark red-brown shining spines l'-l|' long.
Distribution. Abandoned fields, and woods, growing usually on clay soils; near Mont-
gomery, Montgomery County, and Gallion, Hale County, Alabama.
XV. FLAVJE.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Stamens 20.
Anthers pink or purple.
Corymbs usually 3-6-flowered.
Leaves elliptic to broad-ovate, yellow-green; fruit dark orange-brown.
120. C. flava (C).
Leaves ovate to obovate or orbicular, bright yellow-green; fruit obovoid, dark
orange color with a red cheek. 121 . C. visenda (C).
Leaves obovate or ovate, dark green; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, red or orange-
red. 122. C. ignava (C).
516 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Corymbs 1-5-flowered.
Leaves broad-obovate to nearly orbicular, bright green; fruit globose or depressed-
globose, bright red. 123. C. consanguinea.
Leaves obovate, bright green; fruit ellipsoidal to short-oblong, orange-red; anthers
pink. 124. C. tristis.
Anthers yellow {doubtful in 128, 133).
Leaves yellow-green.
Leaves 3-nerved.
Leaves obovate-cuneate, often 3-lobed at apex; fruit obovoid to subglobose,
bright orange-red and lustrous; corymbs tomentose. 125. C. ftoridana.
Leaves obovate; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, dull brownish yellow; corymbs
glabrous. 126. C. lacrimata.
Leaves with numerous primary veins.
Leaves thin.
Leaves scabrate above at maturity, obovate, rounded or abruptly shorts
pointed at apex; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, bright orange-red.
127. C. Ravenelii (C).
Leaves smooth above at maturity.
Leaves obovate to obovate-cuneiform; fruit subglobose, bright red.
128. C. senta (A).
Leaves obovate to oval or orbicular; fruit subglobose to ellipsoidal, orange-red
or red and orange. 129. C. annosa (C).
Leaves subcoriaceous.
Flowers in 3-5-flowered corymbs.
Leaves obovate; fruit globose or depressed-globose, orange-yellow with a
red cheek. 130. C. panda (C).
Leaves obovate to oblong-ovate, minutely serrate; fruit globose, red or
yellow. 131. C. Integra (C).
Flowers in 1 or 2-flowered corymbs; leaves spathulate; fruit obovoid, red.
132. C. recurva (C).
Leaves conspicuously blue-green, broad-ovate to orbicular; fruit subglobose to
short-oblong, Ught red, puberulous at the ends. 133. C. dispar (C).
Stamens 10; anthers yellow; leaves broad-obovate to oval or rhombic, dark yellow-green;
fruit subglobose, dull orange-red, often slightly villose at the ends. 134. C. aprica (C).
120. Crataegus flava Ait.
Leaves elliptic to broad-obovate, acute or rarely rounded at apex, gradually narrowed
and cuneate at the glandular base, and coarsely doubly serrate above with broad straight
or incurved teeth tipped with large dark red stipitate glands, when they unfold bronze
color, villose above with short pale caducous hairs most abundant near the base of the mid-
rib and pubescent below on the midrib and veins, about half grown when the flowers open
from the 10th to the 20th of April, and at maturity membranaceous, yellow-green, usually
about 2' long and 1^' wide, with a slender yellow midrib and 3 or 4 pairs of primary veins
usually puberulous on the under side and only slightly impressed above; petioles slender,
glandular, winged nearly to the base, generally more or less villose, after midsummer often
light red on the lower side, and about \' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots fre-
quently 3' long and 2' wide, and sometimes broad-ovate, 3-lobed or divided into 2 or 3 pairs
of lateral lobes, their petioles I'-l^' long, broadly winged and conspicuously glandular,
and foliaceous lunate or elliptic coarsely glandular-serrate stipules. Flowers about f ' in
diameter, on short slender pedicels, in few-flowered simple or compound slightly villose
compact corymbs, with lanceolate acute coarsely glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets;
calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes wide, acute, usually laciniately divided, very
glandular; stamens 20; anthers large, dark rose color. Fruit ripening early in October and
soon falling, in few-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends.
ROSACEiE
517
dark orange-brown, ^'-f ' long, and Y~¥ in diameter; calyx prominent, with a long narrow
tube, and enlarged closely appressed lobes often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh
thick, orange color, dry and mealy; nutlets 5, gradually narrowed and rounded at the ends,
ridged and deeply grooved on the back with a high narrow ridge, about ^ long.
Fig. 472
A tree, 15°-20° high, with a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, covered with thin dark brown
bark tinged with red and divided into narrow rounded ridges, stout ascending branches
forming an open and somewhat irregular head sometimes 20° across, and slender slightly
zigzag glabrous branchlets dark green deeply tinged with red when they first appear, be-
coming dull red-brown or orange-brown during their first season, darker the following year,
and ultimately dark gray-brown, and armed with thin nearly straight bright chestnut-
brown spines f '-Ij' long.
Distribution. Dry sandy soil on the sand hills of Summerville, near Augusta, Richmond
County, Georgia, and at River Junction, Gadsden County, Florida.
121. Crataegus visenda Beadl.
Leaves ovate, obovate, or orbicular, short-pointed and acute or occasionally broad and
rounded at apex, concave-cuneate and gradually narrowed at the mostly entire base, finely
Fig. 473
518 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
serrate above with rounded teeth, glandular with bright red glands, and divided above the
middle into short acute lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the end of March,
and then glabrous with the exception of a few short pale hairs on the two surfaces near the
base of the midrib, and at maturity thin and firm in texture, bright yellow-green and lus-
trous above, pale below, glabrous, !'-!§' long, and |'-1' wide, with a slender midrib, and
thin primary veins extending very obliquely to the point of the lobes; turning yellow, orange,
or brown in the autumn; petioles slender, broadly wing-margined above the middle, con-
spicuously glandular, sparingly villose early in the season, becoming nearly glabrous, §'-|'
in length. Flowers about f in diameter, on short villose pedicels, in simple 3-6-flowered
corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, hairy near the base with scattered pale hairs, gla-
brous above, the lobes broad, acuminate, glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer, pilose
on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers pale purple; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by
small tufts of white hairs. Fruit ripening and falling late in August and early in September,
on stout pedicels, usually in 1 or 2-fruited clusters, obovoid, dark orange-colored, with a
red cheek, |'-f' long, nearly |' in diameter; calyx enlarged, the lobes coarsely glandular-
serrate, puberulous on the upper surface, closely appressed; flesh soft and yellow; nutlets
3-5, obtuse and rounded at the ends, rounded and slightly ridged on the back, about f '
long.
A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a trunk 10'-12' in diameter, covered with dark gray or
brownish bark, crooked horizontal or ascending branches forming a broad irreglilar head,
and stout often contorted branchlets villose when they first appear, soon glabrous, dull
reddish brown to ashy gray, and armed with slender straight spines §'-f ' long.
Distribution. Sandy soil near Bristol, Liberty County, Florida.
122. Crataegus ignava Bead!.
Leaves obovate to ovate, acute, gradually narrowed from near the middle to the concave-
cuneate glandular base, sharply often doubly serrate above with glandular teeth, and usu-
ally divided toward the apex into short acute lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers
Fig. 474
open at the end of April, and then membranaceous, glabrous with the exception Oi a few
hairs on the midrib above and on the midrib and slender veins below, and at maturity sub-
coriaceous, bright green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and still hairy on the lower
surface, l|'-2' long, and I'-l^ wide; turning in the autumn yellow and brown sometimes
flushed with red; petioles slender, wing-margined at the apex, glandular, j'-^' in length.
Flowers about f ' in diameter, on slender glabrous pedicels, in 3-6-flowered simple corymbs,
with lanceolate conspicuously glandular reddish bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly
I
ROSACEA 519
obconic, glabrous, the lobes abruptly narrowed from the base, wide, glabrous, glandular
with dark red stipitate glands, and often coarsely serrate above the middle; stamens 20;
anthers large, dark rose color; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a ring of pale hairs. Fruit
ripening and falling at the end of September and early in October, on slender erect pedicels,
in few-fruited clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, orange-red, marked by numerous pale
dots, about f long; calyx enlarged and prominent, with spreading lobes often deciduous
from the ripe fruit; flesh thick and soft; nutlets 3-5, rounded at the ends, prominently but
irregularly ridged and grooved on the back, \' long.
A tree, sometimes 10°-12° high, with a slender trunk covered with ashy gray fissured
scaly bark often tinged with brown and frequently nearly black near the ground, stout
ascending branches, and slender zigzag glabrous branchlets bright red-brown during their
first season, becoming dark gray-brown, and armed with many very slender red-brown
lustrous ultimately ashy gray spines l'-l|' long.
Distribution. Northeastern Alabama; common on Lookout Mountain above Valley
Head and at CoUinsville, DeKalb County, and at Gadsden, Etowah County.
123. Crataegus consanguinea Beadl.
Leaves broad-obovate to nearly orbicular, occasionally oval or rhombic, acute and gen-
erally short-pointed at apex, gradually narrowed and concave-cuneate or sometimes
rounded at the entire base, finely and often doubly serrate with glandular teeth, and fre-
Fig. 475
quently irregularly divided above the middle into short acute lobes, nearly fully grown
when the flowers open at the end of March or early in April, and then very thin, blue-
green, slightly villose, especially on the midrib and veins, and at maturity thin, bright
green, glabrous with the exception of a few hairs on the under side of the slender midrib,
and thin primary veins extending very obliquely toward the end of the leaf, about 1' long,
and |'-|' wide; petioles slender, glandular, wing-margined above, villose early in the season,
becoming glabrous, 3'— |' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often l|'-2' long
and wide. Flowers f ' in diameter, on long slender hairy pedicels, in simple 1-5-flowered
corymbs, with oblanceolate acuminate bright red caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube
broadly obconic, sparingly hairy with long pale caducous hairs, the lobes gradually nar-
rowed from a broad base^ acute, glandular with minute bright red glands, glabrous; stamens
20; anthers small, deep rose color; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of short
pale hairs. Fruit ripening and falling about the middle of September, on slender glabrous
pedicels, often only a single fruit in a cluster developing, globose to depressed-globose,
bright red, marked by small dark dots, nearly |' in diameter; calyx prominent, with en-
520
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
larged appressed lobes; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, thick, narrowed and
rounded at base, broad and rounded at apex, ridged on the back with a broad low rounded
ridge, about /g' long.
A tree, often 20° high, with a tall trunk 6-8' in diameter, covered with nearly black
deeply furrowed bark broken into short thick closely appressed scales, wide-spreading
often pendulous branches forming a broad symmetrical handsome head, and slender
slightly zigzag branchlets covered when they first appear with pale caducous hairs, soon t
becoming bright red-brown and lustrous, and dull reddish brown in their second season,
and armed with short nearly straight gray or chestnut-brown spines ^'-f ' long.
Distribution. Dry upland Oak-woods in middle Florida from the neighborhood of Tal- |
lahassee, Leon County to the Apalachicola River; common in the neighborhood of River "
Junction, Gadsden County, and at Aspalaga, Liberty County.
124. Crataegus tristis Beadl.
Leaves obovate, acute, acuminate, or rounded and often more or less undulate-lobed at
the broad apex, gradually narrowed from above the middle and concave-cuneate at the
glandular base, and serrate above with blunt glandular teeth, about half grown when the
Fig. 476
flowers open at the end of April, and then slightly pilose on the upper and villose on the
lower surface on the thin midrib and in the axils of the slender veins extending obliquely to
the point of the lobes, and at maturity thin and firm in texture, bright green and glabrous,
1 j'-l^' long, and about f ' wide; turning in the autumn yellow, brown, and orange; petioles
slender, wing-margined above, conspicuously glandular, slightly puberulous, ^'-f in
length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots oblong-obovate, often deeply and irregularly
divided into broad acute lateral lobes, and frequently l^'-2' long and nearly as broad.
Flowers f '-f in diameter, on slender villose pedicels, in simple 3-5-flowered corymbs, with
rose-colored and conspicuously glandular bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic,
hairy toward the base with long scattered pale hairs, the lobes gradually narrowed from a
broad base, acuminate, glandular with large dark red glands, and entire or coarsely serrate
above the middle; stamens 20; anthers pink; styles 3-5. Fruit ripening and falling late in
August or early in September, ellipsoidal or short-oblong, orange-red, about Y long, with
soft flesh; calyx little enlarged, with recurved persistent lobes; nutlets 3-5, broad and
rounded at base, gradually narrowed and acute at apex, rounded and ridged on the back
with a broad low slightly grooved ridge, about ^g' long.
A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk 8'-10' in diameter, covered with dark some-
times nearly black deeply furrowed bark, stout pendulous branches forming a broad
ROSACEiE
521
shapely handsome head, and slender branchlets hoary-tomentose when they first appear,
bright red-brown and puberulous at the end of their first season, becoming dark gray-
brown, and armed with few slender straight spines l^'-l^' long; or often a large shrub.
Distributioii. Slopes of low hills, northwestern Georgia; common in the neighborhood
of Rome, Floyd County.
125. Crataegus floridana Sarg.
Leaves obovate-cuneate, frequently 3-lobed at apex with short rounded lobes, gradually
narrowed and cuneate at the entire base, finely serrate above with straight or incurved
teeth tipped with conspicuous ultimately dark persistent glands, 3-nerved with slender
nerves, numerous thin secondary veins and reticulate veinlets, slightly villose above as
they unfold, nearly fully grown when the flowers open about the middle of March, and then
light yellow-green and glabrous with the exception of a few persistent hairs on the upper
side of the nerves and in their axils, and at maturity thick and firm, dark green and lustrous
Fig. 477
on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, l'-l|' long, and about ^' wide; petioles
slender, glandular, more or less winged toward the apex, tomentose, becoming pubescent
or glabrous, usually about §' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots frequently 2'
long, and sometimes divided by deep rounded sinuses into numerous narrow lateral lobes,
their stipules lunate, foliaceous, pointed, coarsely glandular-serrate. Flowers about f ' in
diameter, on slender tomentose pedicels, in few usually 1-3-flowered simple compact
corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, coated with long matted white hairs, the lobes nar-
row, acuminate, glandular with bright red stipitate glands, villose toward the base on the
outer surface and on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers small, pale yellow; styles 4 or 5,
surrounded at the base by a broad ring of long shining white hairs. Fruit ripening from the
middle to the end of August, on short stout pubescent pedicels, solitary or in 2 or 3-fruited
drooping clusters, obovoid to short-oblong, usually about f ' long, bright orange-red, lus-
trous, marked by numerous pale dots; calyx prominent, with an elongated tube puberulous
on the outer surface, and reflexed glandular-serrate lobes; flesh thin, yellow, dry and
mealy; nutlets 4 or 5, acute at base, broad and rounded at apex, rounded and occasionally
slightly ridged on the back, about ^' long.
A tree, rarely more than 15° high, with a long straight trunk 6'-8' in diameter, covered
with thick nearly black deeply furrowed bark broken into short thick plate-like scales,
small drooping branches forming a handsome symmetrical head, and slender conspicuously
zigzag pendulous branchlets coated when they first appear with long pale matted hairs
532
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
becoming during their first season dark red-brown and more or less villose, and dark brotrn
the following year, and armed with thin straight spines |'-1' long, or unarmed.
Distribution. Dry sandy soil of the Pine-barrens of northeastern Florida; abundant in
the neighborhood of Jacksonville, Duval County.
126. Crataegus lacrimata Small.
Leaves obovate, rounded or acute and glandular-serrate at apex usually with incurved
teeth, entire and glandular below, gradually narrowed from above the middle to the base,
and 3-nerved with slender yellow nerves, numerous thin secondary veins and reticulate
veinlets, when the flowers open early in April nearly fully grown, light yellow, glabrous,
with the exception of small tufts of pale caducous hairs in the axils of the nerves below, and
at maturity subcoriaceous, lustrous, Y~¥ loiig» and about |' wide; petioles slender, wing-
margined toward the apex, dark orange-brown, at first puberulous, soon becoming gla-
brous, |'-|' in length. Flowers about f ' in diameter, on short stout glabrous pedicels, in
3-5-flowered simple corymbs, with long linear entire caducous bracts and bractlets turning
Fig. 478
red in fading; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from a
broad base, acuminate, entire, tipped with large dark glands; stamens 20; anthers large,
light yellow; stales usually 3, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit
ripening toward the end of August, on slender pedicels, in 1 or 2-fruited clusters, subglobose
to short-oblong, rounded at the ends, dull brownish yellow marked by occasional dark
dots, about |' in diameter; calyx prominent, with an elongated tube, and spreading lobes
usually deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 3, broad,
rounded at the broad ends, rounded and sometimes obscurely grooved on the back, about
riong.
A tree, occasionally 20° but usually not more than 10° high, with a tall trunk 4'-6' in
diameter, covered with thick deeply furrowed black bark broken on the surface into thick
plate-like closely appressed scales, long slender drooping branches forming a handsome
symmetrical round-topped head; and thin glabrous very zigzag branchlets light orange-
brown when they first appear, soon becoming reddish brown and lustrous, and dark gray-
brown in their second year, and armed with many small nearly straight dark chestnut-
brown spines |'-|' long.
Distribution. Western Florida, Walton and Santa Rosa Counties (Pensacola to De
Funiak Springs); sometimes in moist sand; more often in dry barrens; common and
often a conspicuous feature of the vegetation.
ROSACBiE
523
187. Crataegus Ravenelii Sarg.
Leaves obovate, rounded and abruptly short-pointed or acute at the broad sometimes
slightly lobed apex, gradually narrowed from above the middle to the elongated cuneate
base, more or less undulate on the margins, and coarsely and usually doubly glandular-
serrate above with large bright red ultimately dark persistent glands, nearly fully grown
when the flowers open the middle of April, and then coated with long pale caducous hairs,
and at maturity thin and firm in texture, yellow-green, scabrous on the upper surface, pale,
and pubescent on the lower surface on the slender veins, I'-l^' long, and about f wide;
petioles slender, glandular, winged above, tomentose when they first appear, becoming
pubescent, f'-^' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often 2' long and 1^' wide,
and frequently divided above the middle into 2 or 3 pairs of broad lateral lobes. Flowers
about f in diameter, on slender tomentose pedicels, in simple corymbs; calyx-tube nar-
rowly obconic, thickly coated with long white hairs, the lobes lanceolate, villose on the
outer, glabrous on the inner surface, glandular with small red glands; stamens 20; anthers
Fig. 479
small, pale yellow; styles 5, surrounded at base by a broad ring of pale tomentum. Fruit
ripening early in October, on short thick pedicels, in few-fruited drooping 6r spreading clus-
ters, globose to short-oblong, bright orange-red, marked by occasional dark dots, puberu-
lous at the ends, Y-^' in diameter; calyx prominent, with enlarged spreadifl^ and appressed
lobes; flesh thick, yellow, subacid; nutlets 5, narrowed and acute at the ends, ridged on the
back with a high narrow ridge, Y long.
A tree, 25°-30° high, with a trunk often 14' or 15' in diameter, covered with thick dark
brown bark deeply divided into narrow interrupted ^ridges broken on the surface into short
thick plate-like scales, heavy ascending or spreading branches forming an open irregular
head, and stout zigzag branchlets thickly coated at first with hoary tomentum, dark purple
or red-brown and pubescent during their first summer, becoming dark red-brown and gla-
brous the following season, and armed with thick straight dull gray-brown spines usually
about 1|' long.
Distribution. Sand hills near Aiken, Aiken County, South Carolina, and in Summerville
near Augusta, Richmond County, Georgia.
128. Crataegus senta Bead!.
Leaves obovate or obovate-cuneiform, acute or sometimes rounded and frequently
slightly divided into several short acute lobes at the broad apex, gradually narrowed from
the middle to the entire base, and serrate or doubly serrate above with incurved conspicu*
524
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ously glandular teeth, when they unfold often dark red, covered above with long pale
caducous hairs and villose below on the midrib and veins, nearly fully grown when the
flowers open from the 1st to the 10th of May and then bright yellow-green and almost gla-
brous with the exception of the persistent tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the veins, and
at maturity thin and firm, dark green and lustrous above, paler below, usually about 1^'
long and 1' wide, with an orange-colored midrib, generally 3 pairs of slender primary veins
extending obliquely to the point of the lobes, and dark conspicuous reticulate veinlets;
turning red, yellow, or brown in the autumn; petioles slender, glandular, wing-margined
above, at first tomentose, becoming pubescent or nearly glabrous, about f in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, often nearly orbicular, more deeply
lobed with broad rounded or acute lobes, 2'-2^' in diameter, their stipules lunate,
coarsely glandular-dentate, sometimes i' long. Flowers f in diameter, on long slender
pedicels coated with matted pale hairs, in lax compound 3-6-flowered villose corymbs,
with lanceolate straight or falcate glandular bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly
obconic, villose particularly toward the base, the lobes narrow, elongated, acuminate,
Fig. 480
nearly glabrous, coarsely and irregularly glandular-serrate; stamens 20; styles 3-5, sur-
rounded at base by a broad ring of hoary tomentum. Fruit ripening and falling at the end
of September or early in October, on slender slightly hairy elongated pedicels, in few-
fruited drooping tjlusters, globose, bright red, Y-^ in diameter; calyx enlarged, with closely
appressed lobes; flesh yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, broad and rounded at apex, nar-
rowed and acute at base, slightly grooved on the back, about |' long.
Distribution. Abandoned fields and open Pine-woods near Asheville, Buncombe County,
North Carolina, at altitudes of about 2200**.
129. Crataegus aiinosa Beadl.
Leaves obovate, oval, or oblanceolate, cuneate and glandular at base, sharply and often
doubly glandular-serrate above, and usually slightly lobed toward the short-pointed acute
apex, more than half grown when the flowers open early in April and then pale yellow-green
and scurfy above, with a few short pale hairs above and below near the base of the midrib,
and at maturity thin, glabrous, bright green, I'-l^' long, and f '-1' wide, with a prominent
pale yellow midrib, and remote slender veins extending very obliquely to the point of the
lobes; turning in the autumn yellow, orange, or brown; petioles slender, narrowly winged
above, conspicuously glandular with large dark glands, ^'-f ' in length; leaves at the end of
vigorous shoots broad-ovate to obovate or suborbicular, coarsely serrate, conspicuously
reticulate-venulose, sometimes 2' long and wide, with broadly winged petioles and folia-
ROSACEA
5^5
ceous coarsely dentate persistent stipules often f ' long. Flowers |' in diameter, on stout
villose pedicels, in simple 3-5-flowered villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, spar-
ingly villose toward the base, the lobes acute, glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer sur-
face, puberulous on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers almost white; styles 3-5, sur-
rounded at base by a broad ring of snow-white tomentum. Fruit ripening and falling late
in August or early in September, subglobose or ellipsoidal, orange-red or red and orange,
Fig. 481
about Y long; calyx little enlarged, the lobes puberulous on the upper side and reflexed;
flesh thick and soft; nutlets 3-5, broad and rounded at base, narrowed and rounded at
apex, rounded and ridged on the back with a broad low rounded ridge, about y%' long.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, covered with dark
rough often black bark, stout spreading or ascending branches, and thick dull red-brown
ultimately dark gray or nearly black branchlets armed with straight rather stout spines
r-H' long.^
Distribution. Eastern central Alabama; common near Phoenix, Lee County, and
Girard, Russell County.
130. Crataegus panda Beadl.
Leaves obovate, rounded and short-pointed or abruptly narrowed and acute at the broad
occasionally slightly lobed apex, concave-cuneate and glandular at the entire base, and
finely serrate above with minute incm-ved glandular teeth, when they unfold tinged with
red and sparingly villose, nearly fully grown when the flowers open the 1st of April and then
roughened above by short pale rigid hairs and villose above and below on the midrib and
on the veins below, and at maturity glabrous, or puberulous on the under surface of the
slender midrib, subcoriaceous, light green and lustrous, glandular, l'-l|' long, and f'-l'
wide, with slender primary veins extending very obliquely toward the end of the leaf;
turning yellow-brown or orange color in the autumn before falling; petioles slender, slightly
wing-margined at apex, villose early in the season, becoming glabrous, glandular, about f '
in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, rounded, apiculate and lobed
at apex, puberulous and villose On the midrib and veins on the lower surface, often If long
and 2' wide. Flowers f '-f ' in diameter, on slender hairy pedicels, in compact 3-5-flowered
simple corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, covered with matted white hairs, the lobes
gradually narrowed from a broad base, acuminate, glandular-serrate, more or less villose;
stamens 20; anthers nearly white; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale
hairs. Fruit ripening and falling at the end of August or early in September, on stout pedi-
«els, in erect few-fruited clusters, globose or depressed-globose, orange-yellow, with a red
526
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
cheek, f '-f in diameter; calyx slightly enlarged, with closely appressed often deciduous
lobes; flesh thick, succulent, orange-yellow; nutlets 3-5, narrowed and acute at the ends,
grooved on the rounded back with a broad shallow groove, about |' long.
Fig. 482
A tree, ^0°-25° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, covered with dark
rough bark, crooked recurved branches forming an open irregular head, and stout branch-
lets covered at first with matted pale hairs, reddish brown and puberulous during their
first season, becoming gray; and unarmed or occasionally armed with stout spines ^'-l'
long.
Distribution. Dry sandy soil near Tallahassee, I^on County, Florida.
131. Crataegus integra Beadl.
Leaves obovate to oblong-obovate, narrowed from near the middle to the acute apex,
concave-cuneate and gradually narrowed to the slender base, and finely serrate, nearly half
Fig. 483
grown when the flowers open about the 20th of March, and then glandular on the margins,
slightly hairy on the midrib and on the under side of the veins, and at maturity subcoria-
ceous, bright green, lustrous, and glabrous above, paler below, I'-lj' long, and about f wide.
EOSACEiE
527
with a thin yellow midrib puberulous below, slender primary veins extending very obliquely
to the end of the leaf, with 1 or 2 pairs near the middle of the blade more prominent than
those below and above them; turning in the autumn yellow, orange and brown; petioles
slender, narrowly wing-margined above, glandular, at first hoary-tomentose, becoming
pubescent or puberulous, ^'-f in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broadly
obovate, short-pointed at apex, slightly undulate-lobed above the middle, sometimes
lY long and broad. Flowers f'-f in diameter, on slender elongated hoary-tomentose
pedicels, in 3-5-flowered simple corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, thickly covered
with matted white hairs, the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, acuminate,
glandular, pilose on the outer, sparingly pilose on the inner surface; stamens 20; an-
thers pale yellow; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a thick ring of white hairs. Fruit
ripening and falling in August, on slender erect pubescent pedicels, globose, red, about §'
in diameter; calyx deciduous; flesh thin, orange-yellow, and succulent; nutlets 3-5, nar-
rowed and acute at the base, rounded at the apex, flat and grooved on the back with a
narrow shallow groove, about -^q' long.
A tree, 12°-15° high, with a trunk sometimes 8' in diameter, covered with thick nearly
black checkered bark, drooping branches forming a handsome symmetrical head, and
slender very zigzag branchlets clothed when they first appear with hoary tomentum,
lather bright reddish brown and roughened by minute tubercles at the end of their first
season, becoming gray or grayish brown, and unarmed or armed with occasional short
slender spines.
Distribution. Sandy woods and abandoned fields; central Florida; common near Eustis,
Lake County, and Orlando, Orange County.
132. Crataegus recurva Beadl.
Leaves spatulate, rounded or acute or sometimes obovate and obtusely 3-lobed at apex,
and finely glandular-serrate with bright red glands, nearly half grown when the flowers
Fig. 484
open about the 20th of March and then almost glabrous above, slightly hairy near the base
below, and at maturity subcoriaceous, glabrous, about 1' long and I'-Y wide, with a slender
yellow midrib and one pair of veins often more prominent than the others and nearly
parallel with the margins of the blade; turning in the autumn yellow, orange, and brown;
petioles slender, conspicuously glandular, villose when they first appear, becoming gla-
brous, |'-|' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-obovate, deeply divided
into narrow lateral ascending rounded lobes, concave-cuneate at base, with a stouter mid-
rib, and veins arching to the point of the lobes, and often 1' long and f ' wide. Flowers
528 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
f'-f ' in diameter, on stout pedicels thickly covered with matted pale hairs, solitary or in
2-flowered simple corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, pilose below, nearly glabrous
above, the lobes slender, acuminate, glandular-serrate, slightly hairy on the outer surface,
glabrous on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers pale yellow; styles 3-5. Fruit ripening
in August, erect on short stout pedicels, obovoid, red, ^' long; calyx little enlarged, often
deciduous; flesh thick and soft; nutlets 3-5, broad and rounded at the ends, rounded and
obscurely grooved on the back, about |' long.
A tree, 15°-18° high, with a short trunk 5'-6' in diameter, covered with gray or brownish
rough bark, slender pendulous branches forming a broad symmetrical head, and slender
very zigzag branchlets, villose early in the season, becoming bright chestnut-brown and
very lustrous and ultimately dark reddish brown, and armed with numerous slender
straight spines usually about Y long.
Distribution. Dry sandy soil, Ocala, Marion County, Florida.
133. Crataegus dispar Beadl.
Leaves broad-ovate or orbicular, 3-nerved, acute or rounded at apex, generally narrowed
and cuneate or concave-cuneate at the glandular entire base, serrate or doubly serrate
above with straight or incurved glandular teeth, and mostly divided above the middle into
Fig. 485
short acute lobes, when they unfold coated with long matted white hairs most abundant on
the lower surface, more than half grown when the flowers open about the middle of April
and then blue-green and villose above and tomentose below, and at maturity thin and firm
in texture, blue-green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale and slightly pubescent on the
lower surface, usually about 1' long and f -1' wide; turning red, yellow, or brown in the
autumn; petioles slender, tomentose, becoming pubescent or villose, glandular, slightly
wing-margined above, usually about |' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
broad-ovate or suborbicular, rounded at the broad base, coarsely serrate, and often deeply
divided above the middle into 3 wide acute lobes broader than long. Flowers about f in
diameter, on slender hoary-fomentose pedicels, in simple 3-7-flowered corymbs, with
narrow-obovate acute glandula^» bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, coated
with hoary tomentum, the lobws narrow, acute, glandular-serrate with minute bright red
glands, tomentose on the outer surface below the middle, glabrous above, tomentose on the
inner surface; stamens 20; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a ring of pale tomentum.
Fruit ripening late in August or early in September, on slender pubescent pedicels, in few-
iruited clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, light red, puberulous toward the ends, about
s' in diameter; calyx prominent, with reflexed closely appressed lobes tomentose at base;
ROSACEA 529
flesh thin, yellow, subacid; nutlets 3-5, rounded at the ends, ridged on the back with a
Droad low ridge, dark brown, \' long.
A tree, 20°-!25° high, with a short trunk a foot in diameter, heavy ascending branches
forming a broad irregular head, and stout zigzag branchlets at first hoary-tomentose, dark
red-brown and pubescent during their first summer, becoming darker colored and glabrous
the following season, and armed with thick or thin nearly straight dark red-brown ulti-
mately gray spines l|'-2' long.
Distribution. Dry sand hills near Aiken, Aiken County, and Trenton, Edgefield County,
South Carolina; more abundant at Summer ville, west of Augusta, Richmond County,
Georgia.
134. Crataegus apnea Beadl.
Leaves broad-obovate, oval, or rhombic, acute and short-pointed or rounded and often
somewhat lobed at apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate at the entire base,
and serrate usually only above the middle with small incurved teeth terminating in con-
Rg. 486
^picuous rose-colored ultimately dark red persistent glands, when they unfold deep orange
color, roughened above by short pale appressed hairs and sparingly villose below, espe-
cially on the slender midrib and remote primary veins, nearly fully grown when the flowers
open about the 10th of May, and at maturity thick and firm, glabrous, smooth, and dark
yellow-green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, I'-lY long, and 1' wide;
petioles stout, conspicuously glandular, more or less winged toward the apex, villose early
in the season, becoming nearly glabrous, usually bright red on the lower side toward the
base after midsummer, about §' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often
nearly orbicular, frequently more deeply lobed, and l|'-2' long and wide, with a stout
broadly winged petiole, and foHaceous lunate stipules. Flowers f ' in diameter, on slen«
der viUose pedicels, in small 3-6-flowered compact simple corymbs; calyx-tube broadly
obconic, villose at base, glabrous above, the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base,
acuminate, glabrous, coarsely glandular-serrate; stamens 10; anthers small, bright yellow;
styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening late in the
autumn, on stout glabrous or slightly villose pedicels, in erect or drooping usually 2 or 3-
fruited clusters, subglobose, rarely rather longer than broad, about |' in diameter, dull
orange-red, often slightly villose at the ends, marked by numerous small dark dots; calyx
much enlarged, with wide-spreading coarsely glandular acuminate lobes bright red at base
on the upper side; flesh thin, light yellow, sweet and rather juicy; nutlets 3-5, broad and
rounded at the ends, rounded and ridged on the back with a broad low ridge, about Y long.
530
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a stem 6'-8' in diameter, covered with deeply furrowed
dark gray bark broken irregularly into small persistent plate-like scales, and becoming on
old stems often nearly black, spreading often elongated contorted branches forming a
broad open head, and slender zigzag branchlets dark green tinged with red and villose
when they first appear, soon becoming yearly glabrous, light orange-brown at midsummer,
dark reddish brown or purple before winter, and ultimately ashy gray, and armed with thin
nearly straight chestnut-brown spines l'-l|' long; or frequently a much-branched shrub,
with several stout spreading stems.
Distribution. Dry woods in the foothill region of the southern Appalachian Mountains;
southwestern Virginia through western North Carolina to eastern Tennessee and northern
Georgia; in northern Alabama; usually at altitudes between 1500° and 3500°; common.
XVI. MICROCARPiE.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Fruit short-oblong; leaves orbicular to broad-ovate, pinnately 5*-7-cleft.
135. C. apiifolia (C).
Fruit subglobose.
Leaves broad-ovate to triangular, long-stalked; calyx deciduous from the fruit.
136. C. Phaenopyrum (A. C).
Leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, short-stalked; calyx generally persistent on the fruit.
137. C. spathulata (C).
135. Crataegus apiifolia Michx. Parsley Haw.
Leaves broad-ovate to orbicular, acute at apex, truncate, slightly cordate or cuneate
at the broad base, and pinnately 5-7-cleft with shallow acute or deep wide sinuses, and
incisely lobed with broad or acute segments serrate toward the apex with spreading glandu-
Fig. 487
lar teeth, when they unfold pilose above with long pale hairs, and mostly glabrous below,
fully grown when the flowers open late in March or early in April, and at matiu-ity thin,
bright green and rather lustrous above, paler and glabrous or pilose below on the promi-
nent midrib and primary veins, or on occasional plants pubescent on both surfaces, |'-1|'
wide; petioles slender, pubescent, becoming glabrous, I'-l^' in length; leaves at the end of
vigorous shoots often divided nearly to the midrib, with foliaceous lunate coarsely glandu-
lar-serrate short-stalked stipules sometimes |' long. Flowers §' in diameter, on long slen*
ROSACEA 531
der hairy pedicels, in crowded densely villose usually 10-lf-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube
narrowly obconic, glabrous or covered with long matted pale hairs, the lobes lanceolate,
acute, glabrous, usually glandular-serrate, often tinged with red toward the apex; stamens
20; anthers bright rose color; styles 1-3. Fruit ripening in October and persistent on the
branches until the beginning of winter, short-oblong, bright scarlet, Y long; calyx prom-
inent, the lobes elongated, reflexed, often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thin; nut-
Hets 1-3, rounded at the ends, about §' long.
A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a trunk rarely 6'-8' in diameter, branches spreading
nearly at right angles and forming a wide irregular open head, and slender more or less
zigzag often contorted branchlets covered when they first appear with long pale hairs, light
red or pale orange-brown and usually puberulous in their first winter, ultimately light
brown or ashy gray, and armed with stout straight chestnut-brown spines l'-l|' long.
Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps or in hummocks in Pine-barrens in the
coast and Piedmont regions of the south Atlantic States from southeastern Virginia to
Georgia; in western Florida south to Dixie County (near Old Town), north-central and
southern Alabama, Louisiana and the coast region of Texas to the valley of the lower Colo-
rado River Qow woods, Peyton's Creek, Matagorda County), and through Arkansas to
eastern Oklahoma (Page, Le Flore County) and to southeastern Missouri; most abundant
and of its largest size in southern Arkansas and western Louisiana.
136. Crataegus Phsenopyrum Med. Washington Thorn.
CratoBgus cordata Ait.
Leaves broad-ovate to triangular, acute or acuminate, truncate, broad-cuneate, rounded
or cordate at the entire base, coarsely serrate above with acute spreading often gland-
tipped teeth, and more or less incisely lobed or often 3-lobed, tinged with red when they
Fig. 488
unfold and sparingly pilose above with long pal<* «»aducous hairs, fully grown when the
flowers open at the end of May, and at maturity thin and firm, dark green and lustrous
above, pale and rarely pubescent on the lower surface, especially on the conspicuous
orange-colored midrib and primary veins, l|'-2' long, and 1-1^' wide; turning late in the
autumn bright scarlet and orange; petioles slender, terete, glabrous, f'-l§' in length.
Flowers on slender pedic«ls, in rather compact many-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-
tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes short, nearly triangular, entire, abruptly con-
tracted at apex into a minute point, glabrous on the outer, pubescent on the inner surface,
ciiiate on the mar»*Qs; stamens 20; anthers rose color; styles 2-5, surrounded at base by
532
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
conspicuous tufts of pale hairs. Fruit ripening in September and October and persistent
on the branches until the spring of the following year, depressed-globose, scarlet, lustrous,
J in diameter; calyx deciduous from the ripe fruit, leaving a wide circular scar surrounding
the persistent erect tips of the carpels; nutlets 3-5, narrowed and acute at base, broad and
rounded at apex, about |' long.
A tree, 20°-30° high, with a straight trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, generally divid-
ing 4°-5° above the ground into slender usually upright branches forming an oblong or
occasionally round-topped head, slender zigzag glabrous bright chestnut-brown lustrous
branchlets, becoming dark gray or reddish brown, and armed with slender sharp spines
l§'-2' long; often much smaller, and sometimes a broad spreading bush.
Distribution. Banks of streams in rich soil; western North Carolina at altitudes of about
2000°, to middle Tennessee and southern Kentucky; in southern Missouri (St. Francois,
Wayne, Shannon, Carter and Ripley Counties), and in Richland County, Illinois; now
often naturalized in the middle and Ohio valley states; nowhere common. Often culti-
vated in the eastern states and in western Europe; hardy as far north as eastern Massa-
chusetts.
137. Crataegus spathulata Michx.
Cratcsgus spathulata var. flavanthera Sarg.
Leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, rounded or acuminate and sometimes 3-Iobed at apex,
gradually narrowed from above the middle to the slender concave-cuneate entire base, and
crenately serrate above, nearly fully grown when the flowers open from March to May and
Fig. 489
then sparingly villose above with long white caducous hairs, and at maturity subcori-
aceous, glabrous, dark green and lustrous above, paler below, reticulate-venulose, with an
obscure yellow midrib and primary veins, l'-2' long, and I'-l^' wide, clustered at the end
of short Jateral branchlets; petioles slender, wing-margined to the base, j-j' in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often deeply 3-lobed above the middle with rounded
coarsely crenately serrate lobes, and narrowed below into a long winged petiole, l'-2' long,
and l'-l|' wide, with a broad thick midrib often pilose on the lower surface, their stipules
foliaceous, lunate, sharply serrate, stalked, often ^' broad. Flowers ^ in diameter, on
long slender pedicels, in glabrous many-flowered narrow corymbs; calyx-tube broadly
obconic, glabrous, the lobes short, nearly triangular, almost entire, minutely glandular-
apiculate; stamens 20; anthers pale yellow; styles 2-5. Fruit ripening in October, sub-
ROSACEA
533
globose, bright scarlet, lustrous, about |' in diameter; calyx only slightly enlarged, with
reflexed lobes; flesh thin, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, broad and rounded at apex, narrowed
at base, jY~¥ long.
A tree, 18°-25° high, with a straight trunk occasionally 8-10' in diameter, slender up-
right and spreading branches forming a broad open head, and thin zigzag glabrous light
reddish brown branchlets, unarmed, or armed with straight stout light brown spines l'-l|'
long; more often a shrub, with numerous spreading stems.
Distribution. Rich soil usually near the banks of streams or swamps, or low depressions
in Pine-forests; North Carolina (near Albemarle, Stanly County) to central South Caro-
lina, central, northwestern (Rome, Floyd County), and southwestern Georgia to northern
Florida (Ocala, Marion County, to River Junction, Gadsden County) ; northern Alabama
southward to Dallas County; eastern and western Mississippi (near Natchez, Adams
County) eastern and northwestern Louisiana (Richland, Rapides, Caddo and Natchitoches
Parishes) ; eastern Texas to the valley of the Guadalupe River (near Seguin, Guadalupe
County), southeastern Oklahoma (Bennington, Bryan County), and through southern and
western Arkansas to southwestern Missouri (Taney and Jasper Counties); probably most
abundant in central Georgia.
XVII. BRACHYACANTH^.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate or rhombic; broad-ovate to nearly triangular on vigorous
shoots; fruit subglobose to obovoid, bright blue covered with a glaucous bloom.
138. C. brachyacantha (C).
Leaves narrow-rhombic to oval; lanceolate, acuminate on vigorous shoots; fruit globose,
blue-black, very lustrous. 139. C. saligna (F).
138. Crataegus brachyacantha Sarg. & Engelm. Pomette Bleue.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate or rhombic, acute or rounded at apex, gradually nar*
rowed to the concave-cuneate entire base, an4 crenulate-serrate above with minute incurved
glandular teeth, slightly puberulous when they unfold on the upper surface and glabrous
Fig. 490
on the lower surface, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the end of April and early
in May, and at maturity subcoriaceous, glabrous, dark green and lustrous, l'-2' long, and
I' to nearly 1' wide, with a thin inconspicuous midrib and veins; petioles slender, narrowly
534
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA *
wing-margined above, ^'-f ' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots sometimes broad-
ovate or almost triangular, cuneate, truncate or cordate at the broad base, more or less
deeply lobed, frequently 2|' long and 2' wide, with foliaceous broadly ovate to triangular
acute stalked stipules sometimes 1' long. Flowers |' in diameter, on slender pedicels, in
crowded glabrous many-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the
lobes short, nearly triangular, gradually narrowed to the gland-tipped apex, entire; petals
turning bright orange color in fading; stamens 15-20; anthers yellow; styles 3-5. Fruit
ripening and falling the middle of August, on erect pedicels, in few-fruited clusters, sub-
globose or obovoid, bright blue, covered with a glaucous bloom, Y-^' in diameter; calyx
slightly enlarged, with spreading lobes; flesh thin; nutlets 3-5, narrowed and acute at base,
full and rounded at apex, rounded and slightly grooved on the back, about j long.
A tree, 40°-50'* high, with a trunk 18'-20' in diameter, covered with thick dark brown
deeply furrowed scaly bark, and divided usually 5°-10° from the ground into stout spread-
ing light gray branches forming a broad compact round-topped head, and branchlets light
green and slightly pubescent early in the season, soon becoming glabrous and pale red-
brown, and ultimately ashy gray, and armed with numerous short stout generally curved or
sometimes straight slender spines |'-f ' long, and also often terminal on the lateral branch-
lets of vigorous shoots.
Distribution. Borders of streams in rich moist soil; southwestern Arkansas (Ashdown,
Little River County, and Texarkana, Miller County) to the valley of the Trinity River
(Livingston, Polk County), eastern Texas, and to western Louisiana (Caddo, Webster,
Ouachita, Natchitoches, St. Landry and Jefferson Davis Parishes) ; in eastern Louisiana
(Glen Gordon, Covington, St. Tammany Parish; common); a few miles west of Opelousas,
Louisiana, surrounding with dense groves low wet prairies and a conspicuous and beautiful
feature of arborescent vegetation.
139. Crataegus saligna Greene.
Leaves narrow-rhombic to oval, gradually narrowed at the ends, acute or acuminate and
apiculate at apex, entire toward the base, finely serrate above with incurved teeth tipped
with minute bright red glands, nearly fully grown when the flowers open toward the middle
Fig. 491
of June, and then light yellow-green, covered above with short pale hairs and pale and gla-
brous below, and at maturity thick and firm, dark green, glabrous and lustrous above, pale
below l^'-2' long, and f '-1' wide, with a stout midrib rose color on the upper side, dark ob-
scure forked veins, and reticulate veinlets; turning late in the autumn to brilliant shades of
ROSACEiE 535
orange and bright scarlet; petioles slender, glandular near the base, with 2 or 3 large stipitate
dark red caducous glands, and about |' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots lanceo-
late, acuminate, coarsely serrate, often irregularly and deeply divided into 2 or 3 acute lateral
lobes, 3'-3^' long, and 1 i'-l V wide. Flowers about f in diameter, on short slender pedicels,
in compact glabrous few or many-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube glabrous, the lobes nearly
triangular, entire, often bright red toward the apex; stamens 20; anthers small, yellow;
styles 5. Fruit ripening toward the end of September, on stout pedicels, in compact droop-
ing clusters, globose, f ' in diameter, dull vinous red and very lustrous when fully grown,
ultimately blue-black; calyx small, with reflexed persistent lobes; flesh thin, yellow, dry
and sweet; nutlets 5, thick, rounded and slightly ridged on the back, i'-i^e' long.
A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a short stem, long slender spreading branches grace-
fully drooping at the ends, covered with bright red or reddish brown bark, separating on old
trunks near the ground into long slightly attached narrow plate-like gray scales, and slender
glabrous bright red lustrous branchlets armed with numerous straight slender spines |'-1|'
long; often forming clumps or small thickets with numerous stems 8°-15° tall springing
from a single root.
Distribution. Banks of the Cimarron, Gunnison, White, Tomichi, Eagle, San Juan,
and other Colorado streams on both slopes of the continental divide at altitudes of
6000°-8000° above the sea.
XVIII. MACRACANTH^.
Tomentosae Sarg.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves thin, with midrib and veins only slightly impressed on their upper surface; anthers
rose color or red.
Mature leaves pale pubescent below.
Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong; fruit in erect clusters, obovoid, orange-red; stamens
20. 140. C. tomentosa (A, C).
Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, fruit in drooping clusters, globose to subglobose, bright
red or orange-red; stamens 5-10. 141. C. Chapmanii (A, C).
Mature leaves glabrous {slightly pubescent on the midrib and veins below in 142).
Stamens 20.
Leaves elliptic to suborbicular, smooth above; fruit in drooping clusters, subglobose
to short-oblong. 142. C. Gaultii (A).
Leaves elliptic, scabrate above; fruit in erect clusters, subglobose.
143. C. vegeta (A).
Stamens 10; leaves ovate, scabrate above; fruit short-oblong. 144. C. Deweyana (A).
Leaves subcoriaceous to coriaceous, with midrib and veins deeply impressed on their upper
surface and pubescent below.
Anthers rose color.
Stamens 20.
Leaves elliptic, acute at the ends; fruit globose. 145. C. succulenta (A).
Leaves broadly oval or obovate; fruit subglobose to short-oblong.
146. C. gemmosa (A).
Stamens 10.
Leaves broad-obovate or oval; fruit globose, villose at the ends; calyx-lobes coarsely
glandular-serrate. 147. C. illinoiensis (A).
Leaves broad-obovate to oval or rhombic; fruit subglobose; calyx-lobes entire.
148. C. integriloba (A).
Anthers yellow; stamens 10; leaves broad-obovate to elliptic or oval; fruit in erect
clusters, globose. 149. C. macracantha (A).
536 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
140. Crataegus tomentosa L.
Leaves ovate, oblong-ovate, rhombic or elliptic, acute, acuminate or rarely rounded at
apex, gradually narrowed to the cuneate entire base, sharply and usually doubly serrate
above with broad spreading usually glandular teeth, and often divided above the middle into
several short lateral lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open from the 1st to the
middle of June, and at maturity thin and firm, gray-green, coated below with pale persistent
pubescence, puberulous or ultimately glabrous above, conspicuously reticulate-venulose,
^l'-^' long, and l'-3' wide, with a broad midrib and slender primary veins; turning brilliant
orange and scarlet in the autumn before falling; petioles stout, glandular, wing-margined,
I'-f in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots sometimes broad-obovate to semi-
orbicular, rounded and abruptly short-pointed at apex, rounded at base, and 3'-4' long
and wide; more often oblong-obovate, acuminate, and 5'-6' in length. Flowers \' in diam-
eter, on slender villose pedicels, in villose corymbs; calyx-tube obconic, hoary-tomentosCs,
Fig. 492
the lobes lanceolate, acute, coarsely or pinnately serrate, usually glandular; stamens 20;
anthers pale rose color; styles 2-5. Fruit ripening in October, on slender erect pubescent
pedicels, in broad many-fruited clusters, obovoid or rarely subglobose, \' in diameter, erect*
dull orange-red, translucent when fully ripe, mostly persistent on the branches until the
following spring; flesh thick, orange-yellow, sweet and succulent; nutlets about \' long and
broad, rounded at the ends, the ventral cavities broad and deep.
A tree, 15°-20° high, with a trunk 5'-6' in diameter, covered with smooth pale gray or
dark brown furrowed bark, slender spreading often nearly horizontal smooth gray branches
forming a wide flat head, and slender branchlets covered when they first appear with thick
hoary tomentum, becoming dark orange color and puberulous in their first, winter, and
ashy gray in their second season, and unarmed, or armed with occasional slender straight
dull ashy gray or very rarely bright chestnut-brown spines \'-\.\' long.
Distribution. Near Troy, Rensselaer County, New York, westward through New York
to southwestern Ontario, through Ohio, southern Michigan, Indiana and Illinois to central
Minnesota and southward to Pennsylvania and along the Appalachian Mountains to north-
eastern Georgia, and to central Iowa, northeastern Missouri to the valley of the Meramec
River, and to eastern Kansas; near Nashville, Davidson County, Tennessee; in the neigh-
borhood of Augusta, Richmond County, Georgia; and in Dallas County, Alabama (i2. 5.
Cocks) .
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the gardens of western Europe.
BOSACEiE
537
141. Crataegus Chapmanii Ashe.
Cratcegus molliia Sarg.
Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, acuminate, gradually narrowed and acute or concave-
cuneate at the entire base, sharply serrate above with glandular teeth, and often slightly
lobed above the middle, about half grown when the flowers open early in June and then
covered above with short soft pale hairs and pale-tomentose below, and at maturity dark
dull green and smooth or scabrate above, pale-tomentulose below, especially on the slender
yellow midrib and primary veins, 2|'-3' long, and l|'-2^' wide; tm'ning yellow or brown in
the autumn before falling; petioles stout, wing-margined at apex, tomentose early in the
season, becoming nearly glabrous, |'-|' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
sometimes 6' long and 4' wide. Flowers about f ' in diameter, on long stout hoary-tomen-
Fig. 493
lose or pubescent pedicels, in broad many-flowered tomentose corymbs; calyx-tube nar-
rowly obconic, tomentose, the lobes acuminate, glandular-serrate, sparingly villose; stamens
10; anthers rose color; styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening the middle of September, on elongated
slightly villose pedicels, in broad lax drooping many-fruited clusters, globose to subglobose,
bright red, about f ' in diameter; calyx only slightly enlarged, with reflexed coarsely glandu-
lar-serrate lobes; flesh juicy, succulent, yellow; nutlets 2 or 3, about f ' long and nearly as
broad, thin, roimded at the obtuse ends, rounded and obscurely ridged on the back, the
ventral cavities broad and deep.
A treo, sometimes 20"^ high, with a short trunk 6'-8' in diameter, covered with gray scaly
bark, erect branches forming a broad open head, and slender branchlets hoary-tomentose
early in the season, becoming bright red-brown and lustrous, and armed with occasional
stout straight or curved bright chestnut-brown spines 1\'-1' long.
Distribution. Banks of streams in the Appalachian region from Virginia to northern
Georgia and eastern Tennessee; in southern Missouri (Taney County, C mollita).
142. Crataegus Gaultii Sarg.
Leaves elliptic to suborbicular, acute or rounded at apex, concave-cuneate or rounded
at the entire base, coarsely doubly serrate above with straight glandular teeth, and occa-
sionally divided above the middle into short acute lobes, nearly fully grown when the flow-
ers open at the end of May and then very thin, yellow-green and sparingly villose above,
pale and slightly pubescent below, and at maturity thin and firm in texture, glabrous, dark
dull green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, 2^'-3' long, and 2'-2|' wide, with
a stout yellow midrib deeply impressed above, and 6 or 7 pairs of primary veins extending
538
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
obliquely to the point of the lobes; petioles stout, wing-margined to below the middle, vil-
lose on the upper side early in the season with matted white hairs, becoming nearly gla-
brous, I'-l' in length. Flowers f in diameter, on long slender slightly villose pedicels, in
broad many-flowered hairy corymbs, their bracts and bractlets linear, acuminate, glandular,
mostly persistent imtil the flowers open; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes
broad, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner sur-
face; stamens 18-20; anthers pale pink; styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening from the middle to
the end of September, on slender slightly hairy pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters,
subglobose to short-oblong, ^'-f ' long; calyx prominent, with spreading appressed coarsely
serrate lobes; flesh thick, yellow, soft and juicy; nutlets 2 or 3, rounded at the ends, about
i\' long and nearly as wide, the ventral cavities long, deep, and narrow.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk often 10' in diameter and 6°-7° long, spreading
Fig. 494
branches forming a broad round-topped head, and slender slightly zigzag glabrous light
red-brown lustrous branchlets, unarmed, or armed with occasional straight slender dark
purple shining spines li'-lf ' long.
Distribution. Open pastures, Milton Township and Gleneilyn, Du Page County, and
Mokena, Will County, northeastern Illinois.
143. Crataegus vegeta Sarg.
Leaves elliptic, acuminate, gradually narrowed and concave-cuneate at the entire base,
finely often doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, and slightly divided above
the middle into numerous short acute lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the
end of May and then membranaceous, dark yellow-green and roughened above by short
rigid pale hairs and densely pubescent below, and at maturity thin and firm in texture, dark
dull green and scabrate on the upper surface, pale and pubescent on the lower surface on the
slender midrib, and 5 or 6 pairs of thin primary veins arching obliquely to the point of the
lobes, 3'-4' long, and If '-2|' wide; petioles slender, broadly wing-margined at apex, villose
on the upper side early in the season, becoming glabrous and rose color in the autumn, ^'-f '
long. Flowers f '-f ' in diameter, on long slender villose pedicels, in usually 10-12-flowered
hairy corymbs, with linear to linear-obovate acute glandular bracts and bractlets becoming
reddish and mostly persistent until after the flowers open; calyx-tube narrowly obconic,
villose, the lobes slender, acuminate, glandular-serrate, villose; stamens 20; anthers small,
light pink or red; styles 2 or 3, usually 3. Fruit ripening late in September, on slender
elongated rigid slightly villose pedicels, in few-fruited erect clusters, subglobose, scarlet,
lustrous, marked by small pale dots, about f in diameter; calyx prominent, with a short
ROSACEiE
539
tube and spreading reflexed serrate lobes; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or
8, Y long and nearly as broad, full and rounded at the ends, the ventral cavities broad and
deep.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall straight trunk sometimes 8' in diameter, stout wide-
apreading branches forming a symmetrical round-topped head, and very slender nearly
Fig. 495
straight branchlets, light orange-green when they first appear, becoming bright red-brown
and lustrous at the end of their first season and darker the following year, and unarmed, or
sparingly armed with slender nearly straight purple shining spines about 4' long.
Distaibution. Oak-woods in moist rich soil near the banks of the Calumet River, Calu-
met, Cook County, Illinois.
144. Crataegus Deweyana Sarg.
Leaves ovate, acuminate or abruptly long-pointed at apex, abruptly narrowed and
concave-cuneate at the entire often unsymmetric base, coarsely doubly serrate above with
straight or incurved gland-tipped teeth, and slightly divided above the middle into several
pairs of small acuminate spreading lobes, about one third grown when the flowers open dur-
ing the last week of May and then membranaceous, dark yellow-green, and covered above
with short lustrous white hairs, and light yellow-green and glabrous below, and at maturity
thin, yellow-green and scabrate on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, 3'-4' long,
and 2'-f ' wide, with a stout midrib deeply impressed on the upper side, and 6 or 7 pairs of
thin primary veins arching to the point of the lobes; petioles stout, wing-margined at apex,
deeply grooved, sparingly villose on the upper side, soon glabrous, glandular with occa-
sional minute dark glands, usually dull orange color in the autumn, f '-1' in length; leaves
at the end of vigorous shoots more deeply lobed and more coarsely serrate, subcoriaceous,
often 4' long and 3|' wide, and gradually narrowed into stout broad-winged coarsely glandu-
lar petioles, their stipules foliaceous, stipitate, lunate, acutely lobed, glandular-serrate
with minute dark red glands, sometimes Y long, persistent through the season. Flow-
ers about Y in diameter, on slender hairy pedicels, in wide lax slightly villose corymbs;
calyx-tube narrowly obconic, villose at base, glabrous above, the lobes slender, elongated,
acuminate, finely glandular-serrate usually only above the middle, dark green and glabrous
on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface; stamens 7-10, usually 10; anthers small^
dark rose color; styles 2 or 3, usually 2. Fruit ripening from the first to the middle of Octo-
ber and falling a few weeks later, on long slender puberulous pedicels, in wide many-fruited
drooping clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, roimded at the ends, scarlet, lustrous^
540 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
marked by occasional large pale dots, |' in diameter; calyx prominent, with elongated
glandular-serrate lobes dark red on the upper side near the base, usually erect and incurved,
mostly persistent on the ripe fruit; flesh when fully ripe thick, yellow and sweet; nutlets
usually 2, occasionally 3, about t\' long and |' wide, rounded at the ends, rounded and con-
spicuously ridged on the back, the ventral cavities broad and shallow.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk sometimes 10' in diameter, covered with light gray
Fig. 496
bark becoming rough and scaly near the base, slender branches, the lower horizontal and
wide-spreading, the upper ascending and forming a wide open irregular head, and stout
glalwous branchlets dark orange-brown when they first appear, deep red-brown and lus-
trous on the upper, gray-brown and lustrous on the lower side during their first winter,
becoming gray slightly tinged with red the following year, and armed with numerous stout
curved chestnut-brown or purple spines l|'-2' long and occasionally persistent on old
stems.
Distribution. Western and central New York; Hagaman swamp near Rochester, and
Rush, Monroe County, Portage, Livingston County, Castile and Silver Springs, Wyoming
County, and near Ithaca, Tompkins County; not common.
145. Crataegus succulenta Link.
Leaves elliptic, acute or acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed from near the middle to
the entire base, coarsely and usually doubly serrate above with spreading glandular teeth,
and divided above the middle into numerous short acute lobes, nearly fully grown when the
flowers open at the end of May or early in June and then membranaceous, covered above
with soft pale hairs, and puberulous or rarely nearly glabrous below, and at maturity cori-
aceous, dark green, glabrous and somewhat lustrous above, pale yellow-green and mostly
puberulous below on the stout yellow midrib, and 4-7 pairs of slender veins extending
obliquely to the point of the lobes and deeply impressed on the upper side, usually 2'-2|'
long and l'-l|' wide; petioles stout, more or less winged above, frequently bright red after
midsummer, generally about §' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots occasionally
ovate, and often 2^' long and 3' wide. Flowers about f ' in diameter, on long slender hairy
pedicels, in broad lax villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, villose or glabrous, the
lobes broad, acute, laciniate, glandular with bright red glands, and generally villose; sta-
mens usually 20, sometimes 15; anthers small, rose color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at base
by a ring of pale hairs. Fruit beginning to ripen about the middle of September and some-
times remaining on the branches until the end of October, on slender elongated pedicels, in
ROSACEA 541
broad loose many-fruited drooping clusters, globose, bright scarlet, marked by large pale
dots, §'-f' in diameter; calyx prominent, with a broad shallow depression, and much
enlarged coarsely serrate closely appressed persistent lobes; flesh thick, yellow, becoming
juicy, sweet and pulpy; nutlets 2 or 3, |' long, 5' broad, prominently ridged on the back,
the ventral cavities wide and deep.
A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a short trunk 5'-6' in diameter, covered with dark red-
brown scaly bark, stout ascending branches forming a broad irregular head, and stout more
or less zigzag glabrous dark orange-brown lustrous branchlets becoming dull gray-brown
Fig. 497
in their second season and ultimately ashy gray, and armed with numerous stout slightly
curved bright chestnut-brown shining spines 1|'-2|' long; or usually shrubby and much
smaller, and often flowering when only a few feet high.
Distribution. Coast of northeastern Massachusetts; southwestern Vermont; eastern
and western New York; near London, Ontario; widely distributed in Pennsylvania; north-
eastern Illinois.
146. Crataegus genunosa Sarg.
Leaves broad-oval or rarely broad-obovate, gradually narrowed and cuneate or occasion-
ally rounded at the entire base, sharply and usually doubly serrate from below the middle
with straight glandular teeth, and often slightly lobed toward the acute or acuminate apex
with short acute lobes, dark red and villose as they unfold, nearly fully grown when the flow-
ers open from the middle to the end of May and then membranaceous, light yellow-green,
nearly glabrous above and pale and villose below, and at maturity thick and firm in texture,
very dark dull green 00 the upper surface, pale on the lower surface and pubescent on the
under side of the stout yellow midrib deeply impressed and occasionally puberulous above,
and on the 4 or 5 pairs of slender primary veins extending obliquely to the end of the leaf,
W-^¥ long, and l'-2' wide; petioles stout, villose or pubescent, more or less winged above,
glandular while young with minute bright red caducous glands, usually pink in the autumn,
i'-¥ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots more coarsely serrate, frequently di-
vided into short acute lateral lobes, and often 4' long and 3' wide, with a rose-colored midrib
and stout spreading primary veins. Flowers |'-f ' in diameter, on slender hairy pedicels,
in broad open compound villose many-flowered corymbs, with lanceolate or oblanceolate
acuminate glandular-serrate conspicuous bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube narrowly ob-
conic, more or less villose with matted pale hairs, or nearly glabrous, the lobes lanceolate,
acuminate, glabrous or villose on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface, coarsely
glandular-serrate with bright red glands; stamens 20; anthers small, rose color; styles 2
54S
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
or 3, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening early in
October and becoming very succulent just before falling, on long slender pedicels, in droop-
ing many-fruited glabrous or puberulous clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, scarlet, lus-
trous, I' in diameter; calyx prominent, with an elongated narrow tube, and reflexed villose
lobes bright red toward the base on the upper side ; flesh thick, bright yellow, sweet and
succulent; nutlets usually 3, or 2, j' long, broad and flat, full and rounded at the ends,
ridged on the back with a prominent rounded ridge, the ventral cavities broad and deep.
A tree, occasionally 30° high, with a tall trunk 10'-12' in diameter, covered with dark
brown scaly bark, stout spreading or ascending branches forming a broad rather open
Fig. 498
symmetrical head, stout zigzag glabrous red-brown or gray-brown lustrous branchlets
armed with straight or slightly curved thick chestnut-brown spines usually about 2' long,
and winter-buds sometimes j' in diameter.
Distribution. Rich forest glades, or the margins of woods, usually in low rich soil;
eastern New York, near Albany, Albany County; western New York (Monroe and Liv-
ingston Counties); southern Ontario (La Salle on the Niagara River and near London);
northwestern Ohio (Oak Harbor, Ottawa County); southern Michigan; common; Illinois
(Calumet, Cook County, and Manley, Fulton County); southern Wisconsin (Waukesha,
Waukesha County and near Madison, Dane County).
147. Crataegus illinoiensis Ashe.
Leaves broad-obovate to oval, rounded or rarely acute at the wide apex, broad-cuneate
and entire at the base, coarsely and often doubly serrate above, with straight or incurved
teeth tipped with minute deciduous glands, and sometimes slightly and irregularly divided
toward the apex into short acute lobes, when they unfold covered below with a thick coat
•f hoary tomentum and pilose above, and when the flowers open about the 20th of May
membranaceous, yellow-green, covered above with short^pale hairs and pubescent below, and
at maturity thick and firm in texture, dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale
and pubescent on the lower surface, particularly on the stout midrib and 4-6 pairs of pri-
mary veins deeply impressed on the upper side, 2'-2|' long, and l|'-2' wijde; petioles stout,
slightly winged toward the apex, generally bright red below the middle after midsummer,
and usually ^'-f in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots usually elliptic, acute or
acuminate, more coarsely dentate and more often lobed, sometimes decurrent nearly to the
base of the stout petiole, 3'-4' long, and 2^'-3' wide. Flowers about f ' in diameter, on
slender slightly hairy pedicels, in broad compact villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly
ROSACEA
543
obconic, coated with long matted pale hairs, the lobes broad, acuminate, very coarsely
glandular-serrate with large stipitate bright red glands, glabrous on the outer surface except
at the base, villose on the inner surface; stamens 10; anthers rose color; styles 2 or usually
3. Fruit ripening early in October and persistent on the branches until after the beginning
of winter, on stout bright red pedicels, in few-fruited drooping villose clusters, globose,
scarlet, lustrous, marked by occasional dark dots, more or less villose at the ends, |' in
diameter; calyx prominent, with a short villose tube, and spreading lobes gradually nar-
rowed from a broad base, sparingly glandular-serrate or nearly entire, villose, mostly de-
ciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, \' long,
broad and thick, rounded at the ends, the ventral cavities broad and deep.
Fig. 499
A tree, rarely more than 18° high, with a trunk 4t'-5' in diameter, covered with thin'close
bark broken on the surface into pale plate-like scales, and divided into several long erect
and spreading slender branches forming a wide open-topped head, and stout somewhat
zigzag branchlets covered at first with scattered pale caducous hairs, bright orange-brown
and lustrous during their first season, becoming dark brown in their second year and ulti-
mately ashy gray, and armed with numerous slender straight or curved bright chestnut-
brown shining spines l|'-3' long.
Distribution. Open woods along the gravelly banks of small streams in Stark and Peoria
Counties, Illinois; not common.
148. Crataegus integriloba Sarg.
Leaves broad-obovate, oval or rhombic, acute, gradually or abruptly narrowed below the
middle, entire at the cuneate base, coarsely doubly serrate above with spreading glandular
teeth, and irregularly divided into numerous short acute or acuminate lobes, coated in early
spring with soft pale caducous hairs, nearly fully grown when the flowers open during the
first week in June, and at maturity glabrous, thin and firm in texture, dark green and lus-
trous on the upper surface, pale yellow-green on the lower surface, l|'-2' long, and I'-l^'
wide, with a slender midrib often dark red at the base, and 4-6 pairs of slender primary
veins deeply impressed on the upper side; petioles stout, more or less broadly winged toward
the apex, at first puberulous, soon glabrous, often red on the lower side, |'-f' in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots more coarsely serrate, more deeply lobed, often 3' long
and 2|' wide, with stout broadly winged petioles. Flowers f ' in diameter, on long slen-
der villose pedicels, in broad open crowded villose corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic,
coated toward the base with long matted white hairs and glabrous above, the lobes linear-
544
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
lanceolate, elongated, entire or very rarely furnished with occasional caducous glands;
stamens 10; anthers large, rose color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of
snow-white hairs. Fruit ripening at the end of September or early in October, on short
stout pedicels, in drooping or erect many-fruited slightly villose clusters, subglobose, bright
scarlet, lustrous, marked by large pale dots, Y~¥ ^^ diameter; calyx enlarged, prominent,
with elongated entire lobes, dark red on the upper side at base, much reflexed and persist-
ent; flesh thin, yellow, sweet and pulpy; nutlets 2 or 3, about ?' long, thick and broad,
rounded at the narrow ends, the ventral cavities broad and deep.
, Fig. 500
A tree, occasionally 18°-20° high, with a straight erect trunk 6'-8' in diameter, wide-
spreading or erect branches forming an open irregular head, and stout nearly straight or
occasionally slightly zigzag glabrous branchlets, lustrous and red-brown or orange-brown
during their first summer and ultimately dull ashy gray, and armed with stout nearly
straight bright chestnut-brown shining spines 1|'-2|' long and often pointed toward the
base of the branch.
Distribution. Low limestone ridges. Province of Quebec, south of the St. Lawrence
River near the Lachine Rapids, and at Caughnawaga, Rockfield, and Adirondack Junction.
149. Crataegus macracantha Koehne.
Leaves broad-obovate to elliptic or oval, acute or rounded and sometimes short-pointed
at apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate at the entire base, coarsely and often
doubly serrate above with straight or incurved gland-tipped teeth, and usually divided
above the middle into numerous short acute or acuminate lobes, when they unfold often
bright red and coated on the upper surface with soft pale hairs, more than half grown when
the flowers open late in May and then dull yellow-green, nearly glabrous on the upper sur-
face and pale and puberulous on the lower surface, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green
and glabrous above, frequently puberulous below on the midrib, and on the 4-6 pairs of
slender primary veins extending obliquely to the point of the lobes and deeply impressed
on the upper side, usually 2'-2^' long and l^'-2' wide; petioles stout, more or less winged
above, frequently bright red after midsummer and usually about Y in length; leaves at the
end of vigorous shoots often broad and rounded at base, coarsely dentate, S'-4' long, and
2|'-3' wide. Flowers about f ' in diameter, on long slender hairy pedicels, in broad more
or less villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, more or less villose or nearly glabrous,
the lobes long, narrow, acuminate, glandular with minute dark glands, glabrous on the
outer surface, slightly villose on the inner surface; stamens usually 10, occasionally 8-12;
anthers pale yellow; styles 2-3, surrounded at the base by a broad ring of hoary tomentuna.
ROSACILE 545
Fruit ripening at the end of September and often remaining on the branches for several
weeks longer, on erect slender pedicels, in broad open many-fruited usually slightly villose
clusters, globose, often hairy at the ends until nearly ripe, crimson, very lustrous, j'-^' in
diameter; calyx large and conspicuous, the lobes coarsely serrate, reflexed and persistent;
flesh thin, dark yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, about Y long and wide, broad and
rounded at the ends, the ventral cavities deep and irregular.
A tree, occasionally 15° high, with a tall stem 5'-Q' in diameter, covered with pale close
bark, stout wide-spreading branches forming an open rather irregular head, and stout
Fig. 501
slightly zigzag glabrous light chestnut-brown very lustrous branchlets, becoming dull red-
dish brown in their second year, and armed with numerous slender usually curved very
sharp bright chestnut-brown shining spines 2|'-4' long.
Distribution. Western Vermont (near Middlebury, Addison County) ; central and west-
ern New York; southern Ontario (near Toronto); northeastern Illinois (Barrington, Cook
County); and eastern Pennsylvania (Bucks and Northampton Counties).
XIX. DOUGLASIAN^.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves subcoriaceous, lustrous above, obovate to broad-ovate, coarsely serrate, usually
lobed; stamens 5-20, normally 10; spines numerous, short and stout.
150. C. Douglasii.
Leaves thinner, dull bluish green, lanceolate to oblong-obovate or elliptic, acute at the
ends, finely serrate, not lobed; stamens 10-20; spines few, long and slender or wanting.
151. C. rivularis.
150. Crataegus Douglasii Lindl.
Leaves broad-obovate to ovate, gradually narrowed below to the cuneate entire base,
coarsely serrate above with minute glandular teeth, and often incisely lobed toward the
acute apex, nearly fully grown and coated above and on the midrib and veins below with
short pale hairs when the flowers open in May, and at maturity thin, glabrous, dark green
and lustrous above, paler below, 1-2' long, and i -1|' wide; petioles slender, wing-margined
above, sparingly glandular, villose early in the season, becoming glabrous, ^'-f ' in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-obovate, incisely lobed at the broad apex, often
546
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
deeply divided into lateral lobes, or occasionally 3-lobed, 3'-4' long, and 2'-3' wide. Flow-
ers i'-xV ^° diameter, on long slender glabrous pedicels, in broad glabrous corymbs, with
linear caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes grad-
ually narrowed from a broad base, entire or occasionally minutely dentate, acute and bright
red at apex, glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface; stamens 10 or rarely
5 by abortion; anthers small, pale rose color; styles 2-5, surrounded at base by tufts of long
pale hairs. Fruit ripening and falling in August and September, on slender pedicels, in
compact, many-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong, truncate at apex, black and lus-
trous, very rarely chestnut-colored (f. badia Sarg.), about |' long; calyx persistent; flesh
thick, sweet and succulent, light yeUow; nutlets usually 5, about I' long, narrowed at base,
broad and rounded at apex, ridged on the back with a narrow ridge, the ventral cavities
irregular, small and shallow.
A tree, 30°-40° high, with a long trunk 18'-20' in diameter, stout branches spreading and
ascending and forming a compact round-topped head, and slender rigid glabrous bright red
Fig. 502
or orange-red lustrous branchlets unarmed, or armed with straight or slightly curved blunt
or rarely acute bright red ultimately ashy gray spines i'-l' long; often shrubby and spread-
ing into wide thickets.
Distribution. Banks of mountain streams; valley of the Parsnip River, British Columbia,
through Washington and Oregon to the valley of the Pitt River, California, and eastward
in the United States through the northern Rocky Mountain region to the Bighorn Moun-
tains, Wyoming; passing into the var. Suksdorfii Sarg. diflFering in its 20 stamens, fruit
not more than Y in diameter, usually in few-fruited clusters and ripening from the 1st of
July to the middle of August. A shrub with numerous stems occasionally 25° high; banks
of the Columbia River and borders of bottom-lands, western Klickitat County, Washington.
151. Crataegus rivularis Nutt.
Leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong-obovate or elliptic, acute, acuminate or abruptly
acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed and concave-cuneate at the long entire base, and
very finely crenately serrate above with glandular teeth, when they unfold tinged with red,
villose above and coated below with matted pale hairs, more than half grown when the
flowers open late in May and then hairy on the midrib and veins above and pale and gla-
brous below, and at maturity thin, dull bluish green and smooth on the upper surface, pale
yellow-green on the lower surface, about 2' long and f ' wide, with a slender yellow midrib
and 3 or 4 pairs of thin obscure primary veins; petioles slender, slightly winged at apex, at
ROSACEA
547
first villose, becoming glabrous and rose-colored below the middle, and about ^' in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often rhombic, coarsely serrate, often slightly incisely
lobed, coriaceous, 3' long, and 2' wide, with a stout broadly winged petiole. Flowers ^' in
diameter, on long slender pedicels, in rather compact glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube broadly
obconic, glabrous, the lobes linear, entire or glandular with minute caducous glands, gla-
brous on the outer surface, sparingly villose on the inner surface, often tinged with red;
stamens 10-20; anthers pale rose color. Fruit ripening in September, on long pedicels, in
drooping few-fruited clusters, short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, dark crimson
and marked by many large white dots when fully grown, becoming black and lustrous
at maturity, |'-|' long; calyx slightly enlarged, persistent, with elongated closely ap-
pressed entire lobes slightly villose and dark red on the upper side below the middle; flesh
thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, Y long, narrowed and rounded at the ends,
slightly ridged on the back, the ventral cavities broad and shallow.
Fig. 503
A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a slender trunk covered with dark brown scaly bark,
erect branches forming a narrow rather open head, and slender bright red-brown lustrous
branchlets marked by numerous pale lenticels, and unarmed or armed with straight
slender spines usually about 1' long.
Distribution. Banks of mountain streams, often forming thickets; southeastern Idaho,
(Pocatello and Inkom, Bannock County); northeastern Nevada (Lee, Elk County) to
southwestern Wyoming, eastern Utah, southwestern Colorado, and northern New Mexico.
XX. ANOMAL-ffi.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Stamens 5-15; corymbs glabrous; leaves scabrate above.
Stamens 20; corymbs villose; leaves glabrous above.
152. C. scabrida (A).
153. C. virilis (A).
152. Crataegus scabrida Sarg.
Leaves oval to obovate, acuminate, gradually narrowed from near the middle to the
acuminate base, irregularly glandular-serrate nearly to the base, and divided above into
numerous short spreading lobes coated above when the flowers open at the end of May with
short pale hairs, and at maturity thick and firm, dark green and scabrate on the upper sur-
face, pale yellow-green and glabrous on the lower surface, 2'-3' long, and l|'-2' wide;
petioles slender, occasionally glandular, often slightly winged toward the apex, ^'-1|' in
jlength. Flowers z in diameter, on slender glabrous pedicels, in broad glabrous corymbs;
548
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
calyx narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, finely gland-
ular-serrate; stamens 5-15; anthers small, pale yellow; styles 3, surrounded at base by a
thick tuft of pale tomentum. Fruit in loose drooping clusters, subglobose, scarlet, ^ in
diameter, only the base of the reflexed calyx-lobes persistent on the ripe fruit; flesh yellow,
thick, dry and mealy; nutlets 3, rounded and prominently ridged on the back, f long,
the ventral depression wide, shallow, irregular, often obscure.
Fig. 504
A tree, 15°-20° high, with a trunk 6' to 8' in diameter, spreading horizontal branches
forming a broad round-topped head, and stout slightly zigzag glabrous branchlets marked
by oblong pale lenticels, dark chestnut-brown during their first season, becoming ashy gray
during their second year, and armed with slender straight or curved spines l^'-2' in length;
or often a tall intricately branched shrub.
Distribution. Valley of the St. Lawrence River, near Montreal, Province of Quebec
to the neighborhood of Toronto, southern Ontario; northern and western Vermont;
southern New Hampshire (slopes of Little Monadnock Mountain) ; western Massachu-
setts, and western New York.
153. Crataegus virilis Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acuminate or rounded and short-pointed at apex, concave-
cuneate and gradually narrowed to the acute entire base, finely doubly serrate above with
straight glandular teeth, and slightly divided above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of small
acuminate lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open during the first week of June
and then thin, yellow-green, smooth and slightly hairy above and pale bluish green and
covered below with short white hairs most abundant on the stout yellow midrib and slender
primary veins, and at maturity thin, glabrous, dark green and lustrous on the upper sur-
face, slightly villose on the lower surface, 2^'-3' long, and l|'-2' wide; petioles stout, wing-
margined often to below the middle, slightly villose on the upper side early in the sea-
son, soon glabrous, f'-l' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots subcoriaceous,
oval to rhombic, acuminate, often long-pointed, 3'-4' long, and 2'-2^' wide, with a rose-
colored midrib and stout broadly winged petiole. Flowers about |' in diameter, on
slender villose pedicels, in broad lax hairy usually 15-18-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube
narrowly obconic, coated with long matted pale hairs, the lobes slender, acuminate, irregu-
larly glandular-serrate near the middle, glabrous on the outer, slightly villose on the inner
surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 20, anthers slightly tinged with pink, styles 4 or
5. Fruit ripening from the middle to the end of September, on puberulous reddish pedicels,
in erect or spreading few-fruited clusters, short-oblong to ovoid, scarlet, lustrous, pubescent
especially near tJie rounded ends, marked by small dark dots, |'-|' long, and about 1|' in
ROSACE.E
549
diameter; calyx prominent, with long slender spreading and reflexed coarsely serrate usu-
ally persistent lobes villose on the upper surface; flesh thin, yellow, rather dry; nutlets
4 or 5, acute at the ends, prominently ridged on the back with a broad deeply grooved ridge,
generally furnished with obscure ventral depressions, about Y long.
A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a short trunk frequently 1° in diameter, covered with
dark scaly bark, stout ascending branches forming a narrow open irregular head, and slen-
Flg. 505
der nearly straight glabrous branchlets dark orange-green when they first appear, becoming
light chestnut-brown, lustrous and marked by pale lenticels in their first season, and armed
with stout straight or slightly curved bright chestnut-brown shining spines l^'-2' in length,
long persistent and becoming branched on old stems.
Distribution. Fence rows, southwest of the village of Weston, near Toronto, Ontario.
8. COWANIA D. Don.
Trees or shrubs with scaly bark and rigid terete branchlets. Leaves alternate, simple,
lobed or rarely linear, subcoriaceous, straight-veined, glandular-dotted on the upper sur-
face, tardily deciduous or persistent, short-petiolate; stipules adnate to the base of the
petiole. Flowers solitary at the end of short lateral branches; calyx-tube turbinate, per-
sistent, the limb 5-lobed, deciduous, the lobes imbricated in the bud; disk thin, adnate to
the tube of the calyx, its margins thickened; petals 5, obovate, spreading, larger than the
calyx-lobes; stamens numerous, inserted in two rows in the mouth of the calyx-tube, in-
curved, persistent; anthers peltate, eglandular, 2-celled, opening longitudinally; carpels
5-12, inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube, free, villose, 1-celled; style short, villose,
stigma simple, filiform; ovule solitary, ascending: raphe linear, dorsal; micropyle inferior.
Fruit composed of 5-12 1-celled ellipsoidal akenes, included in the tube of the calyx, and
tipped with the much elongated persistent styles covered with long white hairs; seed filling
the cavity of the carpel, linear-obovoid, erect; hilum basal, minute; testa membranaceous;
albumen thin; cotyledons oblong, radicle inferior,
Cowania is confined to the dry interior region of the United States and Mexico. Three
species can be distinguished; of these the type of the genus, Cowania mexicana D. Don,
sometimes attains the size and habit of a small tree. The genus was named in honor of
James Cowan (died 1823), an English merchant who traveled in Mexico and Peru and sent
plants to England.
1. Cowania mexicana D. Don.
Cowania Stanshuriana Torr.
Cowania Davidsonii Rydb.
Leaves short-petioled, cuneate, revolute on the margins, 3 or rarely 5-lobed above the
middle, the lobes linear, entire or slightly divided, coriaceous, dark green above, hoary-
550
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
tomentose below, Y-^' long, tardily deciduous or persistent until spring; leaves on vigorous
shoots and on flower-bearing branchlets occasionally linear and entire; stipules ciliate on
the margins, united below and adnate to the short persistent petiole, free above the mid-
dle and acute at apex, persistent and becoming woody on the flower-bearing branchlets.
Flowers appearing in early spring, 1' in diameter; calyx-tube more or less tomentose and
covered with rigid glandular hairs, the lobes rounded at apex, hoary-tomentose; petals
broad-obovate, rounded and emarginate at apex, cuneate and short-stipitate below, pale
yellow or nearly white. Fruit ripening in October, about j' long and as long as the calyx-
tube, the elongated style often 2' in length.
A tree, occasionally SO^-SS** high, with a tall trunk 6'-8' in diameter, short spreading
branches forming a narrow head, and slender rigid branchlets red and glandular during
Fig. 506
their first season, becoming dark reddish brown and glabrous the following year. Bark
of the trunk pale gray, separating freely into long narrow thin loosely attached plates; more
often a shrub with spreading stems often only a few feet tall.
Distribution. Dry rocky slopes and mesas, usually at altitudes between 6000° and
8000°; northern Utah and central Nevada, through Arizona and western New Mexico to
northern Mexico; common and probably of its largest size near the southern rim of the
Grand Canon, and on the lower slopes of the San Francisco Mountains, Arizona.
9. CERCOCARPUS H. B. K. Mountain Mahogany.
Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, rigid terete branches, short lateral spur-like branchlets
conspicuously roughened for many years by the crowded narrow horizontal scars of fallen
leaves, minute buds, the scales of the inner rows accrescent on the growing shoots and often
colored. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or serrate, coriaceous, straight-veined, short-
petiolate, persistent; stipules minute, adnate to the base of the petiole, deciduous. Flowers
axillary on the short lateral branchlets, sessile or short-pedicellate, solitary or fascicled, the
pedicels sometimes lengthening before the fruit ripens; calyx-tube long, cylindric, abruptly
expanded at apex into a cup-shaped, 5-lobed deciduous limb, the lobes imbricated in the
bud; disk thin, slightly glandular, adnate to the tube of the calyx; petals 0; stamens 15-30,
in 2 or 3 rows; filaments incm-ved in the bud, free, short, terete; anthers oblong, pubescent
or tomentose, distinct and united by a broad connective; ovary composed of a single carpel
inserted in the bottom and included in the tube of the calyx, acute, terete, smooth, striate or
sulcate, sericeous, rarely bicarpellate; style terminal, filiform, villose or glabrate, crowned
with a minute obtuse stigma; ovule solitary, subbasilar, ascending; raphe dorsal; micropyle
BOSACEiE
551
inferior. Fruit a linear-oblong coriaceous slightly ridged angled or sulcate akene, included
in the persistent tube of the spindle-shaped calyx more or less deeply cleft at the apex, and
tipped with the elongated persistent style clothed with long white hairs. Seed solitary,
linear, acute, erect; hilum conspicuous lateral above the oblique base; testa membrana-
ceous; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons ovate-oblong, elongated, fleshy;
radicle inferior.
Cercocarpus is confined to the dry interior and mountainous regions of North America.
Twenty-one species, often of doubtful value, have been distinguished; seventeen are cred-
ited to the territory of the United States and the others to Mexico. The heavy hard brittle
wood of all the species makes valuable fuel and is occasionally used in the manufacture of
small articles for domestic and industrial use.
The generic name, from k^pkos and Kapirbs, refers to the peculiar long-tailed fruit.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Flowers usually iu many-flowered clusters.
Leaves coarsely serrate above the middle.
Leaves oval to semiorbicular or obovate, hoary-tomentose below, sinuate-dentate;
flowers short-pedicellate. 1. C. Traskiae.
Leaves oval to slightly obovate, green and glabrous below, denticulate with broad
apiculate teeth; flowers long-pedicellate. 2. C. alnifolius.
Leaves finely serrate above the middle, obovate to oval, pale and villose below; flowers
short-pedicellate. 3. C. betuloides.
Flowers solitary or rarely in 2 or 3-flowered clusters, nearly sessile.
Leaves narrow-lanceolate, lance-elliptic or oblanceolate, acute at the ends, entire, pale
or rufous below. 4. C. ledifolius.
Leaves oblong-obovate to narrow-elliptic, entire or slightly dentate below the apex,
villose-pubescent. 5. C. paucidentatus.
2. Cercocarpus Traskiae Eastw.
Leaves oval to semiorbicular or obovate, rounded or acute at apex, cuneate, rounded or
TKXjasionally somewhat cordate at the narrow base, revolute on the margins, entire below.
Fig. 507
coarsely sinuate-dentate above the middle with slender teeth tipped with minute dark
glands, when they unfold covered above with soft pale hairs and below with thick hoary
tomentum, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green, lustrous and villose or nearly glabrous
552
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
on the upper surface, pale-tomentose on the lower surface, l^'-2' long, and l'-l|' wide,
with prominent primary veins running obliquely to the point of the teeth, and, like the
stout midrib, conspicuously impressed on the upper side; petioles stout, hoary-tomentose,
about I' in length; stipules acuminate, scarious, covered on the margins with long white
hairs, |' long. Flowers appearing early in March, nearly sessile, in 1-5 usually 4 or 5-
flowered clusters, hoary-tomentose, §'-f' long; calyx broad, glabrous on the inner surface;
anthers tomentose. Fruit: mature calyx, light reddish brown, villose-pubescent, deeply
cleft at apex, |' long; akene slightly ridged on the back, ^' in length, covered with long
lustrous white hairs; style l|'-2' in length.
A tree, occasionally 25° high, with a trunk often inclining, usually much contorted,
2'-10' in diameter and 6°-8° long, stout wide-spreading branches, and stout branchlets,
hoary-tomentose when they first appear, marked by numerous small scattered lenticels,
bright reddish brown during two or three years, ultimately dark gray-brown and conspicu-
ously roughened by the enlarged ring-like leaf-scars. Bark light gray, sometimes slightly
broken by shallow fissures and marked by irregular cream-colored blotches.
Distribution. Steep sides of a deep narrow arroyo on the south coast of Santa Catalina
Island, California.
2. Cercocarpus alnifolius Rydb.
Cercocarpus parvifolius Sarg., in part, not Nutt.
Leaves occasionally persistent until late in the spring, oval to slightly obovate, rounded or
rarely acute at apex, rounded or cuneate at base, and coarsely serrate above the middle with
broad apiculate teeth, when they unfold covered above with soft white hairs and pale and
Fig. 508
villose on the midrib and veins below, and at maturity thick, glabrous, dark green and lus-
trous on the upper surface, pale and yellow-green on the lower surface, \\'-%\' long, and
l'-2' wide, with a stout midrib and 6-7 pairs of slender prominent veins; petioles stout,
sparingly villose early in the season, soon glabrous, \'-\' long; stipules ovate, abruptly
long-pointed, covered with silky white hairs. Flowers on slender hairy pedicels Y~h' long*
in 2-15 usually 4 or 5-flowered clusters; calyx-tube villose, about ■^^' long, the limb villose
on the outer surface, \' broad. Fruit: mature calyx-tube many-nerved, deeply cleft at
apex, villose-pubescent, dark chestnut-brown, Y—^' long; akene covered with long silky
hairs; style 2'-2^' in length.
A tree, 12°-20° high, with one or two or three trunks, occasionally 8' in diameter, small
ROSACEA
553
erect and spreading branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender branchlets
green and sparingly villose when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous, and in their
second year chestnut-brown and lustrous and marked by minute pale lenticels. Bark
about \' thick, dark reddish brown, fissured and divided into small closely appressed scales.
Distribution. Hillsides, Descanso Canon, about a mile and a half up the coast west of
Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, and on Santa Cruz Island, California.
3. Cercocarpus betuloides Nutt.
Cercocarpus parvifolius var. betuloides Sarg.
Leaves obovate to oval, acute or roimded at apex, cuneate at base, finely serrate above
the middle with straight or incurved glandular teeth, dark green on the upper surface, pale
and viUose-pubescent or tomentose sometimes becoming nearly glabrous on the lower
Fig. 509
surface, I'-l^' long, and Y~¥ wide, with a thin midrib, and 5-8 pairs of slender primary
veins more or less deeply impressed on the upper side of the leaf; petioles densely villose,
often becoming glabrous, about Y in length; stipules scarious, acuminate. Flowers nearly
sessile, in 1-3-flowered clusters; calyx-tube densely villose, about Y long, the limb turbi-
nate, villose^on the outer surface, glabrous on the inner surface, |' wide. Fruit on slen-
der slightly villose pedicels I'-Y in length; mature calyx-tube often slightly gibbous,
deeply cleft at apex, light chestnut-brown, sparingly villose, ^Y JQ diameter; akene covered
with stiff spreading hairs; style 2'-3' in length.
A tree, occasionally 25° high, with a single trunk, small ascending and spreading branches
forming an open irregular head, and slender red-brown branchlets covered when they first
appear with loose pubescence, soon becoming glabrous; more often a tall or low shrub with
several stems. Bark smooth, separating into thin deciduous scales.
Distribution. Common and widely distributed over the California coast ranges from
Siskiyou County to the Santa Monica and San Bernardino Mountains.
4. Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.
Leaves narrow-lanceolate, lance-elliptic or oblanceolate, acute at the ends, apiculate,
entirfe with thick revolute margins, coriaceous, reticulate-veined, puberulous while young,
and at maturity dark green, lustrous and glabrous on the upper surface and pale or rufous
and tomentulose on the lower surface, resinous, Y-l' long, and f '-§' wide, with a broad
554
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
thick midrib deeply grooved on the upper side, and obscure primary veins; persistent until
the end of their second summer; petioles broad, about i' in length; stipules nearly trian-
gular. Flowers solitary, sessile in the axils of the clustered leaves, f long; calyx hoary-
tomentose. Fruit: mature calyx-tube almost |' long, nearly cylindric, rather larger above
than below, lO-ribbed, obscurely 10-angled, slightly cleft at apex, hoary-tomentose; akene
pointed at the ends, obscurely angled, chestnut-brown, j' long, covered with long pale or
tawny hairs; style 2'-3' in length, generally contracted by 1 or 2 partial corkscrew twists.
A resinous slightly aromatic tree, occasionally 40° high, with a short trunk sometimes
2|° in diameter, stout spreading usually contorted branches forming a round compact
head, and red-brown branchlets coated at first with pale pubescence, soon becoming gla-
brous, frequently covered with a glaucous bloom, silver gray or dark brown in their second
year, and for many years marked by the conspicuous elevated leaf-scars. Bark red-brown,
divided by deep broad furrows, and broken on the surface into thin persistent plate-like
Fig. 510
scales, becoming on old trunks 1' thick. Wood bright clear red or rich dark brown, with
thin yellow sapwood of 15-20 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Dry gravelly arid slopes at altitudes of 5000°-9000°; mountain ranges of
the interior region of the United States from eastern Washington and Oregon, to lower
Green and Snake River valleys, Wyoming, and through Utah and Nevada to south-
western Colorado; in California to the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, the northern
slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains, on Mt. Pinos, San Diego County, and on the
northern coast mountains (Snow Mountain to Scott Mountain, Jepson).
5. Cercocarpus paucidentatus Britt.
Cercocarpus eximius Rydb.
Leaves oblong-obovate to narrow-elliptic, acute or rounded and often apiculate at apex,
gradually narrowed from above the middle and acute at base, their margins revolute, often
undulate, and entire or dentate toward the apex with few small straight or incurved apicu-
late teeth, when they unfold coated with hoary tomentum, and at maturity thick, gray-
green and covered with soft white hairs or nearly glabrous on the upper surface, pale and
tomentulose on the lower surface, ^'-1' long and \'-\' wide, with a thin prominent midrib
and primary veins; petioles stout, tomentose, ultimately pubescent or nearly glabrous,
1^6 -i' in length; stipules linear-lanceolate, tomentose, about half as long as the petioles.
Flowers appearing from March to May and often again in August, nearly sessile, solitary
ROSACEiE
555
in pairs or rarely in 3-flowered clusters in the axils of the crowded leaves; calyx-tube slender,
^'-j' long, thickly covered on the outer surface, like the short rounded lobes, with long
white hairs. Fruit: mature calyx-tube short-stalked, light red-brown, villose, deeply cleft
at apex, about j' long; akene nearly terete, covered with long white hairs; style l'-l|' in
length.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a long straight trunk sometimes 6'-8' in diameter, erect rigid
branches forming a narrow open or irregular head, and slender bright red-brown lustrous
branchlets marked irregularly by large scattered pale lenticels, covered at first with a thick
coat of hoary tomentum, villose or pubescent for two or three years and ultimately ashy
Fig. 511
gray or gray tinged with red, the spur-like lateral branchlets much roughened by the ring-
like scars of fallen leaves. Bark about |' thick, divided by shallow fissures and broken
on the surface into small light red-brown scales.
Distribution. In forests of Pines and Oaks usually at altitudes of about 5000°, on the
dry ridges of the mountains of western Texas, and of southern New Mexico and Arizona; in
Arizona ranging northward to Oak Creek Canon, near FlagstaflF, Coconino County (P.
Lowell) ; and southward over the mountains of northern Mexico.
10. PRUNUS B. & H. Plum and Cherry
Trees or shrubs, with bitter astringent properties, slender branchlets, marked by the
usually small elevated horizontal leaf-scars with 2 or 3 fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and
small scaly buds, their scales imbricated in many rows, those of the inner rows accrescent
and often colored. Leaves convolute or conduplicate in the bud, alternate, simple, usually
serrate, petiolate, deciduous or persistent; stipules free from the petiole, usually lanceolate
and glandular, often minute, early deciduous. Flowers in axillary umbels or corymbs, or
in terminal or axillary racemes, appearing from separate buds before, with, or later than the
leaves, or on leafy branches; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud; disk thin, ad-
nate to the calyx-tube, glandular, often colored; petals 5, white, deciduous; stamens usually
15-20, inserted with the petals in 3 rows, those of the outer row 10, opposite the petals,
those of the next row alternate with them and with those of the inner row, sometimes 30 in
3 rows; filaments filiform, free, incurved in the bud; anthers oval, attached on the back;
ovary inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube, 1-celled; style terminal, dilated at apex into
a truncate stigma; ovules 2, suspended; raphe ventral; the micropyle superior. Fruit a 1-
seeded drupe; flesh thick and pulpy or dry and coriaceous; stone bony, smooth, rugose, or
556 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
pitted, compressed, indehiscent. Seed filling the cavity of the nut, suspended; seed-coat
thin, membranaceous, pale brown; cotyledons thick and fleshy; radicle superior.
Prunus with about one hundred and twenty species is generally distributed over thfe
temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, and is abundant in North America, eastern
Asia, western and central Asia and central Europe, ranging southward in the New World
into tropical America, and to southern Asia in the Old World. Of the twenty-five or thirty
species which occur in the United States, twenty-two are arborescent in habit. Several of
the species bear fruits which are important articles of human food; many contain in the
seeds and leaves hydrocyanic acid, to which is due their peculiar odor, and the fruit of some
of the species is used to flavor cordials. The wood of Prunus is close-grained, solid, and
durable, and a few of the species are important timber-trees.
Prunus is the classical name of the Plum-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Flowers in sessile axillary umbels; fruit usually slightly 2-lobed by a ventral groove, gener-
ally more than Y in diameter, red to nearly black or yellow, often covered with a glau-
cous bloom. Prunophora. Plums.
Leaves convolute in the bud, their petioles usually without glands.
Leaves broad-ovate to orbicular; fruit often 1' or more in diameter, red or yellow,
nearly destitute of bloom. 1. P. subcordata (G).
Leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong or obovate; fruit §' in diameter or less, blue, nearly
black, red or yellow, covered with a glaucous bloom. 2. P. iimbellata (C).
Leaves conduplicate in the bud.
Leaves dull dark green, usually abruptly pointed at apex.
Fruit red, rarely yellow, or blue in one form of 2 and 5; leaves oblong to obovate;
stone of the fruit compressed.
Leaves crennate-serrate, their petioles biglandular; calyx-lobes glandular.
3. P. nigra (A).
Leaves sharply serrate with slender often apiculate teeth.
Leaves narrowed and usually cuneate at base.
Leaves glabrous or villose on the midrib below; petioles and calyx-lobes usu-
ally without glands. 4. P. americana (A, C, F).
Leaves pubescent below; fruit covered with a thick glaucous bloom.
Petioles eglandular or with a single gland near the apex; pedicel of the
flower glabrous; calyx-tube puberulous; stone of the fruit rounded at
base. 5. P. lanata (A, C).
Petioles glandular near the apex with 1-3 prominent glands; pedicel of
the flower furnished near the apex, like the glabrous calyx-tube, with
long white hairs; stone of the fruit pointed at base.
6. P. tenuifolia (C).
Leaves usually broad and rounded at base, ovate to elliptic or obovate, con-
spicuously reticulate- venulose; petioles glandular. 7. P. mexicana (C).
Fruit purple, covered with a glaucous bloom; leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate; peti-
oles and calyx-lobes without glands; stone of the fruit turgid.
8. P. alleghaniensis (A).
Leaves thin and lustrous, acute or acuminate, narrowed at base; petioles usually glan-
dular; fruit red or yellow, the stone turgid.
Calyx-lobes glandular.
Leaves oblong-obovate to oblong-oval or rarely oblong-lanceolate.
9. P. hortulana (A).
Leaves elliptic to lanceolate. 10. P. Munsoniana (A, C).
Calyx-lobes without glands; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate.
11. P. angustifolia (A, C),
ROSACEiE 557
Flowers in axillary umbels or corymbs; fruit bright red and lustrous, f ' in diameter or less;
leaves conduplicate in the bud. Mahaleb, Bird Cherries.
' Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or rarely acute at apex.
12. P. peimsylvanlca (A, B, F).
Leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, usually obtuse, occasionally acute at apex.
13. P. emarginata (B, F, G).
Flowers in terminal racemes on leafy branches of the year; fruit globose, red or rarely yel-
low; leaves conduplicate in the bud. Padus. Wild Cherries.
Calyx-lobes deciduous from the fruit; leaves oblong-oval or obovate, abruptly pointed,
cuneate, rounded or in one form cordate at base. 14. P. virginiana (A, B, F, G).
Calyx-lobes persistent on the fruit.
Petioles biglandular near the apex.
Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, or rarely pubescent on the
midrib below. 15. P. serotina (A, C).
Leaves oval, broad-ovate or rarely obovate, acute, short-pointed or rounded at apex,
villose-pubescent below. 16. P. alabamensis (C).
Leaves obovate, oval or elliptic, short-pointed or rounded at apex, covered below
with rufous hairs. 17. P. australis (C).
Petioles without glands; leaves elliptic to ovate or slightly obovate, acute, rounded or
abruptly short-pointed at apex, in one form rusty pubescent on the midrib below.
18. P. virens (E, F, H).
Flowers in racemes from the axils of persistent leaves of the previous year; fruit globose
or slightly three-lobed; leaves conduplicate in the bud. Laurocerasus. Cherry
Laurels.
Calyx-lobes rounded, undulate on the margins; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, en-
tire or rarely remotely spinulose-serrate; fruit black, the stone broad-ovoid, acute,
cylindric. 19. P. caroliniana (C).
Calyx-lobes acute, minute.
Leaves elliptic to oblong-ovate, entire; fruit orange-brown, the stone subglobose.
20. P. myrtifolia (D).
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, rounded or emarginate at apex, conspicuously
spinulose-dentate; fruit red, becoming purple or nearly black, the stone ovoid,
short-pointed. 21. P. ilicifolia (G).
Leaves ovate to lanceolate, acuminate or abruptly short-pointed at apex, usually en-
tire; fruit dark purple or nearly black, the stone ovoid to obovoid, short-pointed.
22. P. Lyonii (G).
1. Pnrnus subcordata Benth. Wild Plum.
Leaves broad-ovate or orbicular, usually cordate, sometimes truncate or rarely cuneate
at base, and sharply often doubly serrate, when they unfold puberulous on the upper sur-
face and pubescent on the lower surface, and at maturity glabrous, or puberulous below,
slightly coriaceous, dark green above and pale below, l'-3' long and §'-2' wide, with a
broad midrib and conspicuous veins; northward turning brilliant scarlet and orange or red
and yellow in the autumn before falling; petioles slender, usually eglandular, |'-|' in
length; stipules lanceolate, acute, glandular-serrate. Flowers appearing before the leaves
in March and April, f ' in diameter, on slender glabrous or pubescent pedicels j-^ long, in
2-4-flowered umbels; calyx-tube campanulate, glabrous or puberulous, the lobes oblong-
obovate, rounded at apex, pubescent on the outer surface, more or less clothed with pale
hairs on the inner surface, half as long as the obovate white petals rounded above and nar-
rowed below into a short claw. Fruit ripening in August and September, on stout pedicels
I'-f loijg, short-oblong, |'-li' long, with dark red or sometimes bright yellow skin, and
more or less subacid flesh; stone flattened or turgid, acute at the ends, i'-l' long, nar-
rowly wing-margined on the ventral suture, conspicuously grooved on the dorsal suture.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, dividing 6°-8° from the
558
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ground into stout almost horizontal branches, and glabrous or pubescent bright red more or
less spinescent branchlets marked by occasional minute pale lenticels, becoming darker red
or purple in their second year, and ultimately dark brown or ashy gray; or often a bush,
with stout ascending stems 10°-12° tall, or a low much-branched shrub. Winter-buds
acute, i' long, with chestnut-brown scales, scarious on the margins, those of the inner rows
Fig. 512
I' long at maturity, oblong, acute, and generally bright red. Bark about |' thick,
gray-brown, deeply fissured, and divided into long thick plates broken on the surface into
minute persistent scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, pale brown, with thin lighter
colored sap wood of 5 or 6 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Dry rocky hills and open woods usually in the neighborhood of streams,
sometimes forming thickets of considerable extent; central Oregon to northeastern Cali-
fornia in the region east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, and common to cen-
tral California; on the foothills of the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada up to altitudes of
4000° south to the Yosemite Valley, and on the coast ranges to Black Mountain, Santa
Clara County; of its largest size on the borders of small streams in southern Oregon and
northern California; at high altitudes, and in the arid regions of southeastern Oregon a low
shrub producing sparingly small sometimes pubescent fruit (var. oregona Wight) ; Klamath
Indian Reservation, near Klamath Falls and in Sprague River Valley, Klamath County.
2. Primus umbellata Ell. Sloe. Black Sloe.
Leaves obovate-lanceolate to oblong, acute at the ends or sometimes rounded or slightly
cordate at base, finely and sharply serrate with remote incurved glandular teeth, and usu-
ally furnished with 2 large dark glands at the base, when they unfold bright bronze-green,
with red margins, midrib, and petiole, glabrous above and pubescent or glabrous below
with the exception of a few hairs along the prominent orange-colored midrib and primary
veins, and at naturity thin, dark green above, paler below, 2'-2^' long and V-\Y wide,
petioles stout, glabrous or pubescent, about \' in length; stipules lanceolate, setaceous,
glandular-serrate, |'-f ' long. Flowers opening in March and April before the appearance
of the leaves, f in diameter, on slender glabrous pedicels §' long, in 3 or 4-flowered umbels;
calyx-tube broad-obconic, glabrous or puberulous, the lobes sometimes slightly clavate at
the acute red apex, scarious on the margins, and hoary-tomentose on the inner surface;
petals nearly orbicular, contracted at the base into a short claw. Fruit ripening from July
to September, on slender stems ^' to nearly 1' long, globose, without a basal depression,
about Y in diameter, with a tough thick black or on some individuals yellow, and on others
bright red skin covered with a glaucous bloom, and thick acid flesh; stone flattened with
BOSACEiB
559
thin brittle walls, Y long, I'-tV wide and half as thick, acute at the ends, slightly rugose,
conspicuously ridged on the ventral suture, and slightly grooved on the dorsal suture.
A tree, sometimes 15°-20° high, with a short often crooked or inclining trunk 6'-10' in
diameter, slender unarmed branches forming a wide compact flat-topped head, and slender
branchlets more or less densely coated at first with pale pubescence, soon becoming gla-
brous, lustrous and bright red, and in their second year dark dull brown and marked by
Fig. 513
occasional orange-colored oblong lenticels; or frequently a low shrub. Winter-buds about
tV long, with acute chestnut-brown apiculate scales, those of the inner rows at maturity Y
long and red at the apex. Bark j thick, dark brown, separating into small appressed per-
sistent scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, dark reddish brown, with thick lighter
colored sapwood of about 30 layers of annual growth. The fruit is used in large quantities
in making jellies and jams.
Distribution. Stanly County (near Albemarle, J. S. Holmes), North Carolina, and
South Carolina southward, usually in the neighborhood of the coast, to Orange County,
Florida, and westward to eastern Texas and southern Arkansas. The form with red
fruit common in the interior of the Florida peninsula (Orange County). Variable in the
amount of its pubescence and slightly variable in the shape of the fruit, and passing into
var. injucunda Sarg. {Prunus mitis Beadl.) A small tree with branchlets hoary tomentose
when they first appear, becoming pubescent, and puberulous in their second season, leaves
more or less tomentose below, villose pedicels, calyx and ovary, and subglobose to short-
oblong fruit. Central and southern Georgia (base of Stone Mountain and Little Stone
Mountain, De Kalb County, and near Augusta, Richmond County), and eastern Ala-
bama (near Auburn, Lee County). More distinct is
Prunus umbellata var. tarda Wight
Prunus tarda Sarg.
Differing from the type in the more oblong stone of the later-ripening fruit, lighter-
colored bark and larger size.
Leaves oblong or oval, or occasionally obovate, acute or acuminate and short-pointed at
apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at base, and finely serrate with straight or incurved
teeth tipped with dark minute persistent glands, when they unfold glabrous or rarely sca-
brous or puberulous above and cinereo-tomentose below, and at maturity thick and firm,
dark yellow-green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale and pubescent or puberulous
on the lower surface, especially along the prominent light yellow midrib and thin primary
560
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
veins, l^'-3' long and f'-lj' wide; petioles stout, tomentose or ultimately pubescent, |'-^'
in length, glandular at apex with 2 large round stalked dark glands, or often eglandular;
stipules acicular, often bright red, about Y long. Flowers appearing early in April
with or before the leaves, about j in diameter, on slender glabrous pedicels, in 2 or 3-flow-
ered umbels; calyx-tube narrow-obconic, glabrous toward the base, villose above, the
lobes acute, entire, villose on the outer surface, hoary-tomentose on the inner surface; petals
oblong-obovate, gradually contracted below into a short claw. Fruit ripening late in Octo-
ber or early in November, on stout rigid pedicels, short-oblong to subglobose, f'-^' long,
clear bright yellow on some trees, bright red on others, and on others purple, dark blue, or
black, with tough thick skin, and thick very acid flesh; stone ovoid more or less compressed,
very rugose, obscurely ridged on the ventral suture and slightly grooved on the dorsal
suture, acute and apiculate at apex, and rounded at base.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk 18'-20' in diameter, wide-spreading branches form-
ing an open symmetrical head, and slender branchlets marked by small scattered dark len-
ticels, light-green and hoary-tomentose when they first appear, becoming glabrous, ligh":
Fig. 514
red-brown and lustrous during their first summer and darker at the end of their second year.
Winter-buds narrow, acute, the color of the branchlets, j^ '- 1' long. Bark i'-f ' thick, light
brown tinged with red, and divided by shallow interrupted fissures into flat ridges broken on
the surface into small loose plate-like scales.
Distribution. Glades and open woods in the neighborhood of Marshall, Harrison County,
Texas, to western Louisiana, southern Arkansas, and western Mississippi.
3. Prunus nigra Ait Red Plum. Canada Plum.
Leaves oblong-ovate to obovate, abruptly contracted at apex into a long narrow point,
cuneate, truncate or slightly cordate at base, and doubly crenate-serrate with small dark
glandular teeth, when they unfold faintly tinged with red and pubescent on the under sur-
face or glabrous with the exception of conspicuous tufts of slender white or rufous hairs in
the axils of the primary veins, and at maturity thick and firm, dull dark green on the upper
surface, pale on the lower surface, 3'-5' long and 1 ^'-S' wide, with a conspicuous pale midrib
and slender veins; petioles stout, biglandular at apex with 2 large dark glands, ^'-1' in
length; stipules lanceolate or on vigorous shoots often 3-5-lobed, glandular-serrate, |' long.
Flowers appearing in early spring with or before the leaves, Ij' in diameter, on slender gla-
brous dark red pedicels, ^'-f ' long, in 3 or 4-flowered umbels; calyx-tube broad-obconic,
dark red on the outer surface, bright red on the inner surface, the lobes narrow, acute, gland-
ular, glabrous or occasionally pubescent on the outer surface, reflexed after the flowers open;
ROSACEA
561
oetals broad-ovate, rounded at apex, more or less erose on the margins, contracted at base
into a short claw, white, turning pink in fading. Fruit ripening from the middle to the end
of August, oblong-oval, I'-l j' long, with a tough thick orange-red skin nearly destitute of
bloom, and yellow rather austere flesh; stone oval, compressed, 1' long, |' wide, thick-
walled, acutely ridged on the ventral suture and slightly grooved on the dorsal suture.
A tree, 20°-30° high, with a trunk sometimes 8'-10' in diameter, divided usually 5°-6°
from the ground into a number of stout upright branches forming a narrow rigid head, stout
slightly zigzag branchlets marked by numerous pale excrescences, bright green, glabrous or
puberulous at first, and dark brown tinged with red in their second season, and stout spiny
lateral spur-like secondary branchlets. Winter-buds acuminate, |'-j' long, with chestnut-
brown, triangular scales pale and scarious on the margins. Bark about |' thick, light gray-
brown. Math a smooth outer layer exfoliating in large thick plates of several papery layers,
and in falling exposing the darker slightly fissured scaly inner bark. Wood heavy, hard,
close-grained, rich bright red-brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood.
Distribution. In the alluvial soil of river valleys and on limestone hills; western New
Brunswick (near the mouth of the Aroostook River) to the valley of the Saint Lawrence
River and westward to the southern shore of Georgian Bay, the northern shore of Lake
Superior (west of Port Arthur, Ontario), the valley of the Winnipeg River, Manitoba, and
Fig. 515
southward to northern New England, central and western New York, northern Ohio (Lor-
raine County), southern Michigan, northerly Indian^ (C. C. Beam), northeastern Illinois,
southeastern and western Wisconsin (valley of the Wisconsin River), eastern Minnesota and
North Dakota.
Often cultivated in Canadian gardens and occasionally in those of the northern states as
a fruit-tree or for the beauty of its flowers. Varieties are propagated by pomologists.
4. Prunus americana Marsh. Wild Plum.
Leaves oval to oblong-oval or slightly obovate, acuminate at apex, narrowed and cuneate
or rounded at base, and sharply often doubly serrate with slender apiculate teeth, when
they unfold glabrous or slightly pubescent, and often furnished below with conspicuous
axillary tufts of pale hairs, and at maturity thick and firm, more or less rugose, dark green
on the upper surface, pale and glabrous on the lower surface, 3'-4' long and l^'-lf wide,
with a thin midrib glabrous or villose-pubescent on the k)wer side, and slender primary
veins; petioles slender, eglandular or furnished near the apex with one or two glands, gla-
brous or puberulous, |'-|' in length. Flowers appearing in early spring before or with
the unfolding of the leaves, 1' in diameter, bad-smellirg, on slender glabrous pedicels
56%
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
J'-f long, in 2-5-flowered umbels; calyx-tube narrow-obconic, bright red, glabrous or
puberulous, green on the inner surface, the lobes lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse
or acute, eglandular or obscurely glandular above the middle, usually dentate toward the
apex, glabrous or puberulous on the outer surface, soft-pubescent on the inner surface;
petals rounded and irregularly laciniate at apex, contracted below into a long narrow claw,
bright red at base, Y long and j' wide. Fruit ripening in June at the south and from the
middle of August to early October at the north, subglobose or slightly elongated, usually
rather less than 1' in diameter, in ripening turning from green to orange often with a red
cheek, becoming bright red when fully ripe, usually destitute of bloom and more or less
conspicuously marked by pale spots, with a thick tough acerb skin and bright yellow suc-
culent rather juicy acid flesh; stone oval slightly rugose rounded at apex, more or less nar-
rowed at base, f '-1' long and f'-f wide, often as thick as broad, slightly and acutely
ridged on the ventral suture and obscurely grooved on the dorsal suture.
A tree 20°-35° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 1° in diameter and dividing usually 4°
or 5° from the ground into many spreading branches often pendulous at the end and form-
ing a broad graceful head and slender glabrous branchlets at first bright green, light
orange-brown during their first winter, becoming darker and often tinged with red and
marked by minute circular raised lenticels, and furnished with long slender remote some-
times spinescent lateral branchlets; usually spreading by shoots from the roots into broad
thickets, or in the Gulf States growing with a single stem. Winter-buds acute, |'-|' long, the
chestnut-brown scales more or less erose on the margins, the inner scales when fully grown
foliaceous, §' long, oblong, acute, remotely serrate, with 2 narrow acuminate lateral lobes.
Bark about ^ thick, dark brown tinged with red, the outer layer separating into long thin
persistent plates, southward often lighter-colored. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained,
strong, dark rich brown tinged with red, with thin lighter-colored sapwood. The fruit is
sometimes used in the preparation of jellies and preserves, and is eaten raw or cooked.
Distribution. In the middle and northern states in rich soil, growing along the borders
of streams and swamps; in the south Atlantic states often in river swamps; west of the
Fig. 516
Mississippi on bottom-lands, dry uplands and low mountain slopes; western Connecticut
(Gay lordsville, Litchfield County) , Eastern Greenbush, Rensselaer County and central New
York to southern Ontario, central Michigan and northern Indiana, and northwestward to
North Dakota, Manitoba (near Brandon), the Bitter Root Mountains, Wyoming and west-
ern Montana (Dixon, Sanders County), and southward to western Florida, central Mis-
sissippi, Alabama, eastern Louisiana, Missouri, southern Arkansas, eastern Kansas and
Oklahoma, and in the Rocky Mountain region along the eastern foothills of Colorado to
ROSACEA
563
northern New Mexico (near Las Vegas, San Miguel County) ; and northeastern Utah (near
Logan, Cache County) ; on the southern Appalachian Mountains ascending to altitudes of
3000°, and in South Carolina and Georgia extending to the immediate neighborhood of the
coast; in the Rocky Mountain region usually a low shrub forming large thickets. Passing
into the var, floridana Sarg., dijffering in its much thinner finely serrate leaves and purple
fruit. A small tree without root suckers; low rich woods near St. Marks, Wakulla County,
middle Florida; common.
5. Pninus lanata Mack. & Bush.
Prunus americana lanata Sudw.
Prunus Palmeri Sarg.
Leaves ovate to oblong-obovate, elliptic or rarely slightly obovate, abruptly acuminate
and long-pointed at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate or rarely rounded at base, and
coarsely often doubly serrate with apiculate spreading teeth, when they unfold sparingly
Fig. 517
covered above by short caducous hairs and below by long white spreading hairs, and at
maturity thin, light yellow-green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale and more or less
densely covered below with close soft pubescence at the south often becoming fuscous late
in the season, and villose on the midrib and primary veins, 2|'-4' long and 1|'-2|' wide;
petioles slender, pubescent, eglandular or furnished with a gland near the apex, Y~¥ in
length, stipules linear, acuminate, occasionally 3-lobed, villose, sparingly glandular. Flow-
ers about f in diameter, on slender glabrous pedicels |'-f' in length, in 2-5-flowered
umbels; calyx-tube narrow-obconic, puberulous, the lobes long, acuminate, entire or rarely
slightly serrate toward the apex, ciliate on the margins, puberulous and more or less tinged
with red on the outer surface, pubescent on the inner surface; petals oblong-oval, narrowed
and rounded at apex, gradually narrowed below into a long claw, about |' wide; stamens
about 25; style elongated, exceeding the stamens. Fruit on drooping glabrous pedicels,
ellipsoid, deep crimson covered with a glaucous bloom, often 1' long and f in diameter,
with thick succulent flesh; stone oblong, compressed, rounded at base, pointed and apicu-
564
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
late at apex, ridged on the dorsal edge with a thin narrow ridge, thin and slightly grooved
on the ventral edge.
A tree 20°-30° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, small erect branches and slender
unarmed branchlets light yellow-green and puberulous or pubescent when they first ap-
pear, usually becoming glabrous before the end of their first season, light orange-brown
during their first season and dark red-brown the following year; sometimes a shrub only a
few feet tall; usually growing with a single well-developed trunk; occasionally spreading by
suckers from the roots into small thickets. Winter-buds acute, I'-e' long, with light chest-
nut-brown puberulous scales ciliate on the margins. Bark pale gray-brown, exfoliating in
large thin scales.
Distribution. Hillsides and river-bottom lands; southern Indiana (near Columbus,
Bartholomew County, and Gordon Hills, Gibson County), through southern Illinois (Galla-
tin, Pope, Richland and Johnson Counties) to western Kentucky (Ballard and Hickman
Counties); through Missouri and Arkansas to eastern Oklahoma, western Louisiana and
eastern Texas to Wilson Coimty (Southerland Springs) ; through eastern Louisiana (West
Feliciana and Tammany Parishes), and near Selma, Dallas County, Alabama.
6. Pninus tenuifolia Sarg.
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate or elliptic, gradually narrowed and acute or acuminate
and often abruptly long-pointed at apex, cuneate or often narrowed and rounded at base,
finely doubly serrate with teeth pointing to the apex of the leaf, at maturity thin, dark
yellow-green and sparingly covered above with short soft white hairs, paler and soft pubes-
Fig. 518
cent below, especially on the slender midrib, and 7 or 8 pairs of thin primary veins con-
nected by occasional cross veinlets, 3'-4' long and l|'-2' wide; petioles slender, pubescent,
becoming puberulous or nearly glabrous, glandular near the apex with 1-3 prominent dark
glands, or eglandular. Flowers f in diameter, opening from the middle to the end of
March, on slender pedicels f '-f ' long, furnished near the apex with a few long white hairs,
in 2-4-flowered sessile umbels; calyx-tube narrow-obconic, glabrous with the exception of
occasional long scattered white hairs near the base, the lobes narrow, entire, or minutely
dentate near the rounded apex, ciliate on the margins, pubescent on the outer surface,
densely villose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; petals white, ovate-oblong, nar-
rowed and rounded at apex, crenulate above the middle, gradually narrowed below into a
ROSACEiE
565
short claw. Fruit on stout slightly hairy or glabrous stems, oblong to oblong-obovoid, red,
covered with a thick glaucous bloom, f '-f ' long and |'-f ' in diameter, with a thick skin
and thin flesh; stone oblong, compressed, pointed at the ends, slightly sulcate at apex,
unsymmetric, ridged on the full and rounded dorsal edge with a broad thin ridge, thin
nearly straight and only slightly grooved on the ventral edge, f '-f long and about Y
wide.
A tree 30° high, with a tall trunk usually about 12' but occasionally 18' in diameter, stout
gpreading branches and stout or slender glabrous branchlets light orange green when they
first appear, becoming light gray or red-brown and lustrous at the end of their first season,
and dark dull red-brown the following year. Bark of the trunk and large branches thick,
pale gray, and broken into long platelike scales.
Distribution. Dry Oak-woods near Jacksonville and Larissa, Cherokee County, Texas.
7. Prunus mexicana S. Wats. Big Tree Plum.
Prunus arkansana Sarg.
Leaves ovate to elliptic or obovate, abruptly long-pointed and acuminate at apex,
rounded or rarely cuneate and often glandular at base, and finely doubly serrate with
apiculate slender straight or slightly incurved teeth, at maturity thick, dark yellow-green.
Fig. 519
glabrous and lustrous on the upper surface, paler and sparingly covered on the lower surface
with long soft white hairs most abundant on the prominent midrib and primary veins and
on the numerous conspicuous reticulate veinlets, lf'-3^' long and l|'-2' wide; petioles
stout, pubescent or puberulous, glandular at apex with large dark glands, or eglandular,
f'-f in length. Flowers appearing in March before the leaves, 1' in diameter, on slender
glabrous pedicels in 3 or 4-flowered sessile umbels; calyx-tube narrow-obconic, glabrous,
the lobes oblong or oblong-ovate, about as long as the tube, rounded and laciniate at
apex or entire, ciliate and glandular on the margins with small sessile glands, puberulous
on the outer surface, hoary-tomentose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; petals
sometimes puberulous on the outer surface toward the base, ovate-orbicular to oblong-
ovate, rounded at the narrow apex, crenulate, abruptly or gradually narrowed below into a
short claw, about 3 times as long as the calyx-lobes; style longer than the stamens. Fruit
566 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ripening from the end of August to early October, subglobose to short-oblong, rounded at
the ends, dark purple-red with a slight glaucous bloom, Ij'-li' long and I'-l j' in diameter,
with thick succulent flesh; stone smooth obovoid to nearly circular, turgid, unsymmetric,
narrowed and rounded at base, rounded or short-pointed at apex, ridged on the rounded
dorsal edge with a broad thin ridge, thin, less rounded and grooved on the ventral edge,
f'-l' long and about |' wide.
A tree from 20°-25° high, with a trunk sometimes 8'-10' in diameter, stout branches
forming an open irregular head, and slender glabrous branchlets light orange-brown, very
lustrous and marked by dark lenticels during their first winter and duU gray-brown the
following year. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, glabrous, J' long. Bark dark, nearly
black or light gray, exfoliating in platelike scales on young stems and large branches,
becoming rough and deeply furrowed on old trunks.
Distribution. Open woods on rich alluvial bottom-lands, upland prairies and hillsides;
southeastern Kansas (near Parsons, Labette County), through Arkansas to western Okla-
homa (Navina, Logan County, Minca, Grady County), western Louisiana, northern and
eastern Texas to the valley of the San Antonio River, ranging westward in Texas over the
Edwards Plateau and to Brown and Palo Pinto Counties; in West Feliciana Parish, eastern
Louisiana; in Coahuila and Nuevo Leon.
Passing into the following varieties:
Prunus mexicana var. reticulata Sarg. Differing in its thicker leaves more often nar-
rowed at base, with more prominent reticulate veinlets, pubescent pedicels, globose fruit
ripening late in September or in October, with thin, bitter, astringent flesh and dark deeply
furrowed bark.
Distribution. Uplands and along the margins of river bottoms; neighborhood of Deni-
son and Sherman, Grayson County, northern Texas.
Prunus mexicana var. polyandra* Sarg.
Differing in the narrowed base of the leaves, the more numerous stamens, in its earlier
ripening fruit, with an obovoid compressed stone pointed at apex and gradually narrowed
and acute at base.
Distribution. Rich woods near Fulton, Hempstead County, Arkansas.
Prunus mexicana var. fultonensis Sarg.
Differing in its thinner leaves pubescent below over the whole surface, and in its smaller
dark bluish-purple fruit, ripening in June, with thin flesh and a compressed stone pointed at
apex and gradually narrowed and acute at base.
Distribution. Rich woods near Fulton, Hempstead County, Arkansas.
8. Prunus alleghaniensis Porter. Sloe.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, often long-pointed, finely and sharply serrate with
glandular teeth, and furnished at base with 2 large rather conspicuous glands, when they
unfold covered with soft pubescence, and at maturity puberulous on the upper surface, and
glabrous with the exception of a few hairs in the axils of the veins, or covered, especially
along the broad midrib and conspicuous veins, with rufous pubescence on the lower surface,
rather thick and firm in texture, dark green above and paler below, 2'-3|' long and f'-li'
wide; petioles slender, grooved, pubescent or puberulous, j-Y in length. Flowers appear-
ing in May with the unfolding of the leaves, 5' in diameter, on slender puberulous pedicels
I'-f long, in 2-4-flowered umbels; calyx-tube narrow-obconic, pubescent or puberulous
on the outer surface, the lobes ovate-oblong, rounded at apex, scarious on the margins, and
coated with pale tomentum on the inner surface; petals rounded at apex, contracted at base
into a short claw, turning pink in fading. Fruit ripening the middle of August, on stout
puberulous pedicels, subglobose or slightly oval to obovoid, Y~¥ in diameter, with thick
rather tough dark reddish-purple skin covered with a glaucous bloom, and yellow juicy aus-
tere flesh; stone thin-walled, turgid, two thirds as thick as broad, j'-^' long, pointed at the
ends, ridged on the ventral suture, and slightly grooved on the dorsal suture.
A slender tree, occasionally 18°-20° high, with a trunk sometimes 6'-8' in diameter, divid-
ROSACEiE 567
ing into numerous erect rigid branches, and branchlets at first coated with pale caducous
pubescence, becoming dark red and rather lustrous in their first winter, and ultimately
nearly black, and unarmed, or sometimes armed with stout spuiescent lateral spur-like
branchlets. Winter-buds acuminate or obtuse, xV long, their inner scales accrescent, scari-
ous, oblong, acute, f long, bright red at apex. Bark $' thick, dark brown, fissured and
broken on the surface into thin persistent scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, brown
tinged with red, with thin pale sap wood of 10-12 layers of annual growth. The fruit is
made into preserves, jellies and jams.
Distribution. Low moist soil, often forming shrubby thickets sometimes of considerable
extent, and dry ridges; slopes of Tusseys Mountain in the northwestern part of Hunting-
don County, and over the main range of the Alleghany Mountains into Clearfield and Elk
Counties, Pennsylvania; rocky ridges near the Natural Bridge, Rockbridge County, Vir-
ginia, and lower slopes of Peak Mountain on South Fork of Buffalo Creek, Ashe County,
North Carolina {W. W. Ashe), and in southern Connecticut; of its largest size on limestone
bluffs south of the Little Juniata River, Pennsylvania. A shrubby variety with leaves
broader in proportion to their length and less acuminate at apex (var. Davisii Wight) oc-
curs in Roscommon and Montmorency Counties, Michigan.
9. Prunus hortulana Bailey. Wild Plum.
Leaves oblong-obovate to oblong-oval or rarely to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and
contracted at apex into a long slender point, cuneate or more or less rounded at the narrow
base, and finely serrate with incurved lanceolate glandular teeth, when they unfold pilose
with slender white hairs, and at maturity glabrous above, pilose below in the axils of the
primary veins and along the midrib with tawny hairs, thin but firm, dark green and lustrous
on the upper surface paler on the lower surface, 4'-6' long and I'-l^' wide, with a broad
conspicuous orange-colored midrib, primary veins connected near the margins of the leaf,
and prominent reticulate veinlets; petioles slender, orange-colored, l'-l|' in length and
furnished above the middle with numerous scattered dark glands; stipules lanceolate,
acuminate, glandular-serrate, early deciduous. Flowers appearing in April or early in
May when the leaves are about one-third grown, f'-l' in diameter, on slender puberulous
pedicels ^' long, in 2-4-flowered umbels; calyx-tube narrow-obconic, the lobes about as long
as the tube, oblong-ovate, acute or rounded at apex, glandular-serrate, glabrous or puberu-
lous on the outer surface, pubescent or tomentose on the inner surface chiefly toward the
base, reflexed after the unfolding of the narrow oval or oblong-orbicular petals rounded and
occasionally emarginate at apex, contracted below into a long narrow claw, entire, erose, or
occasionally serrate, and white often marked with orange toward the base. Fruit ripening
in September and October, on stout stems, globose or rarely ellipsoid, |'-1' in diameter,
568 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
with thick deep red or sometimes yellow lustrous skin, and hard austere thin flesh ; stone tur-
gid, f '-f ' long, compressed at the ends, abruptly short-pointed or rounded at apex, rounded
or truncate at base, conspicuously ridge-margined on the ventral suture and broadly and
deeply grooved on the dorsal suture, thick-walled, usually conspicuously or rarely ob-
scurely rugose and pitted.
A tree 20°-30° high, without suckers from the roots, with a slender often inclining trunk,
frequently 5'-6' or occasionally 10'-12' in diameter, dividing usually several feet above the
ground into thick spreading branches forming a broad round-topped head, and stout rigid
branchlets marked by minute pale lenticels, glabrous or slightly puberulous during their
first summer, rather dark red-brown, and usually unarmed or on vigorous trees armed with
stout spinescent lateral chestnut-colored branchlets; or often a shrub, with many stems
forming thicket-like clumps. Winter-buds minute, obtuse, with chestnut-brown scales
slightly ciliate on the margins, those of the inner ranks becoming oblong-lanceolate, acute,
glandular-serrate, sometimes |' in length. Bark thin, dark brown, separating into large
thin persistent plates, and displaying the light brown inner layers.
Distribution. Low banks of streams in rich moist soil; southwestern Illinois to Scott
County, Iowa, and to eastern Kansas and northeastern Oklahoma, and to central Ken-
tucky and northwestern Tennessee; most abundant and of its largest size in Missouri. The
handsomest of American Plum-trees, and hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts.
Several selected forms are grown and valued by pomologists. Passing into var. Mineri
Bailey, with darker green duller leaves, and sometimes more scaly bark. Southwestern
Illinois to central Missouri; and into var. pubens Sarg. differing from the type in its
pubescent leaves, petioles and young branchlets. In the neighborhood of Webb City,
Jasper County, and to northeastern Missouri and southeastern Kansas.
Often cultivated by pomologists in many selected forms.
10. Prunus Munsoniana Wight & Hedrick
Leaves elliptic to lanceolate, acute or acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate
or rounded at base and finely glandular-serrate, when they unfold densely villose-pubescent
above and glabrous below, and at maturity thin, light green and lustrous on the upper sur-
face, pale on the lower surface, 2|'-4' long and j-lY wide, with a slender midrib often red
and usually pubescent or sparingly villose on the lower side, and slender primary veins
often furnished with small axillary clusters of white hairs; petioles slender, usually biglan-
dular toward the apex, the groove on the upper side covered with white pubescence, often
bright red, f in length; stipules linear, glandular-serrate. Flowers appearing in Texas be-
fore the leaves at the end of March and as late as May after the appearance of the leaves at
ROSACEiE
569
the northern limits of its range, |'-|' in diameter, on slender glabrous pedicels f '-1' long, in
2-4-flowered umbellike clusters; calyx-tube broad-obconic, glabrous, obscurely nerved,
the lobes ovate, acute or acuminate, minutely glandular-serrate, glabrous or rarely slightly
pubescent on the outer surface, pubescent on the inner surface below the middle; petals
about j' long, obovate to oblong-obovate, entire or sparingly erose, white, about |' long,
abruptly contracted into a short claw. Fruit ripening in July and August, subglobose to
short-oblong, f ' long, bright red with a slight bloom, marked by pale dots and occasionally
by yellow blotches, rarely yellow, with a thin skin and light or dark yellow juicy aromatic
fibrous flesh often of good quality; stone oval, compressed, pointed at apex, truncate or
obliquely truncate at base, thick-margined and grooved on the ventral suture, grooved on
the dorsal suture, irregularly roughened on the surface, about ^' long.
A tree spreading into dense thickets, the oldest central stem sometimes 20° high and 5' or
6' in diameter, diminishing in height and bize to the margin of the thicket, with erect, rarely
slightly spinescent branches, and slender glabrous red-brown lustrous branchlets marked
by numerous pale lenticels. Winter-buds obtuse, chestnut brown, glabrous, rarely more
than I' long. Bark thin, usually smooth and reddish or chestnut-brown on young stems,
becoming gray or grayish brown and separating into thin platelike scales on older trunks.
Distribution. Usually in rich soil; southern Illinois (Alexander, Gallatin, Pope, Johnson
and Richland Counties); southwestern Kentucky; central Tennessee; northern Mississippi;
central Missouri to southeastern Kansas, and through Arkansas to eastern Oklahoma,
western Louisiana (Natchitoches and Lincoln Parishes), and northern Texas west to Clay
and Lampasas Counties) ; now occasionally naturalized from cultivated trees in eastern
Texas, and eastward to Georgia, eastern Kentucky, southern Ohio, and in northern Mis-
souri. Hardy in eastern Massachusetts and western New York.
Cultivated in orchards, a tree sometimes 20°-30° tall with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, and
rather small wide-spreading branches forming a handsome round-topped head. Selected
forms of the wild plants are valued by pomologists who have produced several hybrids by
crossing Prunus Munsoniana with other American and with Old World species. The
** Wild Goose Plum," one of the best known forms of Prunus Munsoniana, has flowered and
produced fruit for many years in the Arnold Arboretum.
n. Prunus angustifolia Marsh. Chickasaw Plum.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed at the ends, apiculate at apex, and
sharply serrate with minute glandular teeth, glabrous or at first sometimes furnished with
axillary tufts of long pale hairs, bright green and lustrous on the upper, paler and rather
570
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
dull on the lower surface, l'-2' long and ^'-f wide; petioles slender, glabrous or puberu-
lous, biglandular near the apex with 2 conspicuous red glands, bright red, |'-^' in length;
stipules linear or lobed, glandular-serrate, §' long. Flowers appearing before the leaves
from the beginning of March at the south to the middle of April at the north, |' in diameter,
on slender glabrous pedicels |'-|' long, in 2-4-flowered umbels; calyx-tube campanuiate,
glabrous, the lobes oblong, obtuse, entire ciliate on the margins with slender hairs, pale-
pubescent on the inner surface, reflexed at maturity; petals obovate, rounded at apex, con-
tracted at base into a short broad claw, white or creamy white. Fruit ripening between the
end of May and the end of July, globose or subglobose, about ^' in diameter, bright red
or yellow, rather lustrous, nearly destitute of bloom, with a thin skin, and juicy subacid flesh ;
stone turgid, rugose, compressed at the ends, nearly |' long, more or less thick-margined on
the ventral suture and grooved on the dorsal suture.
A tree, 15°-25° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 8' in diameter, slender spreading
branches, and bright red and lustrous branchlets glabrous or covered at first with short
caducous hairs, becoming in their second year dull, darker and often brown, marked with
occasional horizontal orange-colored lenticels, and frequently armed with long thin spines-
cent lateral branchlets; spreading into thickets. Winter-buds acuminate, y^g' long, with
chestnut-brown scales. Bark about |' thick, dark reddish brown and slightly furrowed,
the surface broken into long thick appressed scales. Wood heavy, although rather soft,
not strong, light brownish red with lighter colored sapwood. The fruit is often sold in the
markets of the middle and southern states.
Distribution. Widely naturalized especially in the south Atlantic and Gulf states from
southern Delaware and Kentucky to central Florida and eastern Texas, occupying the
margins of fields and other waste places near human habitations usually in rich soil; proba-
bly native in central Texas and Oklahoma. Passing into var. varians Wight & Hedrick,
'differing from the type in its usually larger leaves occasionally up to 2|' in length and to 1'
in width, in the longer pedicels of the flowers and in the ovoid to ellipsoid often pointed
stone of the red or yellow later ripening fruit. A tree usually spreading into thickets,
occasionally 12° high with a trunk 4' or 5' in diameter, small branches and slender often
spinescent chestnut-brown branchlets. Usually in richer soil than the type, southwestern
Kansas (Arkansas City, Desha County), through eastern Oklahoma and southern Arkansas
to northern and central Texas (Cherokee County) ; now occasionally naturalized in the
eastern Gulf States and possibly indigenous in Dallas County, Alabama, and Orange
County, Florida.
A number of selected forms of this variety, including most of those formerly referred to
Prunus angustifolia, are grown and valued in southern orchards but are not hardy in the
north.
ROSACEA
571
12. Pninus pennsylvanica L. WUd Red Chetsry. Bird Cherry.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sometimes slightly falcate, acuminate or rarely acute, and
finely and sharply serrate with incurved teeth often tipped with minute glands, when they
unfold bronze-green, pilose below and slightly viscid, soon becoming green and glabrous,
and at maturity bright and lustrous on the upper surface, rather paler on the lower surface,
3'-4|' long and |'-1|' wide; turning bright clear yellow some time before falling in the
autumn; petioles slender, glabrous or slightly pilose, |'-1' in length, and often glandular
above the middle; stipules acuminate, glandular-serrate, early deciduous. Flowers ap-
pearing in early May when the leaves are about half grown, or at the extreme north and at
high altitudes as late as the 1st of July, ^' in diameter, on slender pedicels nearly 1' long, in
4 or 5-flowered umbels or corymbs; calyx-tube broad-obconic, glabrous, marked in the
mouth of the throat by a conspicuous light orange-colored band, the lobes obtuse, red at
apex, and reflexed after the flowers open; petals |' long, nearly orbicular, contracted at
base into a short claw, creamy white. Fruit ripening from the 1st of July to the 1st of Sep-
tember, globose, I' in diameter, with a thick light red skin, and thin sour flesh; stone oblong,
thin-walled, slightly compressed, pointed at apex, roimded at base, about -^^' long, and
ridged on the ventral sutm-e,
A tree, with bitter aromatic bark and leaves, .30°-40° high, with a trunk often 18'-20' in
diameter, regular slender horizontal branches forming a narrow usually more or less
rounded head, and slender branchlets light red and sometimes slightly puberulous when
they first appear, soon glabrous, bright red, lustrous and covered with pale raised lenticels
in their first winter, and developing in their second year short thick spur-like lateral branch-
lets and then covered with dull red bark marked by bright orange-colored lenticels, the
outer coat easily separable from the brilliant green inner bark; at the extreme north often 9
low shrub. Winter-buds ovoid to ellipsoid, acute, about j*^' ^^^S> with bright red-brown
acute scales, ciliate on the margins. Bark of young stems and of the branches smooth and
thin, bright reddish brown, becoming on old trunks Y~¥ thick, and separating horizontally
into broad persistent papery dark red-brown plates marked by irregular horizontal bands
of orange-colored lenticels and broken into minute persistent scales. Wood light, soft,
close-grained, light brown, with thin yellow sapwood. The fruit is often used domestically
and in the preparation of cough mixtures.
Distribution. Newfoundland to the shores of Hudson's Bay, and westward in British
America to the eastern slopes of the coast range of British Columbia in the valley of the
Frazer River, and southward through New England, New York, northern Pennsylvania,
central Michigan, northern Indiana, northern Illinois, central Iowa, and on the Appala-
572
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
chian Mountains, North Carolina and Tennessee; common in all the forest regions of the
extreme northern states, growing in moist rather rich soil; often occupying to the exclusion
of other trees large areas cleared by fire of their original forest-covering; common and at-
taining its largest size on the western slopes of the Big Smoky Mountains in Tennessee.
Passing into var. saximoniana Rehd. differing from the type in its shorter and broader, more
coarsely serrate leaves, usually fewer flowered sessile umbels, larger fruit, and smaller size.
The Rocky Mountain form; common from Manitoba, the Flathead Lake region, Montana,
and northern Wyoming, southward through Colorado.
13. Prunus emarginata Walp. "Wild Cherry.
Leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, rounded and usually obtuse or sometimes acute
at apex, cuneate and furnished at base with 1 or 2 and sometimes 3 or 4 large dark
glands, and serrate with minute subulate glandular teeth, when they unfold puberulous or
pubescent on the lower surface and slightly viscid, and at maturity glabrous or pubescent
below (var, mollis S. Wats.), \'-S' long, ^'-1^' wide, dark green above and paler below;
petioles usually pubescent, \'~\' in length; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-ser-
rate, deciduous. Flowers appearing when the leaves are about half grown, at the end of
April at the level of the ocean or as late as the end of June at high altitudes, \'-^' in diame-
ter, on slender pedicels from the axils of foliaceous glabrous glandular-serrate bracts, in
6-12-flowered glabrous or pubescent corymbs V-\Y long; calyx-tube obconic, glabrous
or puberulous, bright orange-colored in the throat, the lobes short, rounded, emarginate or
slightly cleft at apex, sometimes slightly glandular on the margins, reflexed after the
flowers open; petals obovate, rounded or emarginate at apex, contracted below into a short
claw, white faintly tinged with green. Fruit ripening from June to August, on slender
pedicels, in long-stalked corymbs often 2' long, globose, \'-Y in diameter, more or less
translucent, with a thick skin bright red at first when fully grown, becoming darker and al-
most black, and thin bitter astringent flesh; stone ovoid, turgid about |' long, pointed and
compressed at the ends, with thick brittle slightly pitted walls, ridged and prominently
grooved on the ventral suture and rounded and slightly grooved on the dorsal suture.
A tree, occasionally 30°-40° high, with exceedingly bitter bark and leaves, a trunk
12'-14' in diameter, slender rather upright branches forming a symmetric oblong head, and
slender flexible branchlets coated at first with pale pubescence, dark red-brown during
their first winter, bright red, conspicuously marked by large pale lenticels in their second
season, and furnished with short lateral branchlets; frequently a shrub especially at high
altitudes, with spreading stems 3°-10° tall forming dense thickets. Winter-buds acute, \'
long, with chestnut-brown scales often slightly scarious on the margins, those of the inner
ROSACEA
575
Passing into var. demissa f. pachyrrachis Sarg. (Padus valida Woot. & Stanl.) differing
in the cuneate or rounded base of the leaves, villose pubescent on the midrib and veins be-
low, in the stouter pubescent rachis and pedicels, and in the pubescent branchlets usually
becoming glabrous at the end of their second season.
Distribution. Common on the mountains of southwestern New Mexico (Sierra County)
and rarely in southern California.
15. Prunus serotina Ehrh. Wild Black Cheny. Rum Cheny.
Prunus eximia Small.
Leaves oval, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, gradually or sometimes abruptly acuminate at
apex, cuneate at base, finely serrate with appressed incurved callous teeth, and furnished
at the very base with 1 or more dark red conspicuous glands, when they unfold slightly
Fig. 528
hairy below on the midrib, and often bronze-green, and at maturity glabrous, thick and
firm, subcoriaceous, dark green and very lustrous above, paler below, 2'-6' long and \'-\^'
wide, with a thin conspicuous midrib rarely furnished toward the base with a fringe of rusty
tomentum and slender veins; in the autumn turning clear bright yellow before falling; peti-
oles slender, I'—f' in length; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-serrate, Y~¥ in
length, early deciduous. Flowers appearing when the leaves are about half grown, from
the end of March in Texas to the first week of June in the valley of the St. Lawrence River,
\' in diameter, on slender glabrous or puberulous pedicels from the axils of minute scarious
caducous bracts, in erect or ultimately spreading narrow many-flowered racemes 4'-6'
long; calyx-tube saucer-shaped, glabrous or puberulous, the lobes short, ovate-oblong,
acute, slightly laciniate on the margins, reflexed after the flowers open, persistent on the
ripe fruit; petals broad-obovate, pure white. Fruit ripening from June to October, in
drooping racemes, depressed-globose, slightly lobed, \'-\' in diameter, dark red when fully
grown, almost black when ripe, with a thin skin, and dark purple juicy flesh of a pleasant
vinous flavor; stone oblong-obovoid thin-walled, about \' long, acute at apex, gradually
narrowed at base, broadly ridged on the ventral suture and acute on the dorsal suture.
A tree, with bitter aromatic bark and leaves, sometimes 100° high, w ith a trunk 4°-5° in
diameter, small horizontal branches forming a narrow oblong head, and slender rather rigid
glabrous branchlets at first pale green or bronze color, soon becoming bright red or dark
brown tinged with red, red-brown or gray-broM n and marked by minute pale lenticels dur-
ing their first winter, and bright red the following year; usually much smaller and occasion-
576
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ally toward the northern limits of its range shrub-like in habit. Winter-buds obtuse, or on
sterile shoots acute, with bright chestnut-brown broad-ovate scales keeled on the back
and apiculate at apex, those of the inner ranks becoming scarious at maturity, acuminate,
and I'-f long. Bark |'-f ' thick, broken by reticulated fissures into small irregular plates
scaly on the surface, and dark red-brown, or near the Gulf-coast light gray or nearly white.
Wood light, strong, rather hard, close straight-grained, with a satiny surface, light brown or
red, with thin yellow sap wood of 10-12 layers of annual growth; largely used in cabinet-
making and the interior finish of houses. The bark, especially that of the branches and
roots, yields hydrocyanic acid used in medicine as a tonic and sedative. The ripe fruit is
used to flavor alcoholic liquors.
Distribution. Nova Scotia westward through the Canadian provinces to Lake Superior,
and southward through the eastern states to central (Lake County) Florida, and westward
to eastern South Dakota, southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, central Oklahoma and
the valley of the east fork of the Frio River, Texas; usually in rich moist soil; once very
abundant in all the Appalachian region, reaching its greatest size on the slopes of the high
Alleghany Mountains from West Virginia to Georgia, and in Alabama; sometimes on low
sandy soil, and often in New England on rocky cliffs within reach of the spray of the ocean ;
not common in the coast region of the southern states.
A form from the summits of White Top Mountain, Virginia, with larger and rather
thicker leaves pale below and rather larger fruit, has been described as var. montana
Britt.
16. Prunus alabamensis Mohr. Wild Cherry.
Leaves oval, broad-ovate, or occasionally obovate, acute, short-pointed or rounded at
apex, cuneate, rounded or rarely slightly obcordate at base, and finely serrate with incurved
teeth tipped with minute or sometimes near the base of the blade with larger dark glands,
when they unfold coated below and on the upper side of the midrib with fine pubescence,
and at maturity thick and firm in texture, 4'-5' long, about 2' wide, dark dull green and
glabrous on the upper surface, dull and covered on the lower surface with short simple or
Fig. 529
forked accrescent hairs most abundant and sometimes rufescent on the slender midrib and
primary veins; petioles stout, tomentose, becoming pubescent, eglandular or occasionally
furnished near the apex with 1 or 2 large dark glands, |'-^' in length; stipules lanceolate,
acuminate, glandular-serrate, bright red, ^' long, caducous. Flowers appearing during the
first week of May, when the leaves are about half grown, Y in diameter, on pubescent pedi-
cels from the axils of ovate or obovate acuminate bright pink caducous bracts, in spreading
ROSACEA
577
^r erect slender pubescent racemes 3'-4' long; calyx-tube broad, cup-shaped, puberulous,
with short almost triangular lobes persistent on the fruit; petals white, nearly orbicular.
Fruit ripening late in September, subglobose to short-oblong, Y in diameter, dark red or
finally nearly black, with thin acid flesh; stone ovoid somewhat compressed, pointed at the
ends, J long, ridged on the ventral suture with a broad low ridge, and slightly grooved on
the dorsal suture.
A tree, 25°-30° high, with a short trunk rarely 10' in diameter, spreading somewhat
drooping branches, and slender branchlets coated at first with pale tomentum, dark red-
brown during their first season, becoming nearly glabrous before winter, and much darker
in their second year. Bark of the trunk dark, rough, separating freely into small thin
scales.
Distribution. Summits of the low mountains of central Alabama; rare and local.
17. Pninus australis Beadl. "Wild Cherry.
Leaves obovate, oval or elliptic, gradually narrowed and obtusely short-pointed or some-
times acute at apex, rounded or occasionally cuneate at the narrowed base, and finely serrate
with slender teeth tipped with minute dark red glands, when they unfold membranaceous.
Fig. 530
pale yellow-green and glabrous above, with the exception of occasional pale hairs along the
midrib, and coated below with pale or ferrugineous pubescence, and at maturity thin but
firm, dark Hull green above, covered below with rufous hairs most abundant on the thin
broad midrib, and on the slender primary veins extending nearly to the margins of the leaf,
conspicuously reticulate-venulose, 2^'-4' long and lV~^¥ wide; petioles rusty-tomen-
tose, biglandular at apex with large dark glands, about j' in length; stipules linear to linear-
lanceolate, glandular, bright rose color, |'-^' long. Flowers probably opening toward the
end of April, on short pedicels from the axils of minute rose-colored caducous bracts, in
slender spreading hoary-pubescent racemes 3'-4' long; the expanded flowers not known.
Fruit ripening and falling late in July, on pedicels i' long, globose, surrounded at base by the
calyx-lobes and remnants of the stamens, dark purple when fully ripe, and about j' in
diameter, with thin flesh; stone ovoid, compressed, rounded at base, pointed at apex, about
Y long and broad, ridged on the ventral suture, with a low broad ridge, slightly grooved
on the dorsal suture.
A tree, sometimes 60° tall, with a trunk 12'-16' in diameter, spreading or ascending
branches forming an oblong head, and slender branchlets coated at first with pale pubes-
cence, becoming puberulous, dull red-brown, and roughened by numerous small pale ele-
vated lenticels at the ei^d of their first season, and glabrous or puberulous in their second
578
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
year. Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse, about ^^' long, with acute dark red-brown glabrous
scales. Bark of young stems and of the branches thin, silvery gray, and roughened by long
horizontal lenticels, becoming on older trunks \' thick, ashy gray or brownish black, deeply
fissured and broken into thick persistent platelike scales.
Distribution. Clay soil at Evergreen, Conecuh County, Alabama; common.
18. Prunus virens Shrive. Wild Cherry.
Padus virens Woot. & Stanl.
Prunus serotina, ed. 1, in so far as relates to western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.
Leaves elliptic, ovate or rarely slightly obovate, acute, rounded or occasionally acumi-
nate or abruptly narrowed into a short obtuse point at apex, rounded or broad-cuneate at
base, finely crenately serrate, glabrous, light green and lustrous on the upper surface.
Fig. 531
lighter green and glabrous on the lower surface, l|'-2' long and f'-l' wide, with a
slender midrib, thin veins and reticulate veinlets; petioles slender, glabrous or rarely
slightly villose, without glands, |'-^' in length. Flowers appearing when the leaves
are nearly fully grown from the first to the middle of May, Y in diameter, on slender gla-
brous pedicels, in erect or spreading many-flowered glabrous or puberulous racemes
S'-Q' long; calyx-tube saucer-shaped, glabrous, y\' wide, persistent under the fruit, the
lobes short-pointed, acute, persistent; petals broad-obovate, pure white. Fruit ripening in
August and September, in erect or spreading racemes, subglobose to short-oblong, purplish
black and lustrous at maturity, j-^ in diameter, with thin juicy acrid flesh; stone com-
pressed, slightly obovoid I' in diameter, with a low broad ridge on the ventral suture, and
rounded on the dorsal suture.
A tree in sheltered canons sometimes 25°-30° high, with a trunk 18' or 20' in diame-
ter, small, usually drooping or occasionally wide-spreading branches, and slender glabrous
red-brown pendulous branchlets marked by small pale lenticels, becoming gray-brown in
their second year; on open mountain slopes a shrub with numerous erect stems and usually
smaller leaves. Winter-buds acute or acuminate, xg'~l' long* with slightly villose red-
brown scales. Bark near the base of old trunks |' thick, nearly black, deeply fissured and
broken on the surface into thin persistent scales, higher on the trunk and on small stems
thin, smooth, reddish or gray-brown, lustrous and marked by many narrow oblong pale
horizontal lenticels.
Distribution. Guadalupe Mountains, western Texas, over the mountain ranges of
southern New Mexico and Arizona, extending northward in Arizona to the cafions of the
ROSACE.E
579
Colorado plateau south of the Colorado River; widely and generally distributed at alti-
tudes between 5000° and 8000°, but nowhere abundant. Passing into var. rufula Sarg.,
diflFering in the rusty brown pubescence on the lower side of the midrib of the leaves, in the
pubescent petiole and lower part of the rachis, in the puberulous ovary, and in the rusty
brown pubescence of the young branchlets.
Distribution. With the species on many of the mountain ranges of southern New Mex-
ico and Arizona at altitudes between 5400° and 6000°.
19. Prunus caroliniana Ait. Wild Orange. Mock Orange.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate, with entire thickened slightly revolute
margins, or rarely remotely spinulose-serrate, glabrous, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous
on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, 2'-4^' long and |'-1^' wide, and obscurely
veined, with a narrow pale midrib; persistent until their second year; petioles stout, broad,
orange-colored; stipules foliaceous, lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers appearing from Feb-
ruary to April, on slender pedicels about |' long, from the axils of long-acuminate scarious
red-tipped bracts, in dense racemes shorter than leaves; calyx-tube narrow-obconic, the
lobes small, thin, rounded, undulate on the margins, reflexed after the flowers open, decidu-
ous; petals boat-shaped, minute, cream-colored; stamens exserted, orange-colored, with
glabrous filaments and large pale anthers; ovary gradually narrowed into a slender erect
style enlarged above into a club-shaped stigma. Fruit ripening in the autumn, remaining
on the branches until after the flowering period of the following year, oblong, short-pointed,
black and lustrous, ^' long, with a thick skin, and thin dry flesh; stone short-ovoid, pointed,
nearly cylindric, about ^' long, full and rounded at base, with thin fragile walls, obscurely
ridged on the ventral suture and deeply grooved on the dorsal suture.
A tree, 30°-40° high, with a straight or inclining trunk sometimes 10' in diameter, slender
horizontal branches forming a narrow oblong or sometimes a broad head, and glabrous
branchlets marked by occasional pale lenticels, slightly angled, at first light green, becom-
ing bright red, and in the second season light brown or gray. Winter-buds acuminate, |'
Fig. 532
long, covered with narrow pointed dark chestnut-brown scales rounded on the back. Bark
about I' thick, gray, smooth or slightly roughened by longitudinal fissures, and marked by
large irregular dark blotches. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light red-brown or
sometimes rich dark brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The partially withered
leaves and young branches are often fatal to animals browsing upon them, owing to the
considerable quantities of hydrocyanic acid which they contain.
580
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Deep rich moist bottom-lands; valley of the Cape Fear River, North
Carolina, to the shores of Bay Biscayne and the valley of the Kissimee River, Florida, and
through southern Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana to the valley of the Guadalupe
River, Texas; in Bermuda; in the Atlantic and eastern Gulf states usually only in the im-
mediate neighborhood of the sea, rarely ranging inland more than fifteen or twenty miles;
common along the borders of hummocks in the center of the Florida peninsula and a char-
acteristic tree on those in the region of Lake Apopka, Orange County; in Alabama ranging
inland to Dallas County (Pleasant Hill, T, G. Harbison) ; most abundant and of its largest
size in the valleys of eastern Texas, and here often forming great impenetrable thickets.
Often cultivated in the southern states as an ornamental plant and to form hedges; and
when cultivated occasionally 50°-60° high, with a trunk 3° in diameter.
20. Prunus myrtifolia Urb.
Prunus spkcerocarpa Sw.
Leaves elliptic to oblong-ovate, gradually or abruptly contracted into a broad obtuse
point, or less commonly rounded or rarely emarginate at apex, cimeate at base, entire, with
Fig. 533
slightly thickened imdulate margins, glabrous, eglandular, subcoriaceous, yellow-green and
lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, obscurely veined, 2'^^' long and
l'-l|' wide; persistent; petioles slender, orange-brown, |' to 1' in length; stipules folia-
ceous, lanceolate, acuminate, entire, j long, early deciduous. Flowers opening in Florida
in November, j in diameter, on thin orange-colored pedicels |'-f ' long, in slender many-
flowered erect racemes shorter than the leaves; calyx-tube obconic, bright orange-colored
on the outer surface, marked by an orange band in the throat, the lobes thin, minute, acute,
laciniate on the margins, deciduous, much shorter than the obovate rounded or acuminate
white petals marked with yellow on the inner surface toward the base, contracted below
into a short claw, reflexed at maturity ; stamens exserted, with slender orange-colored subu-
late filaments and small yellow anthers; ovary sessile, contracted into a short stout style,
terminating in a large club-shaped stigma. Fruit produced in Florida very sparingly,
ripening either in the spring or early summer, subglobose to short-oblong, apiculate,
orange-brown, |'-^' long, with thin dry flesh; stone thin-walled, cylindric, slightly nar-
rowed at apex, and obscurely ridged on the ventral suture.
A glabrous tree, in Florida rarely 30°-40° high, with a trunk 5 '-6' in diameter, thin
upright branches and slender orange-brown branchlets, becoming ashy gray or light brown
tinged with red and marked by small circular pale lenticels. Bark of the trunk thin, smooth
ROSACE.E
581
or slightly reticulate-fissured, light brown tinged with red. Wood heavy, hard, close-
grained, light clear red, with thick pale sapwood.
Distribution. Florida, rich hummock land, occasionally in the neighborhood of small
streams and ponds near the shore of Bay Biscayne and on Long Key in the Everglades,
Dade County; through the West Indies to Brazil.
21. Prunus ilicifolia Walp. Islay
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, rounded or emarginate at apex, narrowed and
rounded or truncate at base, with thickened coarsely spinosely toothed margins, the stout
teeth near the base of the leaf often tipped with large dark glands, thick and coriaceous,
dark green and lustrous above, paler and yellow-green below, l'-2|' long, and I'-H'
wide, with a slender yellow midrib and obscure veins; deciduous during their second
summer; petioles broad, i'-^ in length; stipules acuminate, obscurely denticulate, Y long.
Flowers opening from March to May, Y ^^ diameter, on short slender pedicels from the axils
of acuminate scarious bracts j in length and mostly deciduous before the opening of the
flower-buds, in slender erect racemes l|'-3' long; calyx-tube cup-shaped, orange-brown,
the lobes minute, acuminate, reflexed at maturity, deciduous, about one third as long as the
obovate white petals rounded above and narrowed below into a short claw; stamens
slightly exserted, with slender incurved filaments and minute yellow anthers; ovary sessile,
abruptly contracted into a slender style usually bent near the summit at a right angle or
rarely erect, and surmounted by a large orbicular stigma. Fruit ripening in November and
December, subglobose, often compressed, Y~¥ in diameter, dark red when fully grown,'
purple or sometimes nearly black at matm-ity, with thin slightly acid astringent flesh; stone
ovoid slightly compressed, Y~¥ long» short-pointed at apex, with thin brittle walls, light
yellow-brown, conspicuously marked by reticulate orange-colored vein-like lines and with
3 orange bands radiating from the base to the apex along one suture, and with a single
narrow band along the other suture.
A glabrous tree, 20°-30° high, with a trunk rarely 2° in diameter or more than 10°-12°
long, stout spreading branches forming a dense compact head, and branchlets at first yel-
Fig. 534
low-green or orange color, soon becoming gray or reddish brown and more or less conspicu-
ously marked by minute pale lenticels, and in their second or third years by the large leaf-
scars; usually much smaller and often a shrub sometimes only a foot or two high. Winter-
buds acuminate, with dark red scales contracted into a long slender point, those of the inner
ranks accrescent and persistent on the young branchlets until these have reached a length
of several inches. Bark i'-^' thick, dark red-brown, and divided by deep fissures into
582 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
small square plates. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light red-brown, with thin
lighter colored sapwood of 8-10 layers of annual growth; occasionally used for fuel.
Distribution. Borders of streams and moist sandy soil in the bottoms of canons, and as a
low shrub on dry hillsides and mesas from Solano County and the shores of the Bay of San
Francisco southward through the coast ranges of California to the foothills of the San
Bernardino Mountains, and the valley of the San Jacinto River; in Lower California
southward to the western slopes of the San Pedro Martir Mountains.
Generally cultivated as an ornamental plant in California and occasionally in western
and southern Europe.
22. Prunus Lyonii Sarg.
Prunus integrifolia Sarg.
Leaves ovate to lanceolate, acuminate or abruptly narrowed into a short point at apex,
cuneate, truncate or rounded at base, with thickened revolute undulate entire or occasion-
ally, especially on vigorous shoots, remotely and minutely spinulose-dentate margins, gla-
Fig. 535
brous, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, paler below, reticulate-venulose, 2-3'
long and |'-2^' wide, with a stout midrib and obscure veins; persistent; petioles stout,
yellow, I'-i' in length. Flowers appearing from March to June, about j' in diameter, on
slender pedicels from the axils of acuminate caducous bracts, in crowded many-flowered
glabrous racemes 3'-4' long; calyx-tube cup-shaped, orange-brown, the lobes acute, apicu-
late, reflexed after the flowers open, deciduous, about one third as long as the obovate petals,
rounded and undulate above and narrowed below into a short claw; stamens slightly ex-
serted, with incurved filaments and small yellow anthers; ovary raised on a short stipe, the
style bent near the apex and terminating in a large orbicular stigma. Fruit ripening late in
the autumn, on stout pedicels, in drooping few-fruited racemes, subglobose to short-oblong,
dark purple or nearly black at maturity, I'-l^' in diameter, with thick luscious flesh some-
times y thick; stone ovoid to obovoid, slightly compressed, thin-walled, about fMong,
pointed at apex, pale yellow-brown, conspicuously marked by reticulate orange-colored
lines, and by 3 dark bands radiating from base to apex along one suture, and by a single
narrow line on the other suture.
A bushy tree, sometimes 25°-30° high, with one or several stout erect or spreading stems
l°-3° in diameter, spreading branches forming a broad compact head, and stout branchlets
light yellow-green when they first appear, becoming light and ultimately dark reddish
brown, and much roughened by the large elevated leaf-scars. Winter-buds acute or ob-
ROSACE.E
583
tuse, with dark red scales. Bark of the trunk f '-^' thick and dark reddish brown. Wood
heavy, hard, very close-grained, pale reddish brown, with hardly distinguishable sapwood.
Distribution. Islands of southern California, in all situations from the fertile valleys
and canons at the water's edge up to altitudes of 3000" on the dry interior ridges; in Lower
California.
11. CHRYSOBALANUS L.
Trees or shrubs, with stout branchlets covered with pale lenticels, and fibrous roots.
Leaves alternate, entire, coriaceous, short-petiolate, persistent; stipules minute, deciduous.
Flowers perfect, short-pedicellate, small, creamy white, in axillary or terminal dichoto-
mously branched slender canescent cymes, with conspicuous deciduous bracts; calyx turbi-
nate-campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, without bracts, deciduous;
disk thin, adnate to the calyx-tube; petals 5, alternate with the lobes of the calyx, spatulate,
deciduous; stamens (in the arborescent species) indefinite in a single continuous series, in-
serted with the petals on the margin of the disk; filaments filiform, hairy, free or slightly
united at base; anthers ovoid, ovary sessile in the bottom of the calyx-tube, pubescent or
glabrous, 1-celled; style rising from the base of the ovary, filiform, terminated by a minute
truncate stigma; ovules 2, collateral, ascending; raphe dorsal; the micropyle inferior. Fruit
a fleshy 1-seeded drupe with pulpy flesh, a coriaceous or crustaceous stone 5 or 6-angled
toward the base and imperfectly 5 or 6-valved, the valves reticulate- veined. Seed erect;
seed-coat chartaceous, light brown; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons thick
and fleshy; radicle inferior, very short.
Chrysobalanus is represented in the south Atlantic states by a shrubby species confined
to the coast region from Georgia to Alabama, and by an arborescent species, an inhabitant
of the shores of southern Florida, and widely distributed through the maritime regions of
tropical America, and found in various forms on the coast of western tropical Africa. The
insipid fruit of the arborescent species is eaten by negroes; the seeds contain a considerable
quantity of oil; and the astringent bark, leaves and roots have been used in medicine.
The generic name is from xp^c^^ and ^dXavos, in allusion to the supposed golden fruit of
one of the species.
1. Chrysobalanus icaco L. Cocoa Plum.
Leaves broad-elliptic or round-obovate, rounded or slightly emarginate at apex, cuneate
Fig. 536
at base, glabrous, coriaceous, obscurely reticulate-veined, dark green and lustrous on the
upper surface, light yellow-green on the lower surface, l'-3|' long and l'-2|' wide, with a
584
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
broad conspicuous midrib rounded on the upper side and thin primary veins, standing on
the branches at an acute angle and appearing to be pressed against them; petioles stout,
f'-|' in length; stipules acuminate, |' long. Flowers Y long, on short thick club-shaped
hoary-tomentose pedicels, in cymes l'-2' in length; appearing in Florida continuously dur-
ing the spring and summer months on the growing branches; calyx hoary-tomentose, the
lobes nearly triangular, acute, more or less pubescent on the inner surface and about half as
long as the narrow white petals; ovary hoary-pubescent; style long and slender, clothed
nearly to the apex with pale hairs. Fruit nearly globose or oval-ovoid, l^'-lf ' in diameter,
with a smooth bright pink, yellow, or creamy white skin, white sweet juicy flesh often Y
thick, and more or less adherent to the stone rounded at base, acute or acuminate at apex,
5 or 6-angled below the middle, about a' long and twice as long as broad, indehiscent or
finally separating into 5 or 6 valves, the walls composed of a thin red-brown dry outer layer
and a thick interior layer of hard woody fibre; seed-coat lined with a thick white reticulated
fibrous coat.
Usually a broad shrub lO^-lS® high, forming dense thickets, with erect branches and
dark red-brown branchlets thickly covered for four or five years with lenticels, occasionally
on the borders of low hummocks arborescent with reclining or rarely erect stems 20°-30°
long and 1° in diameter, or on the margins of ocean beaches often not more than 1° or 2°
tall. Bark dark red-brown and scaly, separating into long thin scales. Wood heavy,
hard, strong, close-grained, light brown often tinged with red, with thin lighter colored sap-
wood of about 10 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Florida, saline shores, river banks and low hummocks. Cape Canaveral to
Bay Biscayne, and on the west coast from the mouth of the Caloosahatchee River to the
southern keys; through the West Indies to southern Brazil, and on the tropical west
coast of Africa. Passing into
Chrysobalanus icaco var. pellocarpa DC.
Differing from the type in its rather larger leaves spreading and less crowded on the
branches, its oblong to oblong-obovoid dark purple or nearly black usually rather smaller
fruit, and in its long-acuminate and more prominently angled stone.
A tree, 20°-30° or rarely 50° high, with an erect trunk 12'-16' in diameter, erect and
i^reading branches forming a wide open head, and slender branchlets marked by scattered
pale lenticels; often smaller and occasionally a shrub. Bark gray slightly tinged with red
and covered with small closely appressed scales.
LEGUMINOS^ 585
Distribution. Florida, banks of streams and borders of the Everglades, near Little
River to the Everglade keys, Dade County; on the Bahama Islands and in Jamaica.
XXm. LEGUMINOS^.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate usually compound leaves, regular or papilionaceous usu-
ally perfect flowers; stamens 10 or indefinite, with diadelphous or distinct filaments and
2-celled anthers, the cells opening longitudinally; ovary superior, 1 or many-celled, in-
serted on the bottom of the calyx. Fruit a legume. Of the four hundred and thirty genera
of the Pea-family now recognized and widely distributed in all temperate and tropical re-
gions, eighteen have arborescent representatives in the United States.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.
Subfamily 1. Mimosoide^e. Calyx 4-6-toothed, the teeth valvate in the bud; petals as
many as the teeth of the calyx, valvate in the bud; ovules numerous, suspended in 2
ranks from the inner angle of the ovary, superposed, anatropous, the micropyle supe-
rior; stamens much exserted; leaves twice pinnate; cotyledons oval or orbicular, flat;
radicle straight.
Stamens numerous (more than 10) ; seeds without albumen.
Filaments more or less united into a tube.
Filaments united.
Valves of the legume not separating at maturity from the margins.
1. Pithecolobium.
Valves of the legume separating at maturity from the persistent margins.
2. Lysiioma.
Filaments free or the inner ones slightly united at base. 3. Acacia.
Stamens 10; filaments free; seeds with albumen.
Legume piano-compressed, dehiscent; flowers in globose heads. 4. Leucaena.
Legume terete or compressed, indehiscent; flowers in cylindric spikes. 5. Prosopis.
Subfamily 2. CiESALPiNioiDiE. Calyx 5-lobed or toothed, the divisions usually valvate in
the bud; corolla imperfectly papilionaceous or nearly regular; petals 5, imbricated in
the bud, the upper petal inside and inclosed by the others; stamens 10 or less; filaments
free; anthers introrse; ovules numerous {sometimes 2 in one species of Gleditsia) , super-
posed, anatropous, the micropyle superior; seeds albuminous.
Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous; calyx 5-toothed; legume flat, wing-margined; leaves
simple. 6. Cercis.
Flowers regular.
Flowers polygamous or dioecious.
Calyx-tube elongated, 5-lobed; petals 5; stamens 10, shorter than the petals; legume
thick and woody ; leaves twice pinnate. 7. Gymnocladus.
Calyx-tube short, 3-5-lobed; petals 3-5; stamens 3-5, longer than the petals; legume
leathery; leaves once and twice pinnate. 8. Gleditsia.
Flowers perfect.
Legume linear, torulose, acuminate at the ends, the valves contracted between the
seeds; rachis of the leaf spinescent. 9. Parkinsonia.
Legume oblong, compressed; rachis of the leaf not spinescent. 10. Cercidium.
Subfamily 3. Papilionat/E. Calyx of 5 more or less united sepals; corolla of 5 irregular
petals, papilionaceous, the upper petal (standard) larger than the others and inclosing
them in the bud, usually turned backward or spreading, the 2 lateral petals (wings)
oblong, exterior to the 2 lower connivent more or less united petals (keel) inclosing the
stamens and pistil; stamens 10, 9 of them united into a tube cleft on the upper side, the
10th and upper stamen separate, or all distinct; ovary 1 or many-celled by cross parti-
tions; ovules amphitropous, the micropyle superior; seeds usually without albumen;
leaves once pinnate.
586 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Stamens distinct.
Flowers in racemes; legume terete, contracted between the seeds. 11. Sophora.
Flowers in panicles; legume compressed. 12. Cladrastis.
Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1).
Flowers in racemes.
Leaves glandular-dotted.
Leaves many-foliolate; petals free and distinct. 13. Eysenhardtia.
Leaves simple; wings and keel-petals adnate to the tube of the stamens. 14. Dalea.
Leaves without glandular dots.
Legume compressed; stipules becoming spinescent, persistent. 15. Robinia.
Legume turgid, the valves unequally convex by the growth of the seeds.
Leaves 10-15-foliolate, without stipules or stipels; petals purple or violet.
16. Olneya.
Leaves 3-foliolate, with minute stipules and gland-like stipels; petals usually
scarlet. 17. Erythrina.
Flowers in axillary panicles; pod linear, longitudinally 4-winged. 18. Ichthyomethia.
1. PITHECOLOBIUM Mart.
Trees or shrubs, with slender branches armed with the persistent spinescent stipules.
Leaves petiolate, bipinnate, the pinnae few-foliolate, their rachis generally marked by
numerous glands between the pinnae and between the leaflets. Flowers perfect or polyg-
amous, from the axils of minute bracts, in pedunculate globose heads or oblong cylindric
spikes, their peduncles in terminal panicles or axillary fascicles; calyx campanulate, short-
toothed; corolla funnel-shaped, the petals as many as the teeth of the calyx, joined for more
than half their length; stamens numerous, united at base into a tube free from the corolla;
anthers minute, versatile; ovary stipitate, contracted into a slender filiform style, with a
minute terminal stigma. Legume compressed, 2-valved, dehiscent, the valves continuous
or interrupted within. Seeds compressed, suspended transversely; funicle filiform or ex-
panded into a fleshy aril; hilum near the base of the seed; seed-coat thin or thick, marked
on each of the 2 surfaces of the seed by a faint oval ring or oblong depression; embryo filling
the cavity of the seed; the radicle included or slightly exserted.
Pithecolobium with more than a hundred species is widely distributed through the tropical
and subtropical regions of the two worlds, and is most abundant in tropical America. Of
the four species found within the territory of the United States three are arborescent.
The generic name, from -rridr]^ and eWd^iov, relates to the contorted fruit of some of the
species.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Pinnae with 1 pair of leaflets; valves of the legume much contorted after opening; seed
surrounded by the enlarged ariloid funicle. 1. P. imguis-cati (D).
Pinnae with more than 1 pair of leaflets; valves of the legume not contorted after opening;
funicle of the seed not enlarged and ariloid.
Pinnae with 3-5 pairs of leaflets; legume short-stalked, the valves submembranaceous;
seeds not in separate compartments. 2. P. brevifolium (E).
Pinnae with 2-3 pairs of leaflets ; legume sessile, the valves thick and woody, tardily
dehiscent; seeds in separate compartments. 3. P. flexicaiile (E).
1. Pithecolobium unguis-cati Mart. Cat's Claw.
Zygia Unguis-Cati Sudw.
Leaves persistent, long-petiolate, with a single pair of bifoliolate pinnae and a slender
yetiole ^'-1' long and slightly and abruptly enlarged at base; rachis glandular between
LEGUMINOS^
587
Ihe short stout petiolules and between the orbicular or brbad-oblong leaflets, rooinded
and rarely emarginate at apex, rounded on one side and cuneate on the other of the oblique
base, entire, thin or somewhat coriaceous, reticulate-veined, bright green and lustrous on
the upper surface and paler on the lower surface, ^'-2' long, and ^'-1|' wide. Flowers
polygamous, pale yellow, glabrous or slightly puberulous, opening in Florida in March and
continuing to appear until midsummer, in globular heads on slender peduncles I'-H' long
fascicled in the axils of upper leaves or collected in ample terminal panicles, their bracts
lanceolate, acuminate, chartaceous, i' long, caducous; calyx rather less than ^^' long,
broadly toothed, one quarter as long as the acuminate petals barely exceeding the tube
formed by the union of the filaments; stamens purple, \' long; ovary glabrous, long-stalked,
minute or rudimentary in the sterile flower. Fruit slightly torulose, stipitate, rounded or
acute at apex, 2'-4' long, \'-Y wide, the valves reticulate-veined, thickened on the margins,
bright reddish brown and after opening greatly and variously contorted ; seeds irregularly
obovoid or sometimes nearly triangular, compressed or thickened, dark chestnut-brown,
lustrous, marked by faint oval rings, \' long, surrounded at base by the enlarged bright red
ariloid funicle; seed-coat thin, cartilaginous.
A tree, sometimes 20°-25° high, with a slender trunk 7'-8' in diameter, ascending and
spreading branches forming a low flat irregular head, and slender somewhat zigzag branch-
lets slightly striately angled when they first appear, becoming terete, light gray-brown or
dark reddish brown, covered with minute pale lenticels, and armed with the straight per-
sistent rigid stipular spines broad at base and \' long, or rarely minute; more often a shrub.
Fig. 538
with many vine-like almost prostrate stems. Bark of the trunk \' thick, reddish brown
and divided by shallow fissures into small square plates. Wood very heavy, hard, close-
grained, rich red varying to purple, with thin clear yellow sapwood. The bark is astringent
and diuretic, and was once used in Jamaica as a cure for many diseases.
Distribution. Florida, Captive and Sanibel Islands and Caloosa, Lee County to the south-
ern keys; most abundant in its arborescent form on the larger of the eastern keys, and
probably of its largest size in Florida on Elliott's Key; often forming shrubby thickets; on
the Bahamas, and common and widely distributed through the Antilles to Venezuela and
New Granada.
2. PithecolobiumbrevifoliumBenth. Huajillo.
Zygia brevifolia Sudw.
Leaves i'-S' long, 2' wide, with eight to ten 10-20-foliolate pinnae and slender terete
petioles 1' in length and furnished near the middle with a dark oblong gland, when they
588
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
unfold coated with pale tomentum and at maturity glabrous with the exception of the
puberulous petiole and rachis; persistent or tardily deciduous; leaflets oblong-linear, obtuse
or acute at apex, oblique at base, very short-petiolulate, light green on the upper surface, paler
on the lower surface, I'-Y long. Flowers white to violet-yellow, in globose or oblong heads
Fig. 539
^' in diameter, on thin pubescent peduncles bracteolate at apex, coated at first, like the
flower^buds, with thick white tomentum, developed usually in pairs from the axils of lancr-
olate acute scarious deciduous bracts, and arranged in short terminal racemes; calyx
shortly 5-lobed, puberulous on the outer surface, about ^^^' long and one fourth the length of
the puberulous petals persistent with the stamens at the base of the mature legume; sta-
mens nearly ^' long. Fruit ripening at midsummer and often persistent on the branches
after opening until the trees flower the following year, straight, slightly torulose, short-
stalked, contracted at apex into a short slender point, 4'-6' long and f ' wide, its valves thin,
thick-margined, reddish brown on the outer surface, j^ellow tinged with red on the inner
surface, reticulate- veined; seeds suspended by a slender coiled and somewhat dilated funi-
cle, compressed, ovoid to nearly orbicular, dark chestnut-brown, very lustrous, j long, and
faintly marked by large oval depressions; seed-coat thin, cartilaginous.
A tree, 25°-30° high, with a trunk rarely 5'-Q' in diameter, slender upright branches
forming a narrow irregular head, and branchlets slightly striately angled, covered with
minute white lenticels, light gray and puberulous when they first appear, becoming dark
brown in their second year, and armed with stout rigid stipular spines sometimes ^' long
and persistent for many years; more often a shrub, sometimes only 2°-3'' tall. Bark of
the trunk smooth, light gray somewhat tinged with red, and often marked by large pale
blotches. Wood dark-colored, hard, and heavy.
Distribution. Bluffs and bottom-lands of the lower Rio Grande, and on the upper
Nueces River in Uvalde County, Texas; usually a low shrub spreading into broad clumps,
but occasionally in the rich and comparatively moist soil of the banks of river-lagoons
a slender tree; in Mexico more abundant, and of its largest size from the mouth of the Rio
Grande to the Sierra Madre of Nuevo Leon.
3. Pithecolobium flexicaule Coult. Ebony.
Zygia flexicaulis Sudw.
Leaves persistent, l^'-2' long, 2^ '-3' wide, long-petiolate with slender puberulous
petioles glandular near the middle and furnished at apex with small orbicular solitary
glands, and 4-6 usually 6-foliolate pinnae, the lowest pair often the shortest; leaflets
LEGUMINOS^
589
oblong-ovate, rounded at apex, reticulate-veined, thin or subcoriaceous, glabrous, dark
green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, j-^ long; petiolules
short and broad. Flowers light yellow or cream color, very fragrant, sessile in the axils
of minute caducous bracts, appearing from June until August, in cylindric dense or
interrupted spikes 1^' long, on stout pubescent peduncles fascicled in the axils of the
upper leaves of the previous year; corolla four or five times as long as the calyx and like
it puberulous on the outer surface, and about as long as the tube formed by the union of
the filaments; stamens |' long; ovary glabrous, sessile. Fruit ripening in the autumn and
remaining on the branches until after the flowering season of the following year, sessile,
tardily dehiscent, thick, straight or slightly falcate, oblique at base, rounded and con-
tracted into a short broad point at apex, pubescent, 4'-6' long and I'-l j' wide, with thick
Fig. 540
woody valves lined with a thick pithy substance inclosing and separating the seeds; seeds
suspended on a very short straight funicle, bright red-brown, ^' long and j' wide, irregularly
obovoid, faintly marked by short oblong depressions; seed-coat thick, crustaceous.
A tree, 20°-30° high, with a straight trunk 2°-3° in diameter, separating 8°-10° from
the ground into short spreading branches forming a wide round head, and stout zigzag
branchlets, puberulous, light green or dark reddish brown when they first appear, becom-
ing in their second year glabrous or rarely puberulous, dark reddish brown or light gray,
and armed with the persistent stipular pale chestnut-brown spines i'~¥ long. Wood
exceedingly heavy, hard, compact, close-grained, dark rich red-brown slightly tinged with
purple, with thin clear bright yellow sap wood; almost indestructible in contact with the
ground and largely used for fence-posts; valued by cabinet-makers and for fuel, and con-
sidered more valuable than that of any other tree of the lower Rio Grande valley. The seeds
are palatable and nutritious, and are boiled when green or roasted when ripe by the INIexi-
cans, who use their thick shells as a substitute for coffee.
Distribution. Shores of Matagorda Bay, Texas, to the Sierra Nevada of Nuevo Leon,
and in Lower California; common on the bluffs of the Gulf-coast and on both banks of
the lower Rio Grande; south of the Rio Grande one of the commonest and most beautiful
trees of the region.
2. LYSILOMA Benth.
Trees or shrubs, with slender unarmed branchlets, abruptly bipinnate long-petiolate
persistent leaves, their petioles marked by large conspicuous glands, and small leaflets
in many pairs; stipules large, membranaceous, persistent or deciduous. Flowers perfect
590
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
or rarely polygamous, minute, usually white or greenish white, from the axils of minute
bractlets more or less dilated at apex, in globose many-flowered heads, on axillary solitary
or fascicled peduncles; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; corolla funnel-shaped, of 5 petals
united for more than half their length; stamens generally 12-30, exserted; filaments fili-
form, united at base into a tube free from the corolla; anthers minute, ovoid, versatile;
ovary sessile, contracted into a slender subulate style, with a minute terminal stigma.
Legume broad, straight, compressed, submembranaceous, the valves at maturity separat-
ing from the undivided margins, continuous within, their outer layer thin and papery,
dark-colored, the inner rather thicker, pale yellow. Seeds compressed, transverse, sus-
pended by a long slender funicle, the hilum near the base; seed-coat thin, crustaceous;
radicle slightly exserted.
Lysiloma with about ten species inhabits tropical America from southern Florida and
the Bahama Islands, the West Indies, Mexico and Lower California, to Central America
and Bolivia. Several of the species produce valuable timber.
The generic name, from Xi5(ris and Xw/xa, refers to the separation of the valves from the
margins of the legume.
1. Lysiloma bahamensis Benth. Wild Tamarind.
Leaves 4'-5' long, glabrous or sometimes slightly puberulous, with slender petioles
1' long, marked near the middle with an elevated gland, enlarged and slightly glandular
at base, and 2-6 pairs of short-stalked 40-80-foliolate pinnae ; stipules foliaceous, ovate
or ovate-oblong, acuminate, auriculate and semicordate at base, ^' long, usually cadu-
cous; leaflets obliquely ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute, more or less united at base
by the greater development of one of the sides, sessile or, short-petiolulate, entire, retic-
ulate-veined, light green, paler on the lower than on the upper surface, j-^' long,
and ^'-j wide. Flowers about Y long, in heads appearing in Florida early in April,
coated before the flowers open with thick pale tomentum, and after the exsertion of the
stamens f in diameter, on peduncles f '-1|' long, solitary or fascicled in the axils of upper
Fig. 541
leaves, their bracts and bractlets acute, membranaceous, caducous; calyx 5-toothed,
pilose on the outer surface, especially above the middle, -iie' long, and half as long as th«
5-lobed corolla with reflexed lobes; stamens about 20, twice as long as the corolla, united
for one fourth of their length into a slender tube. Fruit ripening in the autumn and
persistent on the branches until after the flowering period of the following year, stipi-
tate, gradually narrowed and acute at the ends, 4 '-5' long, 1' broad, with a slender stem 1'^
LEGUMINOS^ 591
t' long, in clusters of 2 or 3 on short peduncles abruptly and conspicuously enlarged at the
apex; valves thin and papery, bronze-green when fully grown, becoming dark red-brown,
separating slowly from the margins; seeds oval or obovoid, dark brown, lustrous, \' long,
A tree, 50°-60° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, stout spreading branches forming
a wide flat head, and glabrous or somewhat pilose conspicuously verrucose branchlets,
bright red-brown when they first appear, becoming pale or light reddish brown in their
second year. Bark of the trunk of young trees and of the branches smooth, light gray
tinged with pink, becoming on old trimks \'-\' thick, dark brown and separating into
large plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, tough, close-grained, rich dark
brown tinged with red, with nearly white sapwood \'-\\' thick, of 4 or 5 layers of annual
growth; in Florida occasionally used and valued for boat and shipbuilding.
Distribution. Florida; shores of Bay Biscayne near Miami, and the Everglade Keys,
Dade County, common, and on Key Largo, Elliott's, Plantation, and Boca Chica Keys,
not common; on the Bahama Islands and in Cuba.
3. ACACIA Adans.
Trees or shrubs, with slender branches armed with spinescent stipules or infrastipular
spines. Leaves alternate on young branchlets and fascicled in earlier axils, bipinnate,
with usually small leaflets, persistent. Flowers perfect or polygamous, small, in the axils
of minute linear bractlets more or less dilated and often peltate at apex, in globose heads
or cylindric spikes on axillary solitary or fascicled peduncles; calyx campanulate, 5 or
6-toothed; petals as many as the divisions of the calyx, more or less united; stamens nu-
merous, usually more than 50, exserted, free or slightly and irregularly united at base,
inserted under or just above the base of the ovary; filaments filiform; anthers small, at-
tached on the back, versatile; ovary contracted into a long slender style terminating in
a minute stigma. Legume nearly cylindric or flat, indehiscent, continuous or divided
within. Seeds transverse, compressed; seed-coat thick, crustaceous, marked on each face
of the seed by an oval depression or ring; radicle straight, included, or slightly exserted.
Acacia with more than four hundred species is widely distributed through Australia,
where it is most largely represented, tropical and southern Africa, northern Africa, south-
western China, the warmer regions of southern Asia, the islands of the south Pacific, trop-
ical and temperate South America, the West Indies, Central America and Mexico to the
southwestern boundaries of the United States where ten or twelve species occur; of these
five are arborescent. Acacia is astringent, and many species yield valuable tan bark.
Gum arabic is produced by different Old World species; many of the species yield hard
heavy durable wood, and some of the Australian Acacias are large and valuable timber-
trees. Many species are cultivated for their graceful foliage and handsome fragrant
flowers.
The generic name, from d/caxfa, relates to the spines with which the branches are usually
armed.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Flowers in globose heads; corolla 5-lobed; ovary sessile; stipules persistent, becoming
spines.
Legume cylindric, glabrous, its sutures conspicuously thickened and grooved; seeds in
2 ranks. 1. A. Famesiana (E).
Legume flattened, pubescent, its sutures not thickened, slightly grooved; seeds in 1
rank. 2. A. tortuosa (E).
Flowers in short, often interrupted, spikes; legume flattened, pubescent, its sutures
thickened; seeds in one rank. 3. A. Emoriana (E).
Flowers in elongated slender spikes; corolla of 5 petals only slightly united at base; ovary
stalked; stipules caducous; branchlets armed with infrastipular spines.
592 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Legume l'-l|' wide, straight or slightly contracted between the seeds, not becoming
twisted and contorted at maturity; seeds narrow-obovoidor ovoid; leaflets green,
glabrous, with prominent veinlets. 4. A. Wrightii (E).
Legume i'-f ' wide, often conspicuously contracted between the seeds, becoming twist-
ed and contorted at maturity; seeds nearly orbicular; leaflets blue-green, pubes-
cent, with obscure veinlets. 5. A. Greggii (E, G, H).
1. Acacia Famesiana Willd. Huisache. Cassie.
Leaves 2'-4' long, with 2-8, usually 4 or 5, pairs of pinnae, generally somewhat puberu-
lous on the short petiole and rachis; in Texas mostly falling at the beginning of winter;
pinnae sessile or short-stalked, remote or close together, with 10-25 pairs of linear acute
Fig. 542
leaflets tipped with a minute point, unequal at base, sessile or short-petiolulate, glabrous
or puberulous, bright green, |'-j' long. Flowers bright yellow, very fragrant, tV long,
opening during the summer and autumn from the axils of minute clavate pilose bractlets,
in heads f ' in diameter, on axillary thin puberulous peduncles, solitary or most often 2 or
3 together and l'-l|' in length, with two minute dentate connate bracts forming an in-
volucral cup immediately under the flower-head; calyx about half as long as the petals and
like them somewhat pilose on the outer surface; stamens two or three times as long as the
corolla; ovary short-stipitate, covered with long pale hairs. Fruit oblong, cylindric or
spindle-shaped, thick, turgid, straight or curved, slightly contracted between the seeds,
short-stalked, narrowed at apex into a short thick point, 2'-3' long, i'-f broad, dark
red-purple, lustrous, and marked by broad light-colored bands along the thickened grooved
sutures, the outer coat of the walls thin and papery, inclosing a thick pithy pulp-like
substance surrounding the seeds, each in a separate thin-walled compartment; seeds
ovoid, thick, flattened on the inner surface by mutual pressure, Y long, suspended trans-
versely in 2 ranks on a short straight funicle, light brown, lustrous, and faintly marked by
large oval rings.
A tree, 20°-30° high, with a straight trunk 12'-18' in diameter, separating 6°-8° from
the ground into numerous long pendulous branches forming a wide round spreading head,
and slender terete or slightly striate angled branchlets, glabrous or at first puberulous, and
armed with straight rigid terete spines developed from the persistent stipules and some-
times 1|' long. Bark of the trunk thin, reddish brown, irregularly broken by long reticu-
lated ridges, exfoliating in large thin scales. "Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, rich red-
dish brown, with thin pale sapwood; in India used for the knees of small vessels and in
agricultural implements.
.JN
LEGUMINOS^
593
Distribution. Now widely spread by cultivation through the tropical and subtropical
regions of the two worlds and probably a native of America from western Texas to northern
Chili; growing in Texas apparently naturally in the arid and almost uninhabited region
between the Nueces and Rio Grande; naturalized and no^v covering great areas in the
valley of the Guadalupe River near Victoria, Victoria County, Texas.
Largely cultivated in southern Europe for its fragrant flowers used in the manufacture of
perfumery, as an ornament of gardens in all warm countries, and in India as a hedge plant.
2. Acacia tortuosa Willd.
Leaves generally less than 1' long, short-petiolate, with a slender puberulous rachis
and usually 3 or 4 pairs of pinnae; early deciduous; pinnae sessile or short-stalked, remote,
with 10-15 pairs of linear somewhat falcate leaflets, acute, tipped with a minute point, sub-
sessile, light green, glabrous, to'-tV' long. Flowers minute, bright yellow, very fragrant,
in the axils of clavate pilose bracts, in heads i'-f in diameter, appearing in March with
or just before the unfolding leaves, on clustered or solitary slender puberulous peduncles
I'-f long, and furnished at apex with 2 minute connate bracts; calyx only about one
third as long as the corolla, with short puberulous lobes; corolla puberulous at apex, less
than half as long as the filaments; ovary covered with short close pubescence. Fruit
elongated, linear, slightly compressed, somewhat constricted between the seeds, dark
red-brown and cinereo-puberulous, 3'-5' long and about j wide; seeds in 1 series, obo-
void, compressed, dark red-brown, lustrous, about |' long, faintly marked by large oval
rings.
A tree, occasionally 15°-20° high, with a straight trunk 5'-6' in diameter, stout wide-
spreading branches forming an open irregular head, and slender somewhat zigzag slightly
angled reddish brown branchlets roughened by numerous minute round lenticels, villose
with short pale hairs, and armed with thin terete puberulous spines occasionally f ' long;
in Texas usually shrubby, with numerous stems forming a symmetric round-topped bush
only a few feet high. Bark dark brown or nearly black, and deeply furrowed.
Fig. 543
Distribution. Valley of the Rio Cibolo to Eagle Pass on the Rio Grande, Maverick
County, Texas; and in northern and southern Mexico, ^the West Indies, Venezuela, and on
the Galapagos Islands; in Texas probably arborescent only on the plains of the Rio Grande
near Spofford, Kinney County.
3. Acacia Emoriana Benth.
Leaves 3|'-4' long, with a slender petiole and rachis, villose-pubescent early in the
season, becoming nearly glabrous; and 4 or 5 pairs of pinnae; falling late in the autumn;
594
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
pinnae on slender stalks I' in length, with 5-7 pairs of oblong leaflets rounded and apiculate
at apex, obliquely rounded at base, short-petiolulate, pointing forward, when they unfold
densely villose above and on the margins, and hoary-tomentose below, becoming glabrous,
gray-green rather darker above than below, Y long. Flowers subsessile, puberulous, in
interrupted spikes, f '-1' in length, densely hoary-tomentose when they first appear late
in March, on villose peduncles |'-1' in length, and furnished near the apex with lanceolate
caducous bracts; calyx about half the length of the ovate acute petals cilia te on the mar-
gins, about 1^^' long and much shorter than the stamens; ovary stipitate, glabrous. Fruit
fully grown in July, stipitate much compressed, rounded and sometimes slightly emar-
ginate at apex, gradually narrowed and obliquely cuneate at base, with much thickened
revolute undulate margins, densely pubescent early in the season, becoming puberulous,
Fig. 544
5' or 6' long, li'-lF wide and many-seeded, or nearly orbicular and 1 or 2-seeded; seeds
in one series, oval, the two sides unsymmetric, obliquely pointed at base, rounded at apex,
compressed, dark chestnut-brown and lustrous, |' long and j wide.
A tree, sometimes 25** high, usually smaller, with slender red-brown branchlets pubes-
cent or puberulous when they first appear, becoming glabrous in their second year, and
armed with small curved stipular spines; often a shrub.
Distribution. Texas; creek banks and canons, near Montell and Uvalde, Uvalde
County, and rocky banks of Devil's River, Valverde Coimty (E. J. Palmer).
4. Acacia Wrightii Benth. Cat's Claw.
Leaves l'-2' long, slightly pubescent, especially on the petiole and rachis, with 1-3
pairs cf pinnae, slender petioles 1|' in length, and eglandular or glandular with small
convex glands, and linear acute caducous stipules j^' loiig; pinnae short-stalked, with 2-5
pairs of obovate-oblong leaflets, obliquely rounded and often apiculate at apex, sessile or
short-petiolulate, 2 or sometimes 3-nerved, glabrous, or rarely pubescent, reticulate-
veined, rigid, bright green and rather paler on the lower surface than on the upper surface,
|'-|' long. Flowers light yellow, fragrant, appearing from the end of March to the end
of May, on slender pubescent pedicels from the axils of minute caducous bracts, in nar-
row spikes 1^' long, often interrupted below the middle, on slender fascicled pubescent
or sometimes glabrous peduncles; calyx obscurely 5-lobed, pubescent on the outer sur-
face, half as long as the spatulate petals slightly united at base, and ciliate on the margins;
stamens j long; ovary long-stalked, covered with long pale hairs. Fruit fully grown
LEGUMINOS^
595
early in the summer, deciduous in the autumn, slightly falcate, compressed, stipitate,
oblique at base, rounded and short-pointed at apex, 2'-4' long, I'-lj' wide, with thick
straight or irregularly contracted margins and thin papery walls conspicuously marked by
narrow horizontal reticulate veins; seeds narrow-obovoid, compressed, j' long, suspended
transversely on a long slender funicle, light brown, marked by large oval depressions.
A tree, occasionally 25°-30° high, with a short trunk 10'-12' in diameter, spreading
branches forming a low wide or irregular head, and branchlets when they first appear
somewhat striately angled, glabrous, pale yellow-brown or dark red-brown, turning pale
gray in their second year, and armed with occasional stout recurved infrastipular chest-
nut-brown spines j' long, compressed toward the broad base and sharp-pointed, or rarely
unarmed. Bark of the trunk about I' thick, divided by shallow furrows into broad
Fig. 545
ridges separating on the surface into thin narrow scales. Wood very heavy, hard, close-
grained, bright clear brown streaked with red and yellow, with thin clear yellow
sap wood of 6 or 7 layers of annual growth; valued and largely used as fuel.
Distribution. Valley of the Guadalupe River in the neighborhood of New Braunfels,
Comal County, Texas, to the Sierra Madre of Nuevo Leon; most abundant and of its
largest size south of the Rio Grande on dry gravelly mesas and foothills.
5. Acacia Greggii A. Gray. Cat's Claw. Una de Gato.
Leaves l'-3' long, pubescent or puberulous, with 1-3 pairs of pinnae, a short slender
petiole furnished near the middle with a minute oblong chestnut-brown gland, and linear
caducous stipules ^-q' long; pinnae short-stalked, with 4-5 pairs of obovate oblique
leaflets rounded or truncate at apex and unequally contracted at base into a short peti-
olule, thick and rigid, 2-3-nerved, inconspicuously reticulate-veined, hoary-pubescent,
iV'"!' loiig- Flowers fragrant, bright creamy yellow, in dense oblong pubescent spikes,
on a peduncle ^'-f long, and fascicled usually 2 or 3 together toward the end of the
branches; calyx obscurely 5-lobed, puberulous on the outer surface, half as long as the
petals slightly united at base and pale-tomentose on the margins; stamens j' long; ovary
long-stalked, covered with long pale hairs. Fruit fully grown at midsummer and hanging
unopened on the branches until winter or the following spring, compressed, straight or
slightly falcate, obliquely narrowed at base into a short stalk, acute or rounded at apex,
more or less contracted between the seeds, 2'-4' long, |'-f ' wide, curling and often con-
torted when fully ripe, the valves thin and membranaceous, thick-margined, light brown,
conspicuously transversely reticulate- veined; seeds nearly orbicular, compressed, dark
brown and lustrous, j in diameter, marked by small oval depressions.
596
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, rarely 30" high, with a trunk 10'-12' in diameter, numerous spreading branches,
and striately angled puberulous or in Texas glabrous pale brown branchlets faintly tinged
with red and armed with stout recurved infrastipular spines flat at base, and j long and
broad. Bark of the trunk about |' thick, furrowed, the surface separating into thin nar-
Fig. 546
row scales. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, durable, rich brown or red,
with thin light yellow sap wood of 5 or 6 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Dry gravelly mesas, the sides of low canons and the banks of moun-
tain streams; valley of the Rio Grande, western Texas, through southern New Mexico
and Arizona to southern California, ranging northward in Arizona to the rim of the Grand
Canon of the Colorado River, and to Clark County, Nevada; in northern Mexico, and in
Lower California to the eastern base of the San Pedro Martir Mountains.
4. LEUC^NA Benth.
Trees or shrubs, with slender unarmed branches. Leaves persistent, abruptly bipin-
nate, with numerous pinnae and small leaflets in many pairs, petiolate, the petioles often
furnished with a conspicuous gland below the lower pair of pinnae; stipules minute and
caducous, or becoming spinescent and persistent. Flowers minute, white, mostly perfect,
sessile or short-pedicellate, in the axils of small peltate bracts villose at apex, in globose
many-flowered pedunculate heads, the peduncles in axillary fascicles or in leafless ter-
minal racemes; calyx tubular-campanulate, minutely 5-toothed; petals 5, free, acute
or rounded at apex, narrowed at base; stamens 10, free, inserted under the ovary, ex-
serted; filaments filiform; anthers oblong, versatile; ovary stipitate, contracted into a
long slender style, with a minute terminal slightly dilated stigma. Legume many-
seeded, stipitate, linear, compressed, dehiscent, the valves thickened on the margins,
rigid, thin, continuous within, their outer coat thin and papery, dark-colored, the inner
rather thicker, woody, pale brown. Seeds obovoid, compressed, transverse, the hilum
near the base, suspended on a long slender funicle; seed-coat thin, crustaceous, brown
and lustrous; embryo inclosed on its two sides by a thin layer of horny albumen; radicle
slightly exserted.
Leucsena with nine or ten species is confined to the warmer parts of America from
western Texas to Venezuela and Peru, and to the islands of the Pacific Ocean from New
Caledonia to Tahiti, where one species has been recognized. Of the indigenous species
found in the territory of the United States, three are arborescent. LeuccBna glauca L.,
a small tree or shrub, cultivated in all warm countries, and a native probably of tropical
America, is now naturalized on Key West, Florida.
The generic name, from Xeuxa^^'w, refers to the color of the flowers.
LEGUMINOSiE
597
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Peduncles bibracteolate at apex; stipules becoming spinescent.
Leaves 10-14-pinnate; pinnae with 15-30 pairs of leaflets; blade of the bract of the flower
produced into a short point. 1. L. Greggii (E).
Leaves 2-4-pinnate; pinnae with 4-8 pairs of leaflets; blade of the bract of the flower
produced into a long slender villose tip. 2. L. retusa (E).
Peduncles without bracts; stipules minute, caducous; leaves 30-36-p innate; pinnae with
30-60 pairs of leaflets. 3. L. pulverulenta (E),
• 1. Leucaena Greggii S. Wats.
Leaves 6'-7' long and broad, with a slender rachis furnished on the upper side with a
single elongated bottle-shaped gland between the stalks of each pair of pinnae; pinnae 10-14,
remote, short-stalked, with 15-30 pairs of leaflets; stipules gradually narrowed into a long
slender point, becoming rigid and spinescent, Y to nearly |' long and persistent for two
or three years; leaflets lanceolate, acute or acuminate, often somewhat falcate, nearly
sessile or short-petiolulate, full and rounded toward the base on the lower margin, nearly
straight on the upper margin, gray-green, ultimately nearly glabrous, j-^ long, about f
wide, with a narrow midvein and obscure lateral nerves. Flowers on slender pedicels,
in heads f'-l' in diameter, on stout peduncles 2'-3' long furnished at apex with 2 irreg-
ularly 3-lobed bracts, and solitary or in pairs; calyx coated with hairs only near the apex,
much shorter than the spatulate glabrous more or less boat-shaped petals; ovary villose
with a few short scattered hairs. Fruit 6'-8' long, | -^ wide, narrowed below into a
short stout stipe, acuminate and crowned at apex with the thickened style, Y~i' ^ong.
cinereo-pubescent until nearly fully grown, becoming nearly glabrous at maturity, much
compressed, with narrow wing-like margins; seeds conspicuously notched by the hilum,
f ' long and Y wide.
A tree, 15°-20° high, with a stem 4'-5' in diameter, and stout zigzag red-brown branch-
lets marked by numerous pale lenticels, coated at first with short spreading lustrous
yellow deciduous hairs found also on the young petioles and lower surface of the unfolding
leaflets, the peduncles of the flower-heads and their bracts. Bark about f ' thick, dark
brown, divided into low ridges and broken on the surface into small closely appressed
persistent scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, rich brown streaked with red, with
thin clear sapwood.
Distribution. Mountain ravines and the steep banks of streams; western Texas from the
valley of the upper San Saba River to that of Devil's River; and southward into Mexico.
598
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
2. Leucaena retusa Benth.
Leaves 3' or 4' long and 4' or 5' wide, with a slender petiole and rachis and 2-4 pairs of
pinnae 6'-10' long, remote, long-stalked, with 4-8 pairs of short-stalked leaflets furnished be-
tween their stems with a single globose white gland found also occasionally on the upper side
of the rachis between the stems of the pinnae; stipules ovate, gradually narrowed into a long
slender tip, ^' in length, often persistent through the season; leaflets obliquely obovate
or elliptic, rounded and apiculate at apex, obliquely rounded or cuneate at the imsym-
metric base, entire, short-petiolulate, villose-pubescent like the rachis and petiole when
they first appear, soon glabrous, and at maturity thin, blue-green, f'-l' long and Y~¥
wide, with a slender midrib, and prominent veins extending obliquely toward the apex
of the leaflet, those of the lowest pair more prominent and starting from near its base.
Fig. 548
Flowers short-stalked in the axil of a peltate bract, its blade produced into a long slender
villose tip, appearing continuously from April until October in dense globose heads f in
diameter, on villose bibracteolate axillary, single or fascicled peduncles l|'-3' in length;
calyx thin, tubular, 5-toothed at apex; petals narrow-oblong, hardly longer than the calyx;
stamens 10, shorter than the bract of the flower; anthers glabrous. Fruit solitary or
clustered, on a puberulous peduncle 3'-5' in length, 6'-10' long, Y-Y wide, gradually
narrowed below into a stout stipe, the acuminate apex terminating in the thickened per-
sistent style, glabrous and dark reddish brown; seeds Y long and j' wide.
A tree, occasionally 25° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, and slender branchlets
pubescent when they first appear, becoming puberulous and orange-brown or reddish
brown at the end of their first season; more often a shrub.
Distribution. Texas; steep rocky hillsides, and on the summits of limestone bluffs;
(Uvalde, Valverde, Kemble, Real and Jeff Davis Counties) .
3. Leucaena pulverulenta Benth. Mimosa.
Leaves 4'-7' long and 3'-4' wide, with a slender petiole usually marked by a large
dark oblong gland between the somewhat enlarged base and the lowest pair of the
30-36 nearly sessile crowded pinnae, each with 30-60 pairs of leaflets, and minute cadu-
cous stipules, when they unfold covered like the peduncles and flower-buds with dense
hoary tomentum, and at maturity puberulous on the petiole and rachis; leaflets linear,
acute, rather oblique at base by the greater development of the upper side, sessile or very
LEGUMINOS.E
599
short-petiolulate, pale bright green, ^'-|' long. Flowers sessile, fragrant, in heads §' in
diameter, appearing in succession as the branches grow from early spring to midsummer,
on slender peduncles l'-l§' long and fascicled in the axils of upper leaves; calyx one
fourth as long as the acute petals and like them pilose on the outer surface; stamens twice
as long as the petals; ovary coated with long pale hairs. Fruit conspicuously thick-
margined, 4'-14' long, long-stalked, tipped with a short straight or recurved point, usually
in pairs on a peduncle thickened at apex; seeds j^' long.
A tree, 50°-60° high, with a straight trunk 18'-20' in diameter, separating 20°-30°
from the ground into slender spreading branches forming a loose round head, and branch-
lets at first more or less striately grooved and thickly coated with pulverulent caducous
tomentum, becoming at the end of a few weeks terete, pale cinnamon-brown and puberu-
lous. Bark about i' thick, bright cinnamon-brown, and roughened by thick persistent
Fig. 549
scales. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, rich dark brown, with thin clear yellow
sap wood of 2 or 3 layers of annual growth; considered valuable, and sometimes manufac-
tured into lumber.
Distribution. Rich moist soil of river banks and the borders of lagoons and small
streams; valley of the lower Rio Grande; in Texas only for a few miles near its mouth;
more abundant from Matamoras to Monterey in Nuevo Leon; and southward to the
neighborhood of the City of Mexico.
Occasionally planted as a shade and ornamental tree in the towns of the lower Rio
Grande valley and in New Orleans, Louisiana.
5. PROSOPIS L. Mesquite.
Trees or shrubs, with branches without a terminal bud and armed with geminate supra-
axillary persistent spines, and small obtuse axillary buds covered with acute apiculate
dark brown scales. Leaves alternate on branches of the year and fascicled in earlier
axils, deciduous, usually 2 rarely 3-4-pinnate, with many-foliolate pinnae; petioles
glandular at apex with a minute gland, and tipped with the small spinescent rachis;
stipules linear, membranaceous or spinescent, deciduous. Flowers greenish white, nearly
sessile, in axillary pedimculate spikes; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, or slightly 5-lobed,
deciduous; petals 5, connate below the middle or ultimately free, glabrous or tomentose
on the inner surface toward the apex, sometimes puberulous on the outer surface; stamens
10, free, inserted with the petals on the margin of a minute disk adnate to the calyx-tube,
those opposite the lobes of the calyx rather longer than the others; filaments filiform; an-
thers oblong, versatile, their connective tipped with a minute deciduous gland, the cells
600
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
opening by marginal sutures; ovary stipitate, villose; style filiform, with a minute terminal
stigma. Legume linear, compressed or subterete, straight or falcate, or contorted or
twisted into a more or less regular spiral, indehiscent; the outer coat thin, woody, pale
yellow, inclosing a thick spongy inner coat of sweet pulp containing the seeds placed
obliquely and separately inclosed, their envelopes forming nut-like joints. Seeds oblong,
compressed, the hilum near the base; seed-coat crustaceous, light brown, lustrous; em-
bryo surrounded by a layer of horny albumen; radicle short, slightly exserted.
Prosopis is distributed in the New World from southern Kansas to Patagonia, and in
the Old World is confined to tropical Africa, and to southwestern and tropical Asia.
Sixteen or seventeen species have been distinguished. Of the three species found in the
territory of the United States two are small trees.
Prosopis produces hard durable wood, particularly valuable as fuel, and the pods are
used as fodder.
The generic name is from Trpoa-iawis, employed by Dioscorides as a name of the Burdock.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Legume compressed or ultimately convex; pinnae 12-22-foliolate.
L P. juliflora (C, E, G, H).
Legume thick, spirally twisted; pinnae 10-16-foliolate. 2. P. pubescens (E, F, G, H).
1. Prosopis juliflora DC. Mesquite. Honey Locust.
Leaves with 2 or rarely 4 pinnae, and slender terete petioles abruptly enlarged and
glandular at base; stipules linear, acute, membranaceous, deciduous. Flowers appearing
in successive crops from May to the middle of July, fragrant, about j^' long, on short
Fig. 550
pedicels, in slender cylindric spikes l^'-ii' long, on stout peduncles ^'-f in length;
calyx glabrous or puberulous, about one fourth as long as the narrowly oblong acute petals,
glabrous or puberulous on the outer surface and covered on the inner surface toward the
apex with hoary tomentum; stamens twice as long as the corolla, the. dark-colored con-
nective of the anther-cells furnished at apex with a stalked gland; ovary short-stalked,
clothed with silky hairs. Fruit in drooping clusters, linear, at first flat, becoming subter-
ete at maturity, constricted between the 10-20 seeds, straight or falcate, contracted at
the ends, 4'-9' long, j'-^' wide; seeds about j' long.
A low tree, with a large thick taproot descending frequently to the depth of 40°-50'',
LEGUMINOSiE
601
and furnished with radiating horizontal roots spreading in all directions and forming a
dense mat, a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, divided a short distance above the ground into many
irregularly arranged crooked branches forming a loose straggling head, and slender branch-
lets at first pale yellow-green, turning darker in their second year, furnished in the axils
of the leaves of their first season with short spur-like excrescences covered with chaffy
scales, and armed with stout straight terete supra-axillary persistent spines ^'-2' long,
or rarely unarmed; more often a shrub, with numerous stems only a few feet high. Bark
of the trunk thick, dark reddish brown, divided by shallow fissures, the surface separating
into short thick scales. Wood heavy, close-grained, rich dark brown or sometimes red,
with thin clear yellow sap wood; almost indestructible in contact with the soil, and largely
used for fence-posts, railway-ties, the underpinnings of buildings, and occasionally in the
manufacture of furniture, the fellies of wheels, and the pavements of city streets; the
best fuel of the region, and largely made into charcoal. The ripe pods supply Mexicans
and Indians with a nutritious food, and are devoured by most herbivorous animals. A
gum, resembling gum-arabic, exudes from the stems.
Distribution. Western Texas and eastern New Mexico, and on the island of Jamaica;
eastward and westward diverging into two extreme forms. These are
Prosopis jtiliflora var. glandulosa Cock.
Leaves 8 '-10' long, 2-pinnate, with long slender petioles, the pinnae 12-20-foliolate;
leaflets distant, linear, mostly acute, glabrous, dark green, often 2' long and |'-|' wide.
Fig. 55
Flowers with a usually glabrous calyx. Fruit occasionally conspicuously constricted be-
tween the seeds (f. constricta Sarg.).
A round-topped tree, often 20° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, and long gracefully
drooping branches forming a symmetrical round-topped head.
Distribution. Eastern Texas to western Louisiana (near Shreveport, Caddo Parish),
western Oklahoma and southern Kansas, and southward into northern Mexico. The
common Mesquite of eastern Texas; reappearing with rather shorter and more crowded
leaflets in Arizona, southern California, and Lower California.
Prosopis juliflora var. velutina Sarg.
Leaves 5'-6' long, often fascicled, 2-4-pinnate, cinereo-pubescent, with short petioles,
the pinnae 12-22-foliolate; leaflets oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse or acute, crowded, pale
green, 1'-^' long. Flowers in densely-flowered spikes 2'-3' long; calyx villose.
602
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, often 50° high, with a trunk 2° in diameter, covered with rough dark brown
bark, and heavy irregularly arranged usually crooked branches.
Distribution. Dry valleys of southern Arizona and of Sonora.
Fig. 552
2. Prosopis pubescens Benth. Screw Bean. Screw Pod Mesquite.
Leaves canescently pubescent, 2'-3' long, with a slender petiole ^'-f ' in length, and
pinnae l|'-2' long and 10-16-foliolate; stipules spinescent, deciduous; leaflets oblong or
somewhat falcate, acute, sessile or short-petiolulate, often apiculate, conspicuously reticu-
late-veined, Y~¥ loiig> ¥ wide. Flowers beginning to open in early spring, and produced
Fig. 553
to successive crops from the axils of minute scarious bracts, in dense or interrupted cylin-
dric spikes 2'-3' long; calyx obscurely 5-lobed, pubescent on the outer surface, one third
to one fourth as long as the narrow acute petals coated on the inner surface near the apex
with thick white tomentum, and slightly puberulous on the outer surface; ovary and
young fruit hoary-tomentose. Fruit ripening throughout the summer and falling in the
autumn, in dense racemes, sessile, twisted with from 12-20 turns into a narrow straight
spiral l'-2' long; seeds j\' long.
LEGUMINOS^ 603
A tree, 25°-30° high, with a slender trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, and terete
branches canescently pubescent or glabrate when they first appear, becoming glabrous
and light red-brown in their third year, and armed with stout spines |'-|' long. Bark
of the trunk thick, light brown tinged with red, separating in long thin persistent ribbon-
like scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, close-grained, not strong, light broMU, with
thin lighter colored sapwood of 6 or 7 layers of annual growth; used as fuel and occasion-
ally for fencing. The sweet, nutritious legumes are valued as fodder.
Distribution. Sandy or gravelly bottom-lands; valley of the Rio Grande in western
Texas, and through New Mexico and Arizona to southern Utah and Nevada, and to San
Diego County, California, and northern Mexico; attaining its largest size in the United
States in the valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers, Arizona.
6. CERCIS L.
Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, slender unarmed branchlets prolonged by an upper
axillary bud, marked by numerous minute pale lenticels, and in their first winter by small
elevated horizontal leaf-scars showing the ends of two large fibro- vascular bundles, and
small scaly obtuse axillary buds covered by imbricated ovate chestnut-brown scales.
Leaves simple, entire, 5-7-nerved with prominent nerves, long-petiolate, deciduous;
petioles slender, terete, abruptly enlarged at apex; stipules ovate, acute, small, membrana-
ceous, caducous. Flowers appearing in early spring before or with the leaves on thin
jointed pedicels, in simple fascicles or racemose clusters produced on branches of the previ-
ous or earlier years, or on the trunk, with small scale-like bracts often imbricated at the
base of the inflorescence, and minute bractlets; calyx disciferous, short-turbinate, purplish,
persistent, the tube oblique at base, campanulate, enlarged on the lower side, 5-toothed,
the short broad teeth imbricated in the bud; corolla subpapilionaceous; petals nearly
equal, rose color, oblong-ovate, rounded at apex, unguiculate, slightly auricled on one
side of the base of the blade, the upper petal slightly smaller and inclosed in the bud by the
wing-petals encircled by the broader slightly imbricated keel-petals; stamens 10, inserted
in 2 rows on the margin of the thin disk, free, declinate, those of the inner row opposite
the petals and rather shorter than the others; filaments enlarged and pilose below the
middle, persistent until the fruit is grown; anthers uniform, oblong, attached on the back
near the base; ovary short-stalked, inserted obliquely in the bottom of the calyx-tube;
style filiform, fleshy, incurved, with a stout obtuse terminal stigma; ovules 2-ranked, at-
tached to the inner angle of the ovary. Legume stalked, oblong or broad-linear, straight
on the upper edge, curved on the lower edge, acute at the ends, compressed, tipped with
the thickened remnants of the style, many-seeded, 2-valved, the valves coriaceo-mem-
branaceous, many-veined, tardily dehiscent by the dorsal and often by the wing-margined
ventral suture, dark red-purple and lustrous at maturity. Seeds suspended transversely
on a slender funicle, ovoid or oblong, compressed, the small depressed hilum near the
apex; seed-coat crustaceous, bright reddish brown; embryo surrounded by a thin layer of
horny albumen, compressed; cotyledons oval, flat, the radicle short, straight or obliquely
incurved, slightly exserted.
Cercis is confined to eastern and western North America, southern Europe, and to
southwestern, central and eastern Asia. Of the eight species now distinguished, three
occur in North America. Two of these are arborescent.
The generic name is from KepKis, the Greek name of the European species, from a fan-
cied resemblance of the fruit to the weaver's implement of that name.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES. '
Flowers in sessile clusters; leaves ovate, acute, cordate or truncate at base.
1. C. canadensis (A, C).
Flowers fascicled or slightly racemose; leaves reniform. 2. C. reniformis (C).
604 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
1. Cercis canadensis L. Redbud. Judas-tree.
Leaves broad-ovate, acute or acuminate and often abruptly contracted at apex into a
short broad point, truncate or more or less cordate at base, entire, glabrous with the ex-
ception of axillary tufts of white hairs, or sometimes more or less pubescent below, 3'-5'
long and broad; turning in the autumn before falling bright clear yellow; petioles 2'-5'
in length. Flowers ^' long, on pedicels Y~¥ in length and fascicled 4-8 together; rarely
white (var. alba Rehdr.). Fruit fully grown in the south by the end of May and at the
north at midsummer, and then pink or rose color, 2|'-3|' long, falling late in the autumn
or in early winter; seeds about j long.
A tree, sometimes 40°-50° high, with a straight trunk usually separating 10''-12° from
the ground into stout branches covered with smooth light brown or gray bark, and form-
Fig. 554
ing an upright or often a wide flat head, and slender glabrous somewhat angled branch-
lets, brown and lustrous during their first season, becoming dull and darker the following
year and ultimately dark or grayish brown. Bark of the trunk about ^ thick and divided
by deep longitudinal fissures into long narrow plates, the bright red-brown surface separat-
ing LQto thin scales. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, rich dark brown tinged
with red, with thin lighter colored sapwood of 8-10 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Borders of streams and rich bottom-lands, forming, especially west of
the Alleghany Mountains, an a|)imdant undergrowth to the forest; valley of the Delaware
River, New Jersey, central and southern Pennsylvania southward to northern Florida,
northern Alabama and southern Mississippi (Crystal Springs, Copiah County), and west-
ward to southwestern Ontario (Point Pelee, Essex County), and through southern Michi-
gan to southern Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, to western Oklahoma
(Major and Dewey Counties), Louisiana, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas; and on
the Sierra Madre of Nuevo Leon; common and of its largest size in southwestern Arkansas,
Oklahoma and eastern Texas, and in early spring a conspicuous feature of the landscape.
Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the northeastern states, and occasionally in
western Europe.
2. Cercis reniformis Engl. Redbud.
Cercis texensis Sarg.
Leaves reniform, when they unfold light green and slightly pilose, and at maturity
subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler, glabrous or pubescent
on the lower surface, and 2'-3' in diameter; petioles lj'-2' in length. Flowers about s'
LEGUMINOSiE
605
long, on slender pedicels Y~¥ in length and fascicled in sessile clusters, or occasionally
racemose. Fruit 2'-4' long, ^'-1' wide; seeds j' long.
A slendcF tree, occasionally 20° or rarely 40° high, with a trunk 6'-12' in diameter, and
glabrous branchlets marked by numerous minute white lenticels, light reddish brown
during their first and second years, becoming dark brown in their third season; more
often a shrub, sending up numerous stems and forming dense thickets only a few feet high.
Fig. 555
Bark of the trunk and branches thin, smooth, light gray. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained,
brown streaked with yellow, with thin lighter colored sapwood of 5 or 6 layers of annual
growth.
Distribution. Limestone hills and ridges; neighborhood of Dallas, Dallas County,
Texas to the Sierra Madre of Nuevo Leon; common in the valley of the upper Colorado
River, Texas; of its largest size on the mountains of northeastern Mexico.
7. GYMNOCLADUS Lam.
Trees, with stout unarmed blunt branchlets with a thick pith, prolonged by axillary
buds, rough deeply fissured bark, thick fleshy roots, and minute buds depressed in pubes-
cent cavities of the bark, 2 in the axil of each leaf, superposed, remote, the lower and
smaller sterile and nearly surroimded by the enlarged base of the petiole, their scales 2,
ovate, rounded at apex, coated with thick dark brown tomentum, infolded one over the
other, accrescent with the young shoots. Leaves deciduous, unequally bipinnate; pinnae
many-foliolulate, with 1 or 2 pairs of the lowest pinnae reduced to single leaflets; pinnae
and leaflets usually alternate; leaflets thin, ovate, entire, petiolulate; stipules foliaceous,
early deciduous. Flowers regular, dioecious, greenish white, long-pedicellate, the slender
pedicels from the axils of long lanceolate scarious caducous bracts, bibracteolate near the
middle; staminate flowers in a short terminal racemose corymb; pistillate flowers in
elongated terminal racemes, on pedicels much longer than those of the staminate flowers;
calyx tubular, elongated, lO-ribbed, lined with a thin glandular disk, 5-lobed, the lobes
lanceolate, acute, nearly equal, erect; petals 4 or 5, oblong, rounded or acute at apex,
pubescent, as long as the calyx-lobes or rather longer and twice as broad, inserted on the
margin of the disk, spreading or reflexed; stamens 10, free, inserted with the petals, erect,
included; filaments filiform, pilose, those opposite the petals shorter than the others;
anthers oblong, uniform, small and sterile in the pistillate flower; ovary sessile or slightly
stipitate, acute; styles short, erect, obliquely dilated into 2 broad lobes stigmatic on their
606 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
inner surface, rudimentary or 0 in the sterile flower; ovules numerous, suspended from the
angle opposite the posterior petals. Legume oblong, subfalcate, turgid or slightly com-
pressed, several-seeded, 2-valved, tardily dehiscent, the thin tough woody valves thick-
ened on the margins into narrow wings, pulpy between the seeds. Seeds ovoid or slightly
obovoid, suspended by a long slender funicle; seed-coat thick, bony, brown and opaque,
of 3 layers; embryo surrounded by a thin layer of horny albumen; cotyledons ovate,
orange-colored, thick and fleshy, the radicle short, erect.
Gymnocladus, with two species, is confined to eastern North America and to central
China.
Gymnocladus is slightly astringent and purgative, and the detersive pulp surrounding
the seeds of the Asiatic species is used in China as a substitute for soap.
The generic name, from yvfipds and AcXaSos* relates to the stout branchlets destitute
of spray.
1. Gymnocladus dioicus K. Koch. Kentucky Coffee-tree. Mahogany.
Leaves l°-3° long, 18'-24' wide, obovate, 5-9 pinnate, the pinnae 6-14-foliolate, covered
when they unfold with hoary tomentum except on the upper surface of the ovate acute
Fig. 556
leaflets, often mucronate, especially while young, euneate or irregularly rounded at base,
pink at first, soon becoming bronze-green and lustrous, glabrous on the upper surface
with the exception of a few scattered hairs along the midrib, and at maturity thin, ob-
scurely veined, dark green above, pale yellow-green and glabrous below, with the ex-
ception of a few short hairs scattered along the narrow midrib, 2'-2|' long and 1' wide, or
those replacing the lowest or occasionally the 2 lower pairs of pinnae sometimes twice as
large; turning bright clear yellow in the autumn before falling; petioles abruptly and con-
spicuously enlarged at base, at first hoary- tomentose, becoming glabrous at maturity;
stipules lanceolate or slightly obovate, glandular-serrate toward the apex, ^ long. Flowers:
inflorescence of the staminate tree 3'-4' long, the lower branches usually 3 or 4-flowered;
inflorescence of the pistillate tree 10'-12' long, the flowers on stout pedicels l'-2|' long or
twice to five times as long as those of the staminate flowers; flowers hoary- tomentose in the
bud; calyx f long, covered on the outer surface when the flowers open with pale hairs and
on the inner surface with hoary tomentum; petals keeled, pilose on the back, slightly
grooved, tomentose on the inner surface; anthers bright orange color; ovary hairy. Fruit
6'-10' long, l^'-2' wide, dark red-brown, covered with a glaucous bloom, on stout stalks
l'-2' in length, remaining unopened on the branches through the winter; seeds sep-
arated by a thick lajer of dark-colored sweet pulp, f long.
LEGUMINOSiE 607
A tree, 75°-110° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, usually dividing 10''-15° from
the ground into 3 or 4 principal stems spreading slightly and forming a narrow round-
topped head, or occasionally sending up a tall straight shaft destitute of branches for 70°-
80°, and branchlets coated when they first appear with short dense pubescence faintly
tinged with red, bearing at their base the conspicuous orange-green obovate pubescent
bud-scales, i'-^' thick at the end of their first season, very blunt, dark brown, often slightly
pilose, marked by orange-colored lenticels, and roughened by the large pale broadly
heart-shaped leaf-scars displaying the ends of 3 or 4 conspicuous fibro-vascular bundles.
Bark of the trunk f '-1' thick, deeply fissured, dark gray tinged with red, and roughened by
small persistent scales. Wood heavy although not hard, strong, coarse-grained, very
durable in contact with the soil, rich light brown tinged with red, with thin lighter colored
sapwood of 5 or 6 layers of annual growth; occasionally used in cabinet-making and for
fence-posts, rails, and in construction. The seeds were formerly used as a substitute
for coffee; a decoction of the fresh green pulp of the unripe fruit is used in homoeopathic
practice.
Distribution. Bottom-lands in rich soil; central and western New York and Franklin
County, Pennsylvania, through southern Ontario and southern Michigan to southeastern
Minnesota, northeastern and southern Iowa, southeastern South Dakota, eastern and
northeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, northern and western Arkansas and northeastern
Oklahoma (with isolated stations in Woods and Custer Counties and in the western parts
of Cimarron County); in eastern Kentucky, and western and middle Tennessee; nowhere
common.
Occasionally cultivated in the gardens and parks of the eastern United States, and of
northern' and central Europe.
8. GLEDITSIA L.
Trees, with furrowed bark, slender terete slightly zigzag branchlets thickened at the
apex and prolonged by axillary buds, thick fibrous roots, the trunk and branches often
armed with stout simple or branched spines or abortive branchlets developed from supra-
axillary or adventitious buds imbedded in the bark. Winter-buds minute, 3 or 4 together,
superposed, the 2 or 3 lower without scales and covered by the scar left by the falling of
the petiole, the upper larger, nearly surrounded by the base of the petiole and covered by
small scurfy scales. Leaves long-petiolate, often fascicled in earlier axils, abruptly pin-
nate or bipinnate, the pinnae increasing in length from the base to the apex of the leaf,
the lowest sometimes reduced to single leaflets; deciduous; leaflets thin, their mar-
gins irregularly crenate, without stipels; stipules minute, caducous. Flowers regular,
polygamous, minute, green or white on short pedicels, in axillary or lateral simple or
fascicled racemes, with minute scale-like caducous bracts; calyx campanulate, lined with
the disk, 3-5-lobed, the narrow lobes nearly equal; petals as many as the lobes of the calyx,
nearly equal; stamens 6-10, inserted with the petals on the margin of the disk, exserted;
filaments free, filiform, erect; anthers uniform, much smaller and abortive in the pistillate
flower; ovary subsessile, rarely bicarpellary, rudimentary or 0 in the staminate flower;
styles short; stigma terminal, more or less dilated, often oblique; ovules 2 or many, sus-
pended from the angle opposite the posterior petal. Legume compressed, many-seeded,
elongated, straight and indehiscent, or 1-3-seeded, ovoid and tardily dehiscent. Seeds
transverse, ovoid to suborbicular, flattened, attached by a long slender funicle; seed-coat
thin, crustaceous, light brown; embryo surrounded by a layer of horny orange-colored
albumen; cotyledons subfoliaceous, compressed; radicle short, erect, slightly exserted.
Gleditsia is confined to eastern North America, where three species occur, southwestern
Asia, China, Formosa, Japan, and west tropical Africa. It produces strong, durable, coarse-
grained wood. In Japan the pods are used as a substitute for soap.
The generic name is in honor of Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch (1714-1786), professor of
botany at Berlin.
608
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Legume linear-oblong, elongated, many-seeded, indehiscent.
Legume 12'-18' long, with pulp between the seeds; ovary hoary-tomentose.
1. G. triacanthos (A, C).
Legume 4'-5' long, without pulp between the seeds. 2. G. texana (C).
Legume oval, oblique, 1-3-seeded, without pulp, tardily dehiscent; ovary glabrous.
3. G. aquatica {xi, ^,.
1. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey Locust.
Leaves 7'-8' long, 18-28-foliolulate or sometimes bipinnate, with 4-7 pairs of pinnae,
those of the upper pair 4 '-5' long, when they unfold hoary-tomentose, and at maturity
pubescent on the petiole and rachis, the short stout petiolules, and the under surface of
the midrib of the oblong-lanceolate leaflets, unequal at base, acute or slightly rounded
Fig. 557
at apex, remotely crenulate-serrate, dark green and lustrous above, dull yellow-green
below, I'-l^' long and |' wide; turning in the autumn pale clear yellow. Flowers
appearing in June when the leaves are nearly fully grown from the axils of leaves of pre-
vious years; the staminate in short many-flowered pubescent racemes 2'-2^' long and
often clustered; the pistillate in slender graceful few-flowered usually solitary racemes
2 2 -3 2' long; calyx campanulate, narrowed at base, the acute lobes thickened, revolute
and ciliate on the margins, villose with pale hairs, rather shorter than and half as wide as
the erect acute petals; filaments pilose toward the base; anthers green; pistil rarely of 2
carpels, hoary-tomentose. Fruit 12'-18' long, dark brown, pilose and slightly falcate,
with straight thickened margins, 2 or 3 together in short racemes on stalks l'-l|' long,
their walls thin and tough, contracting in drying by a number of corkscrew twists, and
falling late in the autumn or early in winter; seeds oval, Y long, separated by thick suc-
culent pulp.
A tree, 75°-140° high, with a trunk 2°-3*' or occasionally 5°-6° in diameter, slender
spreading somewhat pendulous branches forming a broad open rather flat-topped head,
and branchlets marked by minute lenticels, at first light reddish brown and slightly puberu-
lous, soon becoming lustrous and red tinged with green, and in their second year greenish
brown and armed with stout rigid long-pointed simple or 3-forked spines at first red, and
bright chestnut-brown when fully grown, or rarely unarmed (var. inermis Pursh.). Bark
of the trunk Y~¥ thick, divided by deep fissures into long narrow longitudinal ridges and
LEGUMINOS^
609
roughened on the surface by small persistent scales. Wood hard, strong, coarse-grained,
very durable in contact with the ground, red or bright red-brown, with thin pale sapwood
of 10-12 layers of annual growth; largely used for fence-posts and rails, for the hubs of
wheels, and in construction.
Distribution. Borders of streams and intervale lands, in moist fertile soil, usually
growing singly or occasionally covering almost exclusively considerable areas; less com-
monly on dry sterile gravelly hills; western slope of the Alleghany Mountains of Penn-
sylvania, westward through southern Ontario and southern Michigan to southeastern
Minnesota, southern Iowa, southeastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern
Kansas, and Oklahoma to the Salt Fork of the Arkansas River (near Alva, Woods County)
and to creek valleys near Cache, Comanche County (G. W. Stevens), and southward to
northern Alabama, Mississippi and middle Florida (St. Marks, Wakulla County), and to
the valley of the Brazos River, eastern Texas; and in the canon of Paloduro Creek near
Canyon, Randall County, northwestern Texas {E. J. Palmer); in Pennsylvania and West
Virginia occasionally on the eastern slopes of the Appalachian Mountains; attaining its
largest size in the valleys of small streams in southern Indiana and Illinois; now often
naturalized in the region east of the Alleghany Mountains. The var. inermis, the prevail-
ing form in Richland County, Illinois, and in Taney County, southern Missouri.
Often cultivated as an ornamental and shade tree in all countries of temperate climates.
2. Gleditsia texana Sarg. Locust.
Gleditsia brachycarpa Nutt., not Pursh.
Leaves 6'-7' long, 12-22-foliolulate, with a slender rachis at first puberulous, ulti-
mately glabrous, or often bipinnate, usually with 6 or 7 pairs of pinnae, the lower pairs
frequently reduced to single large leaflets; leaflets oblong-ovate, often somewhat falcate.
Fig. 558
rounded or acute or apiculate at apex, obliquely rounded at base, finely crenately serrate,
thick and firm in texture, dark green and lustrous above, pale below, ^'-V long, with a
short petiolule coated while young, like the base of the slender orange-colored midrib,
with soft pale haft's. Flowers appearing toward the end of April, the staminate dark
orange-yellow, in slender glabrous often clustered racemes lengthening after the flowers
begin to open and finally 3'-4' in length; calyx campanulate, with acute lobes thickened on
the margins, villose-pubescent and rather shorter and narrower than the puberulous
petals; stamens with slender filaments villose near the base and green anthers; pistillate
flowers unknown. Fruit 4'-5' long, 1' wide, straight, much compressed, rounded and short-
pointed at apex, full and rounded at the broad base, thin-walled, dark chestnut-brown.
610
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
puberulous, slightly thickened on the margins, many-seeded, without pulp; seeds oral,
compressed, dark chestnut-brown, very lustrous, ^ long.
A tree, 100°-120° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 2^° in diameter, ascending and
spreading branches forming a narrow head, and comparatively slender more or less zigzag
branchlets roughened by numerous small round lenticels, light orange-brown when they
first appear, gray or orange-brown during their first year, ashy gray the following season,
and unarmed. Bark thin and smooth.
Distribution. In a group on the bottom-lands of the Brazos River, near the town of
Brazoria, Brazoria County, Texas; Louisiana, near Shreveport, Caddo Parish {R. S.
Cocks, 1907); Mississippi, Yazoo City, Yazoo County (S. M. Traeey, 1911); Indiana (Knox
and Gibson Counties, J. Schneck, Plant World, vii. 252 [1904]), Gibson County (C. C.
Deam, 1921).
Perhaps best considered a hybrid between G. triacanthos and G. aquatica.
3. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Water Locust.
Leaves 5'-8' long, 12-20-foliolate, or bipinnate, with 3 or 4 pairs of pinnae; leaflets
ovate-oblong, usually rounded or rarely emarginate at apex, unequally cuneate at base,
Fig. 559
slightly and remotely crenate or often entire below the middle, glabrous with the exception
of a few hairs on the short stout petiolule, dull yellow-green and lustrous on the upper
surface, dark green on the lower surface, about 1' long and |'-^' wide. Flowers appearing
in May and June after the leaves are fully grown on short stout purple puberulous pedicels,
in slender racemes 3'-4' long; calyx-tube covered with orange-brown pubescence, the lobes
narrow, acute, slightly pilose on the two surfaces, as long as but narrower than the green
erect petals rounded at apex; filaments hairy toward the base; anthers large, green; ovary
long-stipitate, glabrous. Fruit fully grown in August, pendent in graceful racemes,
obliquely ovoid, long-stalked, crowned with a short stout tip, thin, l'-2' long, 1' broad, with-
out pulp, its valves thin, tough, papery, bright chestnut-brown, lustrous and somewhat
thickened on the margins; seeds 1 or rarely 2 or 3, flat, nearly orbicular, orange-brown,
y in diameter.
A tree, 50°-60° high, with a short trunk 2''-2^° in diameter, usually dividing a few feet
from the ground into stout spreading often contorted branches forming a wide irregular
flat-topped head, and glabrous orange-brown branchlets becoming in their second year
gray or reddish brown, marked by occasional large pale lenticels, and armed with usually
flattened simple or short-branched straight or falcate sharp rigid spines 3'-5' long, about
I' broad at the base, and dark red-brown and lustrous. Bark i'-j' thick, smooth, dull
gray or reddish brown, and divided by shallow fissures into small plate-like scales. Wood
LEGUMINOSiE 611
heavy, very hard and strong, coarse-grained, rich bright brown tinged with red, with thick
light clear yellow sapwood of about 40 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Eastern South Carolina to Florida, through the coast region of the Gulf
states except in Alabama to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, and northward through
western Louisiana and southern Arkansas to northwestern Mississippi, middle Kentucky
and Tennessee, the bottoms of the Mississippi, southeastern Missouri, western and southern
Illinois and southwestern Indiana; rare east of the Mississippi River and only in deep river
swamps; very abundant and of its largest size westward on rich bottom-lands; in Louisiana
and Arkansas often occupying extensive tracts submerged during a considerable part of \he
year.
9. PARKINSONIA L.
Trees or shrubs, with smooth thin bark and terete branches often armed with simple
or 3-forked spines. Leaves abruptly bipinnate, alternate or fascicled from earlier axils,
short-petiolate, the rachis short and spinescent, with 2-4 secondary elongated rachises
bearing numerous minute opposite entire leaflets without stipels; stipules short, persistent
and spinescent, or caducous. Flowers perfect on thin elongated jointed pedicels from
the axils of minute caducous bracts, in slender axillary solitary or fascicled racemes:
calyx short-campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes slightly inbricated or subvalvate in the bud,
narrow, membranaceous, nearly equal, becoming reflexed, deciduous; petals bright yel-
low, unguiculate, much longer than the lobes of the calyx, spreading, the upper petal rather
broader than the others and glandular at the base of the claw; stamens 10, inserted in 2
rows on the margin of the thin disk, free, slightly declinate, those of the outer row opposite
the sepals and rather longer than the others; filaments villose below the middle, the upper
filament enlarged at base and gibbous on the upper side; anthers uniform, versatile; ovary
short-stipitate, pilose, contracted into a slender filiform incurved style infolded in the bud
and tipped with a minute stigma; ovules numerous, suspended from the inner angle of the
ovary. Legume linear, torulose, acuminate at the ends, 2-valved, the valves thin, convex
by the growth of the seeds, contracted between and beyond them, longitudinally striate.
Seeds oblong, suspended longitudinally on a slender funicle; hilum minute, near the apex;
seed-coat thin, crustaceous, light brown; embryo inclosed on the sides only by thick layers
of horny albumen; cotyledons oval, flat, slightly fleshy, the radicle very short and straight.
Parkinsonia, with four species, is confined to the warm parts of America and to southern
Africa. Two species occur within the limits of the United States.
The genus is named for John Parkinson (1567-1650), an English botanical author, and
herbalist to James I.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Flowers in long slender racemes; petals imbricated in the bud; stamens shorter than the
petals; legume 1-8-seeded, 12'-18' long; leaves 7'-8' long; rachis of the pinnae flat,
wing-margined, 50-60-foliolate; branches with spines. 1. P. aculeata (G, H).
Flowers in short racemes; petals valvate in the bud; stamens longer than the petals;
legume 1-2-seeded; leaves about 1' long; rachis of the pinnae terete, 8-12-foliolate;
branches without spines. 2, P. microphylla (G, H).
1. Parkinsonia aculeata L. Retama. Horse Bean.
Leaves of two forms, short-petiolate, persistent, light green and glabrous, except for
a few hairs on the lower part of the young secondary rachis, 12'-18' long; primary leaves
on young branches, with 2-4 pinnae, and a spinescent rachis developing into a stout ridged
persistent short-pointed chestnut-brown spine I'-l^' long and marked near the base by
the prominent scars left by the fall of the pinnae; stipules persistent, appearing as lateral
spiny branches on the spines; secondary leaves fascicled from the axils of the primary
leaves, nearly sessile with a short terete spinescent rachis and 2 pinnae; pinnae flat, 12'-18'
in length, wing-margined, acute at apex, with 25-30 pairs of ovate or obovate petiolulate
610
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
puberulous, slightly thickened on the margins, many-seeded, without pulp; seeds oral,
compressed, dark chestnut-brown, very lustrous, Y long.
A tree, 100°-120° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 2^° in diameter, ascending and
spreading branches forming a narrow head, and comparatively slender more or less zigzag
branchlets roughened by numerous small round lenticels, light orange-brown when they
first appear, gray or orange-brown during their first year, ashy gray the following season,
and unarmed. Bark thin and smooth.
Distribution. In a group on the bottom-lands of the Brazos River, near the town of
Brazoria, Brazoria County, Texas; Louisiana, near Shreveport, Caddo Parish (R. S.
Cocks, 1907); Mississippi, Yazoo City, Yazoo County (<S. M. Tracey, 1911); Indiana (Knox
and Gibson Counties, J. Schneck, Plant World, vii. 252 [1904]), Gibson County (C. C.
Deam, 1921).
Perhaps best considered a hybrid between G. triacanthos and G. aquatica.
3. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Water Locust.
Leaves 5'-8' long, 12-20-foliolate, or bipinnate, with 3 or 4 pairs of pinnae; leaflets
ovate-oblong, usually rounded or rarely emarginate at apex, unequally cuneate at base,
Fig. 559
slightly and remotely crenate or often entire below the middle, glabrous with the exception
of a few hairs on the short stout petiolule, dull yellow-green and lustrous on the upper
surface, dark green on the lower surface, about 1' long and ^-^ wide. Flowers appearing
in May and June after the leaves are fully grown on short stout purple puberulous pedicels,
in slender racemes 3-4' long; calyx-tube covered with orange-brown pubescence, the lobes
narrow, acute, slightly pilose on the two surfaces, as long as but narrower than the green
erect petals rounded at apex; filaments hairy toward the base; anthers large, green; ovary
long-stipitate, glabrous. Fruit fully grown in August, pendent in graceful racemes,
obliquely ovoid, long-stalked, crowned with a short stout tip, thin, 1-2' long, 1' broad, with-
out pulp, its valves thin, tough, papery, bright chestnut-brown, lustrous and somewhat
thickened on the margins; seeds 1 or rarely 2 or 3, flat, nearly orbicular, orange-brown,
§' in diameter.
A tree, 50°-60° high, with a short trunk 2°-2|° in diameter, usually dividing a few feet
from the ground into stout spreading often contorted branches forming a wide irregular
flat-topped head, and glabrous orange-brown branchlets becoming in their second year
gray or reddish brown, marked by occasional large pale lenticels, and armed with usually
flattened simple or short-branched straight or falcate sharp rigid spines 3'-5' long, about
I' broad at the base, and dark red-brown and lustrous. Bark | '-j' thick, smooth, dull
gray or reddish brown, and divided by shallow fissures into small plate-like scales. Wood
LEGUMINOSiE 611
heavy, very hard and strong, coarse-grained, rich bright brown tinged with red, with thick
light clear yellow sapwood of about 40 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Eastern South Carolina to Florida, through the coast region of the Gulf
states except in Alabama to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, and northward through
western Louisiana and southern Arkansas to northwestern Mississippi, middle Kentucky
and Tennessee, the bottoms of the Mississippi, southeastern Missouri, western and southern
Illinois and southwestern Indiana; rare east of the Mississippi River and only in deep river
swamps; very abundant and of its largest size westward on rich bottom-lands; in Louisiana
and Arkansas often occupying extensive tracts submerged during a considerable part of \he
year.
9. PARKINSONIA L.
Trees or shrubs, with smooth thin bark and terete branches often armed with simple
or 3-forked spines. Leaves abruptly bipinnate, alternate or fascicled from earlier axils,
short-petiolate, the rachis short and spinescent, with 2-4 secondary elongated rachises
bearing numerous minute opposite entire leaflets without stipels; stipules short, persistent
and spinescent, or caducous. Flowers perfect on thin elongated jointed pedicels from
the axils of minute caducous bracts, in slender axillary solitary or fascicled racemes:
calyx short-campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes slightly inbricated or subvalvate in the bud,
narrow, membranaceous, nearly equal, becoming reflexed, deciduous; petals bright yel-
low, unguiculate, much longer than the lobes of the calyx, spreading, the upper petal rather
broader than the others and glandular at the base of the claw; stamens 10, inserted in 2
rows on the margin of the thin disk, free, slightly declinate, those of the outer row opposite
the sepals and rather longer than the others; filaments villose below the middle, the upper
filament enlarged at base and gibbous on the upper side; anthers uniform, versatile; ovary
short-stipitate, pilose, contracted into a slender filiform incurved style infolded in the bud
and tipped with a minute stigma; ovules numerous, suspended from the inner angle of the
ovary. Legume linear, torulose, acuminate at the ends, 2-valved, the valves thin, convex
by the growth of the seeds, contracted between and beyond them, longitudinally striate.
Seeds oblong, suspended longitudinally on a slender funicle; hilum minute, near the apex;
seed-coat thin, crustaceous, light brown; embryo inclosed on the sides only by thick layers
of horny albumen; cotyledons oval, flat, slightly fleshy, the radicle very short and straight.
Parkinsonia, with four species, is confined to the warm parts of America and to southern
Africa. Two species occur within the limits of the United States.
The genus is named for John Parkinson (1567-1650), an English botanical author, and
herbalist to James I.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Flowers in long slender racemes; petals imbricated in the bud; stamens shorter than the
petals; legume 1-8-seeded, 12'-18' long; leaves 7'-8' long; rachis of the pinnae flat,
wing-margined, 50-60-foliolate; branches with spines. 1. P. aculeata (G, H).
Flowers in short racemes; petals valvate in the bud; stamens longer than the petals;
legume 1-2-seeded; leaves about 1' long; rachis of the pinnae terete, 8-12-foliolate;
branches without spines. 2. P. microphylla (G, H).
1. Parkinsonia aculeata L. Retama. Horse Bean.
Leaves of two forms, short-petiolate, persistent, light green and glabrous, except for
a few hairs on the lower part of the young secondary rachis, 12'-18' long; primary leaves
on young branches, with 2-4 pinnae, and a spinescent rachis developing into a stout ridged
persistent short-pointed chestnut-brown spine I'-l^' long and marked near the base by
the prominent scars left by the fall of the pinnae; stipules persistent, appearing as lateral
spiny branches on the spines; secondary leaves fascicled from the axils of the primary
leaves, nearly sessile with a short terete spinescent rachis and 2 pinnae; pinnae flat, 12'-18'
in length, wing-margined, acute at apex, with 25-30 pairs of ovate or obovate petiolulate
612
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
leaflets, -^'-Y long. Flowers appearing on the growing branches during the spring
and summer, and in the tropics throughout the year, on slender pedicels 3'-^' in length,
in slender erect racemes 5 '-6' long; petals bright yellow, the upper one marked near the
base on the inner surface with conspicuous red spots; stamens shorter than the petals.
Fruit hanging on pedicels |'-|' in length, in graceful racemes, 2'-4' long, long-pointed,
dark orange-brown, slightly pilose, compressed between the remote seeds; seeds f long,
nearly terete, with thick albumen and a bright yellow embryo.
A tree, 18°-30° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, usually separating
6°-8° from the ground into slender spreading somewhat pendulous branches forming a
wide graceful head, and slightly zigzag branchlets puberulous and yellow-green during
their first season, becoming glabrous, gray or light orange color and roughened by lenticels
in their second and third years. Bark of the trunk about |' thick, brown tinged with
red, the generally smooth surface broken into small persistent plate-like scales. Wood
Fig. 560
heavy, hard, close-grained, with very thick lighter colored sapwood tinged with yellow.
Distribution. Low moist soil, valley of the lower Bio Grande, Texas; common in
northern Mexico and in the valley of the lower Colorado River, Arizona; widely distrib=
uted in Lower California; naturalized on Key West, the Bahamas, the West Indian islands
and in many other tropical countries.
Cultivated in most warm countries as an ornament of gardens, and to form hedges.
2. Parkinsonia microphylla Torr.
Leaves 1' long, pale, densely tomentose when they unfold, pubescent at maturity,
deciduous at the end of a few weeks; petiole j' long; rachis short, rarely spinescent;
leaflets in 4-6 pairs, distant, entire, sessile, broad-oblong or nearly orbicular, obtuse or
somewhat acute at apex, oblique at base, I' long; stipules caducous. Flowers opening in
May or early June before the leaves, on slender pedicels, in racemes 1' or less long from
the axils of leaves of the previous year, pale yellow; stamens longer than the petals. Fruit
persistent on the branches for at least a year, frequently 1 or 2, rarely 3-seeded, i'-S' long,
slightly puberulous, especially toward the base, with a long acuminate often falcate apex;
seeds compressed, Y long, with a bright green embryo.
An intricately branched tree, occasionally 20°-25° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter,
and stout pale yellow-green rigid branchlets terminating in a stout "spine, covered at first
with deciduous tomentum, slightly puberulous during their first and second seasons, and
often marked by the persistent scales of undeveloped buds. Bark dark orange color, gen-
LEGUMINOSiE
613
erally smooth, although sometimes roughened by scattered clusters of short pale gray
horizontal ridges, becoming on old trees j' thick; more often a shrub, frequently only a
few feet tall. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, dark orange-brown streaked with red,
with thick light brown or yellow sapwood of 25-30 layers of annual growth.
Fig. 561
Distribution. Deserts of southern Arizona and adjacent regions of California and
Sonora, and in northern Lower California; known to attain the size and habits of a tree
only in the neighborhood of Wickenburg, Maricopa County, Arizona.
10. CERCIDIUM Tul.
Trees or shrubs, with stout tortuous branches, covered with bright green bark and armed
with slender straight axillary spines, and minute obtuse buds. Leaves alternate, abruptly
pinnate, petiolate, early deciduous; pinnae 2 or occasionally 3, 6-8-foliolate; stipules incon-
spicuous or 0 ; leaflets ovate or obovate, without stipels. Flowers perfect in short few-flowered
axillary racemes, solitary or fascicled, with minute membranaceous early deciduous bracts;
calyx 5-lobed, the lobes equal, acute, reflexed at maturity, their margins scarious, slightly
revolute; petals orbicular or short-oblong, unguiculate, bright yellow, the upper petal
broader and longer clawed than the others, slightly auriculate at base of the blade, the
claw conspicuously glandular at base; stamens 10, inserted with the petals on the margin
of the disk, free, slightly declinate, exserted; filaments filiform, pilose below, the upper
filament enlarged at base and gibbous on the upper side; anthers uniform, ovoid, versatile;
ovary short-stalked, inserted at the base of the calyx-tube; styles slender, involute, in-
folded in the bud, with a minute terminal stigma; ovules suspended from the angle of the
ovary opposite the posterior petal. Legume linear-oblong, compressed or somewhat tur-
gid, straight or slightly contracted between the seeds, thickened on the margins, the ven-
tral suture acute, or slightly grooved, tipped with the remnants of the style, tardily de-
hiscent, 2-valved, the valves membranaceous or subcoriaceous, obliquely veined. Seeds
suspended longitudinally on a long slender funicle, ovoid, compressed, the minute hilum
near the apex; seed-coat thin, crustaceous; embryo compressed, light green, covered on
the sides only by a thin layer of horny albumen; cotyledons oval, flat, rather fleshy; radicle
very short, erect, near the hilum.
Cercidium is confined to the warmer parts of the New World, where it is distributed
with four or five species from the southern borders of the United States through Mexico,
Central America, and Venezuela to Mendoza. Of the three species found within the ter-
ritory of the United States two are small trees.
614
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Cercidium produces hard wood sometimes used as fuel.
The generic name, from KepKidiov, refers to the fancied resemblance of the legume to
the weaver's instrument of that name.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Legume compressed, with straight margins; leaflets green, slightly glandular.
1. C.floridum (E).
Legume somewhat turgid, the margins often slightly contracted between the seeds; leaf-
lets glaucous. 2. C. Torreyanum (G, H).
1. Cercidium floridum Benth. Green-barked Acacia.
Leaves l'-l|' long, with 2 or rarely 3 pinnae, a broad pubescent petiole and rachis, and
oval or somewhat obovate dull green puberulous minutely glandular leaflets about j\'
in length, rounded or slightly emarginate at apex, and when they unfold covered on the
lower surface with scattered white hairs; petiolules short, stout, pubescent; appearing in
April and deciduous in October. Flowers opening with the leaves, and produced in suc-
Fig. 562
cessive crops during three or four months, f ' in diameter, on slender pedicels, in 4 or 5-
flowered racemes l|'-2' long, with small acute minute membranaceous caducous bracts.
Fruit compressed, oblong, straight or slightly falcate, acute, narrowly and acutely mar-
gined on the ventral suture, glabrous, 2 or 3-seeded, 2'-2|' long, |' broad, tardily de-
hiscent, the valves papery, yellow tinged with brown on the outer surface, and bright
orange color within; seeds |' long.
A tree, 18°-20° high, with a short crooked trunk 8'-10' in diameter, stout spreading
branches covered with thin smooth bright green bark, forming a low wide head, and
branchlets light or dark olive-green, slightly puberulous at first, soon glabrous, marked
by occasional black lenticels, and armed with slender spines 1' or less in length. Bark
^' thick, light brown tinged with red, with numerous short horizontal light gray ridge-like
excrescences. Wood light, soft, close-grained, pale yellow tinged with green, with thick
lighter colored sap wood.
Distribution. Shores of Matagorda Bay to Hidalgo and Valverde Counties, Texas,
and in northern Mexico; not common in Texas; very abundant and a conspicuous feature
of vegetation in Mexico from the mouth of the Rio Grande to the foothills of the Sierra
Madre.
LEGUMINOSiE
615
2. Cercidium Torreyanum Sarg. Green-barked Acacia. Palo Verde.
Leaves few and scattered, 1' long, hoary- tomentose when they first appear, puberulous
at maturity, with a slender petiole and 2 pinnae, with 2 or 3 pairs of oblong obtuse glaucous
leaflets narrowed toward the somewhat oblique base, t's'-i' long; unfolding in March and
April and falling almost immediately when fully grown. Flowers f in diameter, on slender
pedicels f'-l' long, in 4 or 5-flowered racemes about 1' in length, with small acute mem-
branaceous caducous bracts. Fruit ripening and falling in July, 3'Ht' long, j-^ wide,
2-8-seeded, slightly turgid, often somewhat contracted between the seeds, frequently
grooved on the ventral suture; seeds turgid, |' long.
A low intricately branched tree, leafless for most of the year, 25°-30° high, with a short
often inclining trunk 18 '-20' in diameter, stout spreading branches covered with yellow
Fig. 563
or olive-green bark, forming a wide open irregular head, and glabrous slightly zigzag light
yellow or pale olive-green and glaucous branchlets armed with thin straight or curved
spines I' long. Bark thin, smooth, pale olive-green, becoming near the base of old trunks
reddish brown, Y thick, furrowed and separating into thick plate-like scales. Wood
heavy, not strong, soft, close-grained, light brown, with clear light yellow sapwood.
Distribution. Sides of low canons and depressions, and sandhills of the desert; valley
of the lower Gila River, Arizona, to the Colorado Desert of southern California, and south-
ward into Sonora and Lower California; when in flower in early spring the conspicuous
and most beautiful feature of the vegetation of the Colorado Desert.
11. SOPHORA L.
Trees or shrubs, with minute scaly buds, unarmed terete branches prolonged by an
upper axillary bud, and fibrous roots. Leaves unequally pinnate, with numerous small
or few and ample thin or coriaceous leaflets; stipules minute, deciduous; stipels often 0.
Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes, with linear minute deciduous bracts and bract-
lets; calyx broad-campanulate, often slightly turbinate or obconic at base, obliquely
truncate, the short teeth nearly equal or the 2 upper subconnate and often somewhat
larger than the others; disk cupuliform, glandular, adnate to the calyx-tube; corolla papil-
ionaceous; petals white or violet blue, unguiculate; standard obovate or orbicular, usually
shorter than the oblong, suberect keel-petals, as. long or rather longer than the oblong-
oblique wings, overlapping each other at the back, barely united; stamens free, or 9 of
them slightly united at base, uniform; anthers attached on the back near the middle; ovary
short-stipitate, contracted into an incurved style, with a minute truncate or slightly
816
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
rounded capitate stigma; ovules numerous, suspended from the inner angle of the ovary »
superposed, amphitropous. Legume terete, much contracted between the seeds, woody or
fleshy, usually many-seeded, each seed inclosed in a separate cell, indehiscent. Seed
oblong or oval, sometimes somewhat compressed; seed-coat thick, membranaceous or
crustaceous; cotyledons thick and fleshy; radicle short and straight or more or less elon-
gated and incurved.
Sophora is scattered over the warmer parts of the two hemispheres, with about twenty
species of trees, shrubs or herbs; of the six North American species two are small trees.
Several of the species produce valuable wood, and from the pods and flower-buds of the
Chinese Sophora japonica L., a dye is obtained used to dye white cloth yellow and blue
cloth green. This tree is often cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in northern
China, Japan, the eastern United States, and in western, central, and southern Europe.
The generic name is from Sophera, the Arabic name of some tree with pea-shaped flowers.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Flowers violet blue, in terminal racemes; the upper calyx-lobes larger than the others and
united; legume woody; seeds without albumen; leaves coriaceous, persistent.
1. S. secundiflora (C, E, H).
Flowers white, in axillary racemes; calyx-lobes equal; legume fleshy; seeds with albumen;
leaves thin, deciduous. 2. S. afiSnis (C).
1. Sophora secundiflora DC. Frijolito. Coral Bean.
Leaves persistent, covered when they unfold, especially on the lower surface of the
leaflets, with silky white hairs, and at maturity 4'-6' long, with a stout puberulous petiole
slightly enlarged at base, and 7-9 oblong-elliptic leaflets rounded, emarginate or sometimes
Fig. 564
mucronate at apex, gradually contracted at base into a short thick petiolule, coriaceous,
lustrous and dark yellow-green above, rather paler below, glabrous or sometimes slightly
puberulous along the under side of the stout midrib, entire, with thickened margins, con-
spicuously reticulate- veined, l'-2|' long, |'-1^' wide, without stipels. Flowers with a
powerful and delicious fragrance, appearing with the young leaves in very early spring,
1' long, on stout pedicels sometimes 1' in length, from the axils of subulate deciduous
bracts |' or more long, and bibracteolate with 2 acute bractlets, in terminal 1-sided
canescent racemes 2'-3' in length; calyx campanulate, slightly enlarged on the upper side,
the 3 lower teeth triangular and nearly equal, the 2 upper rather larger and united almost
LEGUMINOS^ 617
throughout; petals shortly unguiculate, violet blue or rarely white, the broad erect stand-
ard marked on the inner surface near the base with a few darker spots; ovary coated with
long silky white hairs. Fruit terete, l'-7' long, ^' thick, stalked, crowned with the thick-
ened remnants of the style, covered with thick hoary tomentum, indehiscent, 1-8-seeded,
with hard woody walls j' thick; seeds short-oblong, rounded, ^' long, bright scarlet, with
a small pale hilum and a bony seed-coat; albumen 0; cotyledons thick, orange-colored,
filling the cavity of the seed; radicle short and straight.
A tree, 25°-35° high, with a straight trunk 6'-8' in diameter, sepa|»ating several feet
from the ground into a number of upright branches forming a narrow head, and branchlets
coated when they first appear with fine hairy tomentum, becoming glabrous or nearly
glabrous in their second year and pale orange-brown; more often a shrub, with low clustered
stems. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, orange-colored, streaked with red, with
thick bright yellow sap wood of 10-12 layers of annual growth. The seeds contain a
poisonous alkaloid, sophorin, with strong narcotic properties.
Distribution. Borders of streams, forming thickets or small groves, in low rather moist
limestone soil; shores of Matagorda Bay, Texas, to the mountain canons of New Mexico,
and to those of Nuevo Leon and San Luis Potosi; of its largest size in the neighborhood
of Matagorda Bay; south and west, especially west of the Pecos River, rarely more than
a shrub.
Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of the southern states.
2. Sophora affinis T. & G.
Leaves deciduous, coated when they unfold with hoary pubescence, 6'-9' long, with
a slender puberulous petiole, and 13-19 elliptic, acute or obtuse slightly mucronate leaflets
contracted into short stout pubescent petiolules, entire or with slightly wavy thickened
Fig. 565
'Jiargins, thin, pale yellow-green and glabrous above, paler and covered with scattered
hairs or nearly glabrous below, l'-l|' long and |' wide, with a prominent orange-colored
midrib, slender primary veins, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets. Flowers |' long, ap-
pearing in early spring with the young leaves, on slender canescent pedicels nearly ^' long,
from the axils of minute deciduous bracts, in slender pubescent semipendent racemes, S'-5'
long, from the axils of the leaves at the end of the branches; calyx short-campanulate,
abruptly narrowed at base, somewhat enlarged on the upper side, slightly pubescent,
especially on the margins of the short nearly triangular teeth; petals short-unguiculate,
white tinged with rose color; standard nearly orbicular, slightly emarginate, reflexed, as
long and twice as broad as the ovate auriculate wing-petals and the keel-petals; ovary coil'
618 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
spicuously stipitate, villose. Fruit |'-3' long, indehiscent, black, more or less pubescent,
crowned with the thickened remnants of the style, 4-8-seeded, or rarely 1-seeded and then
subglobose, with thin fleshy rather sweet walls; persistent on the branches during the
winter; seeds oval, slightly compressed, with a thin crustaceous bright chestnut-brown
seed-coat; cotyledons surrounded by a thin layer of horny albumen, bright green; radicle
long and incurved.
A tree, 18°-20° fcigh, with a trunk 8 '-10' in diameter, dividing into a number of stout
spreading branchji forming a handsome round-topped head, and slender terete slightly zig-
zag branchlets, oriange-brown or dark brown and slightly puberulous when they first ap-
pear, becoming bright green marked by narrow brown ridges, and in their second year
by the elevated tomentose leaf-scars. Winter-buds depressed, almost surrounded by
the base of the petiole, with broad scales coated on the outer surface with dark brown
tomentum and on the inner surface with thicker pale tomentum, and persistent on the
base of the growing shoot. Bark of the trunk about ^' thick, dark reddish brown, and
broken into numerous oblong scales, the surface exfoliating in thin layers. Wood heavy,
very hard and strong, light red in color, with thick bright clear yellow sapwood of 10-12
layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Usually on limestone hills, or on the borders of streams, ravines, or
depressions in the prairie, often forming small groves; valley of the Red River at Shreve-
port, Caddo Parish, Louisiana, to southwestern Arkansas, and to southern Oklahoma
(Choctaw and Love Counties), and southward in Texas to the valley of the San Antonio
and upper Guadalupe Rivers (Kerrville, Kerr County).
12. CLADRASTIS Raf.
A tree, with copious watery juice, smooth gray bark, slender slightly zigzag terete
branchlets without a terminal bud, fibrous roots, and naked axillary buds 4 together,
superposed, flattened by mutual pressure into an acuminate cone, and inclosed collec-
tively in the hollow base of the petiole, the largest and upper one only developing, the
lowest minute and rudimentary. Leaves unequally pinnate, petiolate, with a stout ter-
ete petiole abruptly enlarged at base, 7-11-foliolate, deciduous; leaflets usually alternate,
broadly oval, the terminal one rhombic-ovate, contracted at apex into a short broad
point, cuneate at base, entire, petiolulate, without stipels, covered at first like the young
shoots with fine silvery pubescence, and on the midrib with lustrous brown tomentum,
at maturity thin, glabrous, dark yellow-green on the upper surface, pale on the lower
surface, the midrib and numerous primary veins conspicuous, light yellow below; stipules
0. ' Flowers on slender puberulous pedicels, bibracteolate near the middle, with scarious
caducous bractlets, in long gracefully nodding stalked terminal panicles, the lower branches
racemose, and often springing from the axils of 1-flowered pedicels, the main axis slightly
zigzag, and, like the branches, covered at first with a glaucous bloom and slightly pilose;
bracts lanceolate, scarious, pale, caducous; calyx cylindric-campanulate, enlarged on
the upper side, and obliquely obconic at base, puberulous, 5-toothed, the teeth imbricated
in the bud, nearly equal, short and obtuse, the 2 upper slightly united; disk cupuliform,
adnate to the interior of the calyx-tube; corolla papilionaceous; petals white, imguiculate;
standard nearly orbicular, entire or slightly emarginate, reflexed above the middle, barely
longer than the straight oblong wing-petals, slightly biauriculate at the base of the blade,
marked on the inner surface with a pale yellow blotch; keel-petals free, oblong, nearly
straight, obtuse, slightly subcordate or biauriculate at base; stamens 10, free; filaments
filiform, slightly incurved near the apex, glabrous; anthers versatile; ovary linear, stipitate,
bright red, villose with long pale hairs, contracted into a long slender glabrous slightly
incurved subulate style; stigma terminal, minute; ovules numerous, suspended from the
inner angle of the ovary, superposed. Legume glabrous, short-stalked, linear-com-
pressed, the upper margin slightly thickened, tipped with the remnants of the persistent
style, 4-6-seeded, ultimately dehiscent, the valves thin and membranaceous. Seeds
LEGUMINOSvE
619
short-oblong, compressed, attached by a slender funicle; without albumen; seed-coat
thin, membranaceous, dark brown; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons
fleshy, oblong, flat; radicle short, inflexed.
Four species are now known. One inhabits the southern United States, two occur in
western China and one in Japan.
Cladrastis, from /cXdSos and dpava-rds, relates to the brittleness of the branches.
1. Cladrastis luteaK. Koch. Yellow Wood. Virgilia.
Leaves 8'-12' in length, with leaflets 3'-4' long and l^'-2' wide, the terminal leaflet
rather shorter than the others and 3'-3|' wide; turning bright clear yellow rather late in
the autumn some time before falling. Flowers appearing about the middle of June,
slightly fragrant, in panicles 12'-14' long and 5 '-6' wide. Fruit fully grown by the middle
of August, ripening in September and soon falling.
Fig. 566
A tree, sometimes 50°-60° high, with a trunk l|°-2° or exceptionally 4° in diameter,
usually divided 6°-7° from the ground into 2 or 3 stems, slender wide-spreading more or
less pendulous brittle branches forming a wide graceful head, and zigzag branchlets clothed
with pubescence when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous, during their first season
light brown tinged more or less with green, very smooth and lustrous, and covered by nu-
merous darker colored lenticels, bright red-brown in their first winter and marked by large ele-
vated leaf-scars surrounding the buds, and dark dull brown the following year. Bark of the
trunk I'-j' thick, with a silvery gray or light brown surface and rather darker colored
than that of the branches. Wood heavy, very hard, strong and close-grained, with a smooth
satiny surface, bright clear yellow changing to light brown on exposure, with thin nearly
white sap wood; used for fuel, occasionally for gun-stocks, and yielding a clear yellow dye.
Distribution. Limestone cliffs and ridges generally in rich soil, and often overhanging
the banks of mountain streams; Cherokee County, North Carolina, and the western slopes
of the high mountains of eastern Tennessee; central Tennessee and Kentucky; near Flor-
ence, Lauderdale County, and cliffs of the Warrior River, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama;
Forsyth, Taney County, Galena, Stone County, and Eagle Rock, Barry County, Missouri,
to northern and central Arkansas; rare and local; most abundant in the neighborhood of
Nashville, Tennessee, and in Missouri.
Often planted in the eastern United States as an ornamental tree, and hardy as far north
as New England; and rarely in western and southern Europe; usually only flowering in
alternate years.
620
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
13. EYSENHARDTIA H. B. K.
Small glandular-punctate trees or shrubs, with slender terete branchlets. Leaves
alternate, equally pinnate, petiolate; leaflets oblong, mucronate or emarginate at apex,
short-petiolulate, numerous, stipellate; stipules subulate, caducous. Flowers short-
pedicellate, in long spicate racemes, terminal or axillary, with subulate caducous bracts;
calyx-tube campanulate, conspicuously glandular-punctate, 5-toothed, the acute teeth
nearly equal, persistent; disk cupuliform, adnate to the base of the calyx-tube; corolla
subpapilionaceous; petals erect, free, nearly equal, oblong-spatulate, roimded at apex, un-
guiculate, creamy white; standard concave, slightly broader than the wing and keel-petals;
stamens 10, inserted with the petals, the superior stamen free, shorter than the others united
to above the middle into a tube; anthers uniform, oblong; ovary subsessile, contracted into
a long slender uncinate style geniculate and conspicuously glandular below the apex;
stigma introrse, oblique; ovules 2 or 3, rarely 4, attached to the inner angle of the ovary,
superposed. Legume small, oblong or linear-falcate, compressed, tipped with the rem-
nants of the style, indehiscent, pendent. Seeds usually solitary, rarely 2, oblong-reni-
form, without albumen; seed-coat coriaceous; embryo filling the cavity of the seed;
cotyledons flat, fleshy; radicle superior, short and erect.
Eysenhardtia is confined to the warmer parts of the New World, and is distributed
from western Texas and southern New Mexico and Arizona to southern Mexico, Lower
California, and Guatemala. Four species are distinguished; of these three species occur
within the territory of the United States, and in northern Mexico, and one species is found
only in Guatemala. Lignum nephriticum formerly celebrated in Europe for its reputed
medical properties and for the fluorescence of its infusion in spring water is the wood of
the shrubby Eysenhardtia polysiachya Sarg. of western Texas and Mexico.
Of the North American species one is a small tree.
The generic name is in honor of Karl WUhelm Eysenhardt (1794-1825), Professor of
Botany in the University of Konigsberg.
1. Eysenhardtia orthocarpa S. Wats.
Leaves 4'-5' long, with a pubescent rachis grooved on the upper side, 10-23 pairs of
leaflets, and small scarious deciduous stipules; leaflets oval, rounded or slightly emarginate
at apex, with a stout petiolule and minute scarious deciduous stipels, pale gray-green,
Fig. 567
glabrous or slightly puberulous on the upper surface, conspicuously glandular, with chest-
nut-brown glands, and pubescent especially on the prominent midrib on the lower surface.
LEGUMINOSiE 621
reticulate-veined, |'-f ' long, Y~\' wide, with thickened slightly revolute margins. Flowers
opening in May, nearly Y long, on slender pubescent pedicels, in axillary pubescent spikes
3'-4' long; calyx many-ribbed, pubescent, conspicuously glandular, half as long as the
white petals ciliate on the margins, and of nearly equal size and shape. Fruit Y long,
pendent, nearly straight or slightly falcate, thickened on the edges, with usually a single
seed near the apex; seed compressed, light reddish brown, ?' long.
A tree, occasionally 18°-20° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, separating 3° or 4°
above the ground into a number of slender branches, and branchlets coated when they
first appear with ashy gray pubescence disappearing during the second year, and then
reddish brown and roughened by numerous glandular excrescences; or more often a low
rigid shrub. Bark of the trunk about jV thick, light gray, and broken into large plate-
like scales, exfoliating on the surface into thin layers. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained,
light reddish brown, with thin clear yellow sapwood of 7 or 8 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Dry gravelly soil, on arid slopes and dry ridges; valley of the upper
Guadalupe River, western Texas, to the Santa Catalina and Santa Rita Moimtains, south-
ern Arizona, and southward into northern Mexico; arborescent in the United States only
near the summit of the Santa Catalina Mountains.
14. DALEA L.
Glandular-punctate herbs, small shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves alternate, unequally
pinnate, or simple in the arborescent species; stipules generally minute, subulate, deciduous.
Flowers in racemes, their bracts membranaceous or setaceous, broad, concave above,
glandular-dentate; calyx 5-toothed or lobed, persistent, the divisions nearly equal; corolla
papilionaceous; petals unguiculate; standard cordate, free, inserted in the bottom of the
tubular disk connate to the calyx-tube, rather shorter than the wing- and keel-petals, the
claws adnate to and jointed upon the staminal tube; stamens 10, sometimes 9 through the
suppression of the superior stamen, united into a tube cleft above and cup-shaped toward
the base; anthers uniform, often surmounted by a gland; ovary sessile or short-stalked,
contracted into a slender subulate style, with a minute terminal stigma; ovules 4-6 at-
tached to the inner angle of the ovary, superposed. Legume ovoid, sometimes conspicu-
ously ribbed, more or less inclosed in the calyx, membranaceous, indehiscent, 1-seeded;
seed reniform, without albumen; testa coriaceous; embryo filling the cavity of the seed;
cotyledons broad and flat; radicle superior, accumbently reflexed.
Dalea is confined to the New World, where it is distributed from the central, western, and
southwestern regions of the United States through Mexico and Central America to Peru,
Chili, and the Galapagos Islands; usually herbs or low undershrubs, one species of the
United States occasionally assumes the habit and attains the size of a small tree.
The generic name is in honor of Samuel Dale (1659-1739), an English botanist and
writer on the materia medica.
1. Dalea spinosa A. Gray. Smoke Tree.
Leaves few, simple, irregularly scattered near the base of the spinose branchlets, cuneate
or linear-oblong, sessile or nearly sessile, marked by few large glands, especially on the
entire wavy margins, hoary-pubescent, f'-l' long, Y-¥ wide, with a broad midrib and
three pairs of lateral ribs, on vigorous young shoots or seedling plants remotely and
coarsely serrate; remaining only for a few weeks on the branches; stipules minute, ovate,
acute, pubescent. Flowers ^' long, appearing in June on short pedicels from the axils of
minute bracts, in racemes l'-l|' long, their rachis slender, spinescent, hoary-pubescent;
calyx-tube 10-ribbed, with usually 5 glands between the dorsal ribs, the lobes short, ovate,
rounded or more or less ciliate on the margins, reflexed at maturity; petals dark violet blue,
standard cordate, reflexed, furnished at base of the blade with two conspicuous glands,
wing- and keel-petals attached to the staminal tube by their base only and nearly equal
in size, roimded at apex, more or less irregularly lobed at base; ovary pubescent, gland-
622
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ular punctate. Fruit ovoid, pubescent, glandular, twice as long as the calyx, tipped with
the remnants of the recurved style; seed ^ long, pale brown irregularly marked with dark
spots.
A tree, 18°-20° high, with a short stout contorted trunk sometimes 20' in diameter and
divided near the ground into several upright branches, and branchlets reduced to slender
sharp spines coated with fine pubescence, bearing minute nearly triangular scarious cadu-
cous bracts, marked by occasional glandular fistules, and developed from stouter branches
hoary-pi^bescent wten young, becoming glabrous in their third year and covered with
Fig. 568
pale brown bark roughened with lenticels and as it exfoliates showing the pale green inner
bark; more often a low rigid intricately branched shrub. Bark of the trunk dark gray-
brown, nearly I' thick, deeply furrowed, and roughened on the surface by small persistent
scales. Wood light, soft, rather close-grained, walnut-brown in color, with nearly white
sapwood of 12-15 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Valley of the lower Gila River, Arizona, through the Colorado Desert
to San Felipe and Palm Springs, Riverside Coimty, California, and southward into Sooora
and Lower California.
15. RQBINIA L. Locust.
Trees or shrubs, with slender terete or slightly many-angled zigzag branchlets, without a
terminal bud, minute naked subpetiolar depressed-globose axillary buds 3 or 4 together,
superposed, protected collectively in a depression by a scale-like covering lined on the inner
surface with a thick coat of tomentum and opening in early spring, its divisions persistent
during the season on the base of the branchlet developed usually from the upper bud.
Leaves unequally pinnate, petiolate, deciduous; leaflets entire, penniveined, stipellate,
reticulate- venulose, petiolulate; stipules setaceous, becoming spinescent at maturity, per-
sistent. Flowers on long pedicels, in short pendulous racemes from the axils of leaves of
the year, with small acuminate caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx campanulate, 5-
toothed or cut, the upper lobes shorter than the others, cohering for part of their length;
corolla papilionaceous, petals shortly unguiculate, inserted on a tubular disk glandular
on the inner surface and connate with the base of the calyx-tube; standard large, reflexed,
barely longer than the wing- and keel-petals, naked on the inner surface, obcordate, re-
flexed; wings oblong-falcate, free; keel-petals incurved, obtuse, united below; stamens
10, inserted with the petals, the 9 inferior united into a tube often enlarged at base and
cleft on the upper side, the superior stamen free at the base and connate in the middle
LEGUMINOSiB
623
with the staminal tube, or finally free; anthers ovoid; ovary inserted at the base of the calyx,
linear-oblong, stipitate; style subulate, inflexed, bearded along the inner side near the apex,
with a small terminal stigma; ovules numerous, suspended from the inner angle of the ovary,
in two ranks, superposed. Legumes in drooping many-fruited racemes, many-seeded, linear,
compressed, almost sessile, 2-valved, the seed-bearing suture narrow-winged; valves thin
and membranaceous. Seed oblong-oblique, transverse, attached by a stout persistent
incurved funicle enlarged at the point of attachment to the placenta; seed-coat thin, crusta-
ceous; albumen thin, membranaceous; cotyledons oval, fleshy; radicle short, much re-
flexed, accumbenf .
Robinia with seven or eight species is confined to the United States and Mexico; of
the species found in the United States three are arborescent.
The generic name commemorates the botanical labors of Jean and Vespasien Robin,
arborists and herbalists of the kings of France in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Legume without glandular hairs; flowers white. 1. R. Pseudoacacia (A, C).
Legume glandular-hispid (in the arborescent form of No. 2) ; flowers rose color.
Glands not viscid. 2. R. neo-Mexicana (F, H).
Glands exuding a clammy sticky substance. 3. R. viscosa (A).
1. Robinia Pseudoacacia L. Locust. Acacia. Yellow Locust.
Leaves 8'-14' long, with a slender puberulous petiole, and 7-19 leaflets; turning pale
dear yellow late in the autumn just before falling; stipules |' long, linear, subulate, mem-
Fig, 569
branaceous, at first pubescent and tipped with small tufts of caducous brown hairs, be-
coming straight or slightly recurved spines persistent for many years and ultimately often
more than 1' in length; leaflets oval, rounded or slightly truncate and minutely apiculate at
apex, when they unfold covered with caducous silvery pubescence, at maturity very thin,
dull dark blue-green above, pale below, glabrous with the exception of the slight pubes-
cence on the under side of the slender midrib, l|'-2' long and |'-|' wide; petiolules stout,
I'-j' in length; stipules minute, linear, membranaceous, early deciduous. Flowers open-
ing in May or early in June, filled with nectar, very fragrant, on slender pedicels |' long and
dark red or red tinged with green, in loose puberulous racemes 4'-5' long; calyx conspicu-
ously gibbous on the upper side, ciliate on the margins, dark green blotched with red, espe-
cially on the upper side, the lower lobe acuminate and much longer than the nearly trian-
6^4
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
gular lateral and upper lobes; petals pure white, with a large pale yellow blotch marking
the inner surface of the standard. Fruit ripening late in the autumn, 3'-4' long and ^'
wide, with bright red-brown valves, usually 4-8-seeded, mostly persistent until the end of
winter or early spring; seeds /g' long, dark orange-brown, with irregular darker markings.
A tree, 70°-80° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, small brittle usually erect branches
forming a narrow oblong head, and slender terete or sometimes slightly many-angled
branchlets marked by small pale scattered lenticels, coated at first with short appressed
silvery white deciduous pubescence, pale green and puberulous during their first summer,
becoming light reddish brown and glabrous or nearly glabrous toward autumn. Bark of
the trunk I'-l^' thick, deeply furrowed, dark brown tinged with red, and covered by small
square persistent scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, very
durable in contact with the ground, brown or rarely light green, with pale yellow sapwood
of 2 or 3 layers of annual growth; formerly extensively used in shipbuilding, for all sorts of
posts, in construction and tiu-nery; preferred for treenails, and valued as fuel.
Distribution. Slopes of the Appalachian Mountains, central and southern Pennsyl-
vania, to northern Georgia; in southern Illinois, and westward to the Ozark region of
southern Missouri, Arkansas and Oklahoma; now widely naturalized in the United States
east of the Rocky Mountains, and nowhere common; in the Appalachian forest growing
singly or in small groups up to altitudes of 3500°; most abundant and of its largest size on
the western slopes of the Alleghanies of West Virginia; often spreading by underground
stems into broad thickets of small and often stunted trees.
Formerly much planted as an ornamental and timber tree in the eastern states; very
frequently used in Europe, with numerous seminal varieties of peculiar foliage or habit,
for the decoration of parks and gardens, and to shade the streets of cities.
2. Robinia neo-mexicana A. Gray. Locust.
In its typical form a shrub only a few feet high. The hairs on the fruit not glandular-
hispid.
Distribution. Mountain canons and plains. Grant County, New Mexico. Passing into
. Robinia neo-mexicana var. luxurians Dieck.
Leaves 6'-12' long, with a stout pubescent petiole, and 15-21 leaflets; stipules charta-
ceous, covered with long silky brown hairs, becoming at maturity stout slightly recurved
Fig. 570
flat brown or bright red spmes sometimes 1' or more long; leaflets elliptic-oblong, rounded
or sometimes slightly emarginate at the mucronate apex, cuneate or sometimes rounded
LEGUMINOSiE
625
at base, 1|' long, and 1' broad, coated at first on the lower surface and on the margins
with soft brown hairs, and silvery-pubescent on the upper surface, and at maturity thin,
pale blue-green, conspicuously reticulate- veined, and glabrous with the exception of the
slightly puberulous lower side of the slender midrib and stout petiolule; stipels mem-
branaceous, y long, often recurved, sometimes persistent through the season. Flowers
appearing in May, 1' long, on slender pedicels Y in length and covered with stout glan-
dular hairs, in short compact many-flowered glandular-hispid long-stemmed racemes;
corolla pale rose color or sometimes almost white (f. albiflora Kusche), with a broad
standard and wing-petals. Fruit 3'-4' long, about f wide, glandular-hispid, with a nar-
row wing; seeds dark brown, slightly mottled, tV' long.
A tree, sometimes 20°-25° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, and branchlets at first
pale and coated with rusty brown glandular hairs increasing in length during the summer,
and slightly puberulous, bright reddish brown, often covered with a glaucous bloom, and
marked by a few small scattered pale lenticels during their first winter. Bark of the trunk
thin, slightly furrowed, light brown, the surface separating into small plate-like scales.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, yellow streaked with brown, with
light yellow sap wood of 4 or 5 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Banks of mountain streams; valley of the Purgatory River, Colorado,
through northern New Mexico and Arizona to southern Utah ; on the Santa Catalina and
Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona up to altitudes of 7000°; probably of its largest
size near Trinidad, Las Animas County, Colorado.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern states, and in western
Europe.
X Robinia Holdtii Beiss, a hybrid of Rohinia neo-mexicana var. luxurians and R. Pseu-
doacacia, has appeared in a Colorado nursery and is occasionally cultivated.
8. Robinia viscosa Vent. Clammy Locust.
Leaves 7'-12'' long, with a stout nearly terete dark glandular-hispid clammy petiole,
and 13-21 leaflets; stipules subulate, chartaceous, often deciduous or developing into
short slender spines; leaflets ovate, sometimes acuminate, mucronate, rounded or pointed
Fig. 571
at apex, and cuneate at base, when they unfold covered below with soft white pubescence,
and slightly puberulous above, and at maturity dark green and glabrous on the upper sur-
face, pale and pubescent on the lower surface, especially on the slender yellow midrib and
primary veins and on the stout glandular-hispid petiolule, l§'-2' long and f wide; stipels
slender, deciduous. Flowers f long, almost inodorous, appearing in June, on slender
626 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
hairy pedicels from the axils of large lanceolate acuminate dark-red bracts contracted at
apex into a long setaceous point exserted beyond the flower-buds and mostly deciduous
before the flowers open, in short crowded glandular-hispid racemes; calyx dark red, coated
on the outer surface and on the margins of the subulate lobes with long pale hairs; corolla
pale rose or flesh color, with a narrow standard marked on the inner face by a pale yellow
blotch, and broad wing-petals. Fruit narrow-winged, glandular-hispid, 2'-3^' long; seeds
I' long, dark reddish brown and mottled.
A tree, 30°-40° high, with a trunk 10'-12' in diameter, slender spreading branches, and
dark reddish brown branchlets covered with conspicuous dark glandular hairs exuding,
like those on the petioles and legumes, a clammy, sticky substance, during the first winter
bright red-brown, covered with small black lenticels and very sticky, becoming in their
second year light brown and dry; or a shrub, often only 5°-6° tall. Bark of the trunk |'
thick, smooth, dark brown tinged with red. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, brown, with
light yellow sap wood of 2 or 3 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Mountains of North and South Carolina up to altitudes of 4000°, and
now naturalized in many parts of the United States east of the Mississippi River and as
far north as eastern Massachusetts.
Often planted as an ornament of parks and gardens in all countries with a temperate
climate.
16. OLNEYA A. Gray.
A tree, with thin scaly bark, and stout terete hoary-canescent slightly angled branchlets
armed with stout infrastipular spines. Leaves equally or unequally pinnate, hoary-canes-
cent, persistent, 10-15-foliolulate, destitute of stipules and stipels, short-petiolate, often
fascicled in earlier axils; leaflets oblong or obovate, entire, obtuse, often mucronate at apex,
cuneate at base, rigid, short-petiolulate, reticulate- veined, with a broad conspicuous mid-
rib. Flowers on stout pedicels rather longer than the calyx, in short axillary few-flowered
hoary-canescent racemes, with acute minute bracts and bractlets deciduous before the
expansion of the flowers; calyx hoary-canescent, the lobes ovate, obtuse, almost equal, the
two upper lobes connate nearly throughout; disk cupuliform, adnate to the tube of the
calyx; corolla papilionaceous; petals unguiculate, purple or violet, inserted on the disk;
standard orbicular, deeply emarginate, reflexed, furnished at base of the blade with two
infolded ear-shaped appendages covering 2 prominent callosites; wing-petals oblique, ob-
long, slightly auriculate at base of blade on the upper side, free, as long as the broad obtuse
incurved keel-petals; stamens 10, the superior stamen free, filling the slit in the tube formed
by the union of the others; filaments filiform; anthers of the same length, oblong, uniform;
ovary sessile or slightly stipitate, pilose; style inflexed, bearded above the middle; stigma
thick and fleshy, depressed-capitate; ovules numerous, suspended from the inner angle of
the ovary, superposed. Legume oblique, compressed, glandular-hairy, light brown, 2-
valved, often tipped with the remnants of the long persistent style, 1-5-seeded, the valves
thick and coriaceous, becoming miequally and interruptedly convex at maturity. Seeds
broad-ovoid, slightly angled on the ventral side, suspended by a short thick funicle, with-
out albumen; seed-coat thin, membranaceous, bright chestnut-brown and lustrous; em-
bryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons thick and fleshy, accumbent on the short
incurved radicle.
The genus is represented by a single species of southern Arizona, California, and
northwestern Mexico.
Olneya is in memory of Stephen T. Olney (1812-1878), author of a catalogue of the
plants of Rhode Island.
1. Olneya tesota A. Gray. Ironwood.
Leaves l'-2^' long, with leaflets Y~¥ in length, appearing in June and persistent until
the following spring. Flowers unfolding with the leaves, nearly |' long. Fruit light
LEGUMINOS.E
627
brown, very glandular, fully grown at midsummer, ripening before the end of August,
2'-2i' long.
A tree, sometimes gS^'-SO" high, with a short trunk occasionally 18' in diameter and
usually divided 4°-6° above the ground into a number of stout upright branches, and
slender branchlets thickly coated at first with hoary-canescent pubescence disappearing
early in their second year, and then pale green and more or less spotted and streaked with
red, becoming pale brown in their third season, their spines straight or slightly curved,
very sharp and rigid, ^'-j long, and persistent at least during two years. Bark of the
Fig. 572
trunk thin, exfoliating in long longitudinal dark red-brown scales. Wood very heavy,
hard and strong, although brittle, rich dark brown striped with red, with thin clear
yellow sap wood; valued as fuel and sometimes manufactured into canes and other small
objects.
Distribution. Sides of low depressions and arroyos in the desert; valley of the Colorado
River south of the Mohave Moimtains, California, to southwestern Arizona, and to
Sonora and Lower California; most abundant and of its largest size in Sonora.
17. ERYTHRINA L.
Trees or shrubs with erect terete stems and branches, often armed with recurved prickles,
or rarely herbaceous. Leaves alternate, pinnately 3-foliolate; stipules small, the stipels
gland-like. Flowers papilionaceous, showy, in pairs or fascicled on the rachis of axillary
leafless racemes, or in terminal racemes furnished at base with leaf-like bracts; calyx ob-
lique, truncate or 5-toothed; corolla usually scarlet; petals free; standard broad or elon-
gated, erect or spreading, nearly sessile or raised on a long stalk; wing-petals small or
wanting, longer or shorter than the keel-petals; stamens 10, united into a tube split on
the upper side, the tenth and upper stamen separate or all 10 united; anthers uniform;
ovary stipitate, 1-celled; styles subulate, incurved, naked; stigmas small, terminal; ovules
numerous, amphitropous, the micropyle superior. Fruit a stipitate linear-falcate pod nar-
rowed at ends, compressed or subterete, constricted or undulate between the seeds,
2-valved; seeds reniform, attached by an oblong basal hilum, exalbuminous.
From twenty-five to thirty species are recognized, all inhabitants of tropical and semi-
tropical regions. In the gardens of warm countries several of the species are cultivated
for the beauty of their large and brilliant flowers.
The name is from ipvdpSs, in allusion to the color of the flowers.
6£8
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
1. Erythrina herbacea var. arborea Chapm.
Leaves persistent, usually 6'-8' long, with a slender petiole and rachis occasionally
armed with small recurved prickles; leaflets thin, deltoid to hastate, concave-cuneate at
the broad base, the lateral lobes broad and rounded and much shorter than the elongated
terminal lobe gradually narrowed and rounded at apex, thin, yellow-green, smooth and
glabrous, 2|'-3^' long and l^'-2i' wide; petiolules slender, about j in length, with
minute gland-like stipels. Flowers 2'-2j' long on short slender pedicels, in narrow leafless
racemes 8'-13' long, the lower flowers fading before those at the apex of the raceme open;
calyx dark red, truncate and ciliate at the mouth, Y in length; corolla scarlet; the standard
narrow, oblanceolate, gradually narrowed into the long base, about \' long, closely infolded
and then more or less falcate; wing-petals slightly longer than the calyx and longer than
Fig. 573
the keel-petals; stamens diadelphous. Fruit compressed, constricted between the seeds,
apiculate at apex, from 4'-6' long, gradually narrowed into a stout stipitate base often
f ' in length; seeds compressed, bright scarlet, lustrous, j^j' long and about ^ wide, with a
dark hilum.
A tree, rarely 25''-30° high, with a tall trunk occasionally a foot in diameter, small erect
and spreading branches, and slender yellow-green branchlets armed with short broad re-
curved spines; more often shrubby and, except in size and habit, not distinguishable from
Erythrina herbacea L., an herb with slender spreading stems occasionally 3° long, and com-
mon in sandy soil from the coast region of North Carolina to Florida, western Mississippi
and Louisiana, and in the valley of the lower Rio Grande, Texas. Bark thin red-brown
marked by longitudinal rows of large circular elevated lenticle-like excrescences.
Distribution. Florida, coast region from Miami, Dade County, to the southern shores
of Tampa Bay, and on the southern keys.
18. ICHTHYOMETHIA P. Brown.
Trees or shrubs with thin scaly bark and stout terete branchlets without a terminal
bud. Leaves unequally pinnate, long-petiolate; leaflets opposite. Flowers papiliona-
ceous, on slender pedicels enlarged at the end, bibracteolate, in lateral panicles, appearing
before the leaves; bracts and bractlets minute, scarious; calyx campanulate, 2-lipped, the
LEGUMINOS^ 639
upper lip emarginate, the lower 3-lobed, persistent, the lobes imbricated in the bud, short
and broad; petals inserted on an annular glandular disk adnate to the interior of the calyx-
tube, unguiculate, white tinged with red, rarely yellowish white; stamens 10, the filament
of the upper stamen free at base only, united above with the others into a long tube; an-
thers oblong, uniform, versatile; ovary sessile, contracted into a filiform incurved style,
with a capitate stigma; ovules numerous, suspended from the inner angle of the ovary,
2-ranked.. Legume linear, compressed, raised on a stalk longer than the calyx, slightly
contracted between the numerous seeds, tomentose-canescent or glabrate, thin-walled,
indehiscent, longitudinally 4-winged, the wings developed from the dorsal and ventral
sutures, broad or narrow, continuous or interrupted by the abortion of some of the ovules,
membranaceous, their margins undulate or irregularly cut; seeds oval, compressed, with-
out albumen, laterally attached by a short thick funicle; seed-coat thin, crustaceous, red-
brown, not lustrous; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons plano-convex, oval,
fleshy; radicle short, inflexed.
Seven or eight species are now recogilized, inhabitants of tropical America where they
are distributed from southern Florida, through the West Indies to southern Mexico and
Guatemala. Piscidia from the bark of the roots of Ichthyomethia is sometimes used me-
dicinally.
The generic name, from ix^h and fi^dv, indicates the Carib use of one of the species.
1. Ichthyomethia piscipula A. S. Hitch. Jamaica Dogwood.
Leaves 4'-9' long, 5-11-foliolate, with stout petioles; leaflets oval, obovate or broad-
oblong, obtuse or short-acuminate at apex, rounded or cuneate at base, with thick pubes-
cent petiolules, when they first appear coated like the petioles with rufous hairs, at ma-
Fig. 574
turity coriaceous, glabrous and dark green above, pale and more or less clothed below with
rufous or canescent pubescence along the elevated conspicuous midrib, and numerous thin
veins arching and united at the entire undulate thickened margins, or covered with soft pu-
bescence below ; deciduous in spring. Flowers opening in May, f ' long, on slender pedicels
sometimes H' in length, in canescent ovoid densely flowered or elongated thyrsoid pan-
icles, with short 3-12-flowered branches, from the axils of the fallen leaves of the previous
year; calyx canescent, 5-lobed; petals white tinged with red, the standard hoary-canescent
on the outer surface, marked with a green blotch on the inner surface, its claw as long as
the calyx; ovary sericeous. Fruit ripening in July and August, broad-winged, light brown,
3'-4' long and l'-l§' across the wings.
A tree, 4!0°-50° high, with a trunk often 2°-3° in diameter, stout erect sometimes con-
630 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
torted branches forming an irregular head, and branches coated when they first appeal
with thick rufous pubescence disappearing during their first summer, becoming glabrous
or glabrate, bright reddish brown, conspicuously marked by oblong longitudinal lenticels,
and large elevated horizontal slightly obcordate leaf-scars marked by the ends of numerous
small scattered fibro-vascular bundles. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, |'-|' long, with thin
hoary-pubescent scales. Bark of the trunk about |' thick, gray more or less blotched
with olive and covered with small square scales. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained,
clear yellow-brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood, very durable in contact with the
ground; largely used in Florida in boat-building, and for firewood and charcoal. In the
West Indies the bark of the roots, young branches and powdered leaves were used by
the Caribs to stupefy fish and facilitate their capture.
Distribution. One of the common tropical trees of Florida from the shores of Bay Bis-
cayne to the southern keys, and on the west coast from the neighborhood of Peace River to
Cape Sable; on many of the Antilles and in southern Mexico. Sterile branches collected by
C. T. Simpson in the neighborhood of Cape Sable indicate that a second species occurs in
Florida.
XXIV. ZYGOPHYLLACE-ffi.
Trees or shrubs, with hard resinous wood, and opposite pinnate leaves, with stipules.
Flowers perfect, regular; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud; petals as many as
the crflyx-lobes, imbricated in the bud, hypogynous; stamens twice as many as the petals,
hypogynous; filaments distinct; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally;
ovary 5-celled; styles united, terminating in a minute 5-lobed or entire stigma; ovules nu-
merous, suspended, anatropous; raphe ventral. Fruit capsular, angled or winged, sep-
arating at maturity into 5 indehiscent carpels. Seeds solitary or in pairs in each cell; seed-
coat thick and fleshy; embryo straight or nearly so; cotyledons oval, foliaceous; radicle
short, superior.
Of the fourteen genera of this family, mostly confined to the warmer parts of the northern
hemisphere, one only, Guaiacum, has an arborescent representative in the United States.
1. GUAIACUM L. Lignum-vitae.
Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, and stout terete alternate branchlets often with swollen
nodes. Leaves petiolate, abruptly pinnate, with 2-14 entire reticulate-veined leaflets,
and minute mostly deciduous stipules. Flowers terminal, solitary or umbellate-fascicled,
pedicellate, from the axils of minute deciduous bracts; calyx-lobes slightly united at base,
unequal, deciduous; petals broad-obovate, more or less unguiculate; stamens mserted on
the inconspicuous elevated disk opposite to and alternate with the petals; filaments fili-
form, naked or bearing at base on the inner surface a minute membranaceous scale; an-
thers oblong; ovary raised on a short thick stalk, obovoid or clavate, 5-lobed, contracted
into a slender subulate acute style; ovules 8-10 in each cell, suspended in pairs from the
inner angle. Fruit fleshy, 5-celled, smooth, coriaceous, narrowed at base into a short stem,
with 5 wing-like angles, ventrally and sometimes dorsally dehiscent. Seeds suspended,
ovoid; seed-coat easily separable from the hard bony nucleus closely invested with a thin
indistinct tegumen.
Guaiacum is confined to the New World, and is distributed from southern Florida through
the Antilles, Mexico, and Central America to the Andes of Peru. Seven or eight species
are distinguished.
Guaiacum produces heavy close-grained wood, the cells of the heartwood filled with
dark-colored resin. The lignum-vitae of commerce, largely used for the sheaths of ship-
blocks, mallets, skittle-balls, ten-pin balls, etc., is produced principally by Guaiacum
oficinale L., of the Antilles and South America, and by Guaiacum sanctum L. Guaiacum
resin is a stimulating diaphoretic sometimes used in the treatment of gout and rheuma-
tism.
MALPIGHIACEiE 631
The generic name is from the Carib Guaiaco or Guayacon, the aboriginal name of the
Lignum-vitae.
1. Guaiacum sanctum L.
Leaves 3' or 4' long, with 3 or 4 pairs of obliquely oblong or obovate mucronate subses-
sile leaflets, membranaceous, light green and puberulous below when they first appear,
becoming subcoriaceous, glabrous, dark green and lustrous on both surfaces, 1' long and
nearly ^' wide, persistent until the appearance of the new growth in March or early April
of the following year; stipules acuminate, tipped with a short mucro, pubescent, |' long,
usually caducous, but sometimes persistent during the season. Flowers §' in diameter,
opening almost immediately after the appearance of the new growth, and continuing to
open during several weeks, solitary on a slender pubescent pedicel shorter than the leaves
and usually produced 3 or 4 together at the end of the branches from the axfls of the upper
leaves, their bracts acuminate, minute, the 2 lateral rather smaller than the others; calyx-
lobes obovate, slightly pubescent, especially on the outer surface near the base, and smaller
Fig. 575
than the blue petals twisted below from left to right, and thus appearing to be obliquely in-
serted; filaments naked; ovary obovoid, prominently 5-angled, glabrous, contracted at
base into a short stout stalk. Fruit broad-obovoid, f long, |' wide, bright orange color,
opening at maturity by the splitting of the thick rather fleshy valves; seeds black, with a
thick fleshy scarlet aril-like outer coat.
A gnarled round-headed tree, sometimes 25°-30° high, with a short stout trunk occa-
sionally 2|°-3° in diameter, slender pendulous branches, and branchlets conspicuously
enlarged at the nodes, slightly angled, pubescent when they first appear, becoming in
their second year glabrous, nearly white, and roughened by numerous small excrescences.
Bark of the trunk rarely more than |' thick, separating on the surface into thin white
scales. Wood dark green or yellow-brown, with thin clear yellow sapwood.
Distribution. Keys of southern Florida from Key West eastward; on the Bahama
Islands and on several of the Antilles.
*
XXV. MALPIGHIACE^.
Trees, shrubs or vines with opposite simple entire often stipulate persistent leaves;
stipules deciduous or 0. Flowers usually perfect or dimorphous, on pedicels articulate
near their base from the axils of a bract and furnished below the articulation with two
bractlets, in terminal racemes, corymbs or umbels; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes generally im-
63^
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
bricated in the bud, usually glandular; petals 5, convolute in the bud, unguiculate; disk
inconspicuous; stamens usually 10; filaments generally united at base; anthers short,
2-celled, introrse; ovary of 3 rarely of 2 carpels more or less united into a 3-celled ovary;
styles usually 3, distinct, rarely united; stigma terminal or sublateral, inconspicuous;
ovule solitary, between orthotropous and anatropous, often uncinate, ascending on the
pendulous funicle; raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit drupaceous or samaroid;
seeds without albumen, suspended from below the apex of the cell; testa thin; embryo
curved or coiled, rarely straight; cotyledons often unequal; radicle short, superior.
This family of nearly sixty genera is confined to tropical and subtropical America, with
one arborescent species in the United States.
1. BYRSONIMARich.
Trees, or shrubs often scandent, with astringent bark and leaves; stipules usually con-
nate, rarely partly connate or free. Flowers in terminal racemes; lobes of the calyx fur-
nished on the back with two glands; petals unguiculate, their slender claws reflexed in
anthesis, the limb concave, penniveined; stamens 10, filaments short, united and bearded
at base; ovary 3-celled; styles 3, distinct, oblong or subulate, gradually narrowed into the
acute stigma. Fruit a 3-celled drupe; endocarp bony or woody, angled; seeds ovoid to
subglobose; embryo circinate, with slender coiled cotyledons; radicle oblong.
Byrsonima with nearly one hundred species is widely distributed in tropical America
from southern Florida, where one species occurs, and the Bahama Islands through the
West Indies, Mexico, Brazil and Bolivia.
The generic name is from /SiJps, a hide, in allusion to the use of the bark in tanning.
1. Byrsonima lucida DC.
Leaves oblong-obovate, rounded or occasionally abruptly short-pointed at apex, grad-
ually narrowed and cuneate at base, coriaceous, glabrous, dark green and lustrous above.
Fig. 576
paler, dull and reticulate-venulose beneath, I'-l^' long and Y-^ wide, with thickened
revolute margins, a slender midrib and obscure primary veins; petioles stout, ^-j in
length ; stipules free, minute, acute, deciduous. Flowers |' in diameter, appearing through-
RUTACEyE 633
out the year on slender puberulous pedicels |' to nearly |' long from the axils of acuminate
caducous bracts a third longer than their acuminate bractlets, in terminal 5-12-flowered
erect racemes 4'-l2' in length; calyx cup-shaped, persistent under the fruit, with short
nearly triangular lobes much shorter than the white petals turning yellow, pink or rose
color; styles elongated and persistent on the fruit. Fruit subglobose, greenish, about \'
in diameter, the flesh thin and dry; stone woody, rugose, thick-walled, lustrous on the
inner surface; seed ovoid, acute, filling the cavity of the stone, pale yellow.
A small tree, rarely 20° high with a trunk 10' in diameter, covered with pale bark,
spreading branches forming a flat-topped head and slender terete pale gray branchlets;
more often a many-stemmed shrub.
Distribution. Florida, in limestone soil on the Everglade Keys, Dade County, and on
several of the southern keys; on the Bahamas and many of the Antilles; in Florida ar-
borescent on Long Key in the Everglades, and on Big Pine Key.
XXVI. RUTACE^.
Trees or shrubs, abounding in a pungent or bitter aromatic volatile oil, with simple or
compound usually glandular-punctate leaves, without stipules or rarely with stipular
spines. Flowers regular, perfect or unisexual, in paniculate or corymbose cymes; calyx
3-5-lobed, the lobes more or less united at base, imbricated in the bud; petals 3-5, imbri-
cated in the bud; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; filaments distinct or
united below; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; pistils 1-4, sep-
arate or united into a compound ovary sessile or stipitate on a glandular disk; styles mostly
united; ovules usually 2 in each cell of the ovary, pendulous, anatropous or amphitropous;
raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit of 2-valved carpels, a samara, drupe or capsule.
Seeds solitary or several; seed-coat bony or crustaceous, furrowed or punctate; embryo
axile in fleshy albumen; radicle short, superior.
Of this large family, widely distributed over the warm and temperate parts of the earth's
surface, four genera only have arborescent representatives in the United States. Citrus
Aurantium L., the Bitter-sweet Orange, a native of Asia, has long been naturalized in the
peninsula of Florida, where other species of this genus have escaped from cultivation and
are now growing spontaneously.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Fruit of 1-5, 2-valved 1-seeded carpels; flowers dioecious or polygamous. 1. Xanthoxylum.
Fruit of 3 or 4-winged indehiscent 1-seeded carpels; flowers perfect. 2. Helietta.
Fruit a winged samara; flowers polygamous. 3. Ptelea.
Fruit a 1-seeded drupe; flowers perfect or polygamous. 4. Amyris.
1. XANTHOXYLUM L.
Trees or shrubs, with acrid aromatic bark, pellucid aromatic-punctate fruit and foliage,
scaly buds, and usually stipular spines. Leaves alternate, unequally or rarely equally
pinnate; leaflets generally opposite, often oblique at the base, entire or crenulate. Flowers
small, dioecious or polygamous, in axillary or terminal broad or contracted pedunculate
cymes; calyx and petals hypogynous; disk small or obscure; stamens as many as the petals
and alternate with them, hypogynous, effete, rudimentary or wanting in the female flower;
filaments filiform or subulate; pistils 1-5, oblique, raised on the summit of a fleshy gyno-
phore, connivent, sometimes slightly united below, rudimentary, simple or 2-5-parted in
the sterile flower; ovaries 1-celled; styles short and slender, more or less united toward the
summit; stigmas capitate; ovules collateral, pendulous from the inner angle of the cell.
Fruit of 1-5 coriaceous or fleshy 1-seeded carpels, broad-obovoid, sessile or stipitate,
ventrally dehiscent. Seed solitary oblong or globose, suspended on a slender funicle, often
634 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
hanging from the carpel at maturity; seed-coat black, shining, conspicuously marked by
the broad hilum; cotyledons oval or orbicular, foliaceous.
Xanthoxylum is widely distributed through tropical and extratropical regions and is
most abundant in tropical America. It is represented in North America by one shrub
and by four arborescent species of the southern states. The resin contained in the bark,
especially in that of the roots, is a powerful stimulant and tonic occasionally used in
medicine.
The generic name is from ^av66s and ^iXov.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Flowers in axillary contracted cymes; branches armed with stipular spines.
1. X. Fagara (D, E).
Flowers in terminal cymes.
Calyx-lobes and petals 5 ; leaves unequally pinnate.
Leaves deciduous; branches armed with stout spines. 2. X. clava-Herculis (C).
Leaves persistent; branches without spines. 3. X. flavum (D).
Calyx-lobes and petals 3; leaves equally pinnate, persistent. 4. X. coriaceum (D).
1. Xanthoxylum Fagara Sarg. Wild Lime.
Fagara Fagara Small.
Leaves persistent, 3'-4' long, with a broad-winged jointed petiole, and 7-9 obovate leaf-
lets rounded or emarginate at apex, minutely crenulate-toothed above the middle, sessile.
Fig. 577
^' long or less, coriaceous, glandular-punctate, bright green and lustrous, with minute
hooked deciduous stipular prickles. Flowers on short pedicels from the axils of minute
ovate obtuse deciduous bracts, in short axillary contracted cymes, appearing singly or in
pairs from April until June, on branches of the previous year, from minute dark brown
globular buds, the staminate and pistillate flowers on dififerent trees; sepals 4, membrana-
ceous, much shorter than the 4 ovate yellow-green petals; stamens 4, with slender exserted
filaments, 0 in the pistillate flower; pistils 2, with ovate sessile ovaries gradually contracted
into long slender subulate exserted styles united near apex and crowned with obliquely
spreading stigmas, rudimentary in the staminate flower. Fruit ripening in September,
obovoid, rusty brown and rugose, |'-j' long; seed dark and lustrous.
A tree, occasionally 25°-30° high, with a slender often inclining trunk, fastigiate branches,
and more or less zigzag slender dark gray brancblets armed with sharp hooked stipular
RUTACEiB 635
spines; more frequently a tall or low shrub. Bark of the trunk about f ' thick, the smooth
light gray surface broken into small appressed persistent scales. Wood heavy, hard, very
close-grained, brown tinged with red, with thin yellow sapwood of 10-12 layers of annual
growth.
Distribution. Coast and islands of southern Florida, and Texas from Matagorda Bay
to the Rio Grande and in San Saba, Bandera, and Brown Counties; one of the commonest
of the south Florida plants, and arborescent on the rich hummock soil of Elliott's Key and
the shores of Bay Biscayne; in Texas generally shrubby; common in northern Mexico, and
widely distributed through the Antilles, southern Mexico, and Central and South America
to Brazil and Peru.
2. Xanthoxylum clava-Herculis L. Prickly Ash. Toothache-tree.
Fagara clava-Herculis Small.
Leaves 5'-8' long, with a stout pubescent or glabrous spiny petiole, and 3-9 pairs of
ovate or ovate-lanceolate sometimes slightly falcate subcoriaceous leaflets usually oblique
at base, crenulate-serrate, sessile or short-stalked, l'-2^' long, green and lustrous above,
paler and often somewhat pubescent below, especially when they unfold; persistent until
Fig. 578
late in the winter or until the appearance of the new leaves in the early spring. Flowers on
slender pedicels i'-|' long, from the axils of minute lanceolate deciduous bracts, in ample
wide-branched cymes 4'-5' long and 2'-3' wide, appearing in very early spring, when the
leaves are about half grown, the staminate and pistillate flowers on different individuals;
sepals minute, membranaceous, persistent, barely one fourth the length of the oval green
petals j-^' long; stamens 5, with slender filiform filaments, conspicuously exserted from
the male flowers, rudimentary or wanting in the female flowers; pistils 3, rarely 2, with ses-
sile ovaries and short styles crowned by a slightly 2-lobed stigma. Fruit ripening in May
and June, in dense often nearly globose clusters; mature carpels obliquely ovoid, 1-seeded,
chestnut-brown, Y long, with a rugose or pitted surface; seeds hanging at maturity outside
the carpels.
A round-headed tree, 25°-30°, or exceptionally 50° high, with a short trunk 12'-18' in
diameter, numerous branches spreading nearly at right angles, and stout branchlets cov-
ered when they first appear with brown pubescence, becoming glabrous and light gray in
their second year, and marked by small glandular spots and by large elevated obcordate
leaf-scars displaying a row of large flbro-vascular bundle-scars, and armed with stout
straight or sometimes slightly curved sharp chestnut-brown spines |' or more long, with a
636
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
flattened enlarged base; or often a low shrub. Winter-buds short, obtuse, dark brown or
nearly black. Bark of the trunk barely ^q' thick, light gray, and roughened by corky
tubercles, with ovoid dilated bases sometimes 1' or more across and thick and rounded at
apex. Wood light, soft, close-grained, and light brown, with yellow sapwood. The bark,
which is collected in large quantities by negroes in the southern states, is used as a cure for
toothache and in the treatment of rheumatism.
Distribution. Southeastern Virginia southward near the coast to the shores of Bay
Biscayne and Bocagrande, Lee County, Florida, and westward through the Gulf states
to northern Louisiana, southern Arkansas (near Arkadelphia, Clark County), and eastern
Oklahoma, and through Texas to the valley of the Colorado River ranging northward to
Tarrant and Dallas Counties; in the Atlantic states not abundant, and confined to the
immediate neighborhood of the coast, growing in light sandy soil and often on the low
bluffs of islands or on river banks; from the Gulf coast ranging farther inland, especially
west of the Mississippi River; most abundant in eastern Texas, and of its largest size on
the rich intervale lands of the streams flowing into the Trinity River. In western Texas
a form occurs (var. fruticosum Gray), with short sometimes 3-foliolate more or less pubes-
cent leaves, with small ovate or oblong blunt and conspicuous crenulate rather coriaceous
leaflets; this is the common form of western Texas, growing usually as a low shrub.
3. Xanthoxylum flavmn Vahl. Satinwood.
Fagara flava Kr. & Urb.
Leaves unequally pinnate, persistent, usually 6'-9' long, with a stout glandular petiole
enlarged at base, and usually 5, sometimes 3, or rarely 1 leaflet, unfolding in Florida during
the month of June, and then densely covered with tomentum, and at maturity sparingly
Fig. 579
hairy on the petiole and on the midrib of the ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, obtuse, often
slightly falcate leaflets, sometimes oblique at base, nearly sessile or long-stalked, i'-3'
long, l^-i' broad, entire or slightly crenulate, coriaceous, pale yellow-green and conspic-
uously marked by large pellucid glands. Flowers appearing in Florida in June, on a
slender pubescent pedicel I' or more long, in wide-spreading pubescent sessile cymes, the
male and female on different trees; calyx-lobes 5, minute, acuminate, ciliate on the mar-
gins, barely one eighth of the length of the ovate greenish white petals reflexed when
the flowers are fully expanded; stamens 5, with slender filaments much longer than the
petals, 0 in the pistillate flower; pistils 2 or sometimes 1, with a stipitate obovate ovary
and a short style with a spreading entire stigma, minute and depressed in the staminate
flower. Fruit ripening in autumn and early winter and sometimes persistent until the
RUTACEiE
637
spring of the following year; mature carpels obliquely obovoid, short-stalked, l-sefeded, pale
chestnut-brown at maturity, about Y long, faintly marked by minute glands.
A round-headed tree, 30°-35'' high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, and stout brittle
branchlets coated at first with thick silky pubescence, becoming light gray, rugose, con-
spicuously marked by large triangular leaf-scars, and puberulous during their second and
third years. Winter-buds narrow-acuminate, |' long, coated with short thick pale tomen-
tum. Bark of the trunk j' thick, with a smooth light gray surface divided by shallow fur-
rows and broken into numerous short appressed scales. Wood very heavy, exceedingly
hard, brittle, not strong, light orange-colored, with thin rather lighter colored sapwood;
occasionally used in southern Florida in the manufacture of furniture, for the handles of
tools, and other objects of domestic use.
Distribution. Florida, on the Marquesas Keys and on South Bahia Honda and Boca
Chica Keys; on Bermuda, the Bahama Islands, San Domingo, and Porto Rico.
4. Xanthoxylum coriacetim A. Richard.
Pagara coriacea Kr. & Urb.
Leaves equally pinnate, persistent, 2'-3' long, with a stout grooved petiole, and 6-8 ob-
long-obovate stalked coriaceous dark yellow-green lustrous leaflets rounded or rarely emar-
ginate at apex, I'-lf long and f'-f wide, with much-thickened revolute entire margins.
Fig. 580
a stout midrib, slender obscure spreading primary veins, and reticulate veinlets. Flowers
yellow, appearing in March on short stout pedicels, in densely flowered terminal cymes;
sepals 3, minute, united below, free above, much shorter than the 3 oval or obovate petals
rounded at apex; stamens 3; filaments about as long as the petals; anthers ovoid or oval;
ovary 3-celled, globose-ovoid; styles thick, 3 {teste Urban). Fruit: mature fruit not seen.
A glabrous tree, sometimes 18°-20° high, with a slender stem, and stout red-brown
branches unarmed in Florida specimens, or in the West Indies furnished with short re-
curved spines; more often shrubby.
Distribution. Florida, shores of Bay Biscayne and near Fort Lauderdale, Dade County ;
rare; on the Bahama Islands and in Cuba.
2. HELIETTA Tul.
Trees or shrubs, with slender terete branchlets. Leaves opposite, long-petiolate, tri-
foliolate, persistent; leaflets sessile, obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire or crenate, subcoriaceous.
638
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
grandular-punctate, the terminal the largest. Flowers regular, perfect, on slender bibraete-
olate pedicels, in terminal or axillary panicles; calyx 3 or 4-parted, the divisions imbricated
in the bud, slightly united at base, persistent; petals 3 or 4, imbricated in the bud, hypogy-
nous. oblong, concave, glandular-punctate, reflexed at maturity; stamens as many as the
petals inserted under the disk; filaments shorter than the petals, slightly flattened, glabrous;
anthers ovoid, cordate at base, attached on the back below the middle; disk free, cup-shaped,
erect, subcorrugated, with a sinuate margin, 4-lobed, the lobes entire or crenate and opposite
the petals; ovary minute, sessile, depressed, 3 or 4-lobed, glandular- verrucose or minutely
pilose, the lateral lobes slightly compressed, 4-celled; styles united into a single slender
column crowned by the globose 3-4-lobed stigma; ovules collateral, anatropous. Fruit
obconic, composed of 3 or 4 dry woody 1-seeded indehiscent carpels with a cartilaginous
endocarp and with a prominent horizontal wing, separating at maturity. Seed linear-
oblong, seed-coat crustaceous, fragile, black; cotyledons straight, obtuse.
Helietta is distributed from the valley of the lower Rio Grande in Texas to Brazil and
Paraguay. Four species are recognized, one species extending across the Rio Grande
into western Texas.
The generic name is in honor of Lewis Theodore Helie (1804-1867), a distinguished
French physician.
1. Helietta parvifolia Benth.
Leaves l^'-2' long, with a stout slightly club-shaped petiole, at first puberulent, soon
becoming glabrous, and oblong or narrow-obovate leaflets rounded or sometimes slightly
Fig. 581
emarginate at apex, gradually and regularly contracted at base, entire or slightly and re-
motely crenulate-serrate, yellow-green and lustrous above, paler below, conspicuously
marked by black glandular dots, the terminal leaflet ^'-1^' long, sometimes ^ wide, and
nearly twice as large as the others; persistent on the branches until early spring. Flowers
appearing in April and May, on slender pedicels covered at first like the petioles and calyx
with short dense pubescence, with minute acuminate early deciduous bracts, in dichoty-
mously branched subsessile panicles on branchlets of the year from the axils of the upper
leaves; petals 4, white, ovate, \' long, with scattered hairs on the outer surface, and thin
scabrous margins, and four or five times longer than the 4 calyx-lobes; stamens 4; ovary
4-lobed, glandular-punctate like the slender style. Fruit ripening in October, oblong, \'-\'
long, with a rigid broad-ovate sometimes slightly falcate wing rounded at apex, \' long,
and conspicuously reticulate- veined.
A slender tree, 20°-25*' high, with a trunk 5'-6' in diameter, rather erect branches form-
RUTACE^ 639
ing a small irregular head, and slender pale branchlets covered with minute wart-like ex-
crescences, slightly puberulous when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous, and marked
during their second year by small inconspicuous leaf-scars; or a low shrub. Bark of the
trunk about |' thick, covered with dark brown closely appressed scales separating in large
irregular patches and leaving when they fall a smooth pale yellow surface. Wood hard,
very heavy, close-grained, light orange-brown, with rather lighter colored sapwood.
Distribution. Often forming thickets of considerable extent and abundant near Rio
Grande, Starr County, Texas; mesas south of the lower Rio Grande; of its largest size
and tree-like in habit on the limestone ridges of the Sierra Madre of Nuevo Leon.
3. PTELEA L.
Small unarmed trees or shrubs, with smooth bitter bark, slender terete branchlets, with-
out terminal buds, small depressed lateral buds covered with pale tomentum, and nearly
inclosed by the narrow obcordate leaf-scars marked by the ends of 2 or 3 small fibro-vas-
cular bundles, and thick fleshy acrid roots. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, without
stipules, long-petiolate, usually trifoliolate, the leaflets conduplicate in the bud, ovate or
oblong, entire or crenulate-serrate, punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers polygamous, on
slender bracteolate pedicels, in terminal or compound cymes, greenish white; calyx 4 or
5-parted; petals 4 or 5, hypogynous; stamens 3 or 4, alternate with and as long as the petals,
hypogynous, much shorter in the pistillate flower with imperfect or rudimentary anthers;
filaments subulate, more or less pilose, especially toward the base; anthers ovoid or cordate;
pistil raised on a short gynophore, abortive and nearly sessile in the staminate flower; ovary
compressed, 2-3-celled; style short; stigma 2-3-lobed; ovules superposed, amphitropous,
the upper ovule only fertilized. Fruit a 2 or 3-celled broad-winged indehiscent samara
surrounded by a reticulate wing or rarely wingless. Seed oblong, acute at apex, rounded
at base, ascending; seed-coat smooth or slightly wrinkled, coriaceous; cotyledons ovate-
oblong.
Ptelea is confined to the United States and Mexico, where four or five species are known;
of these one is a small tree. The bark and foliage of Ptelea is bitter and strong-scented and
possesses tonic properties.
The generic name is from irrtK^a, a classical name of the Elm-tree.
1. Ptelea trifoliata L. Hop-tree. Wafer Ash.
Leaves rarely 5-foliolate on vigorous shoots; leaflets sessile, ovate or oblong, pointed, the
terminal leaflet generally larger and more gradually contracted at base than the others.
Fig. 582
640 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
entire or finely serrate, covered at first with short close pubescence, becoming glabrous
and rather coriaceous at maturity, dark green and lustrous above, pale below, 4 '-6' long,
2|'-3' wide, with a prominent midrib and primary veins; turning clear yellow in the autumn
before falling; petioles stout, thickened at base, 2^'-3' in length. Flowers appearing in
early spring on slender pubescent pedicels I'-l^' long, the pistillate and staminate flowers
produced together, the staminate usually less numerous and falling soon after the open-
ing of the anther-cells; calyx and petals pubescent; ovary puberulous. Fruit with a thin
almost orbicular sometimes slightly obovate wing, nearly 1' across, on a long slender re-
flexed pedicel, in dense drooping clusters remaining on the branches through the winter;
seeds f long, dark red-brown.
A round-headed tree, rarely 20°-25° high, with a straight slender trunk 6'-8' in diameter,
small spreading or erect branches, and slender branchlets covered at first with short fine
pubescence, becoming glabrous, dark brown and lustrous, and marked by wart-like excres-
cences and by the conspicuous leaf-scars; more often a low spreading shrub. Winter-buds
depressed, nearly round, pale or almost white. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, yellow-
brown, with thin hardly distinguishable sap wood of 6-8 layers of annual growth. The bitter
bark of the roots is sometimes used in the form of tinctures and fluid extracts as a tonic, and
the fruit is occasionally employed domestically as a substitute for hops in brewing beer.
Distribution. Generally on rocky slopes near the borders of the forest, often in the
shade of other trees; Long Island, New York, Pennsylvania, and westward through south-
western Ontario (Point Pelee) and southern Michigan to southern Iowa, southeastern
Nebraska, and southward to Georgia, Alabama, eastern Louisiana and through Missouri
and Arkansas to southeastern Kansas, eastern Oklahoma and eastern Texas. A form
with leaflets soft-pubescent on the lower surface (var. mollis T. & G.) occurs in the south
Atlantic states from North Carolina to Florida.
Often planted as an ornament of parks and gardens.
4. AMYRIS L.
Glabrous glandular-punctate trees or shrubs, with balsamic resinous juices. Leaves op-
posite or rarely opposite and alternate, 3-foliolate, without stipules, persistent; leaflets
opposite, petiolulate, entire or crenate. Flowers white, minute, on slender bibracteolate
pedicels, usually in 3-flowered corymbs in terminal or axillary branched panicles; calyx
4-toothed, persistent; petals 4, hypogynous, much larger than the calyx-lobes, spreading
at maturity; disk of the staminate flower inconspicuous, that of the pistillate and perfect
flowers thickened and pulvinate; stamens 8, hypogynous, opposite and alternate with the
petals; filaments filiform, exserted; anthers ovoid, attached on the back below the mid-
dle; ovary ellipsoid or ovoid, 1-celled, rudimentary in the staminate flower; style short, ter-
minal, or wanting; stigma capitate; ovules collateral, suspended near the apex of the ovary,
anatropous. Fruit a globose or ovoid aromatic drupe; stone 1-seeded by abortion, charta-
ceous. Seed pendulous, without albumen; seed-coat membranaceous; cotyledons plano"
convex, fleshy, glandular-punctate.
Amyris is confined to tropical America and northern Mexico. Of the twelve or fourteen
species which have been distinguished two extend into the territory of the United States;
one of these is a small West Indian tree common on the shores of southern Florida, and
the other, Amyris parvifolia A. Gray, a Mexican shrub, grows in Texas near Corpus
Christi, Neuces County, and near the mouth of the Rio Grande. Amyris is fragrant and
yields a balsamic aromatic and stimulant resin, and heavy hard close-grained wood valu-
able as fuel and sometimes used in cabinet-making.
The generic name, from fi^ppa, relates to the balsamic properties of the plants of this
genus.
1. Amyris elemifera L. Torch Wood.
Leaves 3-foliolate, with slender petioles l'-l|' long, and broad-ovate or rounded obtuse
acute or acuminate leaflets cuneate at base, or sometimes ovate-lanceolate or rhombic-
SIMAROUBACE^
641
lanceolate, entire or remotely crenulate, coriaceous, lustrous, dark yellow-green, conspicu-
ously reticulate- veined, covered below with minute glandular dots, V-^Y long, with slender
petiolules, that of the terminal leaflet often 1' or more long and twice as long as those of the
lateral leaflets. Flowers in terminal pedunculate or nearly sessile panicles appearing in
Florida from August to December. Fruit ripening in the spring, ovoid, often nearly |'
long, black covered with a glaucous bloom, with thin flesh filled with an aromatic oil and of
rather agreeable flavor.
A slender tree, 40°-50° high, with a trunk sometimes, although rarely, a foot in diameter,
and slender terete branchlets covered with wart-like excrescences, at first light brown, be-
coming gray during their second season. Bark of the trunk thin, gray-brown, slightly
furrowed and broken into short appressed scales. Winter-buds acute, flattened, |' long,
with broad-ovate scales slightly keeled on the back. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard,
strong, close-grained, very resinous, extremely durable, light orange color, with thin rather
lighter colored sap wood of 12-15 layers of annual growth; often used as fuel.
Distribution. Florida, Mosquito Inlet, Volusia County, to the southern keys; common
in the immediate neighborhood of the coast to the rich hummocks of the interior, and of
its largest size on Umbrella Key; on the Bahama Islands and on many of the Antilles.
XXVn. SIMAROUBACEiE.
Trees or shrubs, with bitter juice. Leaves alternate, pinnate, persistent, without
stipules. Flowers regular, dioecious; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud; petals
5, imbricated in the bud, hypogynous; stamens 10, inserted under the disk; pistil of 5
united carpels; ovary 5-celled; ovule solitary in each cell, anatropous; raphe ventral;
micropyle superior. Fruit a drupe.
Of the thirty genera of this family, confined chiefly to the tropics and to the warmer parts
of the northern hemisphere, three have arborescent representatives in the flora of North
America. Ailanthus altissima Swing., the so-called Tree of Heaven, a native of northern
China, has been largely planted as an ornament and shade tree in the eastern United
States, and is now sparingly naturalized southward. "
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Fruit a drupe or berry.
Ovary deeply 5-lobed; fruit drupaceous.
Ovary not lobed; fruit baccate.
Fruit a 3-winged samara.
1. Simarouba (D).
2. Picranmia (D).
3. Alvaradoa (D).
642
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
1. SIMAROUBAAubl.
Trees, with resinous juice and tonic properties. Leaves long-petiolate, abruptly pin-
nate; leaflets usually alternate, long-petiolulate, conduplicate in the bud, entire, coria-
ceous, glabrous or slightly puberulous below, feather- veined. Flowers in elongated
widely branched axillary and terminal panicles; disk cup-shaped, depressed in the sterile
flower, pubescent; stamens as long as the petals, in the pistillate flower reduced to minute
scales; filaments free, filiform, thickened toward the base, inserted on the back of a minute
ciliate scale; anthers oblong, slightly emarginate, introrse, attached on the back below
the middle, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; ovary sessile on the disk, deeply
lobed, the lobes opposite the petals, rudimentary, lobulate, minute or wanting in the
staminate flower; styles united into a short column, with a 3-5-lobed spreading stigma.
Fruit composed of 1-5 sessile spreading drupes; flesh thin; stone crustaceous. Seeds in-
verse, without albumen; seed-coat membranaceous; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy, the
radicle very short, partly included between the cotyledons, superior.
Simarouba with four species is confined to tropical America, and is distributed from the
coast of southern Florida to Brazil and Guatemala. The plants of this genus contain a
small amount of resin, a volatile oil, and an exceedingly bitter principle, quasin, with
' tonic properties.
The generic name is formed from Simarouba, the Carib name of one of the species.
1. Simarouba glauca DC. Paradise-tree.
Leaves 6'-10' long, glabrous, with a stout petiole 2'-3' in length, and usually 6 pairs of
opposite or alternate oblong-obovate or oval leaflets, rounded or slightly mucronate at
apex, usually oblique at base, membranaceous and dark red when they first unfold,
soon becoming coriaceous, dark green and very lustrous above, pale and glaucous below,
2'-3' long and I'-l^' wide, with revolute margins, a prominent midrib, remote conspicuous
primary veins, and stout petiolules |'-|' in length. Flowers appearing in early spring, |'-|'
long, on short stout club-shaped pedicels, in panicles 12'-18' long, and 18'-24!' broad, with a
Fig. 584
stout pale glaucous stem and spreading branches from the axils of small acute scarious
deciduous bracts; petals fleshy, oval, often acute, pale yellow, and four or five times as
long as the glaucous calyx. Fruit nearly fully grown by the end of April and then bright
scarlet, about 1' long, ovoid, sometimes falcate, and slightly angled on the ventral suture,
becoming dark purple when fully ripe; seeds papillose, orange-brown, about f long.
A round-headed tree, growing occasionally in Florida to the height of 50°, with a straight
SIMAROUBACE^
643
trunk 18'-20' in diameter, slender spreading branches, and stout glabrous branchlets pale
green when they first appear, becoming light brown before the end of the summer, rugose
and conspicuously marked during their second season by the large oval leaf-scars. Bark
of the trunk ^'-j' thick, light red-brown and broken on the surface into broad thick ap-
pressed scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick rather darker
colored sapwood.
Distribution. Florida, from Cape Canaveral and the shores of Bay Biscayne to the
southern keys; in Cuba, Jamaica, Nicaragua, and Brazil.
2. PICRAMNIA Sw.
Trees or shrubs, with bitter principles and slender terete branchlets. Leaves alter-
nate, unequally pinnate, persistent, the leaflets subopposite to alternate, entire. Flowers
dioecious, occasionally perfect, small, glomerate on long pendulous spikes or racemes
opposite the leaves; calyx 3-5-parted, the lobes imbricated in the bud; petals 3-5, im-
bricated in the bud, rarely wanting; stamens 3-5, opposite the petals, inserted under
the lobed depressed disk, in the pistillate flower reduced to linear scales or wanting;
filaments naked; anthers 2-celled, introrse, the cells opening longitudinally; ovary inserted
on the disk, 2 or 3-celled, rudimentary in the staminate flower; style 2 or 3-lobed, the
lobes recurved and stigmatic on the inner surface, or crowned by a 2 or 3-lobed sessile
stigma; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral, attached at the inner angle of the cell near its apex,
anatropous; raphe narrow; micropyle superior. Fruit baccate, oblong to oblong-obovoid,
2 or by abortion 1-celled, the cells 1-seeded. Seeds filling the cavity of the cell, plano-
convex, pendulous from the apex of the cell; hilum minute, apical, the raphe conspicuous;
testa membranaceous, adherent to the exalbuminous undivided embryo; radicle superior,
inconspicuous.
Picramnia, with about twenty species, is confined to the tropical and subtropical regions
of the New World, one species extending into southern Florida. The bitter principle in
the plants of this genus makes the bark of several of them useful in domestic remedies.
The generic name, from riKpds and ddfivos, is in reference to this bitter principle.
1. Picramnia pentandra Sw.
Leaves 8'-12' long, 5-9-foliolate, with a slender rachis and petiole; leaflets ovate-oblong,
abruptly acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at base, coriaceous, glabrous.
Fig. 585
644
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
dark green and lustrous above, l^'-2^' long and f'-l' wide, with thickened slightly revo-
lute margins, a prominent midrib, slender primary veins and thin reticulate veinlets;
petiolules stout, iV'~¥' long, that of the terminal leaflet often f in length. Flowers
green on short slender pedicels, in slender pubescent racemes 6'-8' in length ; calyx 5-lobed,
the lobes oblong-ovate, acuminate, coated on the outer surface with pale hairs; petals
5, acuminate, hirsute, narrower and longer than the calyx-lobes; stamens 5 in the pis-
tillate flower; filaments slender, glabrous, exserted; anthers short-oblong, obtuse; stigma
sessile, 2 or 3-lobed. Fruit red becoming nearly black when fully ripe, |'-|' in length,
about I' in diameter; seeds light brown and lustrous.
A slender tree in Florida, occasionally 18°-20° high, with a straight trunk 4' or 5' in
diameter, and slender light yellow-green or pale brown branchlets slightly pubescent during
their first season; more often a shrub. Bark thin, close, yellowish brown.
Distribution. Florida, shores of Bay Biscayne to the Everglade Keys, Dade County,
and on the southern keys; on the Bahama Islands and several of the Antilles, and in
Colombia.
3. ALVARADOA Liebm.
Trees or shrubs, with bitter juices and slender terete pubescent branchlets. Leaves
alternate, crowded at the end of the branches, unequally pinnate, long-petiolate, many-
foliolulate, persistent; leaflets alternate, entire; stipules and stipels none. Flowers in
many-flowered axillary or terminal racemes. Fruit a 2 or 3-winged samara, 3-celled below
the middle, 2-celled above, crowned with remnants of the styles. Seed erect, compressed;
testa membranaceous; albumen none; embryo oblong-compressed; cotyledons flat; radi-
cle inferior, very short.
An anomalous genus, by several authors doubtfully referred to Sapindacese, but chiefly
on account of its bitter properties now placed in Simaroubacese. It consists of three
species; of these the widely distributed Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebmann, the type of the
genus, occurs in southern Florida. The other species appear to be confined to the islands
of Jamaica and Cuba.
1. Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm.
Leaves 4'-12' long, with 21-41 leaflets and slender petioles; leaflets oblong-obovate,
obtuse or occasionally minutely mucronate at apex, gradually narrowed below into a short
Fia. 586
BURSERACE^ 645
slender pubescent petiolule, slightly thickened and revolute on the margins, dark green
above, pale pubescent below, ^'-f ' long, about j wide, with a slender midrib and obscure
primary veins. Flowers regular, minute, dioecious, on slender accrescent pubescent
pedicels from the axils of ovate minute deciduous bracts, in many-flowered hoary-tomentose
racemes 3'-4^' long, the pistillate accrescent, becoming 4'-8' in length; calyx campanulate,
5-parted, the lobes ovate, acute, hoary-tomentose on the outer surface; disk 5-lobed; stam-
inate flowers appearing sessile in the bud; their pedicels only slightly accrescent; petals
filiform; filaments slender, elongated, slightly villose toward the base, inserted between
the lobes of the disk and alternate with the calyx-lobes, anthers introrse, 2-celled, united
except at apex, opening longitudinally by marginal slits, their connective orbicular, con-
spicuous; pistillate flowers on short accrescent pedicels; petals 0 or very rarely present;
stamens 0; ovary compressed, unequally 3-angled, villose-hirsute on the margins, 3-celled
at base, with two small compressed empty cells, the third larger with two anatropous
ovules; styles 2, subulate or recurved, often of unequal length, stigmatic above the middle.
Fruit lanceolate, acuminate, narrowly 2-winged, ciliate on the margins with long spreading
hairs, slightly tinged with red, f ' in length and about two-thirds as long as its slender
hairy pedicel; seeds acute at ends, pale yellow, j' long.
A slender tree, in Florida occasionally 30° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, and slen-
der branchlets hoary-pubescent during their first year becoming dull red-brown, glabrous and
marked by numerous small pale lenticels and by the large obovate obcordate scars of fallen
leaves showing the ends of three conspicuous equidistant fibro- vascular bundles; in Florida
more often a shrub.
Distribution. Florida, Everglade Keys (Timbo Hummock near Gozman's Homestead,
Caldwell's Hummock and Long Key), Dade County; in the Bahama Islands, and in Cuba,
southern Mexico, Central America and Argentina.
XXVni. BURSERACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with resinous bark and wood. Leaves alternate, pinnate, without
stipules. Flowers perfect or polygamous, in clustered racemes or panicles; calyx 4-5-
lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, persistent; petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, dis-
tinct or slightly united, deciduous; stamens twice as many as the petals, inserted under
the annular or cup-shaped disk; filaments distinct, subulate; anthers introrse, 2-celled,
the cells opening longitudinally; pistil of 2-5 united carpels; ovary 2-5-celled; styles united;
stigma 2-5-lobed; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, collateral, anatropous; micropyle
superior; raphe ventral. Fruit drupaceous. Seeds without albumen; seed-coat mem-
branaceous; embryo straight; cotyledons foliaceous; radicle short, superior.
Of the sixteen genera of this family, which is widely distributed through the tropics
of the two hemispheres, one only, Bursera, occurs in the United States, reaching the shores
of southern Florida with an arborescent species, and southern California and Arizona with
another species.
1. BURSERA Jacq.
Trees, with balsamic resinous juices. Leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets opposite,
petiolulate, entire or subserrate, thin, or coriaceous. Flowers polygamous, small, on
fascicled or rarely solitary pedicels, in short or elongated lateral simple or branched
panicles; calyx minute, membranaceous; petals inserted on the base of an annular crenate
disk, reflexed at maturity above the middle; stamens inserted on the base of the disk;
anthers oblong, attached on the back above the base, usually effete in the pistillate flower;
ovary sessile, ovoid, 3-celled, rudimentary in the staminate flower; style short; stigma
capitate, obtuse, 3-lobed; ovules suspended below the apex from the central angle. Fruit
with a valvate epicarp, globose or oblong-oblique, indistinctly 3-angled; flesh coriaceo-
carnose, 2-3-valved; nutlets 1-3, usually solitary, adnate to a persistent fleshy axis, 1-celled,
646 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
1-seeded, covered with a thin membranaceous coat. Seed ovoid, without albumen; seed-
coat membranaceous; hilum ventral, below the apex; embryo straight; cotyledons con-
tortuplicate.
Bursera with about forty species is confined to southern Florida, the Antilles, the
southwestern United States and to Mexico, and Central and South America.
The generic name is in honor of Joachim Burser (1593-1649), a German botanist and
physician.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Leaves 5-7 rarely 3-foliolate, their rachis and petiole without wings; staminate flowers
in elongated many-flowered racemes. 1. B. Simaruba (D).
Leaves usually 10-22-foliolate, their rachis and petiole wing-margined; staminate flow-
ers m short, usually 3-flowered clusters. 2. B. microphylla (G, H).
1. Bursera Simaruba Sarg. Gumbo Limbo. West Indian Birch.
Leaves confined to the end of the branchlets, 6'-8' long, 4'-8' wide, with a long slender
petiole, and usually 5, rarely 3 or 7 leaflets coriaceous at maturity, oblong-ovate, oblique
Fig. 587
at base, contracted at apex into a long or short point, 2§'-3' long, l^'-2' broad, with stout
petiolules often Y long; deciduous in early winter or occasionally persistent until the fol-
lowing spring. Flowers about j^' in diameter, appearing before the leaves or as they un-
fold, on slender pedicels |'-|' long, in slender raceme-like panicles, those of the staminate
plant 4'-5' long or nearly twice as long as those of the pistillate plant; calyx-lobes and pet-
als 5; petals ovate-lanceolate, acute, revolute on the margins, and nearly four times as
long as the slender acute calyx-lobes; stamens of the staminate flower as long as the petals
and in the pistillate flower not more than half as long, with smaller often efiFete anthers.
Fruit in short raceme-like clusters, |'-|' long, 3-angled, with a thick dark red outer coat,
separating readily into 3 broad-ovate valves, and containing 1 or rarely 2 bony triangu-
lar nutlets rounded at base, pointed at apex, and covered with a thin membranaceous light
pink coat; seeds 1 or 2, triangular, rose color.
A glabrous tree, 50°-60° high, with a trunk 2^°-3° in diameter, massive primary branches
spreading nearly at right angles, and stout terete branchlets light gray during their first
season, becoming during their second year reddish brown, covered with lenticular spots
and conspicuously marked by large elevated obcordate yellow leaf-scars. Winter-buds
BURSERACE^
647
short, rounded, obtuse, with broad-ovate dark red scales slightly scarious on the margins.
Bark of the trunk and large branches 1' thick, glandular dotted, separating freely into
thin papery bright red-brown scales exposing in falling the dark red-brown or gray inner
bark. Wood spongy, very light, exceedingly soft and weak, light brown, with thick sap-
wood, soon becoming discolored by decay. Pieces of the trunk and large branches set
in the ground soon produce roots and grow rapidly into large trees. The aromatic resin
obtained by incisions cut in the trunk was formerly used in the treatment of gout, and in
the West Indies is manufactured into varnish. An infusion of the leaves is sometimes
used in Florida as a substitute for tea.
Distribution. Florida, from Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and on the west
coast from Terra Ceia Island, Manatee County, Placida, Charlotte County, and Gasparilla
Island southward; one of the largest and most common of the south Florida trees, and the
only one which sheds its foliage during the autumn and winter; on most of the West Indian
islands, in tropical Mexico, Guatemala, New Granada, and Venezuela.
2. Bursera microphylla A. Gray.
Leaves glabrous, deciduous, I'-lj' long, with a slender narrowly winged rachis and
petiole and usually 10-20 oblong or oblong-obovate leaflets rounded at apex, obliquely
cuneate at base, sessile, about |' long and ^' wide. Flowers appearing in June before
Fig. 588
the leaves, Y long on slender pedicels from the axils of minute acuminate caducous
bracts, in mostly 3-flowered clusters j in length; staminate, calyx-lobes ovate, acute;
petals 5, lanceolate, acuminate, revolute on the margins, 3 or 4 times longer than the
calyx-lobes, white; stamens shorter than the petals; pistillate flower not seen. Fruit
ripening in October, ellipsoid or slightly obovoid, solitary, drooping on the thickened ped-
icel Y in length, 3-angled, |' long, red, glabrous, splitting into three valves; nutlets usually
ovoid, acute, narrow at base, thin walled, 3-angled, gray with a deep depression at base.
A tree, rarely 10°-12° high, with a short trunk 2§'-3' in diameter, stout erect and spread-
ing branches, forming a wide round-topped head, and slender glabrous red branchlets,
roughened during their first year by the crowded scars of fallen leaves; more often a low
shrub. Bark of the trunk pale yellow, separating into membranaceous scales, the outer
layer thin and firm, the inner layer corky, reddish brown, |' thick. Wood hard, close-
grained, pale yellow.
648 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Colorado Desert, between Fish Creek and Carriso Creek about twenty-
five miles from the Mexican Boundary, on " banks of dry washes, in hard sterile soil cov-
ered with boulders" (E. H. Davis), Imperial County, California; near Maricopa, Pinal
County, Arizona, and in Lower California and Sonora; reported as a tree only from Cali-
fornia.
XXIX. MELIACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with hard wood and alternate pinnate leaves, without stipules. Flowers
in panicles, perfect, regular; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes contorted (in Swietenia) in the bud,
persistent; petals 5, convolute in the bud; stamens inserted at the base of the disk; fila-
ments united into a tube; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; ovary
3-5-celled, free, surrounded at base by an annular or cup-shaped disk; styles united,
dilated into a 5-lobed stigma; ovules numerous in each cell, suspended, semi-anatropous;
raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit a capsule (in Sioietenid) or drupe. Seeds often
winged; embryo with leafy cotyledons.
A family with about forty genera chiefly confined to the tropics, with a single represen-
tative, Swietenia, in southern Florida. Melia Azedarach L., of this family, the China-tree
or Pride of India, with drupaceous fruits, has long been cultivated in the southern states,
where it now often grows spontaneously.
1. SWIETENIA Jacq.
Trees, with heavy dark red wood. Leaves abruptly pinnate, glabrous, long-petiolate,
persistent; leaflets opposite, petiolulate, usually oblique at base. Flowers small, in
axillary or subterminal panicles produced near the end of the branches; calyx minute;
petals spreading; staminal tube urn-shaped, connate with the petals, 10-lobed, the lobes
convolute ia the bud; anthers 10, fixed by the back below the sinuses of the staminal tube,
included; ovary ovoid, 5-celled, the cells opposite the petals; style erect, longer than the
tube of the stamens; stigma discoid, 5-rayed. Fruit a 5-celled 5-valved capsule septi-
cidally dehiscent from the base, the valves separating from a persistent 5-angled axis
thickened toward the apex and 5-winged toward the base. Seeds suspended from near
the summit of the axis, imbricated in 2 ranks, compressed, emarginate, produced above
into a long membranaceous wing with the hilum at its apex and trans versed by the raphe;
embryo transverse; cotyledons conferruminate with each other and with the thin fleshy
albumen; radicle short, papillseform.
Swietenia with five species is confined to tropical America from southern Florida where
one species occurs, to Venezuela, western and southwestern Mexico, and the east coast
of Central America.
The generic name is in honor of Baron von Swieten (1700-1772), the distinguished
Dutch physician, founder of the Botanic Garden and of the Medical School at Vienna.
1. Swietenia mahagoni Jacq. Mahogany.
Leaves 4'-6' long, with a slender glabrous petiole thickened at base and 3 or 4 pairs of
ovate-lanceolate leaflets rounded at base on the upper side, narrow-cuneate or nearly
straight on the lower side, entire, coriaceous, pale yellow-green or slightly rufous on the
under surface, 3'-4' long, I'-l^' wide, with a prominent reddish brown midrib, conspicu-
ous reticulate veins, and a stout grooved petiolule I' long. Flowers appearing in July and
August on slender puberulous pedicels, bibracteolate near the middle, 1 or 2 together at
the end of the branches of slender panicles in the axils of leaves of the year; calyx glabrous,
cup-shaped, much shorter than the ovate elliptic petals j long and slightly emarginate at
apex. Fruit ripening in the autumn or early winter, long-stalked, ovoid, rounded at
apex narrowed at base, 4'-5' long and 2^' broad, with thick dark brown valves rugose
and pitted on the surface, its axis obovoid 3' or 4' long, I'-l^' thick, dark red-brown.
EUPHORBIACE^ 649
marked near the apex by the dark scars left by the falling seeds; seeds f'long, almost
square, thickened at base and nearly one fourth as long as their ovate rugose red-brown
wings rounded or truncate at apex and gradually contracted below.
A tree, in Florida rarely more than 40°-50° high or with a trunk exceeding 2° in diameter,
and slender glabrous angled branchlets covered during their first season with pale red-
brown bark, becoming lighter or gray faintly tinged with red and thickly covered with
lenticels during their second year; much larger in the West Indies. Winter-buds about
J long, with broad-ovate minutely apiculate loosely imbricated light red scales. Bark
of the trunk in Florida ^'-f thick, with a dark red-brown surface broken into short
broad rather thick scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, very
Fig. 589
durable, rich red-brown, becoming darker with age and exposure, with thin yellow sapwood
of about 20 layers of annual growth; the most esteemed of all woods for cabinet-making,
and also largely used in the interior finish of houses and railroad cars, and formerly in ship
and boatbuilding. The bark is bitter and astringent and has been used as a substitute
for quinine in the treatment of intermittent fevers.
Distribution. Florida, hummocks, shores of Bay Biscayne on the Everglade Keys and
near Flamingo on White Water Bay, Dade County, on Elliotts Key, Key Largo and
Upper Matacombe Key; rare and now nearly exterminated except in the region of Cape
Sable; on the Bahama and many of the West Indian islands.
XXX. EUPHORBIACE^.
Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with acrid juice, and alternate stipular leaves. Flowers
monoecious or dioecious; calyx 3-6-lobed or parted, the divisions imbricated in the bud,
or wanting; corolla 0; stamens 2 or 3, or as many or twice as many as the calyx-lobes;
anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, suspended, anatropous;
raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit a drupe or capsule. Seeds albuminous; cotyle-
dons flat, much longer than the superior radicle.
The Euphorbia family, widely distributed over tropical and temperate regions, with
some one hundred and thirty genera and over three thousand species, is represented in the
United States by three arborescent genera, with only five species, and by many shrubby
herbaceous and annual plants.
650 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Fruit drupaceous.
Nutlets usually 1-celled and 1-seeded; stamens as many or twice as many as the calyx-
lobes, free. 1. Drypetes.
Nutlets 6-8-celled and 6-8-seeded; stamens 2 or 3, united into a column.
i. Hippomane.
Fruit a 3-lobed capsule splitting into three 2-valved 1-seeded carpels. 3. Gymnanthes.
1. DRYPETES Vahl.
Trees or shrubs, with thick juice, and terete branchlets. Leaves involute in the bud,
petiolate, penniveined, coriaceous, persistent; stipules minute, caducous. Flowers ax-
illary, sessile or pedicellate, their pedicels from the axils of minute deciduous bracts,
ebracteolate, the males in many-flowered clusters, the females solitary or in few-flowered
clusters; calyx divided nearly to the base into 4 or 5 lobes rounded or acute at apex, de-
ciduous or persistent under the fruit; stamens inserted under the margin of a flat or con-
cave slightly lobed disk, 0 in the pistillate flower; filaments filiform; anthers ovoid, emar-
ginate, attached on the back near the base, extrorse or introrse, 2-celled, the cells affixed
to a broad oblong connective; ovary sessile, ovoid, 1 or rarely 2-celled, with 1 or 2 sessile
or subsessile peltate or reniform stigmas, rudimentary or wanting in the staminate flower;
ovules collateral, descending, attached to the central angle of the cell, operculate, with
a hood-like body developed from the placenta. Fruit drupaceous, ovoid or subglobose,
tipped with the withered remnants of the stigmas; flesh thick and corky or thin and crusta-
ceous; stone thick or thin, bony or crustaceous, 1-celled and 1-seeded, or rarely 2-celled
and 2-seeded. Seed filling the cavity of the nut; seed-coat crustaceous or membranaceous;
embryo erect in thin fleshy albumen.
Drypetes is confined to the tropical regions of the New World, and is distributed from
southern Florida through the West Indies to eastern Brazil. Of the eleven species now
distinguished, two inhabit the coast-region of southern Florida.
The generic name, from dpij-mra, relates to the character of the fruit.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Calyx 5-lobed; stamens 8; ovary 1-celled; fruit oblong, ivory-white; outer coat thick and
mealy; stone thick-walled. 1. D. diversifolia (D).
Calyx 4-lobed; stamens 4; ovary 2-celled; fruit subglobose, bright red; outer coat thin,
crustaceous; stone thin-walled. 2. D. lateriflora (D).
1. Drj^etes diversifolia Kiug & Urb. White Wood.
Drypetes Tceyensis Krug & Urb.
Leaves appearing in early spring and falling during their second year, entire, oval or ob-
long, often more or less falcate, acute, acuminate, rounded or rarely emarginate at apex,
rounded or cuneate at base, on young plants often spinose-dentate, when they unfold thin
and membranaceous, light green or green tinged with red and pilose with scattered pale
hairs, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green and lustrous, rather paler on the lower surface
than (5n the upper surface, 3'-5' long and l'-2' wide, with a broad thick pale midrib raised
and rounded on the upper side and obscure primary veins arcuate and united near the
thick revolute cartilaginous margins and connected by conspicuous coarsely reticulated
veinlets; petioles stout, yellow, grooved above, \' long; stipules nearly triangular, rather
less than j^' long, caducous. Flowers on pedicels rather shorter than the petioles, opening
in early spring from the axils of leaves of the previous year, the staminate in many-flowered
clusters, the pistillate usually solitary or occasionally in 2-3-flowered clusters; calyx
EUPHORBIACB^ 651
yellow-green, hirsute on the outer surface, ^^' long, and divided nearly to the base into
5 ovate acute boat-shaped lobes deciduous from the fruit; stamens about 8, inserted on
the borders of the slightly lobed pulvinate concave disk; filaments unequal in length, rather
longer than the calyx-lobes and a little longer than the broad-ovoid emarginate pilose
extrorse anthers, with broad ovate acute connectives; ovary sessile, hirsute, 1-celled,
crowned with a broad sessile slightly stalked oblique pulvinate stigma, wanting in the
staminate flower. Fruit ripening in the autumn, deciduous at maturity from its stout
erect stalk much enlarged at apex and \' long, ovoid, 1' long, ivory-white, with thick dry
Fig. 590
mealy flesh closely investing the light brown stone narrowed at base into a long point,
with bony walls |' thick and penetrated longitudinally by large fibro-vascular bundle-chan-
nels; seed oblong, rounded at the ends, nearly \' long, covered with a thin membranaceous
light brown coat marked by conspicuous veins radiating from the small hilum.
A tree, occasionally 30°-40° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, stout
usually erect branches forming an oblong round-topped head, and stout branchlets light
green tinged with red and covered with pale scattered caducous hairs when they first ap-
pear, becoming ashy gray and roughened by numerous elevated circular pale lenticels and
later by the large prominent orbicular leaf-scars displaying the ends of 3 conspicuous fibro-
vascular bundles. Winter-buds minute, obtuse, partly immersed in the bark and coated
with brown resin. Bark of the trunk about Y thick, smooth, milky white and often marked
by large irregular gray or pale brown patches. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle,
close-grained, and brown streaked with bright yellow, with thick yellow-brown sap-
wood.
Distribution. Florida, Flamingo near Cape Sable (C T. Simpson), Cocoanut Grove
(Miss 0. Rodham), Dade County, on Key West, Key Largo, Elliotts, Lower Metacombe
and Umbrella Keys. One of the rarest of the tropical trees of Florida; on the Bahamas.
2. Drypetes lateriflora Urb. Guiana Plum.
Leaves appearing in Florida in early spring and falling during their second year, oblong,
acute or acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed at base, and entire, when they unfold thin
and covered with scattered pale hairs, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green and lus-
trous, 3'-4' long and Y~^V wide, with a conspicuous light-colored midrib, rounded above,
and pale obscure primary veins arcuate and united near the slightly thickened revolute
margins and connected by slender reticulate veinlets; petioles slender, grooved, \' in length.
Flowers on pedicels shorter than the petioles, opening late in the autumn or in early
winter on branches one or two years old, in the axils of leaves or from leafless nodes, in
652 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
many or few-flowered clusters ; calyx greenish white, hirsute on the outer surface, divided
to the base into 4 ovate rounded lobes, persistent under the fruit; stamens 4, inserted under
the margin and between the lobes of the flat tomentose disk; filaments slender, exserted;
anthers introrse, emarginate, pilose, wanting in the pistillate flower; ovary ovoid, tomen-
tose, 2-celled, with 2 nearly sessile oblique spreading cushion-like stigmas. Fruit ripening
during the spring and early summer, subglobose, |' in diameter, tipped with the conspicu-
ous blackened remnants of the stigmas, bright red, covered with soft pubescence, solitary
or in clusters of 2 or 3» deciduous at maturity from its stout stalk enlarged at apex and ^'
Fig. 591
long; flesh thin and crustaceous, closely investing the thin-walled crustaceous stone; seed
usually solitary by abortion, obovoid, gibbous, |' long, narrowed below, narrowed and
marked at apex by the elevated pale hilum and on the inner surface of the seed-coat by
the broad conspicuous raphe.
A tree, 20°-30° high, with a short trunk 5'-6' in diameter, small erect branches, and
slender branchlets, light green tinged with red when they first appear, becoming in their
first winter ashy gray and marked by scattered pale lenticels, and at the end of their second
year by the small elevated oval leaf -scars displaying the ends of 3 fibro- vascular bundles.
Winter-buds minute, acute or obtuse, chestnut-brown, and covered with pale hairs. Bark
of the trunk about je' thick, light brown tinged with red, the generally smooth surface
separating into small irregular scales. Wood heavy, hard, brittle, close-grained, rich
dark brown, with thick yellow sapwood.
Distribution. Florida, Palm Beach, Palm Beach County, shores of Bay Biscayne, Dade
County, and on many of the southern keys; common on the Bahama Islands and on several
of the Antilles.
2. HEPPOMANE L.
A glabrous tree, with thick acrid juice, scaly bark, and stout pithy branchlets marked
by circular raised lenticels, and oblong or semiorbicular horizontal elevated leaf-scars
displaying a row of obscure fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and nearly encircled at the nodes
by ring-like scars left by the falling of the stipules. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, covered by
many loosely imbricated long-pointed chestnut-brown scales. Leaves alternate, involute
in the bud, tardily deciduous, broad-ovate, rounded and abruptly narrowed at apex into a
broad point terminating in a slender mucro, rounded or subcordate at base, remotely crenu-
late-serrate with minute gland-tipped teeth, penniveined, long-petiolate, at first pilose with
occasional long pale hairs, soon becoming glabrous, and at maturity thick and coriaceous,
dark yellow-green and lustrous above, paler and dull below, with a stout light yellow midrib
EUPHORBIACE^ 653
raised and rounded on the upper side, and slender primary veins remote, arcuate, and united
at some distance from the margins and connected by conspicuous coarsely reticuUte veinlets
more prominent on the upper than on the lower side; their petioles elongated, slender,
rigid, light yellow, rounded below, obscurely grooved above, marked at the apex by large or-
bicular dark red glands; stipules ovate-lanceolate, abruptly narrowed from a broad base,
slightly laciniate near the apex, membranaceous, light chestnut-brown, caducous. Inflo-
rescence terminal, spicate, appearing in early spring usually before the unfolding leaves,
the stout fleshy rachis often bearing at the base acute sterile deciduous bracts, or 1 or 2
small leaves, the minute pistillate flowers solitary in their axils or in the axils of ovate acute
lanceolate bracts furnished with 2 lateral glandular bractlets; staminate flowers minute,
articulate on slender pedicels clustered in 8-15-flowered fascicles in the axils of simple bracts
higher on the rachis and extending to its apex; calyx usually 3-lobed, the lobes imbricated
in the bud, that of the staminate flower yellow-green, membranaceous, divided below into
3 or sometimes into 2 acute lobes; calyx of the pistillate flower, ovoid, yellow-green, divided
nearly to the base into 3 ovate acute concave divisions rounded on the back; stamens 2 or
often 3, exserted, more or less connate by their filaments into a stout column, free and spread-
ing at apex; anthers ovoid, light yellow, surmounted by the short prolonged connective, at-
tached on the back below the middle, erect, extrorse; ovary 6-8-celled, narrowed at base,
gradually contracted above into a short simple cylindric style separating into 6-8 long
radiating flattened abruptly reflexed lobes stigmatic on the inner face; ovule solitary in
each cell. Fruit drupaceous, pome-shaped, obscurely 6-8-lobed, raised on a thickened
woody stem; skin thin, light yellow-green or yellow and red; flesh thick, lactescent, ad-
herent to the thick-walled rugose deeply winged 6-8-celled, 6-8-seeded subglobose stone
flattened at the ends, the cells divided throughout by thin dark radial plates, ultimately
separable, penetrated near the summit by oblique canals filled by the funicles of the seeds.
Seeds oblong-ovoid, marked by a minute slightly elevated hilum and on the ventral face
by an obscure raphe; seed-coat membranaceous, separable into 2 layers, the outer dark,
the inner thinner, light brown; embryo surrounded by thick fleshy albumen.
The genus is represented by a single species abounding in exceedingly poisonous caustic
sap which produces cutaneous eruptions and when taken internally destroys the mucous
membrane; formerly employed by the Caribs to poison arrows.
The generic name is from tTTTros and fiavla, and was first used by the Greeks to distinguish
some plant with properties excitant to horses.
1. Hippomane Mancinella L. Manchineel.
Leaves 3'-4' long, l^'-2' wide, unfolding in early spring and persistent in Florida until
the spring of the following year; petioles 2^'-4' in length. Flowers opening in March
654 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
before the leaves of the year; rachis of the inflorescence 4'-6' long, dark purple, more or less
covered with a glaucous bloom. Fruit ripening in the autumn or early winter and often
persistent on the branches until after the appearance of the flowers of the following year,
l'-l|' in diameter, light yellow-green, with a bright red cheek; seeds about j long.
A tree, in Florida rarely more than 12°-15° high, with a short trunk 5'-6' in diameter,
long spreading pendulous branches forming a handsome round-topped head; in the West
Indies often 50°-60° tall, with a trunk occasionally 3° in diameter. Bark of the trunk
j'-|' thick, dark brown and broken on the surface into small thick appressed irregularly
shaped scales; in the West Indies sometimes smooth, light gray or nearly white. Wood
light and soft, close-grained, dark brown, with thick light brown or yellow sapwood.
Distribution. Florida, sandy beaches and dry knolls in the immediate neighborhood of
the ocean, shores of White Water Bay and on many of the southern keys; on the Bahama
Islands, through the Antilles to the northern countries of South America, and to south-
MD Mexico and the eastern and western coasts of Central America.
3. GYMNANTHES Sw.
Glabrous trees or shrubs, with milky juice and slender terete branchlets. Leaves con-
duplicate in the bud, petiolate, entire or crenulate-serrate, coriaceous, penniveined, per-
sistent; stipules membranaceous, minute, caducous. Flowers monoecious or rarely dioe-
cious; inflorescence buds covered with closely imbricated chestnut-brown scales, length-
ening in anthesis, bearing in the upper axils numerous 3-branched clusters of staminate
flowers, their branches furnished with minute ovate bracts, and in the lower axils 2 or 3
long-stalked pistillate flowers; calyx of the staminate flower minute or 0; stamens 2 or
rarely 3; filaments filiform, inserted on the slightly enlarged torus, free or slightly connate
at base; anthers attached on the back below the middle, erect, OToid, 2-celled, the cells
parallel; calyx of the pistillate flower reduced to 3 bract-like scales; ovary ovoid, 3-celled,
narrowed into 3 recurved styles free or slightly united at base, stigmatic on their inner face;
ovule solitary in each cell. Fruit a 3-lobed capsule separating from the persistent axis
into three 2-valved 1-seeded carpels dehiscent on the dorsal suture and partly dehiscent
on the ventral suture. Seed ovoid or subglobose, strophiolate; seed-coat crustaceous;
embryo erect in fleshy albumen.
Gymnanthes with about ten species is confined to the tropics of the New World and is
distributed from southern Florida, where one species occurs, through the West Indies
to Mexico and Brazil.
The generic name, from yvfxvds and dvdoi, relates to the structure of the naked flowers.
1. Gymnanthes lucida Sw. Crab Wood.
Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obscurely and remotely crenulate-serrate or
often entire, when they unfold thin and membranaceous, deeply tinged with red, and
glandular on the teeth with minute caducous dark glands, and at maturity coriaceous,
dark green and lustrous on the upper surface and pale and dull on the lower surface, 2'-3'
long, I'-li' wide, with a broad pale midrib raised and rounded on the upper side, obscure
primary veins arcuate and united near the margins and connected by prominent coarsely
reticulate veinlets; appearing in Florida in early spring and remaining on the branches
through their second summer; petioles broad, slightly grooved, about ^' in length; stipules
ovate, acute, light brown, clothed on the margins with long pale hairs, about ^^' long.
Flowers: inflorescence buds appearing in Florida late in the autumn in the axils of leaves
of the year and beginning to lengthen in spring, the inflorescence becoming l^'-2' long,
with a slender glabrous angled rachis, the scales broad-ovate, pointed, concave, rounded
and thickened at apex, puberulous and ciliate on the margins, those inclosing the male
flowers connate with the flowers and persistent under the calyx, those subtending the
female flowers at the base of the inflorescence and not raised on their peduncle. Fruit pro-
duced in Florida sparingly, ripening in the autumn, slightly obovoid, dark reddish brown
ANACARDIACE^
655
or nearly black, |' in diameter, covered with thin dry flesh, and pendent on a slender stem
1' or more in length; seeds ovoid.
A tree, occasionally 20°-30° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter and often irregularly
ridged, the rounded ridges spreading near the surface of the ground into broad buttresses,
slender erect branches forming a narrow open oblong head, and slender upright branchlets
light green more or less deeply shaded with red when they first appear, becoming in their
first winter light gray-brown faintly tinged with red and roughened by numerous oblong
pale lenticels, ultimately ashy gray and marked at the end of their second year by the
Fig. 593
semiorbicular elevated leaf-scars displaying the ends of 4 fibro-vascular bundle-scars
superposed in pairs. Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse, covered with chestnut-brown scales,
about j^' long. Bark of the trunk dark red-brown, about ^q' thick, separating into large
thin scales, in falling displaying the light brown inner bark. Wood very heavy, hard,
close-grained, rich dark brown streaked with yellow, with thick bright yellow sap wood;
in Florida occasionally manufactured into canes, and used as fuel.
Distribution. Florida, common in low woods from the shores of Bay Biscayne to the
Everglade Keys, Dade County, and on many of the southern keys to those of the Marque-
sas group; on the Bahama Islands, and on many of the Antilles.
XXXI. ANACARDIACEJE.
Trees or shrubs, with terete pithy branchlets, resinous juice, and alternate simple or
pinnate leaves, without stipules, and scaly or naked buds. Flowers regular, minute,
dioecious, polygamo-dioecious, or polygamo-monoecious; calyx-lobes and petals 5, im-
bricated in the bud or 0; stamens as many as the petals and alternate and inserted with
them on the margin or under an hypogynous annular fleshy slightly 5-lobed disk; filaments
filiform; anthers oblong, introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; ovary 1-celled;
styles 1-3; ovule solitary, suspended from the apex of a slender funicle rising from the
base of the cell, anatropous; micropyle superior; styles 3, united or spreading; stigmas
terminal. Fruit drupaceous. Seed without albumen; seed-coat thin and membranaceous;
embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons flat, accumbent on the short radicle.
The Sumach family with some sixty genera is mostly confined to the warmer parts of
the earth's surface and contains the Mango, Pistacia, and other important trees. In the
flora of the United States four genera have arborescent representatives.
656
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Flowers without petals, and in the species of the United States, without a calyx. 1 . Pistacia.
Flowers with a calyx and petals.
Flowers usually dioecious by abortion; styles lateral, spreading; pedicels of the abor-
tive flowers becoming long and plumose at maturity; fruit compressed, very oblique;
leaves simple, deciduous. 2. Cotinus.
Flowers mostly dioecious; styles terminal, short, united; stigma 3-lobed; fruit ovoid,
glabrous; leaves unequally pinnate, persistent. 3. Metopimn.
Flowers polygamo-dioecious or polygamo-monoecious; styles terminal, spreading; fruit
usually globose, naked or clothed with acrid hairs; leaves unequally pinnate, trifo-
liolate or rarely simple, deciduous or rarely persistent. 4. Rhus.
1. PISTACIA L.
Balsamic trees or shrubs. Leaves 3-foliolate or equally or unequally pinnate, petiolate,
deciduous or persistent. Flowers small, dioecious, subtended by a bract and 2 branchlets,
short pedicellate in panicles or racemes; calyx 1 or 2-lobed or in the pistillate flower
3-5-lobed, or 0; petals 0, stamens 3-5, 0 in the pistillate flower; filaments short, their
base connate with the disk; anthers large; ovary subglobose or short-ovoid, rudimentary
or 0 in the staminate flower; style 3-lobed, shorter than the 3 obovate-oblong or oblong
stigmas. Drupe ovoid, oblique, compressed; exocarpa thin; the stone bony, 1-seeded;
seed compressed; cotyledons thick plano-convex.
Pistacia with eight or nine species is confined to the valley of the lower Rio Grande,
southern Mexico; the Canary Islands, the countries adjacent to the Mediterranean, and
northern and central China, with one species growing on the northern banks of the Rio
Grande in Texas.
The Pistacio-nuts of commerce, the green or yellow seeds of P. vera L. are largely used
in confectionery, and some of the species are valued for the decoration of parks and gardens.
Pistacia from 7rt(rr and d/ceo/iat, in reference to the healing properties of its resinous
exudations.
1. Pistacia texana Swing.
Leaves persistent or tardily deciduous, 9-19-foliolate, with a slightly winged rachis
pubescent above and a flattened narrow-winged petiole §'-f ' in length ; leaflets spatulate.
Fig. 594
ANACARDIACEiE 657
rounded and often mucronate at apex, gradually narrowed below into a deltoid or sub-
cuneiform base, entire, more or less curved and unequilateral, wine-red when they unfold,
and at maturity thin, dark green and sparingly pubescent along the midrib above, pale and
glabrous below, nearly sessile or the terminal leaflet raised on a short petiolule, -i^'-^' long
and about \' wide, with a slender midrib often near one side of the leaflet and reticulate
veinlets. Flowers small, without a calyx, appearing just before or with the new leaves, in
simple nearly glabrous panicles, their bracts and bractlets ciliate on the margins and wine-
red at apex; staminate flowers more crowded than the pistillate, in compact panicles
f '-1^' long; anthers reddish yellow or wine color; pistillate flowers in loose panicles 1|'-2|'
in length; ovary ovoid or subglobose, two of the three styles with 2-lobed stigmas, the
third with a 3-lobed stigma. Fruit oval, dark reddish brown and slightly glaucescent,
about \' long and I' broad, usually striate.
A small tree, occasionally 30° high with a short trunk 15'-18' in diameter, with stout
erect and spreading branches forming a head sometimes 30°-35° across, and slender
slightly pubescent reddish branchlets becoming grayish brown by the end of their first
year; more often a large shrub with numerous stout stems.
Distribution. Texas, limestone cliffs and the rocky bottoms of canons periodically
swept by floods, and in deep narrow ravines, along the lower Pecos River and in the
neighborhood of its mouth, Valverde County; and in northeastern Mexico.
2. COTINUS L.
Small trees or shrubs, wdth scaly bark, small acute winter-buds, with numerous imbri-
cated scales, fleshy roots, and strong-smelling juice. Leaves simple, petiolate, oval, obo-
vate-oblong or nearly orbicular, glabrous or more or less pilose-pubescent, deciduous.
Flowers regular, dioecious by abortion or rarely polygamo-dioecious, greenish yellow, on
slender pedicels accrescent after the flowering period, mostly abortive and then becoming
conspicuously tomentose-villose at maturity, in ample loose terminal or lateral pyramidal
or thyrsoidal panicles, the branches from the axils of linear acute or spatulate deciduous
bracts; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, persistent; disk coherent with the base of the
calyx and surrounding the base of the ovary; petals oblong, acute, twice as long as the
calyx, inserted under the free margin of the disk opposite its lobes, deciduous; stamens
shorter than the petals, usually rudimentary or wanting in the pistillate flower; ovary
sessile, obovoid, compressed, rudimentary in the staminate flower; styles 3, short and
spreading from the lateral apex of the ovary; stigmas large, obtuse. Fruit oblong-oblique,
compressed, glabrous, conspicuously reticulate-veined, light red-brown, bearing on the
side near the middle the remnants of the persistent styles, the outer coat thin and dry;
stone thick and bony.
Cotinus is widely distributed through southern Europe and the Himalayas to central
China with a single species, and is represented in the southern United States by one
species.
The Old World Cotinus coggygria Scop., the Smoke-tree of gardens, is often cultivated
in the United States.
The generic name is from K6t»'os, the classical name of a tree with red wood.
1. Cotinus americanus Nutt. Chittam Wood.
Leaves oval or obovate, rounded or sometimes slightly emarginate at apex, gradually
contracted at base, and entire, with slightly wavy revolute margins, when they unfold
light purple and covered below with fine silky white hairs, and at maturity dark green on
the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, and puberulous along the under side of the
broad midrib and primary veins, 4'-6'long and 2'-3' wide; turning in the autumn brilliant
shades of orange and scarlet; petioles stout, |'-|' in length. Flowers appearing late in
April or early in May on pedicels Y~\' long* and usually collected 3 or 4 together in loose
umbels near the end of the principal branches of puberulous terminal slender long-branched
658
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
few-flowered panicles 5'-6' long and 2|'-3' broad, the staminate and pistillate flowers on
different individuals. Fruit produced very sparingly, about i' long, on stems 2'-S' in
length; the sterile pedicels becoming l|'-2' long at maturity and covered with short not
very abundant rather inconspicuous pale purple or brown hairs; seed kidney-shaped, pale
brown, about y^' ^^^S-
A tree, ^5°-35° high, with a straight trunk occasionally 12'-14' in diameter, usually
dividing 12°-14° from the ground into several erect stems separating into wide-spreading
often slightly pendulous branches, and slender branchlets purple when they first appear,
soon becoming green, bright red-brown and covered with small white lenticels and marked
by large prominent leaf-scars during their first winter, and dark orange-colored in their
second year. Winter-buds |' long, and covered with thin dark red-brown scales. Bark of
the trunk f ' thick, light gray, furrowed, and broken on the surface into thin oblong scales.
Fig, 595
Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, bright clear rich orange color, with thin nearly
white sap wood; largely used locally for fence-posts and very durable in contact with the
soil; yielding a clear orange-colored dye.
Distribution. Banks of the Ohio River, Owensboro, Daviess County, Kentucky {E. J.
Palmer); near Huntsville, Madison County, Alabama; valley of White River in Stone and
Taney Counties, southern Missouri; near Cotter, Baxter County, and Van Buren, Crawford
County, Arkansas, and eastern Oklahoma; valleys of the upper Guadalupe and Medina
Rivers, western Texas; usually only in small isolated groves or thickets scattered along the
sides of rocky ravines or dry slopes; very abundant as a small shrub and spreading over
many thousand acres of the mountain canons, and high hillsides in the neighborhood of
Spanish Pass, Kendall County, Texas.
Occasionally cultivated in the eastern United States and rarely in Europe: hardy as far
north as eastern Massachusetts.
3. METOPIUM P. Br.
Trees or shrubs, with naked buds, fleshy roots, and milky exceedingly caustic juice.
Leaves unequally pinnate, persistent; leaflets coriaceous, lustrous, long-petiolulate. Flow-
ers dioecious, yellow-green, on short stout pedicels, in narrow erect axillary clusters at the
ends of the branches, with minute acute deciduous bracts and bractlets, the males and
females on different trees; calyx-lobes semiorbicular, about half as long as the ovate obtuse
petals; stamens 5, inserted under the margin of the disk; filaments shorter than the anthers,
minute and rudimentary in the pistillate flower; ovary ovoid, sessile, minute in the stami-
ANACARDIACE^ 659
nate flower; style terminal, short, undivided; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit ovoid, compressed,
smooth and glabrous, crowned with the remnants of the style; outer coat thick and resin-
ous; stone crustaceous. Seed nearly quadrangular, compressed; seed-coat smooth, dark
brown and opaque, the broad funicle covering its margin.
Metopium with two species is confined to southern Florida and the West Indies.
The generic name, from ^ttos, was the classical name of an African tree now unknown.
1. Metopium toxiferumKr. & Urb. Poison Wood. Hog Gtun.
Metopium Metopium Small.
Leaves clustered near the end of the branches, 9'-10' long, with stout petioles swollen
and enlarged at base, and 5-7 leaflets, or often 3-foliolate; unfolding in March and per-
sistent until the following spring; leaflets ovate, rounded or usually contracted toward
Fig. 596
the acute or sometimes slightly emarginate apex, rounded or sometimes cordate or cuneate
at base, 3'-4' long, 2'-3' broad, with thickened slightly revolute margins, a prominent mid-
rib, primary veins spreading at right angles, and numerous reticulate veinlets; petiolules
stout, I'-l' long, that of the terminal leaflet often twice as long as the others. Flowers
about I' in diameter, in clusters as long or rather longer than the leaves; petals yellow-
green, marked on the inner surface by dark longitudinal lines; stamens rather shorter than
the petals. Fruit ripening in November and December, pendent in long graceful clusters,
orange-colored, rather lustrous, f in length; seed about Y long.
A tree, frequently 35°-40° high, with a short trunk sometimes 2° in diameter, stout spread-
ing often pendulous branches forming a low broad head, and reddish brown branchlets
marked by prominent leaf-scars and numerous orange-colored lenticels; or often a shrub
flowering when only a few feet tall. Winter-buds Y~¥ in length, with acuminate scales
ciliate on the margin with rufous hairs. Bark of the trunk about i' thick, light reddish
brown tinged with orange, often marked by dark spots caused by the exuding of the resinous
gum, and separating into large thin plate-like scales displaying the bright orange color of
the inner bark. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rich dark brown streaked with red, with
thick light brown or yellow sapwood of 25-30 layers of annual growth. The resinous gum
obtained from incisions made in the bark is emetic, purgative, and diuretic.
Distribution. Florida, shores of Bay Biscayne, on the Everglade Keys, and on Coot
Bay in the rear of Cape Sable, Dade County, and on the southern keys; very abundant; in
the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and Honduras.
660 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
4. RHUS L.
Trees or shrubs, with pithy branchlets, fleshy roots, and milky sometimes caustie or
watery juice. Leaves unequally pinnate, or rarely simple. Flowers mostly dicecious,
rarely polygamous, white or greenish white, in more or less compound axillary or terminal
panicles, the staminate and pistillate usually produced on separate plants; calyx-lobes
united at base only, generally persistent; disk surrounding the base of the free ovary, co-
herent with the base of the calyx; petals longer than the calyx-lobes, inserted under the
margin of the disk, opposite its lobes, deciduous; stamens 5, inserted on the margin of the
disk alternate with the petals; filaments longer than the anthers; ovary ovoid or subglo-
bose, sessile; styles 3, terminal, free or slightly connate at base, rising from the centre of
the ovary. Fruit usually globose, smooth or covered with hairs; outer coat thin and
dry, more or less resinous; stone crustaceous or bony. Seed ovoid or reniform, commonly
transverse; cotyledons foliaceous, generally transverse; radicle long, uncinate, laterally
accumbent.
Rhus is widely distributed, with more than one hundred species, in the extra-tropical
regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. In North America the genus is widely
and generally distributed from Canada to southern Mexico and from the shores of the
Atlantic to those of the Pacific Ocean, with sixteen or seventeen species within the territory
of the United States. Of these, four obtain the habit of small trees. The acrid poisonous
juice of Rhus vernicifera DC, of China, furnishes the black varnish used in China and
Japan in the manufacture of lacquer, and other species are valued for the tannin con-
tained in their leaves or for the wax obtained from their fruit.
The name of the genus is from 'PoOs, the classical name of the European Sumach.
CONSPECTUS OF NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Flowers in terminal thyrsoid panicles; fruit globular, clothed with acrid hairs; leaves un-
equally pinnate, deciduous; Sumachs.
Branches and leaf-stalks densely velvety hairy; leaflets 11-31, pale on the lower surface;
fruit covered with long hairs; buds inclosed in the enlarged base of the petioles;
juice milky. 1. R. typhina (A, C).
Branches and leaf-stalks pubescent; rachis winged; leaflets 9-21, green on the lower
surface; fruit pilose; buds not inclosed by the petioles; juice W9,tery.
2. R. copallina (A, C).
Flowers in axillary slender panicles; fruit glabrous, white; leaves unequally pinnate, de-
ciduous; leaflets 7-13. 3. R. vemix (A, C).
Flowers in short compact terminal panicled racemes; fruit pubescent; leaves ovate, entire
or serrate, simple or rarely trifoliolate, persistent. , 4. R. integrifolia (G).
1. Rhus typhina L. Staghom Sumach.
Rhus hirta Sudw.
Leaves 16 '-24' long, with a stout petiole usually red on the upper side and covered with
soft pale hairs, enlarged at base and surrounding and inclosing the bud developed in its
axil, and 11-31 oblong often falcate rather remotely and sharply serrate or rarely laciniate
long-pointed nearly sessile or short-stalked leaflets rounded or slightly heart-shaped at
base, covered above like the petiole and young shoots when they first appear with red
caducous hairs, bright yellow-green until half grown, and at maturity dark green and
rather opaque on the upper surface, pale or often nearly white on the lower surface, glabrous
with the exception of the short fine hairs on the under side of the stout midrib, and primary
veins forked near the margins, opposite, or the lower leaflets slightly alternate, those of
the 3 or 4 middle pairs considerably longer than those at the ends of the leaf, 2'-5' long,
and I'-l^' wide; turning in the autumn before falling bright scarlet with shades of crimson*
I
ANACARDIACE^
661
purple, and orange. Flowers opening gradually and in succession in early summer, the
pistillate a week or ten days later than the staminate, on slender pedicels from the axils of
small acute pubescent bracts, in dense panicles, with a pubescent stem and branchlets, and
acuminate bracts 5' to nearly 2' long and deciduous with the opening of the flowers; panicle
of the staminate flowers 8'-12' long and 5'-6' broad, with wide-spreading branches and
nearly one third larger than the more compact panicle of the pistillate plant; calyx-lobes
acute, covered on the outer surface with long slender hairs, much shorter than the petals
in the staminate flower, and almost as long in the pistillate flower; petals of the staminate
flower yellow-green sometimes tinged with red, strap-shaped, rounded at apex, becoming
reflexed above the middle at maturity; petals of the pistillate flower green, narrow and
acuminate, with a thickened and slightly hooded apex, remaining erect; disk bright red
and conspicuous; stamens slightly exserted, with slender filaments and large bright orange-
colored anthers; ovary ovoid, pubescent, the 3 short styles slightly connate at base, with
large capitate stigmas, in the staminate flower glabrous, much smaller, unusually rudimen-
Fig. 597
tary. Fruit fully grown and colored in August and ripening late in the autumn in dense
panicles 6'-8' long and 2'-3' wide, depressed-globose, with a thin outer covering clothed
with long acrid crimson hairs and a small pale brown bony stone; seed slightly reniform,
orange-brown. *
A tree, occasionally 35°-40° high, with copious white viscid juice turning black on ex-
posure, a slender often slightly inclining trunk occasionally 12'-14' in diameter, stout
upright often contorted branches forming a low flat open head, and thick branchlets cov-
ered with long soft brown hairs gathered also in tufts in the axils of the leaflets, becoming
glabrous after their third or fourth year, and in their second season marked by large nar-
row leaf-scars and by small orange-colored lenticels enlarging vertically and persistent for
several years; more frequently a tall shrub, spreading by underground shoots into broad
thickets. Winter-buds conic, thickly coated with long silky pale brown hairs, about \'
long. Bark of the trunk thin, dark brown, generally smooth, and occasionally separating
into small square scales. Wood light, brittle, soft, coarse-grained, orange-colored, streaked
with green, with thick nearly white sapwood. From the young shoots pipes are made for
drawing the sap of the Sugar Maple. The bark, especially that of the roots, and the
leaves are rich in tannin. A form with narrow deeply divided leaflets (f . dissecta Rfehdr.)
occasionally occurs.
Distribution. Usually on uplands in good soil, or less commonly on sterile gravelly
banks and on the borders of streams and swamps. New Brunswick and through the valley
662
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
of the St. Lawrence River to southern Ontario and westward to eastern North Dakota and
eastern and northeastern Iowa, and southward through the northern states and along the
Appalachian Mountains; more abundant on the Atlantic seaboard than in the region west
of the Appalachian Mountains.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the United States, and very commonly
in central and northern Europe.
X Rhus hyhrida Rehdr. a hybrid of R. typhina and R. glabra L. has been found in Mas-
sachusetts.
2. Rhus copallina L. Sumach.
Leaves 6'-8' long, with a slender pubescent petiole and rachis more or less broadly
wing-margined between the leaflets, the wings increasing in width toward the apex of the
leaf, and 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate leaflets entire or remotely serrate above the mid-
dle, sharp-pointed or rarely emarginate at apex, acute or obtuse and often unequal at
Fig. 598
base, those of the lower pairs short-petiolulate and smaller than those above the middle
of the leaf, the others sessile with the exception of the terminal leaflet sometimes con-
tracted into a long winged stalk, when they unfold dark green and slightly puberulous
above, especially ajk>ng the midrib, and covered below with fine silvery white pubescence,
at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, pale and pubescent below,
l|'-2^' long and about f wide, with slightly thickened revolute margins, a prominent mid-
rib and primary veins; turning in the autumn before falling dark rich maroon color on the
upper surface. Flowers appearing from June in the south to August in the north, those
of the staminate plant opening in succession during nearly a month and continuing to
unfold long after the petals of the pistillate plant have fallen, on stout pubescent pedicels
i'-|' long, in short compact pubescent panicles, the lower branches from the axils of the
upper leaves, 4'-6' long, 3'-4' broad, and usually smaller on the female than on the male
plant, their bracts and bractlets ovate or oblong, densely cinereo-pUose, deciciuous before
the expansion of the flowers; calyx puberulous on the outer surface, with ovate acute lobes
one third as long as the ovate greenish yellow petals rounded at apex, becoming reflexed
above the middle; disk red and conspicuous; stamens somewhat longer than the petals,
with slender filaments and large orange-colored anthers, in the pistillate flower much
shorter than the petals, with minute rudimentary anthers; ovary ovoid, pubescent, gla-
brous, much smaller in the staminate flower. Fruit ripening in five or six weeks and borne
in stout compact often nodding pubescent clusters sometimes persistent on the branches
ANACARDIACE^ 663
until the beginning of the following summer, |' across, slightly obovoid, more or less flat-
tened, with a thin bright red coat covered with short fine glandular hairs, and a smooth
bony orange-brown stone; seed reniform, smooth, orange-colored, with a broad funicle.
A tree, 25°-30° high, with colorless watery juice, a short stout trunk 8'-10' in diameter,
erect spreading branches, and branchlets at first dark green tinged with red and more or
less densely clothed with short fine or sometimes ferrugineous pubescence, appearing
slightly zigzag at the end of their first season from the swellings formed by the prominent
leaf-scars, and then pale reddish brown, slightly puberulous and marked by conspicuous
dark-colored lenticels; or at the north usually a low shrub rarely more than 4°-5° tall.
Winter-buds minute, nearly globose, and covered with dark rusty brown tomentum.
Bark of the trunk i'-^' thick, light brown tinged with red, and marked by large ele-
vated dark red-brown circular excrescences, and separating into large thin papery scales.
Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, light brown streaked with green and often tinged with
red, with thin lighter colored sapwood of 4 or 5 layers of annual growth. The leaves are rich
in tannin and are gathered in large quantities and ground for curing leather and for dyeing.
Distribution. Dry hillsides and ridges; widely and generally distributed from northern
New England southward to eastern Kentucky, Tennessee and to southern Florida, and to
southeastern Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas and the valley of the San An-
tonio River, Texas; in Cuba; in the United States arborescent only southward; at the north
rarely more than a few feet high and spreading by underground stems on gravelly sterile
soil into broad thickets; varying considerably in the size and form of the leaflets. The most
distinct and probably the most constant of these varieties is var. lanceolata A. Gray, a small
tree growing on the prairies of eastern Texas to the valley of the Rio Grande and to south-
eastern New Mexico, often forming thickets on river bluffs or on the banks of small streams,
and distinguished by its narrow acute often falcate leaflets and by its larger inflorescence
and fruit. A tree sometimes 25°-30° high, with a trunk occasionally 8' in diameter, cov-
ered by dark gray bark marked by lenticular excrescences. The flowers appear in July and
August and the dull red or sometimes green fruit ripens in early autumn and falls before the
beginning of winter-
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern United States, and in
western and northern Europe.
3. Rhus vemix L. Poison Dogwood. Poison Stunach.
Leaves 7'-14' long, with a slender usually light red or red and green petiole, and 7-13
obovate-oblong entire leaflets slightly unequal at base and narrowed at the acute or
rounded apex, bright orange color and coated, especially on the margins and under sur-
face, with fine pubescence when they unfold, soon becoming glabrous, and at maturity
3'-4' long, l|'-2' wide, dark green and lustrous above, pale below, with a prominent mid-
rib scarlet above, primary veins forked near the margins, conspicuous reticulate veinlets,
and re volute margins* turning early in the autumn before falling to brilliant shades of
scarlet or orange and scarlet. Flowers about |' long, appearing in early summer on
slender pubescent pedicels bibracteolate near the middle, in long narrow axillary pubes-
cent panicles crowded near the end of the branches, with acute pubescent early deciduous
bracts and bractlets; calyx-lobes acute, one third the length of the yellow-green acute petals
erect and slightly reflexed toward the apex; stamens nearly twice as long as the petals,
with slender filaments and large orange-colored anthers, in the fertile flower not more than
half the length of the petals, with small rudimentary anthers; ovary ovoid-globose, with
short thick spreading styles terminating in large capitate stigmas. Fruit ripening in
September and often persistent on the branches until the following spring, in long grace-
ful racemes, ovoid, acute, often flattened and slightly gibbous, tipped with the dark rem-
nants of the styles, glabrous, striate, ivory-white or white tinged with yellow, very lustrous,
and about §' long; stone conspicuously grooved, the wall thin, membranaceous; seed pale
yellow.
A tree, with acrid poisonous juice turning black on exposure, occasionally 25° high, with
664
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
a trunk 5'-6' in diameter, slender rather pendulous branches forming a narrow round-
topped head, and slender glabrous branchlets reddish brown and covered with minute
orange-colored lenticels when they first appear, orange-brown at the end of their first
season, becoming light gray and marked by large elevated conspicuous leaf-scars; more
Fig. 599
often a shrub, with several slender clustered stems. Winter-buds acute and covered with
dark purple scales puberulous on the back, and ciliate on the margins with short pale hairs,
the terminal |'-f ' long and two or three times larger than the axillary buds. Bark of the
trunk thin, light gray, smooth or sometimes slightly striate. "Wood light, soft, coarse-
grained, light yellow streaked with brown, with lighter colored sapwood.
Distribution. Wet swamps often inundated during a portion of the year; Quebec south
to Sebring, Highlands County, Florida {R. M. Harper), southern Alabama, and westward
to Ontario and southeastern Minnesota, western Louisiana and the valley of the Neches
River (San Augustine County) eastern Texas; common and one of the most dangerous
plants of the North American flora. An infusion of the young branches and leaves is em-
ployed in homoeopathic practice, and the juice can be used as a black lustrous durable
varnish.
4. Rhus integrifolia B. & H. Mahogany.
Leaves simple or very rarely 3-foliolate, persistent, acute or rounded at apex, with thick-
ened re volute, or spinosely toothed margins (var. serrata Engler), puberulous when young,
and at maturity H'-3' long, I'-l^' wide, thick and coriaceous, dark yellow-green above,
paler below, and glabrous with the exception of the stout petiole, broad thick midrib, and
prominent reticulate veins. Flowers appearing from February to April, \' in diameter
when expanded, on short stout pedicels, with 2-4 broad-ovate pointed persistent scarious
ciliate pubescent bractlets, in short dense racemes forming hoary-pubescent terminal
panicles l'-3' in length; sepals rose-colored, orbicular, concave, ciliate on the margins,
rather less than half the length of the rounded ciliate reflexed rose-colored petals; stamens
as long as the petals, with slender filaments and pale anthers, minute and rudimentary in
the pistillate flower; ovary broad-ovoid, pubescent, with 3 short thick connate styles and
very large 3-lobed capitate stigmas, rudimentary in the staminate flower. Fruit Y long,
ovoid, flattened, more or less gibbous, thick, dark red, densely pubescent; stone kidney-
shaped, smooth, light chestnut-brown, with thick walls; seed flattened, pale, with a broad
dark-colored funicle covering its side.
A tree, rarely 30° high, with a short stout trunk 2°-3° in diameter, numerous spreading
branches, and stout branchlets covered when they first appear with thick pale pubescence
CYRILLACEiE 665
disappearing in their second and third years, and bright reddish brown and marked by
numerous small elevated lenticels; or usually a small often almost prostrate shrub. Win-
ter-buds small, obtuse, covered with a thick coat of pale tomentum. Bark of the trunk
i'-|' thick, bright reddish brown, exfoliating in large plate-like scales. Wood hard, heavy.
Fig. 600
bright clear red, with thin pale sapwood of 8-10 layers of annual growth; valued and
largely used as fuel. The fruit is occasionally employed in the preparation of a cooling
beverage.
Distribution. Sandy sterile soil along sea beaches, and blufiFs in the immediate vicinity
of the ocean; neighborhood of Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County, California, to the
shores of Magdalena Bay, Lower California, and on the Santa Barbara and Cedros
islands; on the mainland usually shrubby, forming close impenetrable thickets; in more
sheltered situations and on the islands becoming arborescent; probably of its largest size
on the shores of Todos Santos Bay, Lower California.
XXXIL CYRILLACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with small scaly buds and watery juice. Leaves alternate, entire,
subcoriaceous, without stipules, persistent or tardily deciduous. Flowers small, regular,
perfect, on slender bibracteolate pedicels, in terminal or axillary racemes; calyx 5-8-lobed,
persistent, the lobe's imbricated in the bud; petals 5-8, hypogynous; stamens 5-10, hypogy-
nous, those opposite the petals shorter than the others; anthers oblong, introrse, 2-celled,
the cells laterally dehiscent, opening longitudinally; ovary 2-4-celled; ovules suspended,
anatropous; raphe dorsal; micropyle superior. Fruit an indehiscent capsule. Seed sus-
pended; seed-coat membranaceous; albumen fleshy, radicle superior.
A family confined to the warmer parts of America, with three genera, of which two are
represented by small trees in the southern states.
CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Flowers in axillary racemes; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5 contorted in the bud; fruit without
wings, 2-celled, with 2 seeds in each cell. 1. Cyrilla.
Flowers in terminal racemes; calyx 5-8-lobed; petals 5-8 imbricated in the bud; fruit
with 2-4 wings, 3 or rarely 4-celled, with 1 seed in each cell, 2. Cliftonia.
666
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
1. CYRILLAL.
A glabrous tree or shrub, with spongy bark, slender terete branchlets conspicuously
marked by large leaf-scars, and narrow acute winter-buds covered with chestnut-brown
scales. Leaves usually clustered near the end of the branches, oblong or oblong-obovate,
pointed, rounded, or slightly emarginate at apex, conspicuously reticulate-veined, short-
petiolate. Flowers on pedicels from the axils of narrow alternate persistent bracts, in
slender racemes from the axils of fallen leaves or of small deciduous bracts near the end of
the branches of the previous year; calyx minute, divided nearly to the base into 5 ovate-
lanceolate acute coriaceous lobes; petals 5, contorted in the bud, white or rose color, in-
serted on an annular disk, three or four times longer than the calyx-lobes, oblong-lanceolate,
acute, concave, subcoriaceous, furnished below the middle on the inner surface with a broad
glandular nectary; stamens 5, opposite the divisions of the calyx, inserted with and shorter
than the petals; filaments subulate, fleshy; anther-cells united above the point of attach-
ment, free below; ovary ovoid, free, sessile, pointed, 2-celled; styles short, thick; stigma
2-lobed, with spreading lobes; ovules 3 in each cell, suspended from an elongated placental
process developed from the apex of the cell. Fruit 2-celled, broad-ovoid, crowned with
the remnants of the persistent style; pericarp spongy. Seeds 2 in each cell, elongated,
acuminate; embryo minute, cylindric, 2-lobed.
Cyrilla is represented by a single species of the coast region of the south Atlantic and
Gulf states and of the Antilles and eastern tropical South America.
The name commemorates the scientific labors of Dominico Cirillo (1734-1799), the
distinguished Italian naturalist and patriot.
1. Cyrilla racemiflora L. Ironwood. Leather Wood.
Leaves 2'-3' long and I'-V wide, with a stout petiole |'-1' in length; turning late in the
autumn and early winter to brilliant shades of orange and scarlet and then deciduous, or
southward persistent with little change of color until the beginning of the following sum-
Fig. 601
mer. Flowers appearing late in June or early in July, in racemes usually 6-10 together
and 4'-6' long, at first erect, becoming pendulous before the fruit ripens. Fruit ripening
in August and September, rarely more than ^q' long; seeds light brown.
A slender tree, occasionally 30°-35° high, with a stout often eccentric trunk 10'-14' in
diameter, dividing several feet above the ground into numerous wide-spreading branches,
and slender branchlets bright brown during their first season and ultimately ashy gray;
CYRILLACEiE
667
often a broad bush sending up many slender stems 15°-20° high. Winter-buds about i' long.
Bark of the trunk rarely more than §' thick except near the base of old trees, and covered by
large thin bright red-brown scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, not strong, brown
tinged with red, with rather lighter colored sapwood. The spongy bark at the base of
the trunk is pliable, absorbent, and astringent, and has been recommended as a styptic.
Distribution. Rich shaded river-bottoms, the borders of sandy swamps and shallow
ponds of the coast Pine-belt, or on high sandy exposed ridges rising above streams near
the Gulf coast; southeastern Virginia southward near the coast to northern Florida
and westward along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Neches River, Texas; in Lake
County, Florida, and ranging northward in Mississippi to Forrest County (near Hat-
tiesburg, T. G. Harbison), and in Alabama to Dallas County; in swamps near the coast
of western Florida often a low shrub with Smaller leaves and shorter racemes (var. parvi'
flora Sarg.); in Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Demarara, and Brazil (var. racemifera Sarg.).
2. CLIFTONIA Gaertn. f.
A glabrous tree or shrub, with thick dark brown scaly bark, slender terete branchlets
marked by conspicuous leaf-scars, and small acuminate buds covered by chestnut-brown
scales. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, rounded or slightly emarginate at apex, glandular-
punctate, short-petiolate, persistent. Flowers on pedicels from the axils of large acumi-
nate membranaceous alternate bracts deciduous before the opening of the flowers, in short
terminal erect racemes; calyx 5-8-lobed, equal or unequal, broad-ovoid, rounded or acumi-
nate at apex, much shorter than the 5-8 obovate unguiculate concave white or rose-colored
sepals; stamens 10, opposite and alternate with the sepals, inserted with and shorter than
the petals, 2-ranked, those of the outer rank longer than the others; filaments laterally en-
larged near the middle, flattened below, subulate above; disk cup-shaped, surrounding the
base of the oblong 2-4-winged 2-4-celled ovary; stigma subsessile, obscurely 2-4-lobed;
ovules 2 in each cell, suspended from its apex. Fruit oblong, 2-4-winged, crowned with
the remnants of the persistent style, 3 or rarely 4-celled; pericarp spongy, the wings thin
and membranaceous. Seed 1 in each cell, terete, tapering to the ends, suspended ; cotyle-
dons very short.
Cliftonia is represented by a single species of the south Atlantic and Gulf states.
The generic name is in honor of Dr. Francis Clifton (d. 1736), an English physician.
1. Cliftonia monophylla Britt. Titi. Ironwood.
Leaves l|'-2' long, ^'-1' wide, bright green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on
the lower surface; persistent until the autumn of their second year. Flowers fragrant.
668 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
appearing in February and March, in racemes at first nodding, and conspicuous from the
long exserted dark red-brown caducous bracts, becoming erect as the flowers open. Fruit
about Y long, ripening in August and September; seeds i\'-j' long, light brown.
A tree, occasionally 40° -50° high, with a stout often crooked or inclining trunk, occa-
sionally 15'-18' in diameter, and usually divided 12°-15° from the ground into a number of
stout ascending branches, and slender rigid bright red-brown branchlets, becoming paler
during their second and third seasons; or sometimes a shrub, with numerous straggling
stout or slender stems frequently only a few feet high or occasionally 30°-40° high. Win-
ter-buds about J long. Bark of young stems and of large branches thin, the surface sep-
arating into small persistent scales l'-2' long, becoming near the base of old trees deeply
furrowed, dark red-brown, j' thick, and broken on the surface into short broad scales.
Wood heavy, close-grained, moderately hard, brittle, not strong, brown tinged with red,
with thick lighter colored sap wood of 40-50 layers of annual growth ; burning with a clear
bright flame, and valued as fuel.
Distribution. Damp sandy peat soil in alluvial swamps and bays free from mud, lime,
sulphur and salt, or often in shallow rarely overflowed swamps; coast region of the south
Atlantic states from the valley of the Savannah River to the coast of western Florida, and
through the maritime Pine-belt of the Gulf coast to eastern Louisiana.
XXXIII. AQUIFOLIACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with terete branchlets, scaly buds, and alternate simple entire crenate
or pungently toothed petiolate persistent or deciduous leaves, with minute stipules. Flow-
ers axillary, solitary or cymose, small, greenish white, dioecious; calyx 4-6-lobed, the lobes
imbricated in the bud, hypogynous; petals 4-6, oval or oblong, obtuse, free or united at
base, imbricated in the bud; disk 0; stamens as many as and alternate with the petals and
adnate to the base of the corolla ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally,
small and sterile in the pistillate flower; pistil compound; ovary 4-8-celled, minute and
rudimentary in the staminate flower; style short or 0; stigmas as many as the cells of the
ovary, nearly confluent; ovule generally solitary in each cell, suspended, anatropous;
raphe usually dorsal, the micropyle superior. Fruit a drupe, with as many indehiscent
bony or crustaceous 1 -seeded nutlets as carpels; sarcocarp thin and fleshy. Seed nar-
rowed at the ends, suspended; seed-coat membranaceous, pale brown; embryo minute
in the apex of the copious fleshy albumen; cotyledons plain; the radicle superior.
The Holly family with five genera is distributed in temperate and tropical regions of the
two hemispheres. Of the five genera now recognized, only Ilex is important in the number
of species or is widely distributed.
1. ILEX L.
Characters of the family.
Ilex with about one hundred and seventy-five species is found in all tropical and temper-
ate regions of the world with the exception of western North America, Australia, New
Zealand, Tasmania, and New Guinea, the largest number of species occurring in Brazil
and Guiana. Of the thirteen species which inhabit eastern North America, six are trees.
Ilex contains a bitter principle, ilicin, and possesses tonic properties. Ilex paraguariensis
St. Hilaire, of South America, furnishes the mate or Paraguay tea, and is the most useful
of the species. The European Ilex Aquifolium L. is a favorite garden plant, and is some-
times planted in the middle, southern, and Pacific United States.
Ilex is the classical name of the Evergreen Oak of southern Europe.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Parts of the flower in 4's; pedicels with bractlets at the base; nutlets prominently ribbed
on the back and sides; leaves persistent.
Leaves armed with spiny teeth ; young branchlets glabrous or sparingly pubescent.
1. I. opaca (A, C)
AQUIFOLIACEiE
669
Leaves serrate or entire; fruit bright red.
Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-obovate, mostly entire; young branchlets pubescent;
calyx-lobes acuminate. 2. I. Cassine (C).
Leaves elliptic or oblong-elliptic, coarsely crenulate-serrate; young branchlets
puberulous; calyx-lobes obtuse. 3. I. vomitoria (C).
Leaves entire, ovate, ovate-elliptic or ovate-lanceolate; fruit brownish purple.
4. I. ICrugiana (D).
Parts of the flower in 4's or 5's, rarely in 6's; pedicels without bractlets; nutlets striate,
many-ribbed on the back; leaves deciduous.
Leaves oblong-spatulate or obovate-lanceolate, remotely crenulate-serrate; calyx-
lobes broad-triangular. 5. I. decidua (A, C).
Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate; calyx-lobes acute.
6. I. monticola (A).
1. Hex opaca Ait. Holly.
Leaves elliptic to obovate-oblong, pungently acute, with thickened undulate margins
and few stout spinose teeth, or occasionally entire, especially on upper branches, thick,
coriaceous, dull yellow-green, paler and often yellow on the lower surface, 2'-4' long, with
a prominent midrib and conspicuous veins; persistent on the branches for three years,
Fig. 603
finally deciduous in the spring; petioles short, stout, thickened at base, grooved above,
slightly puberulent; stipules minute, broad-acute or nearly deltoid, persistent. Flowers
appearing in spring on slender puberulous pedicels, with minute acute bractlets, in short
pedunculate cymes from the axils of young leaves or scattered along the base of the young
shoots, 3-9-flowered on the staminate and 1 or rarely 2 or 3-flowered on the pistillate
plant; calyx-lobes acute, ciliate on the margins; stigmas broad and sessile. Fruit ripening
late in the autumn, persistent on the branches during the winter, spherical or ovoid, dull
red or rarely yellow, j in diameter; nutlets prominently few-ribbed on the back and sides,
rather narrower at apex than at base.
A tree, often 40°-50° and occasionally 80°-100° high, with a trunk 2°, 3°, or exception-
ally 4° in diameter, short slender branches forming a narrow pyramidal head, and stout
branchlets covered when they first appear with fine rufous pubescence disappearing during
their first season, and becoming glabrous and pale brown. Winter-buds obtuse or acu-
minate, ^'-j long, with narrow acuminate ciliate scales. Bark about ^' thick, light gray
and roughened by wart-like excrescences. Wood light, tough, not strong, close-grained.
670
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
nearly white when first cut, turning brown with age and exposure, with thick rather
lighter colored sap wood; valued and much used in cabinet-making, in the interior finish
of houses, and in turnery. The branches are used in large quantities for Christmas
decoration.
Distribution. Coast of Massachusetts, in the city of Quincy, Norfolk County, south-
ward generally near the coast to the shores of Mosquito Inlet and Charlotte Harbor, Flor-
ida; valley of the Mississippi River from southeastern Missouri and eastern and southern
Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma, and Louisiana to the valley of Cibolo Creek (Southerland
Springs, Wilson County), Texas; rare and of small size east of the Hudson River and rare in
the Appalachian Mountain region and the country immediately west of it; most abundant
and of its largest size on the bottom-lands of the streams of northern Louisiana, southern
Arkansas and eastern Texas; at the north in dry rather gravelly soil often on the margins of
Oak-woods, southward on the borders of swampy river-bottoms, in rich humid soil.
Occasionally cultivated in the eastern states as an ornamental plant.
2. Hex Cassine L. Dahoon.
Leaves oblanceolate to oblong-obovate, acute, mucronate or rarely rounded and occa-
sionally emarginate at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at base, revolute and entire,
or sometimes serrate above the middle with sharp mucronate teeth, puberulous above and
Fig. 604
densely pubetecent below when they first unfold, becoming glabrous at maturity with the
exception of scattered hairs on the lower surface of the broad midrib, dark green and lus-
trous above, pale below, H'-3' long and ^'^V wide; petioles short, stout, thickened at the
base, sparingly villose. Flowers on hairy pedicels, with acute scarious bractlets, in pedun-
culate clusters, 3-9-flowered on the staminate plant, usually 3-flowered on the pistillate
plant sometimes nearly 1' long, from the axils of leaves of the year or occasionally of the
previous year; calyx-lobes acute, ciliate. Fruit ripening late in the autumn, persistent
until the following spring, globose, sometimes Y in diameter, bright or occasionally dull red
or nearly yellow, solitary or often in clusters of 3's; nutlets prominently few-ribbed on the
back and sides; rounded at base, acute at apex.
A tree, 25''-30° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, and branches coated at first with
dense silky pubescence persistent until the end of the second or third year, ultimately dark
brown and marked by occasional lenticels; or often a low shrub. Winter-buds minute,
acute, with lanceolate scales thickly coated with pale silky pubescence. Bark of the trunk
AQUIFOLIACEiE
671
about ^' thick, dark gray, thickly covered and roughened by lenticels. Wood light, soft,
close-grained, not strong, pale brown, with thick nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Cold swamps and on their borders, in rich moist soil, or occasionally on
the high sandy banks of Pine-barren streams; South Carolina southward in the immediate
neighborhood of the coast to the shores of Bay Biscayne and the Everglade Keys, Dade
County, and in the interior of the peninsula in Polk and De Soto Counties, Florida,
and along the Gulf coast to western Louisiana; on the Bahama Islands and in Cuba
(var. latifolia Ait.); nowhere abundant on the Atlantic coast; most common in western
Florida and southern Alabama; passing through forms with elongated narrow leaves (var.
angustifolia Ait., the common form of southern Alabama) into the variety myriifolia
Sarg. This is a low shrub or occasionally a slender wide-branched tree, with pale nearly
white bark, puberulous branchlets, and crowded generally entire mucronate leaves |'-1'
long, Y wide, with strongly reflexed margins, a very short petiole, and a broad prominent
midrib; an inhabitant of Cypress-swamps and Pine-barren ponds or their margins, in the
neighborhood of the coast. North Carolina to Louisiana.
Ilex Cassine is occasionally cultivated in Europe.
3. Hex vomitoria Ait. Cassena. Yaupon.
Leaves elliptic to elliptic-oblong, obtuse, coarsely and remotely crenulate-serrate, cori-
aceous, dark green and lustrous above, pale and opaque below, l'-2' long and i'-l' wide,
persistent for two or three years, generally falling just before the appearance of the new
Fig. 605
growth of their third season; petioles short, broad, and grooved. Flowers on slender club-
shaped glabrous pedicels, with minute bractlets at the base, in short glabrous cymes on
branchlets of the previous year, those of the staminate plant short-stemmed and many-
flowered, those of the pistillate plant sessile and 1 or 2-flowered; calyx-lobes rounded, ob-
tuse, often slightly ciliate; ovary contracted below the broad flat stigma. Fruit produced
in great abundance, on stems not more than |' long, ripening late in the autumn or in early
winter, soon deciduous, or persistent until spring, scarlet, nearly globose, about I' in diam-
eter; nutlets obtuse at the ends, and prominently few-ribbed on the back and sides.
A small much-branched tree, 20°-25° high, with a slender often inclining trunk rarely
more than 6' in diameter, and stout branchlets standing at right angles with the stem,
slightly angled and puberulous during their first season, becoming glabrous or nearly gla-
brous, terete and pale gray in their second year; generally a tall shrub, with numerous stems
forming dense thickets. Winter-buds minute, obtuse, with narrow dark brown or often
nearly black scales. Bark of the trunk xV ~l' thick, the light red-brown surface broken
672
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
into thin minute scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, nearly white, turning yellow
with exposure, with thick lighter colored sapwood.
Distribution. Southeastern Virginia to the St. John's River and Cedar Keys, Florida,
and westward to the shores of Matagorda Bay and the valleys of the upper Rio Blanco and
the Guadalupe River, Texas, and to southern Arkansas; in the Atlantic and east Gulf
states rarely far from salt water (in Alabama northward to Autauga County), and usually
not more than 10°-15° high; of its largest size and of tree-like habit only on the rich bottom-
lands of eastern Texas. The branches covered with the fruit are sold during the winter
months for decorative purposes. An infusion of the leaves, which are emetic and purgative,
was used by the Indians, who formerly visited the coast in large numbers every spring to
drink it.
Occasionally used in the southern states for hedges.
4. Ilex Krugiana Loesen.
Leaves ovate, ovate-elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate and abruptly long-pointed op
acute at apex, rounded or obtusely cuneate at base, entire, with slightly thickened margins
subcoriaceous or coriaceous, glabrous, dark yellow-green and lustrous above, dull beneath,
Fig. 606
persistent, 2|'-4' long and l'-l|' wide, with a prominent midrib deeply impressed on the
upper side and pale on the lower side, and 6-9 pairs of slender primary veins connected
by thin reticulate veinlets; petioles slender, Y~¥ ^^ length; stipules minute, whitish, per-
sistent. Flowers on slender pedicels, xV^e' long, in the axils of minute acute scarious
deciduous bractlets, in crowded clusters, the staminate 1-3-flowered on short peduncles,
the pistillate 1-flowered; calyx about j\' in diameter, 4-lobed, the lobes triangular, suberect,
about as long as the tube, imbricated in the bud; corolla rotate, greenish white, petals 4,
ovate or slightly obovate in the pistillate flower, imbricated in the bud; stamens 4 in the
staminate flower, nearly as long as the petals; filaments slender, about as long as the oval
anthers; in the pistillate flower much smaller and abortive; ovary 4-celled, ellipsoid; stigma
small, discoid, obscurely 4-lobed; ovary of the staminate flower subconic, minute and abor-
tive. Fruit on a stout pedicel up to |' in length, globose, brownish purple, lustrous, |' in
diameter; sarcocarp thin; nutlets 4, irregularly 3-seeded, obtusely angled, dark brown.
In Florida a tree, sometimes 30°-40° high, with a tall often crooked trunk occasionally
4' in diameter and covered with thin smooth nearly white bark, becoming on old individ-
uals darker-colored and broken into narrow scales, and small ascending branchlets green
when they first appear, becoming light gray and finally white, and marked by numerous
round elliptic lenticels; often a shrub.
AQUIFOLIACEiE
673
Distribution. Florida, Homestead and Paradise Keys in the Everglades, Dade County;
in the Bahama Islands, Hayti and San Domingo.
5. Dex decidua Walt.
Leaves deciduous, except on vigorous shoots, fascicled at the end of short spur-like lateral
branchlets, oblong-spatulate or spatulate-lanceolate, acuminate, obtuse or emarginate at
apex, gradually narrowed below, remotely crenulate-serrate, 2'-3' long, |'-1' wide, thin
early in the season, becoming thick and firm at maturity, light green above and pale and
sparingly hairy along the narrow midrib below ; petioles slender, grooved, pubescent, about
J in length; stipules filiform, membranaceous. Flowers on slender pedicels, those of the
staminate plant often §' long and longer than those of the pistillate plant, in 1 or 2-flowered
glabrous cymes crowded at the end of the lateral branches of the previous season, or rarely
solitary on branchlets of the year; calyx-lobes triangular, with smooth or sometimes ciliate
margins. Fruit on short stout stems, ripening in the early autumn, often remaining on
the branches until the appearance of the leaves the following spring, globose or depressed-
Fig. 607
globose, orange or orange-scarlet, j' in diameter; nutlets narrowed and rounded at base,
acute or acuminate at apex, many-ribbed on the back.
A tree, 20°-30° high, with a slender trunk 6'-10' in diameter, stout spreading branches,
and slender glabrous pale silver gray branchlets; more often a tall straggling shrub.
Winter-buds minute, obtuse, with ovate light gray scales. Bark of the trunk rarely more
.than Y^e' thick, light brown, and roughened by wart-like excrescences. Wood heavy, hard,
close-grained, creamy white, with rather lighter colored sapwood.
Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps in low moist soil; Gloucester County,
Virginia, to western Florida in the region between the eastern and southern base of the Ap-
palachian Mountains and the neighborhood of the coast, and through the Gulf states to
the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and through Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma, and
southern and eastern (St. Louis, Pike and Marion Counties) Missouri to southern Illinois, and
southwestern Indiana (common in bottoms, Posey County, C C. Deam) ; usually shrubby
east of the Mississippi River and only arborescent in Missouri, southern Arkansas, and east-
ern Texas. In Florida a form (var. Curtissii Fern.) occurs with leaves only \'-l' long and
fruit about \' in diameter.
6. Ilex monticola Gray.
Leaves deciduous, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, abruptly narrowed and acuminate or
rarely acute at apex, cuneate or rarely rounded at base, sharply and rather remotely serrate
with minute glandular incurved teeth, thin, glabrous, or sparingly hairy along the prom-
674
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
inent midrib and veins, 2'-5' long, ^'-2^' wide, light green above and pale below; petioles
slender, 5'-^' in length. Flowers appearing in June when the leaves are more than half
grown, on slender pedicels ^' long on the staminate plant and much longer on the pistillate
plant, in 1-2-flowered cymes crowded at the end of lateral spur-like branchlets of the previ-
ous year, or solitary on branchlets of the year; calyx-lobes acute, ciliate; ovary contracted
below the broad flat stigma. Fruit globose, bright scarlet, nearly |' in diameter; nutlets
narrowed at the ends, prominently ribbed on the back and sides.
A tree, 30°-40° high, with a short trunk sometimes 10'-12' in diameter, slender branches
forming a narrow pyramidal head, and more or less zigzag glabrous branchlets pale red-
Fig. 608
brown at first, becoming dark gray at the end of their first season ; more often a low shrub,
with spreading stems. Winter-buds broad-ovoid to subglobose, about |' long, with ovate
keeled apiculate light brown scales. Bark of the trunk usually less than -^^' thick, with a
light brown surface roughened by numerous lenticels. Wood hard, heavy, close-grained,
and creamy white.
Distribution. Central and western New York, southward along the Appalachian
Mountains to eastern Tennessee; northern and central Georgia; coast of South Carolina
near Charleston; western Florida (Mariana, Jackson County, and Wakulla Springs,
Wakulla County) ; Dallas Coimty, Alabama; northeastern Mississippi (Tishomingo County),
and in West Feliciana and Wynn Parishes, Louisiana; a shrubby form with leaves soft
pubescent beneath (var. mollis Britt.) occurs in western Massachusetts and Connecticut,
and southward to North Carolina.
XXXIV. CELASTRACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, and opposite or alternate simple persistent or de-
ciduous leaves, with or without stipules. Flowers regular, perfect, polygamous or dioe-
cious, pedicellate in axillary clusters; calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud;
petals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud; stamens 4 or 5; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells
opening longitudinally; ovary 2-5-celled; ovules 2 or solitary in each cell (6 in Canotia),
anatropous, or subhorizontal (in Canotia). Fruit a capsule or drupe. Seed with copious
albumen; embryo axile.
A family of about thirty-eight genera widely distributed over the tropical and warm
temperate parts of the world, with five arborescent representatives in the United States.
CELASTRACEiB 675
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Leaves opposite, deciduous; parts of the flower in 4's; fruit a fleshy capsule enclosed in a
colored aril. 1. Evonymus.
Leaves alternate, persistent {0 in 3).
Fruit capsular; parts of the flower in 5's.
Capsule 3-4-valved, loculicidal, its outer coat woody, the valves apiculate at
apex; base of the seed enclosed in a colored aril. 2. Maytenus.
Capsule 5-valved, septicidal, its outer coat thin and fleshy, the valves 2-lobed at
apex; seed without an aril. 3. Canotia.
Fruit drupaceous; parts of the flower in 4's; seed without an aril.
Leaves often crenately serrate above the middle; stipules minute, caducous; fruit
usually 1-seeded; branchlets quadrangular. 4. Gyminda.
Leaves entire; stipules 0; fruit 2-seeded; branchlets terete. 5. Schaefferia.
'l. EVONYMUS L.
Small generally glabrous trees or shrubs, with usually square sometimes wing-margined
branchlets, bitter drastic bark, slender obtuse or acuminate winter-buds, and fibrous ropts.
Leaves opposite, petiolate, entire, crenate or dentate, deciduous or rarely persistent;
stipules minute, caducous. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dicecious, in dichotomous ax-
illary usually few-flowered cymes; calyx 4-lobed (in the North American arborescent
species); disk thick and fleshy, cohering with and filling the short tube of the calyx, flat,
4-angled or lobed, closely surrounding and adhering to the ovary; petals inserted in the
sinuses of the calyx under the free border of the disk, as many as and much longer than the
calyx-lobes, spreading, deciduous; stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them,
inserted on the summit of the disk; filaments very short, subulate, erect or recurved; an-
thers 2-celled, the cells nearly parallel or spreading below; ovary 4-celled; styles short,
terminating in a depressed stigma; ovules usually 2 in each cell, ascending from the central
angle; raphe ventral, micropyle inferior, or pendulous, the raphe then dorsal and the micro-
pyle superior. Fruit capsular, 4-lobed and celled, fleshy, angled or winged, smooth (in
the North American arborescent species), loculicidally 4-valved, the valves septicidal.
Seeds 2 in each cell, or commonly solitary by abortion, ascending, surrounded by a col-
ored aril; seed-coat chartaceous; albumen fleshy; embryo axile; cotyledons broad, coria-
ceous, parallel with the raphe; the radicle short, inferior.
Evonymus is widely distributed through the northern hemisphere, extending south
of the equator to the islands of the Indian Archipelago and to Australia. About forty
species are distinguished, the largest number occurring in the tropical regions of southern
Asia, and in China and Japan. Of the four species found within the territory of the
United States one only is a small tree. Many of the species are rich in bitter and as-
tringent principles, and are drastic and slightly stimulant. Many are valued as orna-
ments of gardens and parks.
The generic name is from the classical name of one of the European species.
1. Evonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Burning Bush. Wahoo.
Leaves ovate-elliptic, acuminate, minutely serrate or biserrate, thin, puberulous below,
2'-5' long and l'-2' wide, with a stout midrib and primary veins; turning pale yellow in
the autumn and falling in October; petioles stout, 2'"!' in length. Flowers appearing
from May to the middle of June, nearly |' across, in twice or thrice dichotomous usually
7-15-flowered cymes borne on slender peduncles l'-2' long and conspicuously marked by
the scars of minute bracts; calyx-lobes 4, rounded or rarely acute at apex, mostly entire;
petals broad-obovate, undulate, often erose on the margins; anthers spreading. Fruit
ripening in October, usually persistent on the branches until midwinter, deeply lobed,
Y across, with light purple valves; seeds sometimes gibbous on the dorsal side, broad and
676
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
rounded above, narrowed below, |' long, with a thin light chestnut-brown wrinkled coat
and a thin scarlet aril.
A tree, rarely 20°-25° high, with a trunk 4'-6' in diameter, spreading branches, and
slender terete branchlets dark purple-brown at first, becoming lighter colored in their
second season, often covered with small crowded lenticels, and marked by prominent
leaf-scars, occasionally slightly or on vigorous shoots rarely broadly wing-margined ; more
often a shrul>, 6°-10° tall. Winter-buds |' long, acute, with narrow purple apiculate
Fig. 609
scales scarious on the margins and covered by a glaucous bloom. Bark thin, ashy gray,
and covered by thin minute scales, Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, white tinged
with orange.
Distribution. Borders of woods in rich soil ; western New York to southern Minnesota,
central Iowa, southeastern South Dakota, northwestern Nebraska, central Kansas, Okla-
homa to the valley of the Canadian River (near Minton, Caddo County), southern Ar-
kansas and eastern Texas (Dallas County), and southward to eastern Tennessee, and Jack-
son County, Alabama; in the valley of the upper Missouri River, Montana; arborescent
only in southern Arkansas and Texas.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornament of gardens in the eastern United States and in
Europe.
2. MAYTENUS Molina.
Small unarmed trees or shrubs with slender branchlets and minute buds. Leaves
alternate often in two ranks, coriaceous, petiolate, persistent; stipules minute, deciduous.
Flowers polygamous, small, white, yellow or red, axillary, solitary or in cymose or fas-
cicled clusters; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, spreading; stamens 5, inserted under the orbicular
disk, with undulate margins; filaments filiform; anthers ovoid-cordate; ovary immersed
and confluent with the disk, 2-4-celled, style 0 or columnar; stigma 2-4>-lobed, usually
sessile; ovules erect, solitary or in pairs in each cell. Fruit capsular, coriaceous, 2-4-valved;
seed erect, surrounded at base or entirely in a pulpy aril; testa crustaceous; albumen
fleshy or wanting; cotyledons foliaceous.
Maytenus with some seventy spedes is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropi-
cal regions of America from southern Florida, where one species occurs, to Brazil and
Chile.
The Chilean Maytenus boaria Molina, a handsome tree of graceful habit, is occasionally
cultivated in California.
The generic name is from Mayten, the Chilean name of one of the species.
CELASTRACEiE
677
1. Maytenus phyllanthoides Benth.
Leaves oblong-obovate to elliptic, rounded and rarely emarginate or acute at apex,
gradually narrowed and cuneate at base and entire, deeply tinged with red when they
unfold and at maturity, I'-l^' long and ^'-Y wide, with thickened often slightly undulate
margins, a slender midrib, obscure primary veins, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets;
petioles stout, ^'-4' in length. Flowers usually solitary or in compact fascicles, short-
stalked, about Y^j' in diameter; calyx-lobes rounded at apex, often persistent under the
fruit, reddish, shorter than the white petals; ovary 3-4-celled. Fruit solitary, short-
Fig. 610
stalked, broad-obovoid, 4-angled, rounded and minutely mucronate at apex, abruptly
narrowed below, bright red, j'-Y long and broad, 1-celled, 3-4-valved, the valves opening
to the base, ridged down the inner surface with a low ridge developed from the dissepi-
ment, 2-4-seeded; seed ellipsoid, acute at the ends, yi^' long, surrounded at base by an open
bright red aril.
A round-topped tree, rarely 20° high, with a trunk l°-2° in diameter (teste J. K. Small),
and slender alternate glabrous pale gray branchlets; usually a low shrub.
Distribution. Florida, west coast, Captiva Island, Lee County, to the neighborhood
of Cape Sable; Cocoanut Grove, Dade County, and on many of the southern keys; on
bluffs of Matagorda Bay near Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Texas; in northern Mexico
and Lower California; probably of its largest size in Florida on Sands Key and on Cap-
tiva Island.
3. CANOTIATorr.
A glabrous leafless tree, with light brown deeply furrowed bark, stout terete alternate
branches terminating in rigid, pale green and striate spines, their base and those of the
peduncles surrounded by black triangular persistent cushion-like processes minutely
papillose on the surface. Flowers perfect, on slender spreading pedicels jointed below the
middle, 3-7 together, in short-stemmed fascicles or corymbs near the end of the branches,
from the axils of minute ovate subulate bracts; calyx 5-lobed, minute, persistent, much
shorter than the oblong obtuse white hypogynous petals imbricated in the bud, reflexed
at maturity above the middle, deciduous; stamens 5, hypogynous, opposite the lobes of
the calyx; filaments awl-shaped, rather shorter than the petals, persistent on the fruit;
anthers oblong, cordate, minutely apiculate, attached below the middle, grooved on the
back; ovary raised upon and confluent with a fleshy slightly 10-angled gynophore, papil-
lose-glandular on the surface, 5-celled, the cells opposite the petals, terminating in a fleshy
elongated style; stigma slightly 5-lobed; ovules 6 in each cell, inserted in 2 ranks on its
678
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
inner angle, subhorizontal; micropyle inferior. Fruit a woody ovoid, acuminate capsule
rounded at base, crowned with the subulate persistent style, septicidally 5-valved,
the valves 2-lobed at apex; outer coat thin, fleshy; inner coat woody. Seed solitary or in
pairs, ascending, subovoid, flattened; seed-coat subcoriaceous, papillate, produced below
into a subfalcate membranaceous wing; embryo surrounded by thin fleshy albumen, erect;
cotyledons oval, compressed; radicle very short, inferior.
The genus is represented by a single species.
The generic name is that by which this plant was known to the Mexicans of Arizona
at the time of its discovery.
Leaves 0.
1. Canotia holacantha Terr.
Flowers I'-l' in diameter, appearing from June until October.
Capsule 1'
long; seed about f in length.
A small shrub-like tree, sometimes 20°-30° high, with a short stout trunk rarely a foot
in diameter; or often a low spreading shrub.
J
Fig. 611
Distribution. Dry gravelly mesas on the Arizona foothills, from the White Mountain
region to the valley of Bill Williams's Fork in the northwestern part of the state, and on
Providence Mountain in southern California.
4. GYMINDA Sarg.
Trees or shrubs, with pale quadrangular branchlets and minute acuminate buds. Leaves
opposite, short-petiolate, oblong-obovate, rounded and sometimes emarginate at apex,
entire or remotely crenulate-serrate above the middle with revolute thickened margins,
feather- veined, coriaceous, persistent; stipules minute, acuminate, membranaceous,
caducous. Flowers unisexual, pedicellate, in axillary pedunculate few-flowered dichoto-
mously branched cymes bibracteolate at apex; calyx minute, 4-lobed, persistent, with a
short urceolate tube and rounded lobes; disk fleshy, filling the tube of the calyx, cup-
shaped, slightly 4-lobed; petals entire, obovate, white, rounded at apex, reflexed, much
longer than the lobes of the oalyx; stamens 4, opposite the sepals, inserted in the lobes of
the disk, exserted, 0 in the pistillate flower; filaments slender, subulate, incurved; anthers
oblong; ovary 2-celled, oblong, sessile, confluent with the disk, crowned with a large 2-lobed
sessile stigma, rudimentary and deeply cleft in the staminate flower; ovule solitary, sus-
pended from the apex of the cell; raphe dorsal; micropyle superior. Fruit drupaceous,
i-celled, 1 or 2-seeded, black or dark blue, oval or obovoid, crowned with the remnants of
CELASTRACEiE
679
the persistent stigma, often 1-celled by abortion; flesh thin; stone thick, crustaceous. Seed
oblong, suspended; seed-coat membranaceous; albumen thin, fleshy; embryo axile; cotyle-
dons ovate, foliaceous; radicle superior, next the hilum.
Gyminda with a single species is distributed from southern Florida to Trinidad and
southern Mexico, and is represented in Central America by what is perhaps a second
species.
The generic name is formed by transposing the first three letters of Myginda, to which
this plant had been referred.
1. Gyminda latifolia Urb.
Gyminda Grisebachii Sarg.
Leaves l^'-i' long, |-1' broad, pale yellow-green. Flowers produced on shoots of
the year from April to June. Fruit ripening in November, Y long.
A tree, sometimes ^O^-gS® high, with a trunk rarely more than 6' in diameter, and
branchlets becoming terete during their third season and covered with thin slightly
Fig. 612
grooved roughened bright red-brown bark. Bark of the trunk thin, brown tinged with
red, separating into thin minute scales. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, dark
brown or nearly black, with thick light brown sapwood of 75-80 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Florida, common and generally distributed over the southern keys
from the Marquesas group to Upper Matecombe Key; in Cuba, Porto Rico, Trinidad,
and southern Mexico. A form (var. glaucescenSy Small.) with smaller less coriaceous
very glaucous leaves occurs in Cuba.
5. SCHffiFFERIA Jacq.
Glabrous trees or shrubs, with slender rigid terete branches and small obtuse buds.
Leaves alternate, or fascicled on short spur-like branchlets, entire, obovate or spatulate,
acute and minutely apiculate or gradually narrowed to the rounded or emarginate apex,
cuneate below, persistent, without stipules. Flowers dioecious, pedicellate in axillary
clusters from buds covered by scale-like persistent bracts; calyx 4-lobed, the lobes orbic-
ular, persistent, much shorter than the 4 hypogynous, oblong, obtuse, white or greenish
white petals; stamens 4, hypogynous, inserted under the margin of the small inconspicuous
disk opposite the lobes of the calyx, wanting in the pistillate flower; filaments subulate, in-
curved; anthers oblong-ovoid; ovary 2-celled, ovoid, sessile, free, rudimentary in the
680
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
staminate flower; style very short, gradually enlarged into the large 2-lobed stigma, with
spreading lobes; ovule solitary, ascending; raphe thin, ventral; micropyle inferior. Fruit
a small 2-seeded fleshy drupe, ovoid or obovoid, crowned with the remnants of the per-
sistent style, indistinctly 2-lobed by longitudinal grooves, slightly flattened; flesh thin
and tuberculate; nutlets 2, obovoid, rounded at the ends, with a thick bony shell. Seed
solitary, ascending; seed-coat membranaceous; albumen fleshy; cotyledons broad, folia-
ceous; radicle very short, inferior, next the hilum.
Schsefferia with four or five species is confined to the New World, with one species in
southern Florida, and another, a small shrub, Schaeferia cuneifolia A. Gray in the arid
region of western Texas and northern Mexico.
The generic name is in honor of Jakob Christian Schaeffer (1718-1790), the distinguished
German naturalist.
1. Schaefferia frutescens Jacq. Yellow Wood. Box Wood.
Leaves bright yellow-green, 2-2^' long, ^'-1' wide, with thick revolute margins, ap-
pearing in Florida in April and persistent on the branches until the spring of the foUow-
Fig. 613
ing year; petioles short and broad Flowers opening in spring on branchlets of the
year, Y across, the staminate generally 3 or 5 together on pedicels rarely more than |'
long, the pistillato solitary or 2 or 3 together on pedicels rather longer than the petioles.
Fruit ripening in Florida in November, slightly grooved, compressed, bright scarlet, with
an acrid disagreeable flavor.
A glabrous tree, 35°-40° high, with a trunk sometimes 8'-10' in diani ter, erect branches,
and slender many-angled branchlets pale greenish yellow during their first season, becom-
ing light gray during their second year and then conspicuously marked by the remains of
the persistent wart-like clusters of bud-scales; or often a tall or low shrub. Bark of the
trunk rarely more than ^^' thick, pale brown faintly tinged with red, the surface divided
by long shallow fissures, and ultimately separating into long narrow scales. Wood heavy,
close-grained, bright clear yellow, with thick rather lighter colored sapwood; sometimes
used as a substitute for boxwood in wood engraving.
Distribution. Florida, upper Matecombe and Old Rhodes Keys, and eastward on the
southern keys, and on the Everglade Keys, Dade County; on the Bahama Islands, and
widely distributed through the West Indies to Venezuela.
ACERACEiE 681
XXXV. ACERACE^.
Trees or rarely shrubs, with limpid juice, terete branches, scaly buds, their inner scales
accrescent and marking the base of the branchlets with ring-like scars, and fibrous roots.
Leaves opposite, or on vigorous shoots rarely in whorls of 3, long-petiolate, simple, palmately
3-7-lobed and nerved or pinnately 3-7-foliolulate, usually without stipules, deciduous, in
falling leaving small U-shaped narrow scars showing the ends of 3 equidistant fibro-vas-
cular bundles. Flowers regular, dioeciously or monoeciously polygamous, rarely perfect or
dioecious, in fascicles produced from separate lateral buds appearing in early spring before
the leaves or in terminal and lateral racemes or panicles appearing with or later than the
leaves; bracts minute, caducous; calyx colored, generally 5-parted, the lobes imbricated in
the bud; petals usually 5, imbricated in the bud, or 0; disk annular, fleshy, more or less
lobed, with a free margin; stamens 4-10, usually 7 or 8, inserted on the summit or inside of
the disk, hypogynous; filaments distinct, filiform, commonly exserted in the staminate,
shorter and generally abortive in the pistillate flower; anthers oblong or linear, attached
at the base, introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled, com-
pressed contrary to the dissepiment, wing-margined on the back; styles 2, inserted between
the lobes of the ovary, connate below and divided into 2 linear branches stigmatose on their
inner surface; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral, rarely superposed, ascending, attached by
their broad base to the inner angle of the cell, anatropous or amphitropous; micropyle
inferior. Fruit composed of 2 samaras separable from a small persistent axis, the nut-like
carpels compressed laterally, produced on the back into a large chartaceous or coriaceous
reticulated obovate wing thickened on the lower margin. Seed solitary by abortion, or
rarely 2 in each cell, ovoid, compressed, irregularly 3-angled, ascending obliquely, without
albumen; seed-coat membranaceous, the inner coat often fleshy; embryo conduplicate;
cotyledons thin, foliaceous or coriaceous, irregularly plicate, incumbent or accumbent on
the elongated descending radicle turned toward the hilum.
A family of two genera, one widely distributed, the other, Dipteronia, distinguished
by the broad wings encircling the mature carpels, and represented by a single Chinese
species.
1. ACER L. Maple.
Characters of the family.
Acer with sixty or seventy species is widely distributed over the northern hemisphere,
with a single species extending south of the equator to the mountains of Java. Acer pro-
duces light close-grained moderately hard wood valued for the interior finish of houses and
n turnery. The bark is astringent, and the limpid sweet sap of some of the American
Species is manufactured into sugar.
Acer is the classical name of the Maple-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves simple, usually palmately lobed (sometimes 3-foliolate in 1, 3-lohed at apex in ^).
Flowers appearing with or after the leaves.
Flowers with petals; sepals distinct.
Inflorescence corymbose.
Flowers in terminal drooping corymbs.
Leaves 3-lobed or parted. 1. A. glabrum (B, F, G).
Leaves palmately 3-5-lobed. 2. A. circinatum (B, G).
Inflorescence racemose.
Flowers in dense erect racemes. 3. A. spicatum (A) .
Flowers in drooping racemes.
Ovary and young fruit glabrous; leaves 3-lobed at apex.
4. A. pennsylvanicum (A).
Ovary and young fruit hairy; leaves deeply 5-lobed. 5. A. macrophyllum (G).
682
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Flowers without petals; sepals united; inflorescence corymbose; pedicels long, pen-
dulous, mostly hairy.
Leaves pale or glaucescent, or green and glabrous beneath.
Leaves green or pale beneath, glabrous or in one form villose-pubescent on the
under side of the veins and on the petioles. 6. A. saccharum (A, C).
Leaves pale and pubescent, rarely glabrous beneath, their lobes usually short
and obtuse or acuminate.
Lobes of the leaves only slightly lobed or entire; bark of young trees smooth
and pale. 7. A. fioridaniun (C).
Lobes of the leaves distinctly lobulate; bark of young trees dark brown and
scaly. 8. A. grandidentatum (F, H).
Leaves green and pubescent, rarely glabrous beneath.
Leaves hirsute-pubescent beneath and on the petioles, the lobes entire or lobu-
late, the basal sinus often closed by the lower lobes; bark dark and furrowed.
9. A. nigrum (A).
Leaves pilose-pubescent, rarely glabrous beneath, the lobes slightly lobulate,
the basal sinus open; petioles glabrous; bark pale and smooth.
10. A. leucoderme (C).
Flowers appearing before the leaves in dense lateral clusters from separate buds;
leaves 5-lobed {3-lohed in varieties of 12) ; fruit ripening in May or June.
Flowers sessile or short-stalked, without petals; ovary and young fruit tomentose.
11. A. saccharinum.
Flowers on long pedicels, with petals; ovary and young fruit glabrous.
12. A. rubrum.
Leaves 3-7-foliolate; flowers dioecious, without petals. 13, A. Negundo (A, B, C, F, G, H).
1. Acer glabrum Ton*. Dwarf Maple.
Leaves glabrous, thin, rounded in outline, cordate-truncate or cuneate at base, 3-5-lobed,
the middle lobe usually narrowed and entire below the middle, or often 3-parted or 3-foli-
olate (f. trisecta Sarg.), with acute or obtuse doubly serrate lobes, 3'-5' in diameter, dark
Fig. 614
green and lustrous on the upper, paler on the lower surface, with conspicuous veinlets;
petioles stout, grooved, l'-6' in length, and often bright red. Flowers about |' long on
short slender pedicels, in loose few-flowered glabrous racemose corymbs on slender droop-
ing peduncles from the end of 2-leaved branchlets, the staminate and pistillate usually
produced separately on different plants; sepals oblong, obtuse, petaloid, as long as the
ACERACE^
683
greenish yellow petals; stamens 7 or 8, with glabrous unequal filaments shorter than the
petals, much shorter or rudimentary in the pistillate flower; ovary glabrous, with short
obtuse lobes, rudimentary or 0 in the stamina te flower; style divided to the base into 2
spreading stigmatic lobes as long as the petals. Fruit glabrous, with broad nearly erect
or slightly spreading wings f'-|' long, often rose-colored during the summer; seeds ovoid,
bright chestnut-brown, about |' long.
A small tree, occasionally 20°-30° high, with a short trunk 6'-12' in diameter, small
upright branches, and slender glabrous branchlets often slightly many-angled, pale greenish
brown when they first appear, becoming bright red-brown during their first winter; often a
shrub. Winter-buds acute, |' long, with bright red or occasionally yellow scales, those of
the inner ranks pale brown tinged with pink, tomentose on the inner surface, becoming
1^' long and narrow-spatulate. Bark of the trunk thin, smooth, and dark reddish brown.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, light brown or often nearly white, with thick lighter
colored sapwood.
Distribution. Borders of mountain streams usually at elevations of 5000°-6000°; Rocky
Mountains from Montana to Wyoming, the Black Hills of South Dakota, Sioux County,
Nebraska, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, northern Arizona, and to the Sacramento Mountains,
New Mexico; in California from the Siskiyou Mountains along the Sierra Nevada to the
East Fork of the Kaweah River, Kern County, at altitudes of 5000°-6000° at the north
and of 8000°-9000° at the south. Passing into
Acer glabrum var. Douglasii Dippel.
Acer Douglasii Hook.
Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, slightly cordate by a wide shallow sinus, truncate or rarely
rounded at base, 3-lobed with acuminate lobes often slightly divided into acuminate lobules,
the terminal leaflet usually ovate from a broad base, or occasionally gradually narrowed
Fig. 615
below and rhombic in outline and sharply serrate to the base or nearly to the base of the
lobe with long-acuminate teeth pointing forward, dark green above, paler and often glau-
ceacent below, 3^'-4' long and 3-4' wide, with 3 prominent nerves extending to the points
of the lobes, and slender veins; petioles glabrous, l'-3^' in length. Flowers as in the species.
Fruit with erect or nearly erect wings, |'-1' long and 1'-^' wide.
684 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, occasionally 40° high, with a short trunk 12'-18' in diameter, small upright
branches and slender bright red-brown branchlets.
Distribution. Coast of southern Alaska (head of Lynn Canal), southward near the coast
to Vancouver Island and western Washington, and eastward on the high mountains of
Washington to the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon, western Idaho and northern Mon-
tana; on Loomis Creek, Natrona County, Wyoming.
2. Acer circinatum Pursh. Vine Maple.
Leaves almost circular in outline, cordate at base by a broad shallow sinus, or some-
times almost truncate, palmately 7-9-lobed occasionally nearly to the middle, with acute
lobes sharply and irregularly doubly serrate, and conspicuously palmately nerved, with
Fig. 616
prominent veinlets, when they unfold tinged with rose color, and puberulous, especially
on the lower surface and on the petioles, and at maturity glabrous with the exception of
tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the large veins, thin and membranaceous, dark green above,
pale below, and 2'-7' in diameter; in the autumn turning orange and scarlet; petioles stout,
grooved, l'-2' in length, clasping the stem by their large base. Flowers appearing when
the leaves are about half grown, in loose 10-20-flowered umbel-like corymbs pendent on
long stems from the end of slender 2-leaved branchlets, the staminate and pistillate flowers
produced together; sepals oblong to obovate, acute, villose, purple or red, much longer than
the greenish white broad, cordate petals folded together at apex; stamens 6-8, with slender
filaments villose at base, exserted in the staminate flower, much shorter than the petals in
the pistillate flower; ovary glabrous, with spreading lobes, in the staminate flower reduced
to a small point surrounded by a tuft of pale hairs; style divided nearly to the base into
long exserted stigmas. Fruit with thin wings, 1|' long, spreading almost at right angles,
red or rose color like the nutlets in early summer, ripening late in the autumn; seeds smooth,
pale chestnut-brown, |'-i' long.
A tree, rarely 30°-40° high, often vine-like or prostrate, with a trunk 10'-12' in diameter,
and glabrous pale green or reddish brown branchlets frequently covered during their first
winter with a glaucous bloom, and occasionally marked by small lenticels; often a low
wide-spreading shrub. Winter-buds |' long, rather obtuse, with thin bright red outer scales
rounded on the back, and obovate-spatulate inner scales rounded at apex, contracted into
a long narrow claw, bright rose-colored and more or less pubescent, especially on the outer
surface, and when fully grown often 2' long and Y broad. Bark of the trunk thin, smooth,
bright red-brown, marked by numerous shallow fissures. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained,
not strong, light brown, sometimes nearly white, with thick lighter colored sapwood; used
I
ACERACE^ 685
for fuel, the handles of axes and other tools, and by the Indians of the northwest roast for
the bows of their fishing-nets.
Distribution. Banks of streams ; coast of British Columbia through western Washington
and Oregon to Mendocino County, and the canon of the upper Sacramento River, Cali-
fornia; one of the most abundant of the deciduous-leaved trees of western Washington and
Oregon up to altitudes of 4000° above the sea, and of its largest size on the rich alluvial
soil of bottom-lands, its vine-like stems in such situations springing 4 or 5 together from
the ground, spreading in wide curves and sending out long slender branches rooting when
they touch the ground and forming impenetrable thickets of contorted and interlaced
trunks, often many acres in extent; in California smaller and less abundant, growing along
streams -in the coniferous forest or rarely on dry ridges up to an altitude of 4000° in the
northeastern part of the state.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in Europe, and in the eastern states, and
hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts.
3. Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple.
Leaves subcordate or sometimes truncate at base, conspicuously 3-nerved, 3 or slightly
5-lobed, with gradually narrowed pointed lobes, and sharply and coarsely glandular-
serrate, when they unfold puberulous on the upper surface and densely tomentose on the
Fig. 61 7
lower surface, and at maturity thin, 4'-5' long and broad; turning in the autumn
to various shades of orange and scarlet; petioles slender, enlarged at base, 2'-3' in
length, often becoming scarlet in summer. Flowers opening in June after the leaves are
fully grown, |' diameter, on slender pedicels |'-|' long, the pistillate toward the base and
the staminate at the apex of a narrow many-flowered long-stemmed upright slightly com-
pound pubescent raceme; calyx-lobes narrow-obovate, yellow, pubescent on the outer
surface, much shorter than the linear-spatulate pointed yellow petals; stamens 7 or 8, in-
serted immediately under the ovary, with slender glabrous filaments as long as the petals in
the sterile flower, about as long as the sepals in the pistillate flower, and glandular anthers;
ovary hoary-tomentose, reduced to a minute point surrounded by a tuft of pale hairs in
the staminate flower; style columnar, almost as long as the petals, with short stigmatic
lobes. Fruit fully grown and bright red or yellow in July, turning brown late in the au-
tumn, almost glabrous, with more or less divergent wings about 5' long; seeds smooth,
dark red-brown, f long.
A bushy tree, occasionally 25°-30° high, with a short trunk 6'-8' in diameter, small up-
right branches, and slender branchlets light gray and pubescent when they first appear.
686
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
becoming glabrous during the summer, bright red during their first winter, gray or pale
brown the following season, and blotched or streaked with green toward the base; more
often a tall or low shrub. Winter-buds acute; the terminal j long, with bright red outer
scales more or less coated with hoary tomentum, those of the inner ranks becoming at
maturity 1' or more in length and then lanceolate, pale and papery; axillary buds much
smaller and glabrous or puberulous. Bark of the trunk very thin, reddish brown, smooth
or slightly furrowed. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with
thick lighter colored sapwood.
Distribution. Moist rocky hillsides usually in the shade of other trees, and really
arborescent only on the western slopes of the high mountains of Tennessee and North
Carolina; Newfoundland and Labrador to Hudson Bay, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan,
and southward through the northern states, and westward to Minnesota and northeastern
Iowa, and along the Appalachian Mountains.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the northern states.
4. Acer pennsylvanicum L. Striped Maple. Moose Wood.
Leaves rounded or cordate at base, palmately 3-nerved, 3-lobed at apex, with short lobes
contracted into a tapering serrate point, and finely and sharply doubly serrate, when they
unfold thin, pale rose color and coated with ferrugineous pubescence, especially on the
Fig. 618
lower surface and on the petioles, and at maturity glabrous with the exception of tufts of
ferrugineous hairs in the axils of the principal nerves on the two surfaces, thin, pale green
above, rather paler below, 5'-6' long and 4'-5' wide; tm-ning in the autumn clear light
yellow; petioles stout, grooved, l|'-2' in length, with an enlarged base nearly encircling
the branch. Flowers bright canary-yellow, opening toward the end of May or early in
June when the leaves are nearly fully grown, on slender pedicels l'-^' long, in slender
drooping long-stemmed racemes 4'-6' in length, the staminate and pistillate usually in
different racemes on the same plant; sepals linear-lanceolate to obovate, |' long and a little
shorter and narrower than the obovate petals; stamens 7-8, shorter than the petals in the
staminate flower, rudimentary in the pistillate flower; ovary purplish brown, glabrous, in
the staminate flower reduced to a minute point; styles united nearly to the top, with
spreading recurved stigmas. Fruit in long drooping racemes, glabrous, with thin spreading
wings f ' long, and marked on one side of each nutlet by a small cavity; seeds j' long, dark
red-brown, and slightly rugose.
A tree, 30°-4iO° high, with a short trunk 8'-10' in diameter, small upright branches, and
slender smooth branchlets pale greenish yellow at first, bright reddish brown during their
ACERACEiE
687
first winter, and at the end of two or three years striped like the trunk with broad pale
lines; or often much smaller and shrubby in habit. Winter-buds: the terminal conspicu-
ously stipitate, sometimes almost Y long, much longer than the axillary buds, covered by
two thick bright red spatulate boat-shaped scales prominently keeled on the back, the
inner scales green and foliaceous, becoming l^'-2' long, |' wide, pubescent, and bright yel-
low or rose color. Bark of the trunk |'-j' thick, reddish brown, marked longitudinally by
broad pale stripes, and roughened by many oblong horizontal excrescences. Wood light,
soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood of 30-40 layers of annual
growth.
Distribution. Usually in the shade of other trees, often forming in northern New
England a large part of their shrubby undergrowth ; shores of Ha-Ha Bay, Quebec, west-
ward along the shores of Lake Ontario and the islands of Lake Huron to northern Wiscon-
sin, and southward through the Atlantic states and along the Appalachian Mountains to
northern Georgia; ascending to altitudes of 5000°; common in the north Atlantic states,
especially in the interior and elevated regions; of its largest size on the slopes of the Big
Smoky Mountains, Tennessee, and of the Blue Ridge in North and South Carolina.
Sometimes cultivated as an ornamental tree in the northern states, and occasionally in
Europe.
5. Acer macrophyllum Pursh. Broad-leaved Maple.
Leaves more or less cordate at the broad base, deeply 5-lobed by narrow sinuses acute in
the bottom, the lobes acute or acuminate, the terminal lobe often 3-lobed, the others usually
furnished with small lateral lobules, the lower lobes much smaller than the others, promi-
Fig. 619
nently 3-5-nerved, puberulous when they unfold, especially on the upper surface along
the principal veins, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper
surface, pale on the lower surface, 8'-12' in diameter; turning in the autumn bright orange
color before falling; petioles stout, 10'-12' in length, with enlarged bases united and encir-
cling the stem and often furnished on the inside with small tufts of white hairs. Flowers
bright yellow, fragrant, j' long, on slender pubescent often branched pedicels i'-j in length,
the staminate and pistillate together in graceful pendulous slightly puberulous racemes
4'-6' long, appearing in April and May after the leaves are fully grown ; sepals petaloid, obo-
vate, obtuse and a little longer and broader than the spatulate petaJs; stamens 9-10, with
long slender filaments hairy at base, exserted in the staminate flower and included in the
pistillate flower, and orange-colored anthers; ovary hoary-tomentose, reduced in the stam-
inate flower to a minute point; styles united at base only; stigmas long and exserted. Fruit
688 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
fully grown by the 1st of July and ripening late in the autumn; nutlets covered with long
pale hairs, their wings 1^' long, ^' wide, slightly divergent and glabrous with the exception
of a few hairs on the thickened edge; seeds dark-colored, rugose and pitted, Y long.
A tree, 80°-100° high, with a tall straight trunk 2°-3° in diameter, stout often pendulous
branches forming a compact handsome head, and stout branchlets smooth and pale green
at first, becoming bright green or dark red in their first winter, covered more or less thickly
with small longitudinal white lenticels, and in their second summer gray or grayish brown.
Winter-buds obtuse; terminal Y long, with short broad slightly spreading dark red ciliate
outer scales rounded on the back, those of the inner ranks green and foliaceous, and at
maturity 1|' long, colored and puberulous; axillary buds minute. Bark of the trunk |'-|'
thick, brown faintly tinged with red or bright reddish brown, deeply furrowed and broken
on the surface into small square plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-
grained, rich brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored often nearly white sapwood
of 60-80 layers of annual growth; more valuable than the wood produced by other decidu-
ous-leaved trees of western North America, and in Washington and Oregon used in the
interior finish of buildings, for furniture, and for axe and broom-handles.
Distribution. Banks of streams or on rich bottom-lands or the rocky slopes of mountain
valleys; coast of Alaska south of latitude 55° north, southward along the islands and coast
of British Columbia, through Washington and Oregon west of the Cascade Mountains,
and southward along the coast ranges and the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the
San Bernardino Mountains, and to Hot Spring Valley, San Diego County, California; on
the Sierra Nevada usually between altitudes of 2000° and 5000° and on the southern moun-
tains rarely above 3000°; most abundant and of its largest size in the humid climate and
rich soil of the bottom-lands of southwestern Oregon, forming extensive forests; in Cali-
fornia usually much smaller, especially on the coast ranges.
Generally planted in the Pacific States for shade and as a street tree, and occasionally
in the Eastern States as far north as Long Island, New York, and in western Europe; not
hardy in Massachusetts.
6. Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple.
Leaves rarely in whorls of 3, heart-shaped by albroad sinus, truncate or sometimes
cuneate at base, 3-5-lobed, the lobes usually acute sparingly sinuate-toothed usually
3-lobulate at apex, with 3-5 conspicuous nerves, and reticulate veinlets, when they un-
fold coated below with pale pubescence, glabrous or more or less pubescent on the nerves
below (var. Schneckii Rehd.) and at maturity, 4'-5' in diameter, often rather coriaceous,
dark green and opaque on the upper surface, green or pale (var. glaucum Sarg.) on the lower
surface; turning in the autumn brilliant shades of deep red, scarlet and orange or clear yel-
low ; petioles slender, glabrous, l|'-3' in length. Flowers appearing with the leaves on slen-
der more or less hairy pedicels f '-3' long, in nearly sessile umbel-like corymbs from terminal
leaf-buds and lateral leafless buds, the staminate and pistillate in the same or in separate
clusters on the same or on different trees; calyx broad-campanulate, 5-lobed by the partial
union of the obtuse sepals, greenish yellow, hairy on the outer surface; corolla 0; stamens
7-8, with slender glabrous filaments twice as long as the calyx in the staminate flower
and much shorter in the pistillate flower; ovary ob+usely lobed, pale green, covered with long
scattered hairs, in the staminate flower reduced to a minute point; styles united at base
only, with 2 long exserted stigmatic lobes. Fruit ripening in the autumn, glabrous, with
broad thin and usually divergent wings ^'-I'long; seeds smooth, bright red-brown, \' long.
A tree, 100°-120° high, with a trunk often 3°-4° in diameter, rising sometimes in the
forest to the height of 60°-70° without branches, or in open situations developing 8°-10°
from the ground stout upright branches forming while the tree is young a narrow egg-shaped
head, ultimately spreading into a broad round-topped dome often 70°-80° across, and
slender glabrous branchlets green at first, becoming reddish brown by the end of their first
season, lustrous, marked by numerous large pale oblong lenticels, and in their second
winter pale brown tinged with red. Winter-buds acute, \' long, with purple slightly puber-
ACERACEiE
689
ulous outer scales, and inner scales becoming 1^' long, narrow-obovate, short-pointed at apex,
thin, pubescent, and bright canary yellow. Bark of young stems and of large branches
pale, smooth or slightly fissured, becoming on large trunks ^'-f thick and broken into
deep longitudinal furrows, the light gray-brown surface separating into small plate-like
,v ales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, light brown tinged with red, with
tLi.n sapwood of 30-40 layers of annual growth; largely used for the interior finish of build-
ings,^ especially for floors, in the manufacture of furniture, in turnery, shipbuilding, for
shoe-liists and pegs, and largely as fuel. Accidental forms with the grain curled and con-
torted, K'/"own as curly maple and bird's-eye maple, are common and are highly prized in
cabinet-maK.i The ashes of the wood are rich in alkali and yield large quantities of
potash. Maple .;5 ■ ;ar is principally made from the sap of this tree.
Distribution. N* vfoundland and Nova Scotia, westward to the Lake of the Woods,
Ontario, and southwa. i through eastern Canada and the northern states, and along the
Appalachian Mountain. ^ to northern Georgia; in central Alabama and Mississippi, and
Fig. 620
westward in the United States to Minnesota, northeastern South Dakota (coulees of Little
Minnesota River, Roberts County), central and northwestern Iowa, eastern Kansas,
central Oklahoma, and eastern Louisiana; most abundant northward; ascending in North
Carolina the Alleghany Mountains to altitudes of 3000°; the var. glaueum rare and local
in the north from Prince Edwards Island and Lake St. John, Quebec, to Iowa and south-
ward to Pennsylvania, Ohio and central Tennessee; more abundant southward; apparently
the only form but not common in South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and
southern Arkansas; the var. SchnecMi with leaves glaucous or glaucescent below and more
or less densely pubescent with spreading hairs, on the under side of the midrib and veins
and on the petioles, southern Indiana and Illinois to western Kentucky and western and
middle Tennessee, northwestern Georgia (near Rome, Floyd County), and to eastern
Missouri southward to Williamsville, Wayne County.
Commonly planted as a shade and ornamental tree in the northern states. A form of
columnar habit (var. monumentale Schwerin) is occasionally cultivated.
More distinct are the following varieties :
Acer saccharum var. Rugelii Rehd.
Leaves thick, 3'-5' long and 4'-6' wide, pale and glabrous below, 3-lobed by broad
rounded sinuses, rounded or slightly cordate at base, the lobes long-acuminate, usually en-
tire, the middle lobe occasionally slightly undulate, the lateral lobes spreading, sometimes
furnished near the base with a short acute lobule.
690
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Southeastern Ohio to western Pennsylvania (Kittanlng, Armstrong
County) and eastern and middle Tennessee, and to southern Ontario, the southern penin-
i
Fig. 621
sula of Michigan, eastern and central Indiana, southern Illinois, eastern Missouri and
northwestern Arkansas (Eureka Springs, Carroll, County); rare and local in its extreme
form; its 3-lobed leaves sometimes appearing or^ upper branches of trees bearing on lower
branches leaves of the typical Sugar Maple.
Acer sacchanuTi var. sinuosum Sarg.
Acer 'nnuosum Rehd.
Leaves suborbicular, broader than long, 3-5-lobed with short triangular-ovate to tri-
angular-oblong obtuse lobes, entire or on vigorous shoots occasionally dentate, usually
broad-cordate at base, often with the nerves of the two lateral lobes projecting into the
I
ACERACE^ 691
broad sinus and forming its base, when they unfold glabrous and purplish above, loosely
hairy below, soon glabrous, and at maturity dark yellow-green and lustrous on the upper
surface, pale, reticulate-venulose and glabrous except in the axils of the principal veins on
the lower surface, 3-5-nerved, usually not more than 1^' long, occasionally up to 2|' long
and 3' wide; petioles slender, glabrous, Y~^¥ in length. Flowers appearing with the leaves,
on slender glabrous pedicels, ^'-Ij' long, in 3-8-flowered nearly sessile corymbs; calyx broad-
campanulate or cupulate, with short semiorbicular lobes ciliate on the margins; petals 0;
stamens usually 6, with slender filaments longer than the calyx of the staminate flower; style
divided to below the middle, with two spreading stigmas. Fruit glabrous, with long and
broad almost horizontally spreading nutlets, convex, smooth, pale yellow-brown, the wing
curved upward. r
A tree, rarely more than 20° high with a short trunk 8'-ld' in diameter, small branches
forming an open irregular head, and slender glabrous branchlets light green above when
they first appear, becoming pale red-brown and marked by pale lenticels during their first
season and ultimately dull gray-brown. Bark of the trunk smooth, pale gray. Winter-
buds small, obtuse, covered with dark brown scales, those of the inner ranks accrescent,
linear-oblong, scarlet or pink, up to 1|' in length when fully grown.
Distribution. Edwards Plateau of western Texas, banks and bluflFs of Cibelo Creek,
near Boerne, Kendall County, on the rocky banks of upper Saco Creek, Bandera County,
and at the base of a high limestone bluff near Utopia, Uvalde County; rare and local.
7. Acer floridaiitmi Pax. Sugar Maple.
Leaves rounded, truncate or slightly cordate at the broad base, 3-5-lobed, with short obtuse
or acute entire or lobulate lobes, when they unfold sparingly hairy on the upper surface
and hoary-tomentose on the lower surface, and at maturity thin, dark green and lustrous
Fig. 623
above, pale or glaucescent and pubescent below, l^'-3' in diameter, and prominently
3-5-nerved, with stout spreading lateral veins and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; turning
yellow and scarlet in the autumn before falling; petioles slender, glabrous, or pubescent
generally becoming glabrous, Il'-S' in length, with an enlarged base nearly encircling the
branchlet. Flowers appearing with the leaves on slender elongated sparingly hairy ul-
timately glabrous or villose-tomentose (var. villipes Rehd.) pedicels, in many-flowered
drooping nearly sessile corymbs; calyx campanulate, yellow, about f long, persistent under
the fruit, the short lobes ciliate on the margins with long pale hairs; corolla 0. Fruit green.
692
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
sparingly villose until fully grown, usually becoming glabrous, with spreading occasionally
erect wings f'-f long; seeds smooth, bright red-brown, about j' long.
A tree, occasionally 50°-60° high, with a trunk rarely 3° in diameter, small erect and
spreading branches, and slender glabrous or more or less densely villose-tomentose (var.
viUipes Rehdr.) branchlets, light green when they first appear, becoming rather light red-
brown during their first season, and covered with minute pale lenticels; usually smaller.
Winter-buds obtuse, about |' long, with dark chestnut-brown obtuse scales and bright
rose-colored linear-spatulate inner scales often 1' long when fully grown. Bark of the trunk
thin, smooth, pale, becoming near the base of old trees thick, dark, and deeply furrowed.
Distribution. River banks and low wet woods, southeastern Virginia (near McKinney,
Dinwiddie County, W. W. Ashe), valley of the Roanoke River near Weldon, Halifax
County, North Carolina, and southward to southern Georgia and western Florida to La-
fayette County; near Selma, Dallas County, Alabama; West Feliciana Parish and through
western Louisiana to eastern Texas (Harrison and San Augustine Counties), and southern
Arkansas (Fulton, Hempstead County); the var. villipes near Raleigh, Wake County,
North Carolina, Calhoun Falls, Abbeville County, South Carolina, Shell Bluff on the
Savannah River, Burke County, Cuthbert, Randolph County, and Columbus, Muscogee
County, Georgia; River Junction, Gadsden County, Florida, and on the San Luis Moun-
tains, southern New Mexico {A. hrachypterum Woot. & Stanl.).
Sometimes planted as a shade-tree; the prevailing tree in the streets and squares of
Raleigh, North Carolina.
8. Acer grandidentatum Nutt. Sugar Maple.
Leaves cordate or truncate at base, 3-lobed by broad shallow sinuses, the lobes acute or
obtuse, entire or slightly lobulate, sparingly hairy on the upper surface and thickly coated
Fig. 624
with dense pale tomentum on the lower surface when they unfold, and at maturity thick and
firm, dark green and lustrous above, pale and pubescent below, especially on the stout nerves
and veins, or rarely glabrous, 2'-5' in diameter; turning in the autumn before falling yellow
and scarlet; petioles stout, l'-2' in length, glabrous, often red after midsummer, encircling
the branchlet with their large base villose on the inner surface. Flowers appearing with
the leaves on long slender drooping villose pedicels, in short-stalked corymbs; calyx cam-
panulate, yellow, sparingly hairy with long pale hairs, about \' long, with broad rounded
lobes, often persistent under the fruit; corolla 0; stamens 7 or 8, much longer than the calyx,
in the pistillate flower shorter than the calyx; ovary usually glabrous, with long spreading
ACERACE^
693
stigmatic lobes, rudimentary in the staminate flower. Fruit often rose-colored at mid-
summer, green at maturity, glabrous or rarely sparingly hairy, with spreading or erect
wings ^'-1' long; seeds smooth, light red-brown, about I' long.
A tree, occasionally 30°-4fO° high, with a trunk 8'-10' in diameter, stout usually erect
branches, and slender glabrous bright red branchlets marked by numerous small pale
lenticels and nearly encircled by the narrow leaf-scars, with conspicuous bands of long pale
hairs in their axils. Winter-buds acute or acuminate, about ■^' long, bright red-brown,
with puberulous-ciliate outer scales and obovate apiculate inner scales sometimes ^ long
when fully grown. Bark of the trunk thin, dark brown, separating on the surface into
plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, bright brown or nearly white, with
thick sapwood.
Distribution. Banks of mountain streams usually at altitudes of 5000°-6000^ above
the sea; on the Salt River Mountains, western Wyoming; valley of the Columbia River in
northern Montana, southeastern Idaho (Pocatello, Oneida County), Wasatch Mountains,
Utah, mountains of Arizona and of southern New Mexico; on the Guadalupe Mountains,
western Texas, and on the Wichita Mountains, southwestern Oklahoma (G. W. Stevens) ; in
Coahuila; rare and local.
Occasionally cultivated; hardy in the Arnold Arboretum.
9. Acer nigrum Michx. Black Maple.
Leaves generally 3 or occasionally 5-lobed, with abruptly short-pointed acute or acu-
minate lobes, undulate and narrowed from broad shallow sinuses and rarely furnished with
short lateral spreading lobules, cordate at base with a broad sinus usually more or less closed
Fig. 625
by the approximation or imbrication of the basal lobes, occasionally 3-lobed with a broad
long-acuminate nearly entire terminal lobe, and rounded or slightly cordate at base (var.
Palmeri Sarg.), covered below when they unfold with hoary tomentum and above with
caducous pale hairs, and at maturity thick and firm in texture, dull green on the upper
surface, yellow-green and soft-pubescent, especially along the yellow veins on the lower
surface, and 5'-Q' long and wide, with drooping sides; turning bright clear yellow in the
autumn; petioles stout, tomentose or pubescent, sometimes becoming glabrous at maturity,
usually pendent, 3'-5' in length, much enlarged at base, frequently nearly inclosing the
buds, in falling leaving narrow scars almost encircling the branchlet and furnished in their
axils with tufts of long pale hairs; stipules triangular and dentate or foliaceous, sessile or
stipitate, oblong, acute, tqmentose or pubescent, sometimes slightly lobed, frequently
\\' long. Flowers yellow, about \' long, on slender hairy pedicels 2|'-3' long, in many-
694 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
flowered nearly sessile umbel-like corymbs, the staminate and pistillate in separate or in
the same cluster on the same or on different trees; calyx broad-campanulate, 5-lobed by
the partial union of the sepals, pilose on the outer surface near the base; corolla 0; stamens
7 or 8, with slender glabrous filaments, in the staminate flower nearly twice as long as the
calyx and in the pistillate flower shorter than the calyx; ovary obtusely lobed, pale green,
covered with long scattered hairs, minute in the sterile flower. Fruit glabrous, with con-
vergent or wide-spreading wings |'-1' long; seeds smooth, bright red-brown, j' long.
A tree, sometimes 80° high, with a trunk frequently 3° in diameter, stout spreading or
often erect branches, and stout branchlets marked by oblong pale lenticels, orange-green
and pilose with scattered pale caducous hairs when they appear, orange or orange-brown
and lustrous during their first year, becoming dull pale gray-brown the following season.
Winter-buds sessile, ovoid, acute, |' long, with dark red-brown acute scales hoary-pubes-
cent on the outer surface and often slightly ciliate on the margins, and yellow puberulous
inner scales, ^'-1' long at maturity. Bark 6i young stems and of the branches thin,
smooth, pale gray, becoming on old trunks thick, deeply furrowed, and sometimes almost
black.
Distribution. Valley of the St. Lawrence River in the neighborhood of Montreal,
Quebec, southward to the valley of Cold River, New Hampshire, through western Vermont
and Massachusetts and northwestern Connecticut (near Salisbury, Litchfield County),
and westward through northern and western New York, southern Ontario, Ohio, the
southern peninsula of Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa to southeastern Minnesota,
northeastern South Dakota, western and southern Missouri, eastern Kansas, and south-
ward through western Pennsylvania, West Virginia and eastern Kentucky; comparatively
rare near Montreal and in New England, more abundant farther west; almost entirely re-
placing Acer saccharum in Iowa, and the only Sugar Maple of South Dakota; easily dis-
tinguished in summer by its heavy drooping leaves, and at all seasons of the year by the
orange color of the branchlets; the var. Palmeri in a single grove at Tunnel Hill, Johnson
County, Illinois; southern Indiana (Shelby, Putnam and Lawrence Counties), and in Clark,
Jackson and Dunklin Counties, Missouri; rare and local.
Occasionally planted in the region where it grows naturally as a shade-tree.
10. Acer leucoderme Small. Sugar Maple.
Leaves usually truncate or slightly cordate at base, more or less deeply divided into
3-5 acute caudate-acuminate lobes coarsely and sinuately dentate or undulate, when they
unfold coated below with long matted pale caducous hairs, and at maturity thin, dark
yellow-green above, bright yellow-green and pilose-pubescent below, 2'-3^' in diameter;
often turning in the autumn bright scarlet on the upper surface before falling; petioles
slender, glabrous, I'-l^' in length. Flowers yellow, about |' long, on slender, glabrous
pedicels, in nearly sessile clusters; calyx campanulate, glabrous or slightly villose, with
rounded ciliate lobes; corolla 0; stamens 7 or 8; filaments villose, longer than the calyx,
much shorter than the calyx in the pistillate flower; ovary villose; style elongated, with
short spreading lobes. Fruit villose, with long scattered pale hairs unti] nearly grown,
becoming glabrous at maturity, the wings wide-spreading or divergent, |'-|' long; seeds
smooth, light red-brown, about I' long.
A tree, usually 20°-25° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, occasionally 40° high, with
a trunk 18'-20' in diameter, short slender branches forming a rather compact round-topped
head, and slender glabrous branchlets dark green when they first appear, becoming bright
red-brown and lustrous during their first summer, and marked by numerous small oblong
pale lenticels, gradually growing darker in their second year and finally light gray-green.
Winter-buds ovoid, acute, dark brown, glabrous, rather more than -^^' long, the inner
scales becoming bright crimson and very conspicuous when the tree is in flower. Bark
of young stems and large branches close, light gray or grayish brown, becoming near the
base of old trees dark brown or often nearly black and broken by deep furrows into narrow
ridges covered by closely appressed scales.
ACERACE.E 695
Distribution. Banks of streams, rocky gorges, and woods in moist soil; valley of the
Yadkin River, Stanley County, North Carolina; southeastern Tennessee (Polk County);
valley of the Savannah River (Abbeville County, South Carolina, and Richmond County,
Fig. 626
Georgia) to central and northwestern Georgia (near Rome, Floyd County, and Walker
County) and to the valley of the Chattahoochee River to Muscogee County; northern and
central Alabama; western Louisiana (Natchitoches and Sabine Parishes); southern Ar-
kansas (Baker Springs, Howard County); rare and local; most abundant in northwestern
and central Georgia and northern Alabama.
Occasionally planted as a street tree in the towns of northern Georgia and Alabama;
hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts.
11. AcersaccharinumL. Silver Maple. Soft Maple.
Leaves truncate or somewhat cordate at base, deeply 5-lobed by narrow sinuses, with
acute irregularly and remotely dentate lobes, the middle lobe often 3-lobed, rarely lacini-
ately divided (var. Wieri Schwerin), 6 '-7' long and nearly as broad, thin, bright pale green
above, silvery white and at first slightly hairy below, especially in the axils of the primary
veins; turning pale yellow in the autumn before falling; petioles slender, drooping, bright
red, 4'-5' in length. Flowers greenish yellow, opening during the first warm days of the late
winter or early spring long before the appearance of the leaves, on short pedicels, in sessile
axillary fascicles on shoots of the previous year, or on short spur-like branchlets developed
the year before from wood of the preceding season, the staminate and pistillate in separate
clusters, on the same or on different trees, and produced from clustered obtuse buds covered
with thick ovate pubescent red and green scales ciliate on the margins with a thick fringe of
long rufous hairs; calyx slightly 5-lobed, more or less pubescent on the outer surface, long
and narrow in the staminate and short and broad in the pistillate flower; corolla 0; stamens
3-7, with slender filaments, three times as long as the calyx of the staminate flower and
about as long as the calyx of the pistillate flower; ovary covered, like the young fruit, with
a thick coat of pubescence, rudimentary in the sterile flower; styles united at base only,
with long exserted stigmatic lobes. Fruit ripening in April and May when the leaves are
nearly grown, on slender drooping pedicels, l^'-2' long, glabrous, 1^' to nearly 3' long, with
thin almost straight conspicuously falcate divergent wings sometimes f broad, prominently
reticulate- veined and pale chestnut-brown or rarely bright red; seeds ^' long, with a pale
reddish brown wrinkled coat, germinating as soon as they fall to the ground, and producing
plants with several pairs of leaves before the end of the summer.
696
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, 90°-120° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, generally dividing 10°-15° from
the ground into 3 or 4 stout upright secondary stems destitute of branches for a consider-
able length, brittle pendulous branchlets light green and covered with lenticels when they
first appear, soon becoming darker, bright chestnut-brown, smooth and lustrous in the
autumn and winter of their first year, and in their second season pale rose color or gray
faintly tinged with red. Winter-buds |' long, with thick ovate bright red outer scales
rounded on the back, minutely apiculate, and ciliate on the margins, and acute inner
scales pubescent on the inner surface, becoming pale green or yellow and about 1' long.
Bark of young stems and large branches smooth and gray faintly tinged with red, becoming
on old trunks i'-f thick, reddish brown and more or less furrowed, the surface separating
into large thin scales. Wood hard, strong, close-grained, easily worked, rather brittle.
Fig. 627
pale brown, with thick sapwood of 40-50 layers of annual growth; now sometimes used for
flooring and in the manufacture of furniture. Sugar is occasionally made from the sap.
Distribution. Sandy banks of streams, rarely in deep often submerged swamps; valley
of the St. John's River (near Fredericton), New Brunswick, to that of the St. Lawrence in
Quebec, and southward through western Vermont and central Massachusetts to western
Florida (valley of the Apalachicola River), Alabama, and south central Mississippi, and
westward through Ontario, New York, Ohio, the southern peninsula of Michigan and south-
ern Indiana to Minnesota, southeastern South Dakota, and eastern Nebraska, and through
Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, eastern Kansas, northwestern Arkansas, and eastern Okla-
homa; in western Louisiana (swamp near Alexandria, Rapides Parish); rare in the immedi-
ate neighborhood of the Atlantic coast and on the high Appalachian Mountains; probably
of its largest size in the valley of the lower Ohio River.
Often cultivated with several forms differing in habit and in the lobing of the leaves;
fast-growing, and largely planted in the eastern states as a park and street tree.
12. Acer rubnrni L. Red Maple. Scarlet Maple.
Leaves truncate, more or less cordate by a broad shallow sinus, rounded or cuneate at
base, 3-5-lobed by acute sinuses, with irregularly doubly serrate or toothed lobes, the
middle lobe often longer than the others, when they unfold pubescent especially beneath,
and at maturity light green and glabrous on the upper surface and white or glaucescent
and more or less pubescent or densely tomentose (var. tomenfosum Kirch, [var. ruhrocar-
pum Detmars]) on the lower surface, particularly along the principal veins, chartaceous or
sometimes almost coriaceous, l^'-6' long and rather longer than broad; turning in the early
ACERACEiE
697
autumn to brilliant shades of scarlet and orange, or clear bright yellow; petioles slender,
glabrous or puberulous, red or green, 2'-4' in length. Flowers opening in March and April
before the appearance of the leaves, bright scarlet, dull yellowish red or sometimes yellow
(var. pallidiflorum Pax.), on long slender pedicels, in few-flowered fascicles on branches of
the previous year, from clustered obtuse buds, the staminate and pistillate flowers in separate
clusters on the same or on different trees; sepals oblong, obtuse, as long as and broader than
the oblong or linear petals; stamens 5-8, scarlet or yellow, with slender filaments exserted
in the staminate and included in the pistillate flower; ovary glabrous on a narrow slightly
lobed glandular disk; styles slightly united above the base, with long exserted stigmatic
lobes. Fruit ripening in the spring or early summer on drooping stems 3'-4' long, scarlet,
dark red or brown or yellow, with thin erect wings, convergent at first, divergent at ma-
Fig. 628
turity, ^'-1' long and j'-|' wide; seeds dark red, with a rugose coat, j long, germinating
as soon as it falls to the ground.
A tree, 80°-120° high, with a tall trunk 3°-4^° in diameter, upright branches usually
forming a rather narrow head, and branchlets green or dark red when they first appear, be-
coming dark or bright red and lustrous at the end of their first summer and marked by
numerous longitudinal white lenticels, and gray faintly tinged with red in their second year.
Winter-buds obtuse, |' long, with thick dark red outer scales, rounded on the back and
ciliate on the margins, and inner scales becoming f'-l' long, narrow-oblong, rounded at
apex and bright scarlet. Bark of young stems and of the branches smooth and light gray,
becoming on old trunks j'-|' thick, dark gray, and divided by longitudinal ridges separat-
ing on the surface into large plate-like scales. Wood very heavy, close-grained, not strong,
light brown often slightly tinged with red, with thick rather lighter colored sapwood; used
in large quantities in the manufacture of chairs and other furniture, in turnery, for wooden
ware and gun-stocks. A form of fastigiate habit (var. columnare Rehd.) is occasionally cul-
tivated.
Distribution. Borders of streams, wet swamps, upland forests and rarely on dry rocky
hillsides and sand dunes; Newfoundland, southward to southern Florida (near the neighbor-
hood of Fort Lauderdale, Broward County, R. M. Harper) and westward through Quebec
to latitude 49° north, and Ontario to the sandy shores of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan
(Brevort, Mackinac County, on Lake Michigan and White Fish Point, Chippewa County,
on Lake Superior), western Wisconsin, northwestern Minnesota (Buckeye County), south-
eastern Iowa (Johnson County), central Oklahoma, and the valley of the Trinity River,
Texas; on the mountains of North Carolina to altitudes of 4500"; one of the commonest and
most generally distributed trees of eastern North America, ranging between more degrets
698
TREES OF NOBTH AMERICA
of latitude than any other American tree; most abundant southward especially in the valley
of the Mississippi River, and of its largest size in the river swamps of the lower Ohio and
its tributaries; in the north often covering with small trees low wet swamps; on the sand
dunes and ridges of northern Michigan reduced to a low shrub. On var. tomentosum leaves
usually 5-lobed, cordate or rarely rounded at base, with glabrous or pubescent petioles and
branchlets; widely distributed but rare; near Cranberry Island, Buckeye Lake, Licking
County, Ohio, Biltmore, Buncombe County, North Carolina; neighborhood of Augusta,
Richmond County, Georgia; top of Flagstaff Mountain, Barclay, Talladega County, Ala-
bama; Panther Burn, Sharkey County, Mississippi; Crawford and Duvois Counties, Indi-
ana, near Olney, Rutland County, and in Richland, Wayne and Johnson Counties, Illinois;
near Little Rock, Pulaski County, Arkansas; near Page, Leflore County, Oklahoma, and
Larissa, Cherokee County, Texas; connected by trees of this variety with pubescent branch-
lets and winter-buds, and broad-ovate 3-5-lobed slightly cordate leaves and pubescent
petioles with
Acer rubrum var. Drummondii Sarg.
Leaves often broader than long, usually 5-lobed, cordate or truncate at base, 3'-6' long
and wide, with a stout midrib and veins, until nearly fully grown covered above with scat-
tered hairs and clothed below with thick snow-white tomentum, and more or less pubescent
Fig. 629
during the season; petioles stout, hoary-tomentose, lj'-4' in length, becoming nearly
glabrous in the autumn. Flowers bright scarlet. Fruit ripening with or before the un-
folding of the leaves late in March or in April, bright scarlet, with convergent wings l|'-2^'
long and |'-|' wide.
A tree, usually not more than 30*'-35° high, with small erect branches forming a narrow
head and slender branchlets coated when they first appear with matted palo hairs, becom-
ing glabrous and dark reddish brown in their second season.
Distribution. Deep swamps, eastern Louisiana to the valley of the Neches River (Beau-
mont, Jefferson County, and Concord, Hardin County), eastern Texas and northward through
southern and eastern Arkansas to western Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky,
southeastern Missouri (Butler, Stoddard, Dunklin and Mississippi Counties), southern Il-
linois (Gallatin, Pulaski and Richland Counties), and southwestern Indiana (swamp eighteen
miles west of Decker, Knox County, C. C. Deam). A form growing at Hattiesburg, For-
rest County, Mississippi, at Glen Gordon, Covington, St. Tammany Parish, and Chopin,
Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, near Beaumont, Jefferson County, Texas, and at Poplar
Bluff, Butler County, Missouri, with 3-lobed leaves rounded at base (f. rotundatvm Sarg.)
shows in the shape of the leaves a transition from the var. Drummondii to
ACERACE^
699
Acer rubrum var. tridens Wood. Red Maple.
Acer carolinianum Britt. not Walt.
Leaves obovate, usually narrowed from above the middle to the rounded or rarely cune-
ate base, 3-lobed at apex, with acute or acuminate erect or slightly spreading lobes, simple
or furnished with short lateral secondary lobes, remotely serrate except toward the base, with
Fig. 630
incurved glandular teeth, and often ovate by the suppression of the lateral lobes and acute
or acuminate, thick and firm in texture, glaucous and usually pubescent or rarely tomentose
or tomentulose below, 2'-3' long and li'-2|' wide; petioles slender, glabrous or pubescent.
Flowers sometimes tawny yellow. Fruit usually much smaller and rarely also yellow.
Distribution. Usually with the species; Massachusetts and central New York, south-
ward usually in the coast region and the middle districts to western Florida, along the
Gulf coast to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, and through western Louisiana, and
Arkansas to northeastern Mississippi, southern Missouri, Arkansas, western Tennessee and
Kentucky and southern Illinois; in North Carolina occasionally ascending on the Appala-
chian Mountains to altitudes of 3000°; often the prevailing Red Maple in southern Missouri
and northwestern Louisiana; in the swamps of western Florida and southwestern Georgia
the form with leaves densely tomentose below and pubescent petioles prevails.
13. Acer Negundo L. Box Elder. Ash-leaved Maple.
Leaves usually 3, rarely 5-7-foliolate, with a slender glabrous petiole 2'-3' in length,
the enlarged base often furnished with a minute rim of deciduous white hairs, and in falling
leaving a large conspicuous scar surrounding the stem; leaflets ovate to elliptic or obovate,
acuminate, and often long-pointed at apex, rounded or cuneate and oftenunsymmetncaT
at base, coarsely and irregularlY-^firrate usually only above the middle or nearly entire, and
occasionally slightly and irregularly lobulate; when they unfold more or less hoary- tomen-
tose below and slightly pubescent above, and at maturitv thi"- Ijjffht green, paler on the
lower than on the upper surface, glabrous above, villose-pubescent along the under side of
tne^idrib and veins, ofteiflFiirnished with conspicuous tufts of axillary hairs, otherwise
glabrous or slightly pubescent below, 2^'-4' long, and l|'-2^' wide, on slender glabrous
petiolules, that of the terminal leaflet |'-1' long and much longer than those of the smaller
lateral leaflets. Flowers on slender glabrous or rarely hairy pedicels, minute, apetalous,
yellow-green, the staminate and pistillate on separate trees, expanding just before or with
the leaves from buds developed in the axils of the last leaves of the previous year, the stami-
nate fascicled, the pistillate in narrow drooping racemes, sometimes furnished near the
700
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
base with one or two smaller 3-lobed or rarely elliptic leaves; calyx 5-lobed, hairy, cam-
panulate in the staminate flower, much smaller in the pistillate flower and divided to the
base into 5 narrow sepals; corolla 0; stamens 4-6, with slender exserted hairy filaments
and long linear anthers narrowed and apiculate at apex, 0 in the pistillate flower; ovary
on a narrow rudimentary disk, pubescent, only partly inclosed by*the calyx; style separat-
ing from the base into 2 long stigmatic lobes. Fruit attaining nearly its full size in summer,
pendent on glabrous stems l'-2' long, in graceful racemes 6'-8' in length, ripening in the
autumn, deciduous from the stems persistent on the branches until the following spring,
l^'-2' long, with narrow acute pubescent nutlets diverging at an acute angle and con-
stricted below into a stipe-like base, and thin reticulate straight or falcate wings undulate
toward the apex; seeds narrowed at the ends, smooth, bright red-brown, ^' long.
Fig. 63
A tree 50°-70** high, with a trunk 2°-4° in diameter, dividing near the ground into a
number of stout wide-spreading or erect branches, and slender pale green lustrous glabrous
branchlets. Winter-buds terminal acute, i' long, rather longer than the obtuse lateral
buds, the scales tomentose, those of the inner pairs accrescent, becoming 1' long at ma-
turity, deciduous, leaving conspicuous scars visible at the base of the branchlet for two
or three years. Bark of the trunk j-^' thick, pale gray or light brown and deeply divided
into broad rounded ridges separating on the surface into short thick scales. Wood light,
soft, close-grained, not strong, creamy white, with thick hardly distinguishable sap wood;
occasionally manufactured into cheap furniture, and sometimes used for the interior
finish of houses, for wooden ware, cooperage, and paper pulp. Small quantities of maple
sugar are occasionally made from this tree.
Distribution. Banks of streams and lakes, and the borders of swamps; western Vermont,
western Massachusetts and Connecticut, central New York and southwestern Ontario, and
southward to west-central Florida (Hernando County) and westward to Minnesota, Iowa,
Nebraska, Missouri, eastern Kansas, Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma, western Louisiana, and
eastern and southern Texas to the valley of the lower Rio Blanco.
Often planted in the United States, especially in the western states and in eastern Canada,
and in western and northern Europe, especially the varieties with variegated leaves.
Passing into the following varieties:
Var. violaceum Kirch., with slender pale or bluish violet glabrous branchlets covered
with a glaucous bloom and rather larger winter-buds. Leaves 3-11, usually 3-7-foliolu-
late, the leaflets slightly thicker, lanceolate to oblong-ovate or obovate, often entire or
irregularly dentate, occasionally lobed, the terminal leaflet sometimes 3-lobed, usually
pubescent and furnished with tufts of axillary hairs on the lower surface. Fruit glabrous.
I
ACERACE^
701
usually constricted at the base. Western Massachusetts through Ohio to northern Wis-
consin, Minnesota, Iowa and South Dakota, and to northern and southwestern Missouri;
in Nez Perces County, Idaho.
Var. texanum Pax., with branchlets covered with pale tomentum. Leaves 3-foliate,
the leaflets ovate, or the terminal obovate, acuminate, short-pointed at apex, rounded or
cuneate at base, coarsely serrate above the middle or entire, only slightly and irregularly
lobed, early in the season villose along the midrib and veins above and thickly coated
below with matted pale hairs, and at maturity nearly glabrous on the upper surface and
covered below with loose pubescence, 3'-4' long and 2'-3' wide. Fruit puberulous, con-
stricted into a short stipe-like base. Western and southwestern Missouri, southeastern
Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma and eastern Texas to the valley of the San Antonio River.
Passing into forma latifolia Sarg. differing only in its glabrous branchlets, and distributed
from eastern Texas through Louisiana to western Mississippi, western North Carolina,
Virginia and southern Ohio.
Var. interior Sarg., with branchlets covered with close pale pubescence, or rarely nearly
glabrous. Leaves trifoliate, with puberulous petioles, rachis and petiolules, the long-
stalked leaflets ovate to lanceolate, or the terminal sometimes obovate, acuminate and
long-pointed at apex, cuneate, rounded or cordate at base, coarsely serrate, sometimes
distinctly 3-lobed at base, glabrous or villose on the midrib below, or in Arizona sometimes
sparingly pubescent on the lower surface, 3'-4' long and l§-4' wide. Fruit glabrous, not
at all, slightly or at the north conspicuously constricted at the base. Southern Manitoba,
Saskatchewan and Alberta to Wyoming, and through the mountain regions of Colorado
and Utah to New Mexico and Arizona.
Var. arizonicum Sarg., with glabrous branchlets thickly covered with a glaucous bloom.
Leaves thin, 3-foliolulate; petioles slender, glabrous, l|'-3' long, often turning bright red
late in summer; leaflets oblong-ovate to rhombic, acuminate and long-pointed at apex,
rounded or cuneate at base, coarsely serrate, often slightly lobed near the middle, glabrous
with the exception of conspicuous tufts of axillary hairs, 2^'-4' long, l^'-2' wide; petiolules
slender, glabrous, usually bright red, that of the terminal leaflet f '-1' long, the others not
more than \' in length. Fruit in glabrous racemes 3' or 4' long, the body glabrous, spread-
ing, not constricted at base. A tree, 20°-25° high. Bark fissured. Mountain canons, cen-
tral and southern Arizona up to 8000° altitude, and in Socorro County, New Mexico.
More distinct is
Acer Negundo var. califomlcum Sarg.
Leaves trifoliate with tomentose or nearly glabrous rachis and petiolules; leaflets ob-
long-ovate to rhombic, acuminate and long-pointed at apex, cuneate or unsymmetrically
Fig. 632
702 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
rounded at base, coarsely serrate above the middle, or nearly entire, when they unfold
hoary-tomentose below and densely pubescent above, occasionally deeply lobed, glabrous
on the upper surfac§ except along the midrib and veins, thickly coated on the lower sur-
face with matted pale hairs and furnished with large axillary tufts. Fruit on pubescent
pedicels, puberulous or nearly glabrous, not constricted or rarely slightly constricted at
base.
A tree, 20°-50° high, with dark bark, hoary-tomentose branchlets and winter-buds.
Distribution. California, valley of the lower Sacramento River and the interior valleys
of the coast ranges from the Bay of San Francisco to Santa Barbara County and in ele-
vated canons on the western slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains; widely distributed
but nowhere abundant.
Occasionally planted in California.
XXXVI. HIPPOCASTANACE^.
Trees or rarely shrubs, with stout terete branchlets conspicuously marked by triangu-
lar leaf-scars, fetid bark, thick fleshy roots, and large scaly winter-buds, the inner scales ac-
crescent with the young shoots and often brightly colored. Leaves opposite, digitately
compound, without stipules, deciduous; leaflets 3-9, lanceolate or ovate, serrate, pin-
nately veined. Flowers polygamo-monoecious, showy, white, red, or pale yellow, on
stout jointed pedicels from the axils of minute caducous bracts, racemose or nearly uni-
lateral on the branches of large terminal thyrsi or panicles, appearing later than the leaves,
only those near the base of the branches of the inflorescence perfect and fertile; calyx 5
or rarely 2-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, unequal, campanulate or tubular,
the lobes imbricated in the bud, mostly oblique or posteriorly gibbous at base; disk
hypogynous, annular, depressed, lobed, more or less gibbous posteriorly; petals 4 or 5,
imbricated in the bud, alternate with the lobes of the calyx, deciduous, the anterior
petal often abortive, unguiculate, the margins of the claw commonly involute; stamens
6-8, rarely 5, generally 7, inserted on the disk, free, unequal; filaments filiform; anthers
ellipsoid, glandular-apiculate, attached on the back below the middle, introrse, 2-celled, the
contiguous cells opening longitudinally; ovary sessile, oblong or lanceolate, 3-celled, echi-
nate or glabrous, rudimentary in the staminate flower; style slender, elongated, generally
more or less curved; stigma terminal, entire, mostly acute; ovules 2 in each cell, borne on the
middle of its inner angle, amphitropous, the upper ascending, the micropyle inferior, the
lower pendulous, the micropyle superior. Fruit an echinate or smooth coriaceous capsule,
3-celled and loculicidally 3-valved, the cells 1-seeded by abortion, often by suppression 1
or 2-celled, and then 1 or 2-seeded, the remnants of the abortive cells and seeds commonly
visible at its maturity. Seeds without albumen, round when one is developed, or, when
more than one, flattened by mutual pressure; seed-coat coriaceous, dark chestnut-brown
or pale orange-brown, smooth and lustrous, with a broad opaque light-colored hilum; em-
bryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons very thick and fleshy, often conferruminate,
unequal, incurved on the short conic radicle, remaining under ground in germination;
plumule conspicuously 2-leaved.
The Horsechestnut family is composed of the widely distributed genus Aesculus and
of Billia Peyr., a genus of two species of Mexican and Central American trees, diflfering
from Aesculus in its 3-foliolate leaves.
1. AESCULUS L.
Characters of the family ; leaves 5-9-f oliolate.
Aesculus with fifteen or sixteen species is represented in the floras of the three conti-
nents of the northern hemisphere and is most abundant in the southeastern United States.
It produces soft straight-grained light-colored wood and bitter and astringent bark. The
seeds contain a bitter principle, aesculin. Aesculus Hippocasianum L., of the mountains
I
HIPPOCASTANACEiE
703
of Greece, the common Horsechestnut of gardens, is largely planted as an ornamental tree in
all countries with temperate climates, and now occasionally grows spontaneously in the
eastern states.
The generic name is the classical name of an Oak-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Winter-buds without a resinous covering. Pa via.
Calyx campanulate (occasionally tubular in 3); margins of the petals ciliate, eglandular;
flowers usually yellow. Octandr^e.
Fruit covered with prickles; flowers yellow; petals nearly equal in length, shorter than
the stamens. 1. A. glabra (A, C).
Fruit without prickles; flowers yellow or red; petals unequal in length, longer than
the stamens.
Pedicels and calyx glandular-villose. 2. A. octandra (A, C).
Pedicels and calyx without glandular hairs. 3. A. geoi;giana (C).
Calyx tubular; margins of the unequal petals without hairs, glandular; fruit without
prickles. Eupavi^.
Lower surface of the leaves glabrous or slightly pubescent along the midrib ; flowers
^ red; seeds dark chestnut-brown. 4. A. Pavia (C).
Lower surface of the leaves tomentose or pubescent; flowers red and yellow, red, or in
one form yellow; seed light yellow-brown. 5. A. discolor (C).
Winter-buds resinous; petals nearly equal in length, shorter than the stamens; fruit with-
out prickles. Calothyrsus. 6. A. calif omica (G).
I. Aesculus glabra Willd. Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye.
Leaves with a slender petiole 4'-6' long and enlarged at the end, a rachis often furnished
on the upper side with clusters of dark brown chaff -like scales surrounding the base of the
petiolules, and 5 rarely 7 (var. Buckleyi Sarg.) oval-oblong or obovate acuminate leaflets
Fig. 633
gradually narrowed to the elongated entire base, finely and unequally serrate above, at first
sessile, becoming slightly petiolulate at maturity, covered on the low er surface like the peti-
oles when they first appear with floccose deciduous hairs most abundant on the midrib and
veins, and at maturity glabrous with the exception of a few hairs along the under side of the
conspicuous yellow midrib and in the axils of the principal veins, or rarely covered below
with close dense pubescence persistent during the season (var. pallida, Kirch.), yellow-
green, paler on the low^er than on the upper surface, 4'-6' long and l|'-2^' wide; turning
704 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
yellow in the autumn before falling. Flowers pale yellow-green, mostly unilateral, h'-lh'
long or more than twice as long as the pedicels, appearing in April and May in clusters 5'-6'
long and 2'-3' wide, and more or less densely covered with pubescence, with short usually 4-
6-flowered branches; calyx campanulate; petals nearly equal, puberulous, the thin limb about
twice as long as the claw, in the lateral pair broad-ovate or oblong, and in the superior pair
oblong-spatula te, much narrower, sometimes marked with red stripes; stamens usually 7,
with long exserted curved pubescent filaments and orange-colored slightly hairy anthers;
ovary pubescent, covered with long slender deciduous prickles thickened and tubercle-
like at base. Fruit on a stout stem ^'-1' long, ovoid or irregularly obovoid, pale brown, l'-2'
long, with thin or sometimes thick valves, roughened by the enlarged persistent bases of
the prickles of the ovary; seeds I'-l^' broad.
A tree, occasionally 70° high, with a trunk rarely 2° in diameter, small spreading branches,
and branchlets orange-brown and covered at first with short fine pubescence, soon gla-
brous, reddish brown, and marked by scattered orange-colored lenticels; usually much
smaller, and rarely more than 30° high. Winter-buds f long, acuminate, with thin
nearly triangular pale brown scales, the outer bright red on the inner surface toward the
base, those of the inner pair strap-shaped, prominently keeled on the back, minutely apicu-
late and slightly ciliate along the margins, and at maturity l|'-2' long and bright yellow.
Bark of young stems and of the branches dark brown and scaly, becoming on old trees f '
thick, ashy gray, densely furrowed, and broken into thick plates roughened on the sur-
face by numerous small scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, not strong, often blemished
by dark lines of decay, nearly white, with thin dark-colored sapwood of 10-12 layers of
annual growth; used in the manufacture of artificial limbs, wooden ware, wooden hats, and
paper pulp; occasionally sawed into lumber. An extract of the bark has been used as an
irritant of the cerebro-spinal system.
Distribution. River-bottoms and the banks of streams in rich moist soil; western slopes
of the Alleghany Mountains, western and southwestern Pennsylvania to northern Alabama,
and westward to central and southerii Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, northern and central
Missouri and northeastern Kansas; nowhere abundant; most common and of its largest
size in the valley of the Tennessee River in Tennessee and northern Alabama.
A shrubby form (var. micraniha Sarg.) with flowers not more than |' long near Fulton,
Hempstead County, Arkansas. In southern Missouri, Arkansas and probably Oklahoma
Aesculus glabra is replaced by the var. leucodermis Sarg. with glabrous leaves pale green or
glaucescent below. A tree occasionally 60° high, well distinguished from the type by the
smooth pale nearly white bark of the trunk and large branches, becoming on old trunks
light brown and separating into oblong flakes, and by its later flowers; the var. pallida in
Iowa, Missouri and Arkansas; the var. Buckleyi in Jackson County, Missouri, eastern
Kansas, Ohio and Mississippi.
The Ohio Buckeye is occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern
United States and Europe; hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts.
X Aesculus Bushii Schn., probably a hybrid of Aesculus discolor var. mollis Sarg. and
Aesculus glabra var. leucodermis Sarg., has been found in the neighborhood of Fulton, Hemp-
stead County, Arkansas; and what is evidently a hybrid of Aesculus discolor var. mollis and
the typical form of Aesculus glabra occurs near Starkville, Oktibbeha County, Mississippi.
X Aesculus mississippiensis Sarg., a probable hybrid between Aesculus glabra and Aescu-
lus Pavia with characters intermediate between those of its supposed parents, occurs near
Brookville, Noxubee County, Mississippi. The mingling of a species of the Octandrse
and of the Eupavise in these hybrids of Aesculus is shown by the presence of both hairs
and glands on the margins of the petals.
2. Aesculus octandra Marsh. Sweet Buckeye.
Leaves with slender or slightly pubescent petioles 4 '-6' long, and 5-7 elliptic or obovate-
oblong leaflets, acuminate and usually abruptly long-pointed at apex, gradually narrowed
and cuneate at b^se, sharply and equally serrate, glabrous above except on the midrib and
HIPPOCASTANACE^
705
veins sometimes clothed with reddish brown pubescence, when they unfold more or less
canescent-pubescent on the lower surface, becoming glabrous at maturity, with the excep-
tion of a few pale or rufous hairs along the stout midrib and in the axils of the principal
veins, dark yellow-green, duller on the lower than on the upper surface, 4'-6' long, and
l^-iY wide; petiolules ^^'-Y in length; turning yellow in the autumn before falling.
Flowers opening in early spring when the leaves are about half grown, I'-l^' long, pale
or dark yellow, rarely red, pink or cream-colored (var. virginica Sarg.), on short glandular-
villose pedicels mostly unilateral on the branches of the pubescent clusters 5 '-7' in length;
calyx campanulate, glandular-villose; petals connivent, very unequal, puberulent, the
claws villose within, limb of the superior pair spatulate^ minute, the long claws exceeding
the lobes of the calyx, those of the lateral pair obovate or nearly round and subcordate at
base; stamens usually 7, rather shorter than the petals, with straight or inclining subulate
villose filaments; ovary pubescent. Fruit 2'-3' iong, generally 2-seeded, with thin smooth
or slightly pitted pale brown valves; seeds i|' to nearly 2' wide.
Fig. 634
A tree, sometimes 90° high, with a tall straight trunk 2^°-3° in diameter, small rather
pendulous branches, and glabrous or nearly glabrous branchlets orange-brown when they
)'irst appear, becoming in their second year pale brown and marked by numerous irregularly
developed lenticels. Winter-buds f ' long, rather obtuse, with broad-ovate pale brown
outer scales rounded on the back, minutely apiculate, ciliate, and slightly covered with a
glaucous bloom, the inner scales becoming sometimes 2' long, bright yellow or occasionally
scarlet. Bark of the trunk about f thick, dark brown, divided by shallow fissures and
separating on the surface into small thin scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, diflncult
to split, creamy white, with thick hardly distinguishable sapwood; used in the manufacture
of artificial limbs, for wooden ware, wooden hats, paper pulp, and occasionally sawed into
lumber.
Distribution. Rich river-bottoms and mountain slopes; southwestern Pennsylvania
(Alleghany, Greene and Fayette Counties), southward along the mountains to east Ten-
nessee, and northwestern Georgia, and westward to north central Ohio (near Plymouth,
Richard County), southeastern and southern Indiana (near Aurora, Dearborn County, and
on the banks of Dry River near Leavenworth, Crawford County, C. C. Deam) and to south-
ern Illinois (near Golconda, Pope County, shrub 6'-12' high, E. J. Palmer); the var. virginica
at White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia.
Occasionally cultivated in the parks of the eastern United States and Europe.
X Aesculus hyhrida DC, with red and yellow flowers, believed to be a hybrid of Aesculus
octandra and Aesculus Pavia, appeared in the Botanic Garden at Montpelier in France
706
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
early in the nineteenth century, and in many varieties is cultivated in Europe and occasion-
ally in the eastern United States.
3. Aesculus georgiana Sarg.
Leaves with slender glabrous petioles 4|'-6' in length, and 5 leaflets oblong-obovate,
abruptly acuminate and long-pointed at apex, gradually narrowed and acuminate at base,
finely often doubly serrate with rounded teeth pointing forward, sparingly covered early
in the season, especially on the upper side of the midrib and veins, with short caducous hairs,
yellow-green above, green, glabrous and lustrous or pubescent (var. pubescens Sarg.) below,
4|'-6' long, 1^'-2|' wide, with a stout orange-colored midrib and 20-30 pairs of slender
primary veins; petiolules stout, puberulous early in the season, |'-§' in length. Flowers
-J
Fig. 635
opening in April and May I'-li' long, on slender puberulous pedicels, in broad pubescent
panicles, 4'-6' in length; calyx campanulate or tubular, puberulous, about j%' in diameter,
red on the upper side, pale yellow on the lower side or entirely red or yellow, 5-lobed, the
lobes oblong-ovate, narrowed and rounded at apex, finely serrate on the margins; petals con-
nivent, obovate, rounded at apex, gradually narrowed below, those of the superior and
lateral pairs very unequal in size, puberulous and glandular on the outer surface, pu-
bescent on the inner surface, ciliate on the margins, bright yellow or red, their claws fur-
nished on the margins with long white hairs, those of the superior pair as long as the lateral
petals; stamens 7, shorter than the petals; filaments villose, especially below the middle;
ovary covered with matted pale hairs; styles exserted, villose. Fruit on stout pendulous
pedicels, globose, usually 1-seeded, l'-l|' in diameter, with thin light brown slightly pitted
valves; seed globose, dark chestnut-brown.
A tree, 25°-30° high, with a trunk 6'-10' in diameter, slender erect and spreading branches
and stout glabrous branchlets, orange-green and marked by pale lenticels when they first
appear, becoming light reddish brown in their first winter; more often a large or small
round-topped shrub 3°-5° tall and broad. Bark of the trunk thin, dark brown, the sur-
face separating into small thin scales. Winter-buds about Y long, with light reddish
I
HIPPOCASTANACEvE
707
brown scales, narrowed, rounded and short-pointed at apex. The common Buckeye of
the Piedmont region of North and South Carolina and northern Georgia. .
Distribution. Central North Carolina (Durham and Orange Counties), southward to
eastern (Richmond County) and central Georgia; northern Alabama (Madison, Etowah and
Tuscaloosa Counties), and near Pensacola, Escambia County, Florida. The var. pubescens
occasionally arborescent in habit, common in the woods west of Augusta, Richmond County,
and in De Kalb, Rabun and Floyd Counties, Georgia, ranging northward to Orange County,
North Carolina, and ascending on the Blue Ridge to altitudes of 3000°; in northern
Alabama.
X Aesculus Harhisonii Sarg., a probable hybrid between A. discolor var. mollis and A.
georgiana, has appeared in the Arnold Arboretum among plants of A. georgiana raised from
seeds collected near Stone Mountain, De Kalb County, Georgia.
A distinct form of Aesculus georgiana is
Aesculus georgiana var. lanceolata Sarg.
Leaves with glabrous petioles 3^'-5|' in length, and 5 lanceolate or slightly oblanceolate
leaflets long-acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, and finely glandular-serrate, when the
Fig. 636
flowers open early in May thin yellow-green above, pale below, glabrous with the excep-
tion of occasional hairs on the under side of the slender midrib and of minute axillary tufts,
6'-8' long and 1|'-1^' wide; petiolules yV'-i' in length. Flowers on stout puberulous ped-
icels, bright red, in narrow crowded clusters, 8'-10' long; calyx narrow-campanulate, other-
wise as in the type. Fruit not seen.
A tree 25°-30° high, with a short trunk 6'-10' in diameter, small erect and spreading
branches forming a narrow head, and slender glabrous branchlets orange-brown when they
first appear, becoming dark gray-brown and marked by pale lenticels in their second year.
Distribution. Georgia, rich woods near Clayton, Rabun County.
4. Aesculus Pavia L. Red-flowered Buckeye.
Leaves with slender petioles glabrous or puberulous early in the season and 4'-7' long,
and 5 short-petiolulate, oblong-obovate, acuminate leaflets, gradually narrowed at base.
708
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
coarsely often doubly serrate above with incurved teeth, slightly pubescent early in the
season along the upper side of the midrib and veins, and glabrous or slightly pubescent
below, and at maturity thin, lustrous and glabrous, dark green on the upper surface,
pale yellow-green on the lower surface, often furnished with conspicuous tufts of axillary
hairs, 3^'-6' long and 1 j'-lf wide, with a thin midrib and from 18-30 pairs of slender pri-
mary veins. Flowers in narrow pubescent panicles, 4 ^'-8' in length, on slender pubescent
pedicels; calyx tubular, dark red, puberulous on both surfaces, minutely lobed, the lobes
rounded, much shorter than the light red petals; petals connivent, unequal, oblong-obovate.
Fig. 637
rounded at apex, glandular on the outer surface and on the margins, gradually narrowed
below into a long slender villose claw; claw of the lateral petals about as long or shorter
than the calyx, those of the superior pair much longer than the calyx, their blades not more
than one-third as large as the blades of the lateral pair; stamens exserted; filaments villose
like the ovary. Fruit obovoid or subglobose, light brown, smooth, generally pitted, usually
1 or 2-seeded, pendulous on slender stems; seeds usually about 1' in diameter, dark chest-
nut-brown and lustrous with a small hilum.
Occasionally a tree, rarely 40° high, with a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter covered with
smooth dark bark, large erect branches forming an open head, and stout light orange-brown
branchlets marked in their second year by conspicuous emarginate scars of fallen leaves
showing the ends of 3 fibro-vascular bundles; usually a shrub, often flowering when not
naore than 3' high.
Distribution. Southeastern Virginia, southward to middle Florida to the valley of the
Suwannee River (near Old Town, Dixie County), and westward to eastei2i Louisiana, usu-
ally in the neighborhood of the coast; in Alabama ranging inland to Jefferson and Dallas
Counties and in Louisiana to West Feliciana Parish; in southern Kentucky (near Bowling
Green, Warren County).
HIPPOCASTANACEiE
709
5. Aesculus discolor Pursh. Buckeye.
Leaves with slender grooved villose or pubescent usually ultimately glabrous petioles 4'
or 5' long, and 5 oblong-obovate or elliptic leaflets, acuminate and usually long-pointed at
apex, gradually narrowed and acuminate at the entire base, finely or coarsely and some-
times doubly crenulate-serrate above, dark green, lustrous and glabrous except along the
slender yellow midrib and veins on the upper surface, lighter colored and tomentulose or
tomentose on the lower surface, 4'-5' long, l^'-2' wide, nearly sessile or raised on slender
petiolules up to |' in length. Flowers opening from the first to the middle of April, usu-
ally I'-l' long, on slender pubescent pedicels much thickened on the fruit, sometimes j'
long, and mostly aggregated toward the end of the short branches of the narrow pubescent
inflorescence 6'-8' in length; calyx red, rose color or yellow more or less deeply tinged with
Fig. 638
red, tubular, short and broad or elongated, puberulous on the outer surface, tomentose
on the inner surface, with rounded lobes; petals yellow, shorter than the stamens, connivent,
unequal, oblong-obovate, rounded at apex, puberulous on the outer surface and glandular
on the margins with minute dark glands, those of the superior pair about half as wide as
those of the lateral pair, with claws much longer than the calyx; filaments and ovary
villose. Fruit ripening and falling in October, usually only a few fruits maturing in a cluster,
generally obo void or occasionally subglobose, mostly 2-seeded, l|'-2^' long, with very thin,
light brown slightly pitted valves; seeds light yellow-brown, sometimes 1|' in diameter,
with a comparatively small hilum and a thin shell.
Rarely arborescent and occasionally 25° high, with a straight trunk 6' or 7' in diameter,
stout branches forming a narrow symmetric head, and slender branchlets marked by
numerous small pale lenticels, green and puberulous at first, becoming gray slightly tinged
with red during their first winter and only slightly darker in their second year; usually
a small or large shrub. Winter -buds broad-ovoid, obtusely pointed, about Y long, with
rounded apiculate light red-brown scales. Bark thin, smooth, and pale.
Distribution. Rich woods; Shell Bluff on the Savannah River, Burke County, Georgia;
near Birmingham, Jefferson County, and Selma, Dallas County, Alabama; near Camp-
bell, Dunklin County, Missouri; Comal, Comal County, and Sutherland Springs, Wilson
County, Texas; rare and local, and found as a tree only near Birmingham, Alabama;
more abundant is the var. mollis Sarg. {Aesculus austrina Small) with bright red
flowers; a tree up to 25° or 30° high, or more often a large or small shrub; valley of the
lower Cape Fear River (near Wilmington, New Hanover County), North Carolina, south-
710
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ward near the coast to the neighborhood of Charleston, South Carolina, through Georgia
to the neighborhood of Rome, Floyd County, and southward to western Florida; in Ala-
bama widely distributed from Jefferson County southward; widely distributed in Missis-
sippi except in the neighborhood of the Gulf coast, to West Feliciana Parish, eastern Louisi-
ana; more common and generally distributed in western Louisiana, and through eastern
Texas to the valley of the San Antonio River (neighborhood of San Antonio, Bexar County)
and to that of the upper Guadalupe River (near Boerne, Kendall County), ranging north-
ward through Arkansas to southern Missouri and western Tennessee,
On the Edwards Plateau of western Texas Aescvlus discolor is represented by the var.
flavescens Sarg., with yellow flowers, appearing a few days earlier than those of the var.
mollis; a shrub 9'-12' high, or often much smaller; interesting as the only form of Eupaviae
with yellow flowers; San Marcos, Hays County, common on the slopes above Comal Springs,
near New Braunfels, Comal County, near Boerne, Kendall County (with the var. mollis),
Kerrville, Kerr County, and Cancan, Uvalde County.
6. Aesculus calif omica Nutt. Buckeye.
Leaves with slender grooved petioles 3'-4' long, and 4-7 usually 5 oblong-lanceolate
acuminate leaflets narrowed and acuminate or rounded at base, sharply serrate, 4'-6' long.
Fig. 639
l§'-2' wide, dark green above, paler below, slightly pubescent when they first appear,
becoming glabrous or nearly so, on petiolules |'-1' long; falling early, often by midsummer.
Flowers white or pale rose color, I'-l j' long, appearing from May to July when the leaves
are fully grown, on short pedicels mostly unilateral on the long branches of the densely
flowered long-stemmed pubescent cluster 3'-9' in length; calyx 2-lobed, slightly toothed,
much shorter than the narrow oblong petals; stamens 5-7, with long erect exserted slender
filaments and bright orange-colored anthers; ovary densely pubescent. Fruit obovoid, often
somewhat gibbous on the outer side, with thin smooth pale brown valves, usually 1-seeded,
2'-3' long, on a slender stalk j'-^' in length; seeds pale orange-brown, l^'-2' broad.
A tree, rarely 20°-30° high, with a short trunk occasionally 4°-5° in diameter, often much
enlarged at base, stout wide-spreading branches, forming a round-topped head, and branch-
lets glabrous and pale reddish brown when they first appear, becoming darker in their
second season; more often a shrub, with spreading stems 10°-15° high forming broad dense
thickets. Winter -buds acute, covered with narrow dark brown scales rounded on the
back and thickly coated with resin. Bark of the trunk about \' thick, smooth, and light
gray or nearly white. Wood soft, light, very close-grained, white or faintly tinged with
yellow, with thin hardly distinguishable sapwood of 10-12 layers of annual growth.
SAPINDACEiE 711
Distribution. California, borders of streams, valley of the south fork of the Salmon
River, Siskiyou County, south along the coast ranges to San Luis Obispo County and on
the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, usually at altitudes between 2000° and 2500°, occa-
sionally to 5000°, to the northern slopes of Tejon Pass, Kern County, and to Antelope Valley,
Los Angeles County.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the Pacific states, and in western and
southern Europe.
XXXVn. SAPINDACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate pinnate petiolate persistent or deciduous leaves, without
stipules. Flowers regular or irregular, polygamo-dioecious, polygamo-monoecious or polyg-
amous; calyx of 4 or 5 sepals or lobes imbricated in the bud; petals 4 or 5 imbricated in
the bud; disk annular, fleshy, 5-lobed, or unilateral and oblique; stamens usually 7-10, in-
serted on the disk; filaments free; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally;
ovary 2-4 or 3-celled; styles terminal; stigmas capitate or lobed; ovule solitary or 2 in each
cell, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a drupe or capsule. Seed usually solitary, with-
out albumen; seed-coat bony, coriaceous or crustaceous.
Of the one hundred and twenty-six genera of this family, which is chiefly confined to the
tropics and is more abundant in the Old than in the New World, four have arborescent
representatives in the United States.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Fruit baccate.
Fruit dark orange-color or yellow, with thin semitranslucent coriaceous flesh; ovules 1 in
each cell of the ovary; leaflets subcoriaceous to coriaceous. 1. Sapindus.
Fruit purple, with thick juicy flesh; ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary; leaflets thin, per-
sistent. 2. Exothea.
Fruit a drupe; leaves 3-foliolate, persistent. 3. Hypelate.
Fruit a 3-valved capsule; leaves 4 or 5, rarely 3-folioIate, deciduous. 4. Ungnadia.
1. SAPENTDUSL. Soapberry.
Trees or shrubs, with terete branches, without a terminal bud, marked by large obcordate
leaf-scars showing the ends of 3 equidistant fibro-vascular bundles, small globose axillary
buds often superposed in pairs, the upper bud the larger, and thick fleshy roots. Leaves
equally or rarely unequally pinnate. Flowers regular, minute, polygamo-dicecious, on short
pedicels from the axils of minute deciduous bracts, in ample axillary or terminal panicles;
sepals 4 or 5, unequal, slightly united at base; petals 4 or 5, equal, alternate with the
sepals, inserted under the thick edge of the annular fleshy entire crenately lobed disk, un-
guiculate, naked or furnished at the summit of the claw on the inside with a 2-cleft scale,
deciduous; stamens usually 8 or 10, inserted on the disk immediately under the ovary,
equal; filaments subulate or filiform, often pilose, exserted in the staminate, much shorter
in the pistillate flower; anthers oblong, attached near the base; pistils 2 or 3, united; ovary
sessile, entire or 2-4-lobed, 2-4-celled, narrowed into a short columnar style, rudimentary
in the staminate flower; stigma 2-4-lobed, the lobes spreading; ovule solitary in each cell,
ascending from below the inner angle of the cell; raphe ventral; micropyle infecior. Fruit
baccate, coriaceous, 1-3-seeded, usually formed of 1 globose coriaceous carpel, with the
rudiments of the others remaining at its base, or of 2 or sometimes 3 carpels more or less
connate by their base and then 2-3-lobed. Seed solitary in each carpel, obovoid or globose;
seed-coat bony, smooth, black or dark brown; tegmen membranaceous or fleshy; hilum ob-
long, surrounded by an ariloid tuft of long pale silky hairs; embryo incurved or straight;
cotyledons thick and fleshy, incumbent; radicle very short, inferior, near the bilum.
712
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Sapindus is widely distributed through the tropics, especially in Asia, occasionally ex-
tending into colder regions. About forty species have been distinguished; of these three
are found within the territory of the United States.
Sapindus contains a detersive principle which causes the pulp of the fruit to lather in
water, and makes it valuable as a substitute for soap. The bark, which is bitter and as-
tringent, has been used as a tonic. The seeds of several of the species are strung for chap-
lets and bracelets and are used as buttons.
The generic name, from safo and Indus, refers to the detersive properties and use of the
first species known to Europeans, a native of the West Indies,
CONSPECTUS OF THE SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Jjcaves persistent.
Rachis of the leaf interrupted-winged, with usually broad wings; leaflets 4-9, oblong-
lanceolate and acute to elliptic-ovate or oblong, tomentulose below; petals without
scales; fruit globose, orange-brown. 1. S. saponaria (D).
Rachis of the leaf without wings narrow-margined or marginless; leaflets 7-13, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, often somewhat falcate, glabrous below; petals with scales;
fruit somewhat oblong, dorsally keeled, yellow. 2. S. marginatus (C).
Leaves deciduous, their rachis without marginal borders; leaflets 8-18, lanceolate, mostly
falcate, soft-pubescent or ultimately glabrous below; petals with scales; fruit globose,
not keeled, turning black in drying. 3. S. Drummondii (C, E).
1. Sapindus saponaria L.
Leaves 6'-7' long, with a broad winged rachis, the wings narrow and often nearly ob-
solete below the lowest pair of leaflets, and sometimes nearly \' wide below the upper
pair, and usually 7-9 elliptic to oblong-lanceolate leaflets, rounded or slightly emargi-
Fig. 640
nate at apex, gradually narrowed at base and very short-petiolulate, soft-pubescent on
the lower surface when they unfold, and at maturity rather coriaceous, yellow-green,
paler and tomentulose below, prominently reticulate- venulose, 3'-4' long and \\' wide,
with a yellow midrib and primary veins, those of the lowest pair smaller than the others;
rarely reduced to a single leaflet. Flowers appearing in Florida in November, usually pro-
duced 3 together on short pedicels, in terminal panicles 7'-10' in length, with an angulate
peduncle and branches; calyx-lobes acute, concave, ciliate on the margins, the 2 outer
rather smaller than those of the inner rank, much shorter than the white, ovate, short-
clawed petals, without scales, rounded at apex and covered, especially toward the base.
SAPINDACE^
713
with long scattered hairs; ovary slightly 3-lobed; stamens included or slightly exserted,
with hairy filaments broadened at base. Fruit ripening in spring or in early summer,
globosQ, f'-|' in diameter, with thin orange-brown semitranslucent flesh; seeds obovoid,
black, 1' in diameter.
A tree, sometimes 25°-30° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 10'-12' in diameter, erect
branches and slender branchletsat first slightly many-angled and puberulous, soon glabrous,
orange-green and marked by white lenticels, becoming in their second season terete, pale
brown faintly tinged with red. Bark of the trunk l'-^' thick, light gray and roughened by
oblong lighter colored excrescences, the outer layer exfoliating in large flakes exposing the
nearly black inner bark. Wood heavy, rather hard, close-grained, light brown tinged with
yellow, with thick yellow sapwood.
Distribution. Florida, shores of Cape Sable, shores and islands of Caximbas Bay, Key
Largo, Elliott's Key,, and the shores of Bay Biscayne, Dade County ; in Florida most com-
mon in the region of Cape Sable, and of its largest size on some of the Ten Thousand
Islands, Lee County; generally distributed through the West Indies to Venezuela and
Ecuador.
2. Sapindus marginatus Willd.
Sapindus manatensis Radlk.
Leaves 6'-7' long, with a slender wingless or narrow-margined or marginless rachis, and
7-13 lance-oblong acuminate more or less falcate leaflets, glabrous, dark green, and lustrous
on the upper surface, paler and glabrous or puberulous on the lower surface along the slen-
Fig. 641
der midrib, sessile or very short-petiolulate, 2'-5' long, f'-l|' wide, the lower usually
alternate, the upper opposite. Flowers appearing in early spring, more or less tinged with
red and nearly |' in diameter, on short stout tomentose pedicels, in panicles 4'-5' long and
usually about 3' wide, with a villose stem and branches; sepals acute, «;oncave, ciliate on the
margins, much shorter than the ovate-oblong, short-clawed, ciliate petals furnished on
the inner surface near the base with a 2-lobed villose scale; filaments villose; ovary 3-lobed.
Fruit conspicuously keeled on the back, short-oblong to slightly obovoid, about f ' long,
with thin light yellow translucent flesh; seeds obovoid, dark brown.
A tree, rarely more than 25°-30° high, with a trunk sometimes 1° in diameter, and stout
pale brown or ultimately ashy gray branchlets.
Distribution. Hurricane Island at the mouth of Medway River, Liberty County,
714
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Georgia (Miss J. King) ; hummocks, peninsula of Florida to Alachua and Manatee Coun-
ties; not common; in Cuba.
3. Sapindus Drummondii Hook. & Am. Wild China-tree.
Leaves appearing in March and April, with a slender grooved puberulous rachis, with-
out wings, and 4-9 pairs of alternate obliquely lanceolate acuminate leaflets, glabrous on
the upper surface and covered with short pale pubescence on the lower surface, coriaceous.
Fig. 642
prominently reticulate- venulose, pale yellow-green, 2'-3' long, |'-f ' wide, short-petiolulate;
deciduous in the autumn or early winter. Flowers appearing in May and June in clusters
6'-9' long and 5'-6' wide, with a pubescent many-angled stem and branches; sepals acute
and concave, ciliate on the margins, much shorter than the obovate white petals rounded
at apex, contracted into a long claw hairy on the inner surface and furnished at base with a
deeply cleft scale hairy on the margins; filaments hairy, with long soft hairs. Fruit ripen-
ing in September and October, persistent on the branches until the following spring, gla-
brous, not keeled, yellow, §' in diameter, turning black in drying; seeds obovoid, dark
brown. '
A tree, 40°-50° high, with a trunk sometimes l^°-2° in diameter, usually erect branches,
and branchlets at first slightly many-angled, pale yellow-green, pubescent, becoming in
their second year terete, pale gray, slightly puberulous, and marked by numerous small
lenticels. Bark of the trunk i'-^' thick, separating by deep fissures into long narrow plates
broken on the surface into small red-brown scales. Wood heavy, strong, close-grained,
light brown tinged with yellow, with lighter colored sapwood of about 30 layers of annual
growth; splitting easily into thin strips and largely used in the manufacture of baskets used
in harvesting cotton, and for the frames of pack-saddles.
Distribution. Moist clay soil or dry limestone uplands; southwestern Missouri to north-
eastern and southern Kansas, eastern Louisiana (Tangipahoa Parish R. S. Cocks), and to
extreme western and southwestern Oklahoma, through eastern Texas to the Rio Grande,
over the Edwards Plateau, and in the mountain valleys of western Texas, southern Col-
orado, and of southern New Mexico and Arizona; in northern Mexico.
2. EXOTHEA Macf.
A tree, with thin scaly bark, and terete branchlets covered with lenticels. Leaves petio-
late, abruptly pinnate or 3 or rarely 1-foliolate, glabrous, without stipules, persistent; leaf-
lets oblong or oblong-ovate, acute, rounded or emarginate at apex, with entire undulate
SAPINDACEiE
715
margins, obscurely veined, thin, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface and slightly
paler on the lower surface. Flowers regular, polygamo-dicecious, on short pedicels from the
axils of minute deciduous bracts covered with thick pale tomentum, in ample terminal or
axillary wide-branched panicles clothed with orange-colored pubescence; sepals 5, ovate,
rounded at apex, ciliate on the margins, puberulous, persistent; petals 5, white, ovate,
rounded at apex, short-unguiculate, alternate with and rather longer and narrower
than the sepals; disk annular, fleshy, irregularly 5-lobed, puberulous; stamens 7 or 8, in-
serted on the disk, as long as the petals in the staminate flower, much shorter in the pis-
tillate flower; filaments filiform, glabrous, anthers oblong, with a broad connective, rudi-
mentary in the staminate flower; ovary sessile on the disk, conic, pubescent, 2-celled, con-
tracted into a short thick style, rudimentary in the staminate flower, stigma large, declinate,
obtuse; ovules 2 in each cell, suspended from the summit of the inner angle, collateral,
anatropous, raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit a nearly spherical 1-seeded berry con-
taining the rudiment of the second cell and tipped with the short remnant of the style, sur-
rounded at base by the persistent reflexed sepals; flesh becoming thick, dark purple, and
juicy at maturity. Seed short-oblong to subglobose, solitary, suspended; seed-coat thin,
coriaceous, orange-brown and lustrous; embryo subglobose, filling the cavity of the seed;
cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex, puberulous; radicle superior, very short, uncinate, turned
toward the small hilum and inclosed in a lateral cavity of the seed-coat.
The genus is represented by a single West Indian species.
The generic name is from i^ud^o:, in allusion to its removal from a related genus.
1. Exothea paniculataRadlk. Ironwood. Ink Wood.
Leaves appearing in April, on stout grooved petioles |'-1' in length; leaflets 4'-5' long
and l|'-2' wide. Flowers opening in Florida in April, |' across when expanded, the stam-
inate and pistillate on separate plants. Fruit fully grown by the end of June and then |'-f '
Fig. 643
long, and dull orange color, remaining on the branches during the summer, ripening in the
autumn; seeds i'-f in diameter.
A tree, sometimes 40°-50° high, with a trunk 12'-15' in diameter, slender upright branch-
lets orange-brown when they first appear, becoming reddish brown in their second year and
thickly covered by small white lenticels. Bark of the trunk I'-j' thick, the bright red sur-
face separating into large scales. Wood very hard and heavy, strong, close-grained, bright
red-brown, with lighter colored sapwood of 10-12 layers of annual growth; valued for piles
and also used in Florida in boatbuilding, for the handles of tools, and many small articles.
Distribution. Florida, Mosquito Inlet on the east coast to the shores of Bay Biscayne
T16
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and on the Everglade Keys, Dade County, and on the southern keys; on the Bahamas, on
many of the Antilles, and in Guatemala; on the Florida Keys generally distributed, but not
common.
3. HYPELATE P. Br.
A glabrous tree or shrub, with smooth bark and slender terete branchlets. Leaves long-
petioled, the petioles sometimes narrow-winged, 3-foliolate, the terminal leaflet rather
larger than the others, persistent; leaflets sessile, obovate, rounded or rarely acute or emar-
ginate at apex, entire, with thickened revolute margins and a prominent midrib, coriaceous,
feather-veined, the veins arcuate and connected near the margins, dark green and lustrous
on the upper surface, bright green on the lower surface. Flowers regular, polygamo-mo-
noecious, minute, on slender pedicels from the axils of minute deciduous bracts, in few-flow-
ered long-stemmed wide-branched terminal or axillary panicles; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes
ovate, rounded at apex, slightly puberulous on the outer surface, ciliate on the margins, de-
ciduous by a circumscissile line, petals 5, rather longer than the calyx-lobes, rounded, spread-
ing, ciliate on the margins, white; stamens 7 or 8, inserted on the lobes of the annular fleshy
disk; filaments filiform, as long as the petals in the staminate flower, much shorter in the
pistillate flower; anthers oblong, attached on the back near the bottom, the cells spreading
from above downward; ovary sessile on the disk, slightly 3-lobed, 3-celled, contracted into
a short stout style, rudimentary in the staminate flower; stigma large, declinate, obscurely
3-lobed; ovules 2 in each cell, borne on the middle of its inner angle, superposed, amphitro-
pous, the upper ascending, with the micropyle inferior, the lower pendulous, with the micro-
pyle superior. Fruit an ovoid black drupe crowned with the remnants of the persistent
style and supported on the persistent base of the disk; flesh thin and fleshy; walls of the
stone thick and crustaceous. Seed solitary by the abortion of the upper ovule, suspended,
obovoid; seed-coat thin, slightly wrinkled; embryo conduplicate, filling the cavity of the
seed; cotyledons thin, foliaceous, irregularly folded, incumbent on the long radicle. •
The genus with a single species is distributed from southern Florida to the Bahamas,
Cuba, Porto Rico, St. Martin, Anguilla and Jamaica.
Hypelate is the ancient name of the Butcher's Broom.
1. Hypelate trifoliata Sw. White Ironwood.
Leaves unfolding in June and persistent until their second season or longer; petioles
stout, l^'-2' in length, with narrow green wings; leaflets l^'-2' long and f'-li' wide.
Fig. 644
Flowers appearing in Florida in June, rather less than |' in diameter, in few-flowered pani-
cles 3'-^' long, on a slender peduncle, the staminate and pistillate in separate panicles
SAPINDACEiE 717
on the same tree. Fruit ripening in September, f long, with a sweet rather agreeable
flavor.
A tree, sometimes 35°-40° high, with a trunk occasionally 18'-20' in diameter, and
branchlets pale green when they first appear, becoming gray during their first season and
bright red-brown the following year; generally much smaller. Bark of the trunk rarely |'
thick, marked by shallow depressions and numerous minute lenticels. Wood very heavy,
hard, close-grained, rich dark brown, with thin darker colored sapwood of 4 or 5 layers of
annual growth; very durable in contact with the soil and valued in Florida for posts; also
used in shipbuilding and for the handles of tools.
Distribution. Southern Florida, Upper Metacombe, Umbrella and Windley's Keys; rare.
4. UNGNADIA Endl.
A tree or shrub, with thin pale gray fissured bark, slender terete slightly zigzag branch-
lets, without a terminal bud, marked by large conspicuous obcordate leaf-scars, small ob-
tuse nearly globose winter-buds covered with numerous chestnut-brown imbricated scales,
and thick fleshy roots. Leaves long-petioled, 5 or 7 or rarely 3-foliolate, deciduous; leaflets
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or cuneate, and often oblique at base, irregularly
crenulate-serrate, coated when they first appear on the lower surface like the petiole with
dense pale tomentum, and pilose above, glabrous at maturity with the exception of a few
hairs on the lower surface along the principal veins, pinnately veined, reticulate-venulose,
the terminal leaflet long-petiolulate, the others short-petiolulate to subsessile. Flowers
irregular, polygamous, in small pubescent fascicles or corymbs appearing just before or
with the leaves from the axils of those of the previous year, usually from separate buds, or
occasionally from the base of leafy branches; calyx 5-lobed, hypogynous, the lobes oblong-
lanceolate, somewhat united irregularly at base only, deciduous; petals 4 by the suppression
of the anterior one, or 5 and then alternate with the lobes of the calyx, hypogynous on the
margin of a thickened truncate torus, unguiculate, bright rose color, deciduous, the claw as
long as the lobes of the calyx, nearly erect, clothed with tomentum, especially on the inner
surface, conspicuously appendaged at the summit with a fimbricated crest of short fleshy
tufted hairs, the blade obovate, spreading, often erose-crenulate; disk unilateral, oblique,
tongue-shaped, surrounding and connate with the base of the stipe of the ovary; stamens
7-10, usually 8 or 9, inserted on the oblique edge of the disk, much exserted and unequal,
the anterior ones shorter than the others, equal or almost so and shorter than the petals in
the pistillate flower; filaments filiform; anthers oblong, attached near the base; ovary ovoid,
3-celled, pilose, raised on a long stipe, rudimentary in the staminate flower; style subulate,
filiform, elongated, slightly curved upward; stigma minute, terminal; ovules 2, borne on
the inner angle of the cell near its middle, ascending, the micropyle inferior. Fruit a
coriaceous 3-celled loculicidally 3-valved broad-ovoid capsule, conspicuously stipitate,
crowned with the remnants of the style, rugosely roughened and dark reddish brown, locu-
licidally 3-valved, the valves somewhat cordate, bearing the dissepiment on the middle.
Seed generally solitary by abortion, almost globose; seed-coat coriaceous, very smooth and
shining, dark chestnut-brown or almost black; hilum broad; tegmen thin; embryo filling
the cavity of the seed; cotyledons thick and fleshy, nearly hemispheric, conferruminate,
incumbent on the short conic descending radicle turned toward the hilum, remaining below
ground in germination.
Ungnadia with a single species is confined to Texas, New Mexico, and northern Mexico.
The name is in honor of Baron Ferdinand von Ungnad, Ambassador of the Emperor
Rudolph II. at the Ottoman Porte who sent seeds of the Horsechestnut-tree from Con-
stantinople to Vienna in the middle of the sixteenth century.
1. Ungnadia speciosa Endl. Spanish Buckeye.
Leaves appearing from March to April with or just after the flowers, 6'-12' long, with a
petiole 2'-6' in length, rather coriaceous leaflets, dark green and lustrous on the upper sur-
718
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
J
face and pale and rugose on the lower surface, S'-5' long and l^'-2' wide, the terminal leaf-
let on a petiolule i'-l' in length. Flowers 1' across when expanded, in crowded clusters
l|'-2' long. Fruit 2' broad, opening in October, the empty pods often remaining on the
branches until the appearance of the flowers the following year; seeds ^'-f in diameter.
A tree, occasionally 25°-30° high, with a trunk 6-8' in diameter, dividing at some dis-
tance from the ground into a number of small upright branches, and branchlets light
orange-brown andH;overed during their first season with short fine pubescence, and pale
brown tinged with red, glabrous and marked by scattered lenticels in their second year;
more often a shrub, with numerous stems. Winter-buds about §' in diameter. Bark of
Fig. 645
the trunk rarely more than j' thick, light gray and broken by numerous shallow reticulated
fissures. Wood heavy, close-grained, rather soft and brittle, red tinged with brown, with
lighter colored sapwood. The sweet seeds possess powerful emetic properties and are
reputed to be poisonous.
Distribution. Borders of streams, river-bottoms and limestone hills, and westward on
the sides of mountain canons; valley of the Trinity River, Dallas County and of the lower
Brazos River, Texas, to the mountains of southeastern New Mexico, and southward into
Mexico; most common and of its largest size forty to fifty miles from the Texas coast west
of the Colorado River.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the southern United States.
XXXVm. RHAMNACEJE.
Trees or shrubs, with scaly or naked buds, watery bitter astringent juice, simple leaves,
and minute deciduous stipules (persistent in Krugiodendron) . Flowers small, mostly green-
ish, perfect (polygamo-dicBcious in one species of Rhamnus) ; calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes val-
vate in the bud; petals 4-5, inserted on the calyx near the margin of the conspicuous disk
lining the short calyx-tube, and infolding the stamens, or 0; stamens as many as and alter-
nate with the calyx-lobes, free, inserted at or below the margins of the disk; filaments
slender, subulate; anthers introrse, versatile, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally;
pistils of 2-3 united carpels; ovary 2-3-, or rarely 1-celled by abortion, partly immersed in
the disk; style terminal; stigma 2-4-lobed; ovules 1 in each cell, erect, anatropous; raphe
ventral; micropyle inferior. Fruit drupaceous, supported on the tube of the calyx and bear-
ing the remnants of the style. Seed usually with scanty oily albumen; embryo with broad
cotyledons; radicle inferior, next the hilum.
RHAMNACB^
719
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Fruit more or less fleshy.
Fruit with a single stone; petals 0.
Sepals without crests.
Leaves alternate; branches spinescent.
Leaves nearly opposite; branches not spinescent.
Sepals crested; leaves mostly opposite.
Fruit with 2 or 3 nutlets; petals 4 or 5, or 0; leaves alternate.
1. Condalia.
2. Reynosia.
3. Krugiodendron.
4. Rhamnus.
Fruit crustaceous, 3-lobed, separating into 3 longitudinally 2-valved nutlets.
Sepals inflexed; petals narrowed into a long slender claw. 5. Ceanothus.
Sepals spreading; petals sessile. 6. Colubrina.
L CONDALIA Cav.
Trees or shrubs, with rigid spinescent branches and minute scaly buds. Leaves alter-
nate, subsessile, obovate or oblong, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary or
fascicled, greenish white, on short pedicels; calyx with a short broad-obconic tube and a
5-lobed limb, the lobes ovate, acute, membranaceous, spreading and persistent; disk fleshy,
flat, slightly 5-angled, surrounding the free base of the ovary; petals 0; stamens 5, inserted
on the free margin of the disk between the lobes of the calyx; filaments incurved, shorter
than the calyx-lobes; ovary 1-celled, conic, gradually narrowed into a short thick style;
stigma 3-lobed; ovule ascending from the base of the cell. Fruit ovoid or subglobose; flesh
thin; stone thick-walled, crustaceous. Seed compressed; seed-coat thin and smooth;
cotyledons oval, flat.
Condalia with nine or ten species is confined to the New World and is distributed from
western Texas and southern California to Brazil and Argentina. Of the six species found
within the territory of the United States one is a small tree.
The generic name commemorates that of Antonio Condal, a Spanish physician of the
eighteenth century sent to South America on a scientific mission in 1754.
1. Condalia obovata Hook. Purple Haw. Log Wood.
Leaves often fascicled on short spinescent lateral branchlets, spatulate to oblong-cune-
ate, mucronate, when they first appear pubescent, especially on the lower surface, at
maturity glabrous, rather thin, pale yellow-green, l'-l|' long, and about Y wide, with a
conspicuous midrib and usually 3 pairs of prominent primary veins; unfolding in May and
720
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
June and falling irregularly during the winter. Flowers in 2-4-flowered short-stemmed
fascicles, on branchlets of the year. Fruit ripening irregularly during the summer, j' long,
dark blue or black, with a sweet pleasant flavor.
A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, erect rigid zigzag branchlets
terminating in a stout spine and covered at ^x&t with soft velvety pubescence, becoming
glabrous before the end of their first season, pale red-brown and often covered with thin
scales; more often a shrub. Bark of the trunk about |' thick, divided into flat shallow
ridges, the dark brown surface tinged with red separating into thin scales. Wood very
heavy, hard, close-grained, light red, with light yellow sapwood of 7-8 layers of annual
growth; burning with an intense heat and valued as fuel.
Distribution. Southwestern Texas from Jackson County (Vanderbilt) and Corpus
Christi, Nueces County, to the Rio Grande and to Comal and Valverde Counties; in
northeastern Mexico; of tree-like habit and of its largest size on the high sandy banks of
the lower Rio Grande and its tributaries; often covering large areas with dense impenetra-
ble chaparrai.
2. REYNOSIA Griseb.
Trees or shrubs, with rigid unarmed terete branches, and scaly buds. Leaves mostly
opposite, entire, coriaceous, short-petiolate, reticulate- veined, persistent. Flowers minute,
on stout pedicels bibracteolate near the base and two or three times longer than the flower,
in small axillary sessile umbels; calyx persistent, 5-lobed, the lobes deltoid or ovate, acute or
acuminate, spreading, petaloid, deciduous; disk fleshy; petals 0; stamens 5, inserted on the
margin of the disk, rather shorter than the calyx-lobes; filaments incurved; anthers oval;
ovary free from the disk, almost superior, conic, 2-3-celled, contracted into a short erect
thick style; stigma 2-3-lobed. Fruit drupaceous; flesh thin; stone crustaceo-membrana-
ceous. Seed ovoid or subglobose; seed-coat very thin, conspicuously rugose and tubercu-
late; embryo axile in copious subcorneous ruminate albumen; cotyledons oblong.
Reynosia is distributed from southern Florida and the Bahama Islands to the Antilles.
Four species are recognized; of these, one, a small tree, extends into southern Florida.
The generic name is in honor of Alvaro Reynoso (1830-1888), the distinguished Cuban
chemist and writer on agriculture and scientific subjects.
1. Reynosia septentrionalis UrJ). Red Ironwood. Darling Plum.
Leaves oblong to ovate or obo^'ate, or sometimes nearly orbicular, rounded, truncate or
Fig. 647
frequently emarginate and usually minutely apiculate at apex, gradually narrowed at base
into a short broad petiole, very thick and coriaceous, dark green on the upper, rather paler
RHAMNACE^ 721
or often rufous on the lower surface, I'-l^' long and ^ broad, with thickened revolute mar^
gins, a stout broad midrib, about five pairs of primary veins spreading nearly at right angles,
and numerous reticulate veinlets; unfolding in April and remaining on the branches for
one and sometimes for two years. Flowers yellowish green appearing in May, 1^2' long;
sepals ovate, acute. Fruit ripening in Florida in November or frequently not until the
following. spring, short-obovoid, ^ long, purple or nearly black, edible, with an agreeable
flavor,
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, stout terete rigid branchlets slightly
puberulous when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous and gray faintly tinged with
red, growing darker in their second season, then often covered by small tubercles and
marked by the prominent elevated leaf-scars. Winter-buds minute, chestnut-brown.
Bark of the trunk xV'-i' thick, dark-red-brown, and divided into large plate-like scales.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, rich dark brown, with light brown
sapwood of 15-20 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Florida, coast and islands from the Marquesas group to the shores of
Bay Biscayne and the Everglade Keys, Dade County; common and generally distrib-
uted; on the Bahama Islands.
3. KRUGIODENDRON Urb.
A small tree or shrub, with slender unarmed terete branches roughened by numerous
small lenticels, and minute scaly buds. Leaves opposite or obliquely opposite, or some-
times alternate on lower branches, ovate or oval, often emarginate, coriaceous, entire,
short-petiolate, feather- veined, persistent; stipules acuminate, persistent. Flowers green-
ish yellow, on short slender pedicels, in axillary simple or dichotomously branched cymes;
calyx broad-obconic, 5-lobed, the lobes triangular, acute, erect or spreading, conspicuously
crested on the inner surface, deciduous; disk annular, broad, fleshy, 5-lobed, surrounding
the base of the ovary; petals 0; stamens 5, inserted under the margin of the disk; anthers
ovoid or ovoid-orbicular, obtuse; ovary conic, imperfectly 2-celled; styles short and thick,
united nearly to the apex, the branches spreading and stigmatic on the inner face; ovule
ascending from the base of the cell. Fruit 1-seeded, oval or ovoid; flesh thin and black;
wall of the stone thin and bony. Seed ellipsoid, compressed, without albumen; seed-coat
membranaceous; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons thick and fleshy, obovate
or elliptic.
Krugiodendron, with a single species, is confined to southern Florida and the West Indies.
The generic name is in honor of Leopold Krug (1833-1898), a student of the flora of the
Antilles.
1. Krugiodendron ferreum Urb. Black Ironwood.
Leaves bright green and lustrous above, pale yellow-green below, glabrous with the excep-
tion of a few scattered hairs on the upper surface and on the petiole, I'-l^' long and ^'-1'
wide, with entire or slightly undulate margins; persistent for two or three years; petioles
stout, Y in length. Flowers on bibracteolate pedicels j' long, in 3-5-flowered cymes on
peduncles sometimes |' in length, usually much shorter and often branched near the apex,
on branchlets of the year; calyx about ^^' long. Fruit generally solitary, Y in length, on
a stem |'-^' long.
A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a trunk 8'-10' in diameter, and slender branchlets at
first green and covered with dense velvety pubescence, becoming glabrous in their second
year, and then gray faintly tinged with red and roughened by small crowded lenticels; gen-
erally much smaller and more often shrubby than arborescent. Bark of the trunk about
Y thick and divided into prominent rounded longitudinal ridges broken on the surface into
short thick light gray scales. Wood exceedingly heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, brittle,
rich orange-brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood.
Distribution. Florida, Cape Canaveral on the east coast to the shores of Bay Biscayne
J
7n
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and on the Everglade Keys, Dade County, near Cape Sable, and on the southern keys;
one of the commonest of the small trees of the region; on the Bahama Islands and on
several of the Antilles.
Fig. 648
4. KHAMNUS L.
Trees or shrubs, with terete often spinescent branches, without a terminal bud, scaly
or naked axillary buds and acrid bitter bark. Leaves alternate or rarely obliquely
opposite, conduplicate in the bud, petiolate, feather-veined, entire or dentate, stipulate.
Flowers perfect or polygamo-dicecious, in axillary simple or compound racemes or fascicled
cymes; calyx campanulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes triangular-ovate, erect or spreading, keeled
on the inner surface, deciduous; disk thin below, more or less thickened above; petals 5,
inserted on the margin of the disk, ovate, unguiculate, emarginate, infolded round the sta-
mens, deciduous, or 0; stamens 4 or 5; filaments very short; anthers oblong-ovoid or sagit-
tate, rudimentary and sterile in the pistillate flower; ovary free, ovoid, included in the tube
of the calyx, 2-4-celled, rudimentary in the staminate flower; styles united below, with
spreading stigmatic lobes or terminating in a 2-3-lobed obtuse stigma; ovule erect from the
base of the cell. Fruit drupaceous, oblong or spherical; flesh thick and succulent, inclosing
2-4 separable cartilaginous 1-seeded nutlets. Seeds erect, obovoid, grooved longitudinally
on the back, with a cartilaginous seed-coat, the raphe in the groove, or convex on the back,
with a membranaceous seed-coat, the raphe lateral next to one margin of the cotyledons;
embryo large, surrounded by thin fleshy albumen; cotyledons oval, foliaceous, with re volute
margins, or flat and fleshy.
Rhamnus with about sixty species is widely distributed in nearly all the temperate
and in many of the tropical parts of the world with the exception of Australasia and the
islands of the Pacific Ocean. Of the five species indigenous to the United States three
attain the size of small trees. The fruit and bark of Rhamnus are drastic, and yield
yellow and green dyes. The European Rhamnus cathartica L., the Buckthorn, has long
been used as a hedge plant in northern Europe, and in eastern North America, where it has
now become sparingly naturalized.
The generic name is from pd/xvos, the classical name of the Buckthorn.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Flowers polygamo-dicecious, in sessile umbels; calyx 4-lobed; petals 0; anthers oblong-
ovoid; lobes of the stigma elongated, spreading; fruit red; seed grooved on the back:
seed-coat cartilaginous; leaves often sharply toothed, persistent; winter-buds scaly.
1. R. crocea (G).
RHAMNACE.E
723
Flowers perfect, in pedunculate umbels; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; anthers sagittate; lobes
of the stigma short and obtuse; fruit black; seed rounded on the back; seed-coat mem-
oranaceous; leaves deciduous; winter-buds naked.
Peduncles shorter than the petioles. 2. R. caroliniana (C).
Peduncles longer than the petioles. 3. R. Purshiana (B, G).
1. Rhamnus crocea Nutt.
Leaves persistent, often in fascicles, elliptic, broad-ovate to suborbicular, rounded and
often apiculate at apex, glandular-denticulate with minute teeth, coriaceous, yellow-green
and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and frequently bronzed or copper color on the lower
surface, glabrous or often puberulous while young, with a prominent midrib and slender
primary veins, i'-|' long; petioles short and stout; stipules minute, acuminate. Flowers
polygamo-dicecious, on slender often puberulous pedicels, in small clusters from the axils
of the leaves or of small lanceolate persistent bracts on shoots of the year; calyx 4-lobed,
with acuminate lobes, about |' long; petals 0; stamens rather shorter than the calyx, with
short stout incurved filaments and large ovoid anthers, minute and rudimentary in the pis-
tillate flower; ovary ovoid, contracted into a long slender style divided above the middle
into two' wide-spreading acuminate stigmatic lobes, rudimentary in the staminate flower.
Fruit red, obovoid, slightly grooved or lobed at maturity, I' long, with thin dry flesh and
1-3 nutlets; seed broad-ovoid, pointed at apex, deeply grooved on the back and f long,
with a thin membranaceous pale chestnut-colored coat.
A shrub, 6'-3° high, with slender rigid often spinescent branchlets forming thickets.
Distribution. Coast mountains of central and southern California. Passing into
Rhamnus crocea var. ilicifolia Greene.
Leaves oval or orbicular, spinulose-dentate, often golden beneath and l'-l|' long and
I'-l' wide. Flowers with 4 or occasionally 5 calyx-lobes and stamens.
A tree, occasionally 25° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, stout spreading branches,
and slender branchlets yellow-green and puberulous or glabrate when they first appear, be«
Fig. 649
coming dark red or reddish brown and glabrous in their second season. Winter-buds ob-
tuse, barely more than tV long, with small puberulous apiculate imbricated scales ciliate
on the margins. Bark of the trunk usually from t^'-|' thick, the dark gray surface slightly
roughened by minute tubercles.
Distribution. California, valley of the Sacramento River southward along the western
slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and on the coast ranges and southern mountains to San Diego
724
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
County; Arizona, Oak Creek and Sycamore Canons, near FlagstaflF, Coconino County,
(P. Lowell), Copper Canon, west of Camp Verde, Yavapai County, and on the Pinal and
Santa Catalina Mountains.
Passing into
Rhamnus crocea var. insularis Sarg.
A form with larger less prominently toothed leaves sometimes 3' long and 1^' wide,
rather larger flowers, with shorter and broader calyx-lobes a less deeply divided style,
Fig. 650
and larger fruits. A tree often growing to the height of 25°-30°, flowering later than the
var. ilicifolia, and not uncommon on the islands of the Santa Barbara group and on
the mountains of the adjacent mainland. A form (f. pUosa Trel.) with narrow re volute
leaves densely pilose throughout, occurs in the Santa Maria valley of the mountains near
San Diego.
2. Rhamnus caroliniana Walt, liidian Cherry.
Leaves deciduous, elliptic-oblong or broad-elliptic, acute or acuminate, cuneate or some-
what rounded at base, remotely and obscurely serrate, or crenulate, densely coated when
they unfold with rusty brown tomentum, and at maturity thin, dark yellow-green above,
paler below, glabrous or somewhat hairy on the lower surface, 2'-6' long and 1' to nearly
2' wide, with a prominent yellow midrib and about 6 pairs of conspicuous yellow primary
veins; turning yellow in the autumn before falling; petioles slender, pubescent, |' to nearly
1' in length; stipules nearly triangular. Flowers appearing from April to June when the
leaves are almost fully grown, on slender pedicels about j' long, in few-flowered pubescent
umbels, on peduncles varying from |'-^' in length; calyx 5-lobed, with a narrow turbinate
tube and triangular lobes; petals 5, broad-ovate, deeply notched at apex and folded round
the short stamens; ovary contracted into a long columnar style terminating in a slightly 3-
lobed stigma. Fruit ripening in September and sometimes remaining on the branches until
the beginning of winter, globose, |' in diameter, black, with thin sweet rather dry flesh and
2-4 nutlets; seeds obtuse at apex, rounded on the back, reddish brown, about I' long.
A tree, 30°-40° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, small spreading unarmed branches,
and slender branchlets light red-brown and puberulent or covered with a glaucous bloom
when they first appear, becoming slightly angled, gray, and glabrous, and marked during
their second season by the small horizontal oval leaf-scars; more often a tall shrub, with
numerous stems 15°-20° high. Winter-buds naked, hoary-tomentose. Bark of the trunk
about i' thick, slightly furrowed, ashy gray and often marked by large black blotches.
Wood rather hard, light, close-grained, not strong, light brown, with lighter colored sap-
wood of 5 or 6 layers c^ annual growth.
EHAMNACE^
725
Distribution. Borders of streams on rich bottom-lands, and on limestone ridges; Vir-
ginia to western Florida and westward through the valley of the Ohio Rivfer to eastern
Fig. 651
Kansas, the valley of the Washita River, Oklahoma (Carter County), and to Kendall, Kerr
and Uvalde Counties, western Texas; occasionally tree-like in western Florida and Missis-
sippi, and of its largest size only in southern Arkansas and the adjacent portions of Texas;
very abundant on the limestone barrens of central Kentucky and Tennessee.
3. Rhamnus Purshiana DC. Bearberry. Coffee-tree.
Leaves deciduous, broad-elliptic, obtuse or bluntly pointed at apex, rounded or slightly
cordate at base, finely serrate, or often nearly entire, with undulate margins, thin, villose
with short hairs on the lower surface and on the veins above, .l§'-7' long, l|'-2' wide,
conspicuously netted- veined, with a broad and prominent midrib and primary veins; turn-
ing pale yellow late in the autumn before falling; petioles stout, often pubescent, |'-1' in
length; stipules membranaceous, acuminate. Flowers on slender pubescent pedicels \'-V
long, in axillary cymes on slender pubescent peduncles ^'-1' in length on shoots of the year;
calyx nearly campanulate, with 5 spreading acuminate lobes; petals 5, minute, ovate,
deeply notched at apex, and folded round the short stamens; stigma 2 or 3-lobed. Fruit
globose or broad-obovoid, black, l'-^ in diameter, slightly or not at all lobed, with thin
rather juicy flesh, and 2 or 3 obovoid nutlets usually f long, rounded on the back, flat-
tened on the inner surface, with 2 bony tooth-like enlargements at base, 1 on each side of
the large scar of the hilum, and a thin gray or pale yellow-green shell; seeds obtuse
at apex, rounded on the back; seed-coat thin and papery, yellow-brown on the outer sur-
face, bright orange color on the inner surface like the cotyledons.
A tree, 35°-40° high, with a slender trunk often 18'-20' in diameter, separating 10°-15°
from the ground into numerous stout upright or sometimes nearly horizontal branches,
and slender branchlets coated at first with fine soft pubescence, pale yellow-green or reddish
brown, and pubescent, glabrous, or covered with scattered hairs in their second season and
then marked by the elevated oval horizontal leaf-scars; often shrubby and occasionally
prostrate. Winter-buds naked, hoary-tomentose. Bark of the trunk rarely more than j'
thick, dark brown to light brown or gray tinged with red, broken on the surface into short
thin scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brown tinged with red, with thin lighter colored
sapwood. The bark possesses the drastic properties peculiar to that of other species of
the genus, and is a popular domestic remedy in Oregon and California, and under the name
of Cascara Sagrada has been admitted into the American materia medica.
J
726 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Rich bottom-lands and the sides of canons, usually in coniferous forests;
shores of Puget Sound eastward along the mountain ranges of northern Washington to the
Bitter Root Mountains of Idaho and the shores of Flat Head Lake, Montana, and south-
ward to central California; Arizona, southern slope of the Grand Canon of the Colorado
Fig. 652
River, Coconino County {A. Rehder), Cave Creek Canon, Chiricahua Mountains,
Cochise County (J. W. Tourney).
Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of western Europe and of the eastern United
States.
5. CEANOTHUS L.
Small trees or shrubs, with slender terete branches, without a terminal bud, and small
scaly axillary buds. Leaves petiolate, 3-ribbed from the base, or pinnately veined, per-
sistent in the arborescent species. Flowers on colored pedicels, in umbellate fascicles col-
lected in dense or prolonged terminal or axillary thyrsoid cymes or panicles, blue or white;
calyx colored, with a turbinate or hemispheric tube and 5 triangular membranaceous peta-
loid lobes; disk fleshy, thickened above; petals 5, inserted under the margin of the disk,
unguiculate, wide-spreading, deciduous, the long claw infolded round the stamens; stamens
5, inserted with and opposite the petals, persistent, filaments spreading; ovary partly im-
mersed in and more or less adnate to the disk, 3-celled, sometimes 3-angled, the angles
often surmounted by a fleshy gland persistent on the fruit; styles short, united below;
stigmas 3-lobed with spreading lobes; ovule erect from the base of the cell. Fruit 3-lobed,
subglobose, with a thin outer coat, soon becoming dry, and separating into 3 crustaceous
or cartilaginous longitudinally 2-valved nutlets. Seeds erect, obovoid, lenticellate, with
a broad basal excrescence surrounding the hilum; seed-coat thin, crustaceous; albumen
fleshy; embryo axile; cotyledons oval or obovate.
Ceanothus is confined to the temperate and warmer regions of North America, with
about thirty species, mostly belonging to California. The leaves, bark, and roots are as-
tringent and tonic. Of the species of the United States three are small trees.
The generic name is from Kedvtados, the classical name of some spiny plant.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Branchlets not spinose, leaves 3-ribbed.
Leaves broad-ovate to elliptic, subcordate or rounded at base, pale and tomentose below.
1. C. arboreus (G).
RHAMNACE^E
727
Leaves elliptic, acute at base, glabrous except on the veins below.
2. C. thyrsiflorus (G).
Branchlets spinose; leaves with a single midrib, mostly elliptic, rounded or subcordate at
base, glabrous. 3. C. spinosus (G).
1. Ceanothus arboreus Greene.
Leaves broad-ovate or elliptic, acute, conspicuously glandular-crenate, dark green and
softly puberulent on the upper surface, pale and densely tomentose on the lower surface,
2^'-4' long and l'-2|' wide, with prominent veins; petioles stout, pubescent, ^'-1' in length;
stipules subulate from a broad triangular base, j' long. Flowers pale blue opening in July
and August, on slender hairy pedicels ^'-1' long, from the axils of large scarious caducous
bracts, in ample compound densely hoary-pubescent thyrsoid clusters 3'-4' long and
l^'-2' wide, on a leafy or naked axillary peduncle at the end of young branches. Fruit
black, \' across.
A round-headed tree, 20°-25° high, with a straight trunk 6'-10' in diameter, dividing
4°-5° from the ground into many stout spreading branches, and slender slightly angled
pale brown branchlets covered with short dense tomentum, becoming in their second season
I
Fig. 653
terete, nearly glabrous, roughened with scattered lenticels and marked by large elevated
leaf-scars; often a shrub. Bark of the trunk dark brown, about |' thick, and broken into
small square plates separating into thick scales.
Distribution. Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa Islands of the Santa Barbara
group off the coast of southern California; most abundant and of its largest size on the
northern slopes of Santa Cruz; on the other islands usually shrubby, with numerous slender
stems.
2. Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Eschs. Blue Myrtle. California Lilac.
Leaves oblong or oblong-ovate, minutely glandular-serrate, smooth and lustrous on the
upper surface and paler and slightly pubescent on the lower surface, especially along the 3
prominent ribs, I'-l^' long and ^'-I'wide; petioles stout, i'-|' in length; stipules mem-
branaceous, acute. Flowers blue or white, appearing in early spring in small pedunculate
corymbs from the axils of minute deciduous bracts, and collected into slender rather loose
thyrsoid clusters 2'-3' long in the axils of upper leaves or of small scarious bracts, and
usually surmounted by the terminal leafy shoot of the branch. Fruit ripening from July
tp December, black; seeds ^/ long, smooth, dark brown or nearly black.
A tree, occasionally 35° high, with a trunk 12'-14' in diameter, dividing 5°-6° from the
7^8
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ground into many small wide-spreading branches, and conspicuously angled pale yellow-
green branchlets slightly pubescent when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous; more
often a tall or low shrub. Bark of the trunk thin, with a bright red-brown surface separat-
ing into thin narrow appressed scales. Wood close-grained, rather soft, light brown, with
thin darker colored sap wood.
Distribution. Shady hillsides on the borders of the forest and often in the neighborhood
of streams; coast mountains of California from Mendocino County to the valley of the San
Luis Rey River, San Diego County; of its largest size northward, and in the Redwood-for-
ests of the Santa Cruz Mountains; southward often a low shrub, frequently flowering on the
wind-swept shores of the ocean when only l°-2° high.
3. Ceanothus spinosus Nutt. Lilac.
Leaves elliptic to oblong, full and rounded, apiculate or often slightly emarginate or grad-
ually narrowed and pointed or rarely 3-lobed at apex, and rounded or cuneate at base, when
Fig. 655
they unfold villose-pubescent below along the stout midrib and obscure primary veins,
soon glabrous, coriaceous, usually about 1' long and ^' wide; petioles stout, Y~¥ i^ length,
at first villose, becoming nearly glabrous; leaves on vigorous shoots sometimes ovate, con-
RHAMNACEiE 729
spicuously 3-nerved, irregularly serrate with incurved apiculate teeth, or coarsely dentate,
and often I5' long and f wide; stipules minute, acute. Flowers light or dark blue, very
fragrant, opening from March until May, in lax corymbs from the axils of acute pubescent
red caducous bracts on upper leafy branchlets of the year, the whole inflorescence forming
an open thyrsus often 5'-6' long and 3'-4' thick, leafless toward the apex. Fruit depressed,
obscurely lobed, crestless, black, i'-f' in diameter.
A tree, 18°-20° high, with a trunk 5'-6' in diameter, upright branches forming a narrow
open head, and slender divaricate angled branchlets pubescent or puberulous when they
first appear, soon glabrous, bright green, ultimately reddish brown, frequently terminating
in sharp leafless thorn-like points; more often shrubby. Bark of the trunk thin, red-brown,
roughened by small closely appressed scales.
Distribution. California, common in mountain canons near the coast of Santa Barbara,
Ventura, and Los Angeles Counties; often forming a dense undergrowth in the forest, which
it enlivens for many weeks in early spring by its large clusters of bright blue flowers.
6. COLUBRINA Brong.
Trees or shrubs, with terete branches and scaly buds. Leaves alternate, petiolate,
pinnately veined or triple-veined from the base, often ferrugineo-tomentose on the lower
surface, persistent. Flowers axillary, in contracted few-flowered cymes or fascicles,
yellow or greenish yellow; calyx-tube hemispheric, persistent, 5-lobed, the lobes spread-
ing, triangular-ovate, keeled on the inner surface, deciduous by a circumscissile line;
disk fleshy, annular, 5-angled or indistinctly 5 or 10-lobed ; petals 5 yellow or white,
inserted under the margin of the disk, shorter than the lobes of the calyx, cucullate,
unguiculate, infolding the stamens; stamens 5, opposite to and inserted with the petals;
filaments incurved; anthers ovoid; ovary surrounded by and confluent with the disk,
3-celled, subglobose, contracted into a slender 3-lobed style, the obtuse lobes stigmatic on
the inner face; ovule erect, from the base of the cell. Fruit subglobose, 3-lobed, the outer
coat thin and septicidally dehiscent into 3 1-seeded crustaceous nutlets 2-valved at apex.
Seeds erect, broad-obovoid, compressed, 3-angled; seed-coat coriaceous, smooth and shin-
ing; embryo axile in thick fleshy albumen; cotyledons orbicular, flat or incurved, thin or
fleshy.
Colubrina with about a dozen species is confined to the tropics, with the largest number
of species in the New World. Of the four species found within the territory of the United
States three are arborescent.
The generic name is from coluber, a serpent, probably on account of the peculiar twisting
of the deep furrows on the stems of some of the species.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Leaves thin, elliptic, ovate or lanceolate, glabrous at maturity. 1. C. reclinata (D).
Leaves thick or coriaceous.
Leaves oblong to elliptic, rounded or acute at apex, densely soft-pubescent.
2. C. cubensis (D).
Leaves elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, bluntly pointed at apex, coriaceous, rusty-pubescent
beneath. 3. C. arborescens (D).
1. Colubrina reclinata Brong. Naked Wood.
Leaves elliptic, ovate or lanceolate, usually contracted at apex into a blunt point,
cuneate or somewhat rounded and furnished with 2 conspicuous marginal glands at base,
and entire when they unfold in early summer thin, glabrous or finely puberulent below
and along the principal veins, and at maturity thin, yellow-green, 2|'-3' long and 1^' to
nearly 2' wide, with a stout midrib and arcuate primary veins; persistent until their second
year; petioles slender, ^' in length. Flowers in cymes rather shorter than the petioles, on
shoots of the year, pubescent, soon becoming glabrate. Fruit j' in diameter and dark
orange-red, ripening late in the autumn, on pedicels |' in length; seeds light red-brown,
I' long.
730
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, 50°-60° high, with a trunk 3°^° in diameter, divided by numerous irregular deep
furrows multiplying and spreading in all directions, and branchlets slightly angled when
they first appear, puberulent and reddish brown, soon becoming glabrate, and in their
Fig. 656
second season nearly terete, gray or light brown, and marked by numerous small light-
colored lenticels. Bark of the trunk thin, orange-brown, exfoliating in large papery scales.
Wood heavy, "hard, very strong, dark brown tinged with yellow, with thin light yellow sap-
wood of 8-10 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Florida, on Umbrella Key, the north end of Key Largo, and on some of the
small keys south of Elliott's Key; of its largest size and forming a forest of considerable
extent on Umbrella Key; on the Bahama Islands and on many of the Antilles.
2. Colubrina cubensis Brong.
Leaves oblong to elliptic, gradually narrowed and rounded or acute and apiculate at
apex, rounded or cuneate at the often unsymmetric base, slightly crenulate-serrate with
Fig. 657
RHAMNACEiE
731
broad rounded teeth, thick, dull dark green and soft-pubescent on the upper surface, pale
and pubescent on the lower surface, 3^' -5' long and 1 j'-l|' wide, with a prominent pubes-
cent yellow midrib and slender primary veins; petioles slender, yellow, densely pubescent,
j-^' in length; stipules linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, pubescent, |' in length. Flowers
minute on pedicels I' long, from the axils of ovate acuminate villose caducous bracts, in
villose cynies on peduncles longer than the petioles; calyx densely pubescent, the lobes
triangular, ovate, acute, about as long as the yellow petals. Fruit globose, about |' in di-
ameter.
A tree in Florida from 20°-30° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter {teste J. K. Small)
and slender light red-brown pubescent branchlets.
Distribution. Florida, hummocks of the Everglade Keys, Dade County; on the Ba-
hama Islands and in Cuba and Hispaniola.
3. Colubrina arborescens Sarg.
Colubrina Colubrina Mills.
Leaveg coriaceous, persistent, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, gradually narrowed and
bluntly pointed at apex, narrowed and rounded or cuneate at base, entire, dark green,
glabrous and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and coated on the lower surface with thick
rusty pubescence and sometimes marked by conspicuous glands mostly at the end of small
veins, 2'-4^' long and l^'-S^' wide, with a thick midrib; petioles stout, rusty-pubescent,
^'-f in length; stipules oblong, acuminate, rusty-pubescent, caducous. Flowers minute,
in axillary cymes shorter than the petioles, covered with persistent rusty pubescence and
generally produced on short axillary branches; petals white or nearly white. Fruit on a
stout rusty-pubescent pedicel, about §' long, on a much thickened peduncle, obovoid to
I
Fig. 658
subglobose, dark purple or nearly black, y\' in diameter; nutlets light yellow; seed
about V long
A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a straight trunk 8'-12' in diameter, large erect branches
and stout branchlets densely rusty-pubescent when they first appear, and light gray, puber-
ulous and marked by small dark lenticels in their second year; in Florida more often a shrub.
Distribution. Florida, on the Everglade and southern keys; on the Bahama Islands and
on several of the Antilles.
732 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
XXXIX. TILIACE^.
Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with alternate simple leaves, and free stipules. Flowers regular,
perfect; sepals valvate in the bud, deciduous; corolla hypogynous; stamens numerous, with
2-celled anthers, the cells opening longitudinally; pistil compound; styles united into 1;
stigma capitate. Fruit capsular or nut-like. Seeds with albumen; embryo with broad
foliaceous cotyledons.
The Linden family with forty-four genera is chiefly tropical, with more representatives in
the southern than in the northern hemisphere. Of the three North American genera only
Tilia is arborescent.
1. TILIA L. Bass Wood. Linden.
Trees, with terete moderately stout branchlets, without a terminal bud, large compressed
acute axillary buds, with numerous imbricated scales, those of the inner rank accrescent,
mucilaginous juice, and tough fibrous inner bark. Leaves conduplicate in the bud, long-
petiolate, 2-ranked, cordate or truncate at the oblique base, acute or acuminate, serrate,
deciduous, their petioles in falling leaving large elevated horizontal leaf -scars displaying
the ends of numerous fibro- vascular bundles; stipules ligulate, membranaceous, caducous.
Flowers nectariferous, fragrant, on slender clavate pedicels, in axillary or terminal cymes,
with minute caducous bracts at the base of the branches, their peduncle more or less con-
nate with the axis of a large membranaceous light green ligulate often obovate persistent
conspicuously reticulate- veined bract; sepals 5, distinct; petals 5, imbricated in the bud,
alternate with the sepals, sometimes thickened and glandular at the narrow base, creamy
white or yellow, deciduous; stamens inserted on a short hypogynous receptacle; filaments
filiform, forked near the apex, collected into 5 clusters and united at base with each
other and (in the American species) with a spatulate petaloid scale (staminodium) placed
opposite each petal, the branches of the filament bearing oblong extrorse half anthers;
ovary sessile, tomentose, 5-celled, the cells opposite the sepals; style erect, dilated at apex
into 5 spreading stigmatic lobes; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending from the middle of its inner
angle, semianatropous, the micropyle centripetal-inferior. Fruit nut-like, woody, subglo-
bose to short-oblong or ovoid, sometimes ribbed, tomentose, 1-celled by the obliteration of
the partitions, 1 or 2-seeded. Seeds obovoid, amphitropous, ascending; seed-coat carti-
laginous, light reddish brown; embryo large, often curved, in fleshy albumen; cotyledons
reniform or cordate, palmately 5-lobed, the margins irregularly involute or crumpled ; radi-
cle inferior.
Tilia with some thirty species is widely distributed in the temperate regions of the north-
ern hemisphere with the exception of western America, central Asia, and the Himalayas.
Tilia produces soft straight-grained pale-colored light wood, largely used for the interior
finish of buildings, in cabinet-making, for the sounding-boards of pianos, wood-carving and
wooden ware, and in the manufacture of paper. The tough inner bark is largely manufac-
tured into mats, cords, fish-nets, coarse cloths, and shoes. Lime-flower oil, obtained by
distilling the flowers of the European species, is used in perfumery. The flowers yield
large quantities of nectar, and honey made near forests of Tilia is unsurpassed in flavor and
delicacy. Many of the species are planted as shade and ornamental trees, and some of
the European species are now common in the gardens and parks of the eastern United
States.
CONSPECTUS OF THE SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Surface of the leaves glabrous at maturity.
Leaves glabrous or almost glabrous when they unfold, coarsely serrate.
Leaves furnished with conspicuous tufts of axillary hairs, their lower surface light
green and lustrous; pedicels glabrous or nearly glabrous. 1. T. glabra (A).
Leaves usually without tufts of axillary hairs, their lower surface not lustrous; pedicels
densely hoary-tomentose. 2. T. nuda (C).
TILIACEiE 733
Leaves hoary-tomentose when they unfold.
Leaves soon glabrous.
Leaves coarsely serrate with stout teeth, their veinlets conspicuous; branchlets
stout, bright red. 3. T. venulosa (A).
Leaves finely serrate with straight or incurved teeth, their veinlets less conspicu-
ous; branchlets slender, pale reddish brown. 4. T. littoralis (C).
Leaves crenately serrate, glaucescent on the lower surface. 5. T. crenoserrata (C).
Leaves covered below early in the season with articulate hairs, becoming glabrous
or nearly glabrous.
Leaves thin, coarsely serrate, green or glaucescent on the lower surface, with or with-
out tufts of axillary hairs; summer shoots not pubescent. 6. T. floridana (C).
Leaves subcoriaceous, finely serrate, bluish green and lustrous below early in the
season; tufts of axillary hairs minute, usually wanting; summer shoots pubes-
cent. 7. T. Cocksii (C).
Surface of the leaves pubescent below during the season.
Lower surface of the leaves covered with short gray firmly attached pubescence; tufts of
axillary hairs not conspicuous. 8. T. neglecta (A,C).
Lower surface of the leaves covered with articulate easily detached hairs.
Branchlets without straight hairs.
Leaves ovate, acuminate, usually obliquely truncate at base, glabrous above, their
pubescence brownish or white. 9. T. caroliniana (C).
Leaves oblong-ovate, cordate or obliquely cordate at base, pubescent above early
in the season. 10. T. texana (C).
Leaves semiorbicular to broad-ovate, abruptly short-pointed, deeply and usually
symmetrically cordate at base. 11. T. phanera (C).
Branchlets covered with straight hairs; leaves ovate, abruptly short-pointed, oblique
and truncate at base. 12. T. lasioclada (C).
Surface of the leaves tomentose below during the season with close firmly attached tomen-
tum.
Tomentum white, gray, or brown; leaves usually glabrous on the upper surface; branch-
lets and winter-buds glabrous {occasionally pubescent in varieties of 13).
Branchlets slender; petioles not more than 1^' in length; leaves oblong-ovate, acumi-
nate or abruptly pointed, oblique and truncate or cordate at base; tomentum on the
leaves of upper branches often brown ; flowers \'-\' long. 13. T. heterophylla (A, C) .
Branchlets stout; petioles up to 3' in length; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, obliquely
truncate at base; tomentum always white; flowers -ri'-\' long.
14. T. monticola (A).
Tomentum pale or brownish; leaves thickly covered above early in the season with fas-
cicled hairs; branchlets tomentose; winter-buds pubescent. 15. T. georgiana (C).
1. Tilia glabra Vent. Linden. Bass Wood.
Tilia americana L.
Leaves broad-ovate, contracted at apex into a slender acuminate entire? point, obliquely
cordate or sometimes almost truncate at base, coarsely serrate with incurved glandular
teeth, often slightly pubescent when they first appear soon glabrous with the exception of
tufts of rusty brown hairs in the axils of the principal veins below, thick and firm, dark dull
green on the upper surface, lighter, yellow-green and lustrous on the lower surface, 5 '-6'
long and 3'-4' wide; turning pale yellow in the autumn before falling; petioles slender,
l^'-2' in length. Flowers ^' long, opening early in July on slender slightly angled pubes-
cent pedicels, in few-flowered slender-branched glabrous cymes; peduncle slender, gla-
brous, the free portion 3^'-4' long, its bract rounded or pointed at apex, 4'-5' long, l'-l|'
wide, decurrent nearly to the base or to within f '-1' of the base of the peduncle; sepals
ovate, acuminate, densely hairy on the inner surface and slightly pubescent on the outer
734 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
surface, a third shorter than the lanceolate petals; staminodia oblong-obovate, bluntly
pointed at apex, a third shorter than the petals; ovary villose; style covered with rufous to-
mentum. Fruit short-oblong to oblong-obovoid, rounded or pointed at apex, 3'-^' long,
and covered with short thick rufous tomentum.
A tree, usually 60°-70'', or sometimes 120°-130° high, with a tall trunk SM^ in diameter,
small often pendulous branches forming a broad round-topped head, slender smooth gla-
Fig, 659
brous light gray or light brown branchlets marked by numerous oblong dark lenticels, be-
coming darker in their second and dark gray or brown and conspicuously rugose in their
third year. Winter-buds dark red, ovoid, about |' long. Bark of the trunk about 1' thick,
deeply furrowed, the light brown surface broken into small thin scales. Wood light brown
faintly tinged with red, with thick hardly distinguishable sapwood of 55-65 layers of annual
growth; employed in the manufacture of paper pulp, and under the name of white wood
largely used in wooden ware, cheap furniture, the panels of carriages, and for the inner
soles of shoes.
Distribution. Rich often moist soil, formerly often in nearly pure forests; northern New
Brunswick to the eastern shores of Lake Superior, the southern shores of Lake Winnipeg
and the valley of the Assiniboine River, and southward to Pennsylvania, Ohio, eastern
Kentucky, southern Michigan, Indiana and Illinois, eastern Nebraska and northern Mis-
souri,
Often cultivated as a shade and ornamental tree in the northeastern states, and occa-
sionally in Europe.
2. Tilia nuda Sarg.
Leaves thin, ovate, abruptly pointed at apex, obliquely truncate or unsymmetrically
cordate at base, and coarsely serrate with long slender straight or slightly curved conspic-
uously glandular teeth, as they unfold, dark red and sparingly pubescent on the midrib
and veins, glabrous at the end of a few days, without or rarely with small axillary tufts,
dark green on the upper surface, pale yellow-green or glaucous (var. glaucescens Sarg.)
on the lower surface, 4'-4^' long and 2|'-3|' wide; petioles slender, glabrous, 2'-2^' in
length. Flowers opening early in June, about \' long, on hoary-tomentose pedicels, in
broad usually 10 or 12, sometimes 30 or 40-flowered long-branched glabrous cymes;
peduncle glabrous, the free portion |'-1 \' in length, its bract oblong, often slightly falcate,
cuneate or rounded at base, rounded at apex, glabrous, 3'-4' long, \'-l\' wide, decurrent
nearly to the base of the peduncle; sepals acute, rusty- tomentose on the outer surface, gla-
brous on the inner surface; petals oblong-ovate, narrowed at the rounded apex; staminodia
TILIACEiE
7S6
oblong-obovate rounded at the broad apex; style glabrous. Fruit ripening in September,
subglobose to depressed-globose, covered with rusty tomentum, j'-^' in diameter.
Usually a small tree with pale furrowed or sometimes checkered bark, small spreading
branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender glabrous orange or red-brown
branchlets. Winter-buds ovoid, obtusely pointed, dull red, glabrous, 1'-^ long.
Distribution. Central and southwestern Mississippi (Hinds and Adams Counties);
Dallas County, Alabama; West Feliciana and Calcasieu Parishes, Louisiana, to the valley of
the Brazos River, eastern Texas, and to Hempstead County (Fulton and McNab), southern
Arkansas; the var. glaucescens with the type, and near Page, Le Flore County, Oklahoma;
in wet woods subject to overflow at San Augustine, San Augustine County, Texas, a va-
Fig. 660
riety (var. brevipedunculata Sarg.), differs from the type in the less coarsely serrate smaller
leaves glaucescent below, in the shorter free portion of the peduncle of the inflorescence and
its broader bract. A tree 25°-30° high, with slender glabrous dark red-brown branchlets.
3. Tilia venulosa Sarg.
Leaves broad-ovate, abruptly acuminate at apex, cordate or unsymmetrically cordate
or obliquely truncate or cordate at base, coarsely serrate with gland-tipped teeth pointing
forward, covered when they unfold with pale tomentum, soon becoming pubescent, and
glabrous before the flowers open, dark yellow-green on the upper surface, paler on the lower
surface, 4'-4f ' long and broad, with a prominent pale yellow midrib slightly villose on the
upper side near the base, and 9 or 10 pairs of remote primary veins without axillary tufts
and connected by conspicuous cross veinlets; petioles stout, glabrous. If '-2' in length.
Flowers opening early in July, |' long, on slightly pubescent pedicels, in broad slender-
branched nearly glabrous cymes; peduncle stout, glabrous, red, the free portion I'-l^' in
length, its bract oblong to slightly obovate, gradually narrowed and rounded at base,
rounded at apex, glabrous on the upper surface, pubescent below on the midrib and veins,
3|'-6' long and Ij'-l^' wide, longer than the peduncle and decurrent nearly to its base or
to within I'-l^' of its base; sepals ovate, acute, pale pubescent on the outer surface,
villose and furnished at base on the inner surface with a tuft of long white hairs, a third
shorter than the lanceolate acuminate petals; staminodia oblong-obovate, rounded at
apex, about as long as the sepals; stigma slightly villose at base. Fruit ripening the end
of September, subglobose, l'-^ in diameter, covered with loose light brown pubescence.
A tree, 60°-75° high, with stout red glabrous branchlets. Winter-buds ovoid, cylindric;
obtusely pointed, dark red, i'-|' in length.
Distribution. North Carolina, rocky "coves" in rich soil. Hickory Nut Gap, in the
736
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Blue Ridge, and near Saluda, Polk County, passing into var. multinervis Sarg., diflfering
from the type in its obliquely truncate, not cordate, leaves with 12 or 13 pairs of more
Fig. 661
crowded primary veins, ellipsoid fruit, slender branchlets, and smaller winter-buds; a single
tree near Saluda, Polk County.
4. Tilia littoralis Sarg.
Leaves ovate, abruptly short-pointed and acute or acuminate at apex, unsymmetric and
rounded on one side and cuneate on the other, or symmetric and cuneate or oblique and
truncate at base, and finely serrate with straight or incurved glandular teeth, covered
above when they unfold with scattered fascicled hairs and tomentose below, soon glabrous.
Fig. 662
and when the flowers open, thin, yellow-green, paler, rarely glaucous (var. discolor Sarg.)
on the lower than on the upper surface, 3'-4' long and li'-2' wide, with a slender midrib
TILIACE-® 737
and primary veins and small conspicuous tufts of rusty brown axillary hairs; petioles
slender, glabrous, I'-l^' in length; leaves on young vigorous shoots broad-ovate, truncate
or slightly cordate at base, more coarsely serrate, pubescent with fascicled hairs especially
on the midrib and veins, 4'-5' long and 3'-4' wide; petioles densely pubescent. Flow-
ers opening the middle of June, Y long, on pale tomentose pedicels, in small, compact,
mostly 9-15-flowered, pubescent cymes; peduncle covered with scattered fascicled hairs,
the free portion f'-l' long, its bract gradually narrowed and cuneate at base, rounded
at apex, ciliate on the margins, pubescent on the midrib, otherwise glabrous, 2'-7' long,
^'-f ' wide, longer or shorter than and decurrent to the base or nearly to the base of the
peduncle; sepals acuminate, pale pubescent on the outer surface, villose on the inner sur-
face along the margins and at the base with long white hairs; petals acuminate; stamino-
dia oblong-obovate, rounded at apex. Fruit ellipsoid to depressed-globose, apiculate,
covered with pale brown tomentum, j-^' in diameter.
A tree with slender glabrous branchlets densely coated when they first appear with pale
pubescence, soon glabrous, light reddish brown during their first summer, often bright red
during their first winter, becoming purple the following year and ultimately light gray-
brown. Winter-buds ovoid, glabrous or puberulous, bright red, about ^' long and yV~b'
in diameter.
Distribution. Georgia, shore of Colonel's Island near the mouths of the North New-
port and Medway Rivers, near Durham, Liberty County; the var. discolor with the type
5. Tilia crenoserrata Sarg.
Tilia floridana Sarg., not Small.
Leaves ovate, abruptly narrowed and acuminate at apex, usually oblique and unsym-
metrically cordate or truncate or occasionally symmetrical and cordate at base, crenately
serrate, the teeth tipped with minute glands, covered when they unfold with pale caducous
tomentum, and at maturity dark green and lustrous above, glaucescent below, glabrous
with the exception of minute axillary tufts of rusty hairs, mostly 3^'-5|' long and 2f'-3'
wide; petioles slender, glabrous, about Ij' in length. Flowers opening the middle of June,
I' long, on hoary-tomentose pedicels, in compact mostly 10-18-flowered tomentose cymes;
peduncle glabrous, the free portion l'-l|' in length, its bract oblong-obovate, cuneate at
base, rounded at apex, glabrous, 3'-5' long, usually about f wide, decurrent nearly to the
base of the peduncle; sepals acute, hoary-tomentose on the outer surface, coated with pale
tomentum mixed with long white hairs on the inner surface; petals narrow-acuminate;
staminodia oblong-obovate, notched at apex. Fruit ripening from the middle to the end
of August, ellipsoid, conspicuously apiculate at apex, rusty-tomentose, f'-f long and j'-^
in diameter.
A tree, 25°-30°, rarely 60° high, with a trunk 10-12' rarely 18-20' in diameter, and slen-
der glabrous red-brown branchlets. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, dark dull red, glabrous,
r-¥ long.
Distribution. Near Albany, Dougherty County, Qeorgia, to central Florida (Levy,
Columbia, Alachua, Putnam, Seminole and Orange Counties).
6. Tilia floridana Small.
Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate or abruptly acuminate at apex, cordate or obliquely
truncate at base and coarsely serrate with apiculate teeth, tinged with red and tomentose
below when they unfold, fully grown and glabrous or nearly glabrous when the flowers open
late in May or in early June, and at maturity thin, glabrous, dark yellow-green on the
upper surface, pale or rarely covered below with a silvery white bloom (var. hypoleuca
Sarg.), 3^'-5' long and 1\'-S\' wide, with a slender midrib and primary veins; in the east
usually without axillary tufts, often present and sometimes conspicuous westward ; petioles
slender, glabrous, f '-1' in length. Flowers opening in early summer ^'-\' long, on hoary-
tomentose rarely puberulous (var. australis Sarg.) pedicels, in few-flowered rather compact
738
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
pubescent corymbs; peduncle pubescent, the free portion l^-iY io length, its bract ob-
long-obovate to oblong, rounded at apex, often falcate, glabrous, 3'-6' long, I'-f wide,
decurrent nearly to the base of the peduncle; sepals narrow, ovate, acuminate, hoary-
tomentose on the outer surface, sparingly villose on the inner surface, two-thirds as long as
the lanceolate petals; staminodia oblong-obovate, acute, nearly as long as the petals; style
glabrous. Fruit ripening in August and September, subglobose to ellipsoid, rusty-tomen-
tose, Y in diameter.
A tree, 40''-50'' high, with a trunk 12'-15' in diameter, and slender glabrous red-brown
or yellow branchlets. Winter-buds obtuse, dark red-brown, glabrous, about ^' long.
Distribution. North Carolina (Polk County) to western Florida and westward through
northern and central Alabama, central Mississippi, northern and western Louisiana, east-
ern and over the Edwards Plateau to Kerr, Bandera and Uvalde Counties, Texas, and through
Fig. 663
southern and western Arkansas to eastern Oklahoma, Missouri and eastern Kentucky; in
northeastern Mexico; the var. australis in Blount County, Alabama. A variety (var.
oblongifolia Sarg.) with narrower more elongated leaves with more prominent tufts of axil-
lary hairs occurs in Putnam, Leon and Gadsden Counties, Florida, on the bluffs of the
Alabama River near Berlin, Dallas County, Alabama, in Hinds, Rankin and Adams Coun-
ties, Mississippi, in West Feliciana, Iberia (Avery Island) and Natchitoches Parishes,
Louisiana, in Hempstead and Salina Counties, Arkansas, and in Harris, Anderson and Liv-
ingston Counties, Texas.
7. Tilia Cocksii Sarg.
Leaves ovate, abruptly acuminate at apex, very oblique at the truncate or rounded base,
dentate with small remote glandular apiculate teeth, covered when they unfold with loose
floccose pubescence, nearly glabrous when fully grown early in April, when the flowers open
the middle of May dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale blue-green and lus-
trous below, and at mid-summer when the fruit ripens, subcoriaceous, dark green and lus-
trous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, with slender primary veins without
or occasionally with minute axillary tufts, and connected by conspicuous straight or
curved veinlets, 3 ^'-4' long and 2^' -3' wide; petioles slender, glabrous, |'-1' in length;
TILIACEiE
739
leaves on leading summer branchlets sometimes obliquely cordate, more coarsely serrate,
covered on the upper surface with short fascicled hairs, and floccose-pubescent on the lower
surface, 4'-5' long and 4!'-4<j' wide, their petioles puberulous. Flowers opening the middle
of May, Y long, on tomentose pedicels, in compact pubescent many-flowered cymes; pedun-
cle slender, glabrous, the free portion only f '-f in length, its bract oblong, occasionally
Fig. 664
slightly obovate, rounded at the ends, hoary-tomentose on the under surface and pubescent
on the upper surface when it first appears, and when the flowers open puberulous below and
glabrous above, 3^'-6' long, |'-f ' wide and shorter than and decurrent to the base of the
peduncle ; sepals ovate, acuminate, pale pubescent on the outer surface, villose at the base
on the inner surface, a third shorter than the lanceolate acuminate petals; staminodia ob-
long-obovate, rounded at apex, about half the length of the petals ; style glabrous. Fruit
ripening the middle of July, globose to depressed-globose, covered with loose brown to-
mentum, I' in diameter.
A small tree with slender dull red glabrous branchlets, the leading branchlets in summer
more or less pubescent. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, dull red. glabrous or pubescent on
leading shoots, i'-j' long.
Distribution. Louisiana, river banks and low woods. Lake Charles and West Lake
Charles, Calcasieu Parish.
8. Tilia neglecta Spach.
Tilia Michauxii Sarg., not Nutt.
Leaves thick and firm, acute or abruptly narrowed and long-pointed at apex, obliquely
concave or unsymmetrically cordate at base, coarsely serrate with straight apiculate teeth
pointing forward, dark green, smooth, glabrous and lustrous above, covered below except
on the midrib and veins more or less thickly with short gray pubescence often slightly
tinged with brown, and furnished with conspicuous tufts of axillary hairs, usually 4'-5^'
long and 2^'-4^' wide; petioles stout, glabrous, 1^'-2|' in length. Flowers opening in
June and July about f long, on pubescent or nearly glabrous pedicels, in long-branched
slender glabrous mostly 5-15-flowered cymes; peduncle slender, glabrous, the free portion
li'-l^' in length, its bract gradually narrowed and cuneate or unsymmetrically cuneate
or rounded at base, rounded at apex, glabrous, 2f '-4^' long, f '-f ' wide and longer than
and decurrent nearly to the base or to within |' of the base of the peduncle; sepals
broad-ovate, acute, ciliate on the margins, glabrous on the outer surface, covered on the
inner surface with long white hairs, about half as long as the lanceolate petals rounded and
notched at apex and rather longer than the spatulate staminodia; stamens included; stj^le
740
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
villose toward the base. Fruit ripening in September, ellipsoid, ovoid, obovoid, or de-
pressed-globose, rounded or acute or rarely gradually narrowed and acuminate at apex,
rarely 5-angled, covered with rusty or pale pubescence, usually about |' in diameter.
Fig. 665
A tree, 75°-90° high, with a trunk sometimes 3° in diameter, smooth often pendulous
branches forming a broad round head, and slender glabrous branchlets. Winter-buds
ovoid, rounded at the narrowed apex, about Y long, with glabrous red-brown or light
brown scales. Bark of the trunk about 1' thick, deeply furrowed, pale reddish brown and
covered with small thin scales.
Distribution. Rich moist soil. Province of Quebec, near Montreal, to the coast of Massa-
chusetts and New York, through the middle states to the valley of the Potomac River and
along the Appalachian Mountains to those of North Carolina, and to luka, Tishomingo
County, Mississippi, and from central and western New York to northern Missouri.
9. Tilia caroliniana Mill.
Leaves ovate, oblique and truncate or cordate at base, abruptly long-pointed at apex,
coarsely dentate with broad apiculate glandular teeth pointing forward, and coated below
TILIACE^
741
with a rusty or pale easily detached pubescence of fascicled" hairs, coated when they unfold
with hoary tomentum, soon glabrous on the upper surface, and at maturity dark yellow-
green and lustrous above, 2f'^^' long and 2§-5' wide; petioles stout, glabrous, I'-l^' in
length. Flowers opening the middle of June, I' long, on slender pubescent pedicels, in
small stout-branched pubescent mostly 8-15-flowered cymes; peduncle slender, pubes-
cent, the free portion f'-li' long, its bract oblong-obovate, cuneate at base, rounded or
acute at apex, nearly glabrous on the upper surface when it first appears, pubescent be-
coming glabrous or almost glabrous below, 4'-5' long and f ' wide, longer or shorter than and
decurrent to the base or nearly to the base of the peduncle ; sepals ovate, acuminate, cili-
ate on the margins, brown and covered with pale pubescence on the outer surface, coated on
the inner surface with long white hairs ; petals lanceolate, acuminate, a third longer than the
sepals; staminodia oblong-obovate, rounded at apex, rather shorter than the petals; style
tomentose at base or glabrous. Fruit subglobose, ellipsoid or obovoid, j in diameter.
A large tree with slender red-brown glabrous or slightly pubescent branchlets. Winter-
buds ovoid, acute, glabrous or rarely pubescent, about j long.
Distribution. Coast of North Carolina (Wrightsville Beach and the neighborhood of
Wilmington, New Hanover County), southward in the immediate neighborhood of the
coast to Liberty County, Georgia; western Louisiana to southern Arkansas (Hempstead
and Clark Counties) common, and through eastern Texas to the Edwards Plateau (near
Boerne, Kendall County) ; in Orizaba. Passing into
Tilia caroliniana var. rhoophila Sarg.
Differing from the type in its pubescent branchlets and winter-buds, its usually larger
leaves, and in its tomentose corymbs of more numerous flowers. Leaves broad-ovate,
abruptly short-pointed and acuminate at apex, oblique and truncate or cordate at base.
Fig. 667
coarsely serrate with broad apiculate teeth pointing forward, dark green and lustrous on
the upper surface, pale and thickly covered on the lower surface with persistent white or
brownish pubescence, 4'-5' long and 2^'-5' wide, with a slender midrib and primary veins
pubescent on the lower side, and small conspicuous axillary tufts of pale hairs; petioles
stout, thickly coated with pubescence, I'-lf in length; leaves on vigorous shoots often
6' long, and 5^' wide, and occasionally 10' long and 9' wide. Flowers j' long, on short
742
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
hoary-tomentose pedicels, in wide thin-branched pubescent many-flowered (sometimes
50) cymes; peduncle thickly covered with fascicled hairs, the free portion j long, its bract
oblong, unequally rounded at base, rounded at apex, glabrous on the upper surface, pubes-
cent on the lower surface, 4'-6' long, l'-2' wide, usually shorter than and decurrent nearly
to the base of the peduncle; sepals acuminate, coated on the outer surface with pale or
slightly rusty pubescence, villose and furnished at base on the inner surface with tufts of
long hairs; petals lanceolate, acuminate and ciliate at apex, about a third longer than the
sepals; staminodia spatulate, acute, about half the length of the petals; style coated at
base with long white hairs. Fruit subglobose, covered with rusty tomentum, about |' in
diameter.
A tree with slender branchlets thickly coated during their first year with pale pubes-
cence, dark red-brown or gray and puberulous during their second season. Winter-buds
covered with pale pubescence.
Distribution. Western Louisiana. (Calcasieu and JeflFerson Davis Parishes) to Hemp-
stead County, Arkansas, and through eastern Texas to the valley of the upper Guadalupe
River, Kerr County.
10. Tilia texana Sarg.
Leaves thin, oblong-ovate, abruptly contracted into a long slender acuminate point, cor-
date or obliquely cordate at base, finely dentate with broad apiculate teeth, early in the
Fig. 668
season pubescent above with scattered fascicled hairs and covered below with brownish
slightly attached pubescence, and in the autumn light yellow-green, lustrous and nearly
glabrous on the upper surface, slightly pubescent on the lower surface, 4'-5^' long and
3j'-5' wide, with a slender midrib and primary veins sparingly villose on the upper side and
nearly glabrous on the lower side, and small axillary tufts of brownish hairs; petioles
slender, pubescent with fascicled hairs, I'-l^' in length; leaves on vigorous shoots often
furnished with one or two large lateral acuminate serrate lobes, more coarsely dentate
and more thickly covered on the lower surface with pubescence, often 5^'-6' long and 3|'-6'
wide. Flowers opening the middle of June, Y long, on slender tomentose pedicels, in small
villose-pubescent mostly 7-1 0-flowered cymes; peduncle slender, slightly villose-pubescent,
the free portion li'-li' in length, its bract oblong-ovate to slightly obovate, unsymmetri-
cally cuneate at base, rounded and occasionally lobed at apex, glabrous on the upper sur-
TILIACE.E
743
face, densely pubescent early in the season, later becoming nearly glabrous on the lower
surface, 3 '-6' long and f'-lj' wide, longer or shorter than the peduncle and decurrent
to its base or to within 1^' of its base; sepals ovate, acute, pale pubescent on the outer
surface, covered on the inner surface with white hairs longer and more abundant near the
base; petals lanceolate, acuminate, a third longer than the sepals; staminodia linear-lance-
olate, acuminate; style hoary-tomentose at base. Fruit ellipsoid, covered with rusty brown
tomentum, 3' long and j broad.
A small tree with slender branchlets thickly covered during their first season with close
pale pubescence, and pale and puberulous or glabrous in their second year; on vigorous
terminal branchlets often with thicker, light rusty brown pubescence. Winter-buds ovoid,
obtusely pointed, thickly covered with pale pubescence, I' long.
Distribution. Texas, Brazos and Cherokee Counties, on Spring Creek near Boerne,
Kendall County, and on the rocky banks of the Guadalupe River at Kerrville, Kerr
County.
11. Tilia phanera Sarg.
Leaves semiorbicular to broad-ovate, deeply and usually symmetrically cordate at base,
abruptly short-pointed at apex, finely dentate with straight or incurved apiculate teeth,
glabrous above when they unfold with the exception of a few hairs on the midrib and veins,
and thickly coated below with hoary tomentum, and at maturity thin, blue-green, smooth
and lustrous on the upper surface, paler and often brownish and coated with a floccose
easily detached pubescence of fascicled hairs or scabrate (var. scabrida Sarg.) on the lower
surface, 2'-4' wide and usually rather broader than long, with a slender midrib and primary
veins pubescent on the lower side, and small axillary clusters of rusty brown hairs; petioles
slender, coated when they first appear with hoary tomentum, glabrous or slightly pubescent
in the autumn, I'-l^' in length. Flowers opening the middle of June, \' long, on tomen-
tose pedicels, in compact villose mostly 16-20-flowered cymes; peduncle villose, the free
portion Ij in length, its bract obovate, cuneate at base, broad and rounded at apex, fl®ccose-
pubescent on the lower surface, nearly glabrous on the upper surface, 3'-3|' long and
Fig. 669
^'-1' wide, longer than the peduncle and decurrent to its base or to within j' of its base; se-
pals acuminate, pale pubescent on the outer surface, villose on the margins and furnished
at base on the inner surface with a tuft of long white hairs, broader and shorter than the
lanceolate acuminate petals; staminodia oblong-obovate, rounded at apex, style glabrous
except at the base. Fruit ripening the end of September, ellipsoid, covered with rusty
tomentum, ^'-|' long and I' wide, on a stout, densely floccose-pubescent pedicel.
744
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree with slender light gray-brown often zigzag branchlets covered when they first
appear with fascicled hairs and deciduous during their first summer. Winter-buds ovoid,
obtusely pointed, terete, reddish brown, glabrous, |'-^' long.
Distribution. Texas, banks of Spring Creek, near Boerne, Kendall County; the var,
scabrida on a low limestone bluff of the Blanco River, near Blanco, Blanco County, near
College Station, Brazos County, and at Velasco, Brazoria County.
12. Tilia lasioclada Sarg.
Leaves ovate, abruptly contracted at apex into a short acuminate point, oblique and
truncate or on weak branchlets, often nearly symmetric and deeply cordate at base, and
finely serrate with straight apiculate teeth, covered above when they unfold with soft cadu-
Fig. 670
cous hairs and pubescent below, and at maturity thick, bright green, smooth and lustrous
on the upper surface, pale and covered on the lower surface with a thick floccose easily
detached pubescence of fascicled hairs, pale on those of lower leaves and often rufous on
those of upper branches, 4'-6' long and 3|'-5' wide, with a slender midrib and veins cov-
ered below with straight hairs mixed with fascicled hairs, and small conspicuous axillary
tufts; petioles covered when they first appear with straight hairs mixed with fascicled hairs,
soon glabrous, usually \\'-\^' in length, those of the leaves of weak branchlets very slen-
der and often 2'-2^' long. Flowers in May, \'-\' long, on stout villose pedicels, in long-
branched mostly 10-15-flowered cymes more or less thickly covered with straight white hairs ;
peduncle covered with long white hairs, the free portion \'-\\' in length, its bract rounded
and unsymmetric or acute at base, rounded or acute at apex, the midrib more or less thickly
covered on the lower side with straight hairs, otherwise glabrous, S\'-5' long and 1' wide,
decurrent nearly to the base or to within 1' of the base of the peduncle; sepals narrow,
acute, pubescent on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface, about one-third as long
as the lanceolate acuminate petals; staminodia spatulate, rounded and often lobed at apex,
about as long as the sepals; style slightly villose at base. Fruit ripening in September,
globose or depressed-globose, covered with rusty tomentum, about f in diameter.
A tree, sometimes 60° high, with a trunk 12'-24' in diameter, heavy branches forming a
broad round-topped head, and stout red-brown branchlets sometimes glabrous in early
summer and sometimes covered more or less thickly during their first and second seasons
with long straight hairs.
Distribution. Valley of the Savannah River, near Abbeville, South Carolina, to ShelJ
Bluff, Burke County, Georgia; River Junction, Gadsden County, Florida.
I \
TILIACE^
745
13. Tilia heterophylla Vent.
Leaves ovate, obliquely truncate or rarely slightly cordate at base, gradually narrowed
and acuminate at apex, finely dentate with apiculate gland-tipped teeth, pubescent above
when they unfold with caducous fascicled hairs, and at maturity dark green and glabrous
Fig. 671
on the upper surface, covered on the lower surface with thick, firmly attached, white or on
upper branches often brownish tomentum, and usually furnished with small axillary tufts
of rusty brown hairs, Sj-5\' long and 2|'-2f' wide; petioles slender, glabrous, l^'-lf in
length. Flowers j' long, opening in early summer, on pedicels pubescent with fascicled
hairs, m wide mostly 10-20-flowered pubescent corymbs; peduncle glabrous, the free por-
tion j^'-y in length, its bract narrowed and rounded at apex, unsymmetrically cuneate at
base, pubescent on the upper surface, tomentose on the lower surface when it first appears,
becoming glabrous, 4'-6' long and I'-l^' wide, nearly sessile or decurrent to within 1|' of
the base of the peduncle; sepals acuminate, pale-pubescent on the outer surface, villose on
the inner surface and furnished at base with a tuft of long white hairs; petals lanceolate,
acuminate, a third longer than the sepals; staminodia oblong-ovate, acute, sometimes
notched at apex; style villose at base with long white hairs. Fruit ellipsoid, apiculate at
apex, covered with rusty brown tomentum, about Y long.
A large tree with slender, glabrous, reddish or yellowish brown branchlets and oblong-
ovate slightly flattened glabrous winter-buds ^-Y in length, the outer scales slightly cili-
ate at apex.
Distribution. White Sulphur Springs, Greenbrier County, West Virginia; Piedmont
region of North and South Carolina and Georgia; near Tallahassee, Leon County, River
Junction, Gadsden County, and Rock Cave, Jackson County, Florida; near Selma and
Berlin, Dallas County, Alabama; Vevay, Switzerland County, and near the Ohio River,
Jefferson County, Indiana; not common. Passing into the var. amphiloba Sarg., differing
from the type in the fascicled hairs on the upper surface of the young leaves and in the often
pubescent branchlets; woods in sandy soil near River Junction, Gadsden County, Florida,
and Valley Head, DeKalb County, Alabama; and into var. nivea Sarg., differing from the
type in the white tomentum on the lower surface of the leaves, the glabrous styles, in the
tomentum on the lower side of the floral bract when the flowers open, the pubescent gray or
pale reddish brown branchlets and in the puberulous winter-buds; deep woods. River Junc-
tion, Gadsden County, Florida. More important is
746
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Tilia heterophylla var. Michatizii Sarg.
Tilia Michauxii Nutt.
LeaTes ovate to ovate-oblong, acute or abruptly short-pointed at the broad apex, cor-
date, obliquely cordate, or rarely obliquely truncate at base, and coarsely serrate with
apiculate teeth, pubescent above when they unfold with caducous fascicled hairs, and
hoary-tomentose beneath, and at maturity thin, dark green and lustrous on the upper sur-
face and coated below with short white or grayish white tomentum, 3|'-6' long and 3^'-5'
wide, with a slender yellow midrib and primary veins usually without axillary tufts;
petioles slender, sparingly villose when they first appear, soon glabrous, li'-2^' in length.
Flowers 3' long, opening about the 1st of July, on slender puberulous pedicels Y in length,
in wide long-stemmed puberulous cymes; peduncle pubescent, becoming glabrous, the free
portion l|'-2' in length, its bract obovoid, rounded or acute at apex, 3^'-5' long and
i'-l' wide, decurrent to within ^-f of the base of the peduncle; sepals ovate, acumi-
nate, ciliate on the margins, puberulous on the outer surface, tomentose on the inner sur-
face, i' long, shorter than the lanceolate acuminate petals; staminodia oblong-obovoid,
rounded or emarginate at apex; style glabrous. Fruit ripening in September, subglobose,
rusty-tomentose, I'-Y in diameter.
A large tree with slender glabrous light red-brown branchlets. Winter-buds ovoid,
acute, slightly flattened, red, about j' in length. Bark of the trunk 1' thick, deeply fur-
rowed, reddish or grayish brown and covered with small thin scales.
Distribution. Pennsylvania, valley of the Susquehanna River (Lancaster County) to
Fig. 672
southern and western New York and through southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois to
northeastern Missouri (near Ilasco, Ralls County), and southward through eastern Ken-
tucky and Tennessee to northeastern Mississippi, and along the Appalachian Mountains
to northern Georgia; southern Georgia (Dougherty and Decatur Counties), Dallas County,
Alabama; southwestern Missouri (Eagle Rock, Barry County), and northwestern Arkansas
(Eureka Springs, Carroll County, and Cotter, Marion County).
TILIACE^
747
14. Tilia monticola Sarg.
Tilia keterophylla Sarg., in part, not Vent.
Leaves thin, gradually narrowed and acuminate at apex, ovate to oblong-ovate, very
oblique and truncate or obliquely cordate at base, finely serrate with straight or incurved
apiculate teeth, smooth, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, thickly coated on
the lower surface with hoary tomentum, 4'-7' long and 3'-5' wide; petioles slender, glabrous.
Fig. 673
l^'-3' in length. Flowers from the middle to the end of July, f -?' long, on stout sparingly
pubescent pedicels, in mostly 7-10-flowered thin-branched glabrous cymes; peduncle
slender, glabrous, the free portion l^'-l^' in length, its bract gradually narrowed and cu-
neate or rounded at base, narrowed and rounded at apex, glabrous, 4'-5§' long and f '-1'
wide, decurrent to within ^^'-j of the base of the peduncle; sepals ovate, acute, ciliate
on the margins, covered on the outer surface with short pale pubescence and with silky
white hairs on the inner surface; petals lanceolate, acuminate, twice longer than the sepals;
staminodia oblong-lanceolate, rounded at the narrowed apex, as long or nearly as long as
the petals; style clothed at the base with long white hairs. Fruit ripening in September,
ovoid to ellipsoid, covered with pale rusty tomentum, j'-^' long and about \' in diameter.
A tree rarely exceeding 60° in height with a trunk 3°-4^° in diameter, slender branches
forming a narrow rather pyramidal head, and stout glabrous branchlets usually bright red
during their first year, becoming brown in their second season. Winter-buds compressed,
ovoid, acute or rounded at apex, light red, covered with a glaucous bloom, 5'-^' long.
Bark of the trunk f ' in thickness, deeply furrowed, the surface broken into small thin light
brown scales.
Distribution. Appalachian Mountains at altitudes usually from 2500°-3000°, Farmer
Mountain, on New River, Connell County, Virginia, to Johnson City, Washington County.
Tennessee, and to Highlands, Macon County, North Carolina.
15. Tilia georgiana Sarg.
Leaves ovate, abruptly short-pointed at apex, slightly unsymmetric and usually cordate
on lateral branches and often oblique or truncate on leading branches at base, and finely
dentate with glandular teeth pointing forward, when they unfold deeply tinged with red,
covered above by fascicled hairs and tomentose below, when the flowers open the middle of
June dark yellow-green, dull and scabrate above and covered below with a thick coat of
tomentum, pale on those of lower branches and tinged with brown on those from the top
748
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
of the tree, and conspicuously reticulate-venulose, and at maturity thick, dull yellow-
green, pubescent or glabrous above, rusty or pale tomentose below, sometimes becoming
Fig. 674
nearly glabrous in the autumn, 2|'-4' long and 2'-3' wide; petioles slender, tomentose,
l'-l|' in length. Flowers l'-^ long, on slender pubescent pedicels, in compact slender-
branched pubescent mostly 10-15-flowered corymbs; peduncle slender, densely pubes-
cent, the free portion I'-l^' in length, its bract oblong to obovate, rounded at apex,
rounded or cuneate at base, pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous, 2^'-4' long and
f'-lf wide, decurrent to the base or to within 1' of the base of the peduncle; sepals
ovate, acuminate, coated on the outer surface with pale pubescence and on the inner
surface with pale hairs longest and most abundant at the base, not more than one-half the
length of the lanceolate acuminate narrow petals; staminodia oblong-obovate to spatu-
late, acute, about two-thirds as long as the petals; style glabrous or furnished with a few
hairs at the very base. Fruit ripens early in September on pubescent pedicels, depressed-
globose, occasionally slightly grooved and ridged, covered with thick rusty tomentum, ^'-
j' in diameter.
A small tree, with slender branchlets thickly coated during their first season with pale
tomentum, and dark red-brown or brown and puberulous in their second year. Winter-
buds covered with rusty brown pubescence, i'-|' long.
Distribution. Coast of South Carolina, near Charleston; Colonel's Island near the mouths
of the North Newport and Medvv'ay Rivers, near Dunham, Liberty County, and at Bruns-
wick, Glynn County, Georgia, to central and western Florida; Magnet Cove, Hot Spring
County, Arkansas {E. J. Palmer).
Tilia georgiana var. crinita Sarg.
Tilia pubescens Sarg., in part, not Vent,
Differing in the longer and more matted usually rusty brown hairs of the pubescence,
usually less closely attached to the under surface of the leaves and often conspicuous on the
young branches.
A tree, 30°-40° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 15' in diameter, and slender branchlets
densely rusty pubescent during their first season, and during their third year becoming
glabrous, red-brown, rugose and marked by occasional small lenticels. Winter-buds acu-
minate, dark reddish brown and covered with short reddish pubescence. Bark of the
trunk ^'-f ' thick, furrowed and divided into parallel ridges, the red-brown surface broken
into short thick scales.
STERCULIACEiB
749
Fig. 675
Distribution. Sandy woods near Bluffton, Beaufort County, and in the neighborhood
of Charleston, South Carolina, and on Colonel's Island near the mouth of the North New-
port and Medway Rivers, near Dunham, Liberty County, Georgia.
XL. STERCULIACEiE.
Trees or shrubs, with bitter astringent juice, mucilaginous bark, and alternate simple
leaves, with stipules. Flowers perfect, regular; calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud;
corolla 0 (in Fremontia); anthers extorse; pistil of 5 united carpels; ovary 5-celled; styles
united; ovules anatropous.
A family of about fifty genera mostly confined to the tropics. Its most important species,
Theobroma Cacao L., of the West Indies, produces chocolate from the cotyledons. Firmi-
ana simplex F. N. Meyer, of this family and a native of southern China, is often planted as
an ornamental tree in the southern states, where it has sometimes become naturalized,
and in California.
1. FREMONTIA Terr.
A tree or shrub, with stellate pubescence and naked buds. Leaves broad-ovate, lobed,
thick, prominently veined, usually rufous on the lower surface, persistent; stipules minute,
deciduous. Flowers solitary, terminal or opposite the leaves, pedicellate, subtended by
3 or rarely 5 minute caducous bracts; calyx subcampanulate, hypogynous, deeply 5-lobed,
the lobes imbricated in the bud, petaloid, yellow, spreading, obovate, often mucronate,
1' long, the 3 outer a little smaller than the others, pubescent on the outer surface, with a
hairy cavity at the base of the inner surface; corolla 0; stamens 5; filaments alternate with
the sepals, united to the middle into a column; anthers oblong-linear, incurved at the ends,
2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; ovary 5-celled, the cells opposite the sepals; style
filiform, elongated, terminated by an acute undivided stigmatic point; ovules numerous in
each cell, horizontal. Fruit an ovoid acuminate 4 or 5-valved loculicidally dehiscent cap-
sule densely coated with long matted hairs, the inner surface of the cells villose-pubescent.
Seeds oval; seed-coat crustaceous, puberulous, with a small fleshy marginal deciduous
ariloid appendage on the chalaza; embryo straight, in thick fleshy albumen; cotyledons
oblong, foliaceous, three or four times longer than the short radicle.
Fremontia, named in honor of John C. Fremont, the distinguished explorer of west-
ern North Ameffica, is represented by a single species.
750
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
1. Fremontia calif omica Torr. Slippery Elm.
Fremontodendron californicum Cov.
Leaves usually 3-lobed, rarely entire or sometimes 5-7-lobed, 1|' in diameter; petioles
stout, ^'-f in length. Flowers appearing in July in great profusion on short spur-like
lateral branchlets. Fruit 1' long; seeds very dark red-brown, about y\' long.
A tree, 20°-30° high, with a short trunk 12'-14' in diameter, stout rigid branches spread-
ing almost at right angles, and stout terete branchlets thickly coated when they first appear
with rufous pubescence, becoming glabrous and light red-brown; more often a low intri-
Fig, 676
cately branched shrub. Bark of the trunk rarely more than I' thick, deeply furrowed, the
dark red-brown surface broken into numerous short thick scales. Wood hard, heavy,
close-grained, dark brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The mu-
cilaginous inner bark is sometimes used domestically in poultices.
Distribution. Lower slopes of the California mountains; western base of Mt. Shasta
to the San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California; nowhere common west of the Sierra
Nevada, but of its largest size on their western foothills; most abundant east of the Sierra
Nevada in the region of the Mohave Desert, growing as a low shrub and sometimes forming
thickets several acres in extent.
Occasionally cultivated in western and southern Europe as an ornamental plant.
XLI. THEACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with simple alternate leaves, without stipules. Flowers perfect, regular,
hypogynous; sepals and petals 5, imbricated in the bud; stamens numerous; anthers 2-
celled, the cells opening longitudinally; pistil of 3-5 united carpels; ovary 3-5-celled; styles
as many as the cells of the ovary, partly united. Fruit capsular; embryo with large coty-
ledons.
The Camellia family with eighteen genera is principally confined to the tropics of the
New World and to southern and eastern Asia. Two genera are represented in the flora of
the southern United States, and of these Gordonia is arborescent. Its most important
genus. Camellia of eastern Asia, contains the Tea plant, Camellia Thea Link, and several
species cultivated for the beauty of their flowers.
1. GORDONIA EU.
Trees or shrubs, with terete branchlets, with an acuminate terminal bud, slender acumi-
nate naked axillary buds, and watery juice. Leaves pinnately veined, entire or crenate.
THEACILE 751
subcoriaceous and persistent, or thin and deciduous. Flowers axillary, solitary, long-
stalked or subsessile; calyx subtended by 2-5 caducous bracts; sepals unequal, rounded,
concave, coriaceous, persistent; petals free or slightly united, obovate, concave, white,
deciduous; stamens numerous, filaments short, united at base into a fleshy cup adnate to
the base of the petals and inserted with them, or long and inserted directly on the petals;
anthers introrse, yellow; ovary sessile; style elongated, erect, 5-lobed at the stigmatic apex;
ovules 4-8 in each cell, pendulous in 2 series from its inner angle, collateral, anatropous.
Fruit a woody oblong or subglobose 5-celled capsule loculicidally 5-valved, with a per-
sistent axis angled by the projecting placentas. Seeds 2-8 in each cell pendulous, flat,
without albumen; seed-coat woody, usually produced upward into an oblong wing; embryo
mostly straight or oblique, with oblong flat or oblique cotyledons; radicle short, superior.
Gordonia with sixteen species is confined to the south Atlantic states of North America
and to tropical Asia and the Malay Archipelago.
The generic name is in honor of James Gordon (1728-1791), a well-known London
nurseryman.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Flowers long-pedicellate; filaments united into a cup; capsule ovoid, the valves not split-
ting from the base; seeds winged; leaves persistent. 1. G. Lasianthus (C).
Flowers subsessile; filaments distinct; capsule globose, the valves septicidally splitting from
the base; seeds without wings; leaves deciduous. 2. G. alatamaha (C).
1. Gordonia Lasianthus Ell. Bay. Loblolly Bay.
Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate to oblong, acute at apex, gradually narrowed to the cuneate
base, finely or remotely crenately serrate, usually above the middle only, dark green,
smooth and lustrous, 4'-5' long and l^'-i' wide, persistent; finally turning scarlet and
Fig. 677
dropping irregularly through the year; petioles stout, wing-margined toward the apex,
channeled, about ^' in length. Flowers pungently fragrant, about 2^' in diameter, expand-
ing in July and continuing to open successively during two or three months, on stout red
pedicels thickening from below upward, 2^'-3' long, and usually furnished with 3 or 4
ovate minute subfloral bractlets; sepals ovate to oval, §' long,ciliate on the margins with
long white hairs, and covered on the outer surface with dense velvety pale lustrous pubes-
cence; petals rounded at apex, gradually contracted at base, silky-puberulent on the
back, white, incurved, Ij'-l^' long and 1' broad, stamens united into a shallow fleshy
deeply 5-lobed cup pubescent on the inner surface and adnate to the base of the petals;
752 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ovary ovoid, pubescent, gradually contracted into the stout style persistent on the
fruit. Fruit ovoid, acute, pubescent, f long, and 5' in diameter, splitting to below the
middle; seeds winged, nearly square, slightly concave on the inner surface and rounded
on the outer surface, rugose, dotted with small pale brown excrescences, nearly j^^' long
and half the length of the thin membranaceous oblique pale brown wing pointed or rounded
at apex; embryo filling the cavity of the seed, nearly straight; cotyledons subcordate,
foliaceous.
A short-lived tree, 60°-75° high, with a tall straight trunk 18'-20' in diameter, small
branches growing upward at first and ultimately spreading into a narrow compact head,
and dark brown rugose branchlets marked during several years by the horizontal slightly
obcordate leaf-scars; or rarely a low shrub. Winter-buds f'-f long, and covered with pale
silky lustrous pubescence. Bark of the trunk nearly 1' thick, deeply divided into regular
parallel rounded ridges, their dark red-brown scaly surface broken into many irregular
shallow furrows. Wood light, soft, close-grained, not durable, light red, with lighter col-
ored sapwood of 40-50 layers of annual growth ; occasionally used in cabinet-making.
Distribution. Shallow swamps and moist depressions in Pine-barrens; South Carolina
(Camden, Kershaw County, and Bluffton, Beaufort County) southward near the coast to
the shores of Indian River on the east coast and to Cape Romano on the west coast of Flor-
ida, ranging to the interior of the peninsula from Lake to De Soto Counties, and westward
along the Gulf coast to southern Mississippi; most abundant in Georgia and east Florida;
gradually becoming less abundant westward.
£. Gordonia alatamaha Sarg. Franklinia.
Leaves obovate-oblong, rounded or pointed at apex, gradually narrowed to the long
cuneate base, remotely serrate, usually above the middle only, with small glandular teeth,
bright green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, 5'-6' long and
Fig. 678
l|'-2' wide; turning scarlet in the autumn before falling; petioles stout, wing-margined
above, |'-^' in length. Flowers 3'-3^' in diameter, appearing about the middle of Sep-
tember, on short stout pedicels at first pubescent, finally glabrous, from the axils of crowded
upper leaves, and marked by the broad conspicuous scars of 2 minute lateral subfloral
pubescent bractlets; sepals nearly circular, Y in diameter, ciliate on the margins, and cov-
ered on the outer surface with short lustrous silky pale hairs; petals obovate, crenulate,
white, membranaceous, I'-l^' long and 1' broad, and densely coated on the outer surface
with fine pubescence; filaments distinct, inserted on the petals; ovary conspicuously
CANELLACE^ 753
ridged, pubescent, truncate, and crowned with a slender deciduous style nearly as long as
the stamens. Fruit globose, slightly pubescent, f in diameter, the valves splitting nearly
to the middle and septicidally from the base to the middle; seeds 6-8, or by abortion
fewer in each cell, closely packed together on the whole length of the thick axile pla-
centa, nearly ^' long, angled by mutual pressure, without wings.
A tree, 15°-20° high, with stout slightly angled dark red-brown branchlets covered with
small pale oblong horizontal lenticels, and conspicuously marked by large prominent
obcordate leaf-scars, with a marginal row of large fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Winter-buds
compressed, reddish brown, puberulous, j-Y long. Bark of cultivated plants smooth,
thin, dark brown.
Distribution. Near Fort Barrington on the Altamaha River, Georgia; not seen in a wild
state since 1790, and now only known by cultivated plants.
Occasionally cultivated in the eastern states and hardy as far north as eastern New York
and occasionally in eastern Massachusetts, and rarely in western and central Europe.
XLH. CANELLACEiE.
Trees, with pungent aromatic bark, and alternate pellucid-punctate entire penniveined
persistent leaves, without stipules. Flowers perfect, regular, cymose; sepals and petals
imbricated in the bud; stamens numerous, hypogynous, with filaments united into a tube
inclosing the pistil, and inarrow extrorse anthers adnate to the tube and longitudinally
2-celled; pistil of 2-3 united carpels; ovary free, 1-celled, with 2-5 parietal placentas; styles
thick; stigmas 2-5-lobed; ovules 2 or many. Fruit a berry; seeds 2 or several; seed-coat
thick, crustaceous; embryo small in fleshy oily albumen.
The Wild Cinnamon family with five genera and a few species is confined to tropical
America, south Africa and Madagascar, one species reaching the shores of southern Florida.
1. CANELLAP.Br.
A tree, with scaly bark, stout ashy gray branchlets conspicuously marked by large orbicu-
lar leaf -scars, and minute buds. Leaves obovate, rounded or slightly emarginate at apex,
gradually narrowed to the cuneate base, petiolate, coriaceous. Flowers small, in many-
flowered subcorymbose terminal or subterminal panicles of several dichotomously branched
cymes from the axils of upper leaves or from minute caducous bracts; sepals 3, suborbicular,
concave, coriaceous, erect, their margins ciliate, persistent; petals 5, hypogynous, in a single
row on the slightly convex receptacle, oblong, concave, rounded at apex, fleshy, twice as
long as the sepals, white or rose color; stamens about 20, staminal tube crenulate at the
summit and slightly extended above the anthers; ovary cylindric or oblong-conic, 1-
celled, with 2 parietal placentas; style short, fleshy, terminating in a 2 or 3-lobed stigma;
ovules numerous, arcuate, horizontal or descending, attached by a short funicle, imper-
fectly anatropous; micropyle superior. Fruit globose or slightly ovoid, fleshy, minutely
pointed with the base of the persistent style, 2-4-seeded. Seeds reniform, suspended;
seed-coat black and shining; embryo curved in the copious albumen; cotyledons oblong;
radicle next the hilum.
The genus consists of a single West Indian species, extending into southern Florida and
to Venezuela.
The generic name is from canella, the diminutive of the Latin ccma or canna, a cane or
reed, first applied to the bark of some Old World tree from the form of a roll or quill which
it assumed in drying.
1. Canella Winterana Gaertn. Cinnamon Bark. White Wood. Wild Cinnamon.
Leaves contracted into a short stout grooved petiole, 3^'-5' long and l^'-2' wide, bright
green and lustrous. Flowers about |' in diameter, opening in the autumn. Fruit ripen-
ing in March and April, bright crimson, soft and fleshy, \' in diameter; seeds about ^-^'
long.
A tree, in Florida 25°-30° high, with a straight trunk 8'-10' in diameter, and slender
754 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
horizontal spreading branches forming a compact roimd-headed top. Bark of the trunk
I' thick, light gray, broken on the sm-face into nmnerous short thick scales rarely more
than 2'-3' long and about twice as thick as the pale yellow aromatic inner bark. Wood
Fig. 679
very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, dark red-brown, with thick light
brown or yellow sapwood of 25-30 layers of annual growth. The bitter acrid inner bark
is the wild cinnamon bark of commerce. It has a pleasant cinnamon-like odor and is an
aromatic stimulant and tonic.
Distribution. Florida, region of Cape Sable, Monroe County (Flamingo [A. A. Eaton],
East Cape, Madeira Hammock), and widely distributed on the southern keys, usually
growing in the shade of other trees; on the Bahama Islands and many of the Antilles.
XLin. KCEBERLINIACEiE.
An intricately branched almost leafless tree or shrub, with thin red-brown scaly bark,
stout alternate glabrous branchlets covered with pale green bark and terminating in a sharp
rigid straight or slightly curved spine. Leaves minute, early deciduous, alternate, narrow-
obovate, rounded at apex. Flowers perfect, on slender club-shaped puberulous pedicels
from the axils of minute scarious deciduous bracts, in short umbel-like racemes below the
end of the branches; calyx of 3 or 5 minute sepals imbricated in the bud, deciduous; petals
4, convolute in the bud, hypogynous, obovate or oblong, subunguiculate, white, much
longer than the sepals; disk 0; stamens 8, free, hypogynous, as long as the petals; filaments
thickened in the middle, subulate at the ends; anthers oval, attached on the back near the
base, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; ovary ovoid, 2-celled, contracted at base
into a short stalk and above into a simple subulate style; stigma terminal, obtuse, slightly
emarginate ; ovules numerous, adnate in several series to the fleshy placenta, horizontal or
dependent, anatropous. Fruit a 2-celled berry, black at maturity, subglobose, tipped with
the remnants of the pointed style; flesh thin and succulent, the cells 1 or 2-seeded by abor-
tion. Seed vertical, circinate-cochleate; seed-coat crustaceous, slightly rugose, striate;
albumen thin; embryo annular; cotyledons semiterete; the radicle ascending.
The family is represented by a single genus.
1. KOEBERLINXA Zucc.
Characters of the family.
Koeberlinia with one species is North American.
The generic name is in honor of L. Koeberlin, a German botanist.
1. Eceberlinia spinosa Zucc.
Leaves not more than |' long. Flowers appearing in May and June, about j' in dian>
eter. Fruit te'-V in diameter.
CARICACBiE
755
A bushy tree, rarely 20°-25°high, with a short stout trunk sometimes 6°-8° long and afoot
in diameter; more often a low branching shrub forming impenetrable thickets often of con-
siderable extent. Wood very hard, heavy, close-grained, dark brown somewhat streaked
with orange, becoming almost black on exposure, with thin yellow or nearly white sapwood
of 12-15 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Dry gravelly mesas and foothills; valleys of the upper Colorado River
Fig. 680
(Big Springs, Howard County), and of the lower Rio Grande, Texas, westward through
southern Texas and New Mexico to southern Arizona, and southward through northern
Mexico, and in Lower California (San Jorge).
XLIV. CARICACEiE.
Trees or shrubs, with bitter milky juice, and alternate long-petiolate persistent simple or
digitately compound leaves, without stipules. Flowers unisexual or perfect, the perianth
of the male and female flowers dissimilar; stamens in two series, inserted on the corolla;
filaments free; anthers introrse. Fruit baccate.
The Pawpaw family with two genera is tropical American and Mexican, a single repre-
sentative of the family reaching the shores of southern Florida.
1. CARICA L.
Short-lived trees, with erect simple or rarely branched stems composed of a thin shell
of soft fibrous wood surrounding a large central cavity divided by thin soft cross partitions
at the nodes, and covered with thin green or gray bark marked by the ring-like scars of
fallen leaf-stalks, and stout soft fleshy roots. Leaves simple, palmately lobed or digitate,
crowded toward the top of the stem and branches, large, flaccid, subpeltately palmately
nerved, and usually deeply and often compoundly lobed. Flowers regular, monoecious
or polygamo-dioecious, white, yellow, or greenish white, in axillary cymose panicles, the
staminate elongated, pedunculate, and many-flowered, the pistillate abbreviated and few
or usually 3-flowered, generally unisexual and dioecious, occasionally polygamo-dioecious,
each flower in the axil of a minute ovate acute bract; calyx minute, 5-lobed, the lobes alter-
nate with the petals; corolla of the staminate flower salverform, gamopetalous, the tube
elongated, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong or linear, contorted in the bud; stamens 10; filaments
free, those of the outer row alternate with the lobes of the corolla and elongated, the others
alternate with them and abbreviated; anthers 2-celled, erect, opening longitudinally, often
surmounted by their slightly elongated connective; ovary rudimentary, subulate; pistillate
756
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
flower, calyx minute, 5-lobed, persistent under the fruit; corolla polypetalous, petals 5,
linear-oblong, erect, ultimately spreading above the middle, deciduous; ovary free, sessile,
1-celled or more or less spuriously 5-celled; style 0 or abbreviated; stigmas 5, linear, radiat-
ing, dilated and subpalmately lobed at apex; ovules indefinite, inserted in two rows on the
placenta, anatropous, long-stalked; micro pyle superior; raphe ventral; hermaphrodite
flower, corolla gamopetalous, tubular-campanulate, the lobes erect and spreading or sub-
reflexed; stamens 10, in 2 ranks, or 5; ovary obovoid-oblong, longer than the tube of the
corolla, more or less spuriously 5-celled below. Fruit slightly 5-lobed, 1-celled or more or
less completely 5-celled, filled with soft pulp, many-seeded, that produced from the herma-
phrodite flower long-stalked, pendulous, usually unsymmetric, gibbous, and smaller than
that from the pistillate flower. Seeds ovoid, inclosed in membranaceous silvery white sac-
like arils, occasionally germinating within the fruit; seed-coat crustaceous, closely invest-;
ing the membranaceous inner coat, the outer coat becoming thick, rugose, succulent, and
ultimately dry and leathery; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen; cotyledons ovate,
foliaceous, compressed, longer than the terete radicle turned toward the minute pale
subbasilar hilum.
Carica with about twenty species is distributed from southern Florida through the West
Indies to southern Brazil and Argentina, and from southern Mexico to Chili. One species
grows probably indigenously in Florida. The milky juice of Carica contains papain, which
has the power of digesting albuminous substances, and the leaves are often used in tropical
countries to make meat tender.
The generic name is formed from the Carib name of one of the species.
1. Carica Papaya L. Pawpaw.
Leaves ovate or orbicular, deeply parted into 5-7 lobes divided more or less deeply into
acute lateral lobes, these secondary divisions entire or rarely lobed, the lowest lobes form-
Fig. 681
ing a deep basal sinus, thin, flaccid, yellow-green, 15'-24' in diameter, with broad fiat
yellow or orange-colored primary veins radiating from the end of the petiole through the
lobes, and small secondary veins extending to the point of the lateral lobes and connected
by conspicuous reticulate veinlets; petioles stout, yellow, hollow, enlarged and cordate at
base, sometimes becoming 3°-4f° in length before the leaves fall. Flowers often begin-
ning to appear on plants only 3° or 4° high and a few months old, produced continuously
throughout the year, the staminate in clusters on slender spreading or* pendulous peduncles
4'-12' long, the pistillate in 1-3-flowered short-stalked cymes; staminate flowers fragrant,
filled with nectar, their corolla I'-li long, with a slender tube and acute lobes; anthers
CACTACE^ 757
oblong, orange-colored, surmounted by the rounded thickened end of the connective, those
of the inner row almost sessile and one third larger than those of the outer row, shorter than
their flattened filaments covered, like the connectives, with long slender white hairs; pistil-
late flowers about 1' long, with erect petals, without staminodia; ovary ovoid, ivory-white,
slightly and obtusely 5-angled, 1-celled, and narrowed into a short slender style crowned
by a pale green stigma divided to the base into 5 radiating lobes dilated and 3-nerved at
apex. Fruits hanging close together against the stem at the base of the leaf-stalk, ob-
ovoid to ellipsoid, and obtusely short-pointed, yellowish green to bright orange color; in
southern Florida not more than 4' long and 3' thick, and usually smaller, with a thick skin
closely adherent to the sweet insipid flesh forming a thin layer outside the central cavity;
seeds full and rounded, about y^' long; outer portion of the seed-coat rugose at first when
the fruit is fully grown but still green, ivory-white, very succulent, and usually separable
from the smooth paler chestnut-brown lustrous interior portion, the outer part turning
black as the fruit ripens and becoming adherent to the inner portion closely investing the
thin lustrous light red-brown inner coat.
A short-lived tree, in Florida attaining a height of 12°-15°, with a trunk seldom more
than 6' in diameter; in the West Indies and other tropical countries often twice as large,
with a trunk occasionally dividing into a number of stout upright branches. Bark thin,
light green, becoming gray toward the base of the stem.
Distribution. Florida from the southern shores of Bay Biscayne on the west coast and
of Indian River on the east coast to the southern keys, growing sparingly in rich hum-
mocks; common in all the West Indian islands, in southern Mexico, and in the tropical
countries of South America; now naturalized in most of the warm regions of the world,
where it is universally cultivated for its fruit, which is considered one of the most whole-
some of all tropical fruits, and has been much improved by selection.
XLV. CACTACEiE.
Succulent trees or shrubs, with copious watery juice, numerous spines springing from
cushions of small bristles {areola), and minute caducous alternate leaves, or leafless.
Flowers large and showy, perfect, usually solitary; calyx of numerous spirally imbricated
sepals forming a tube, those of the inner series petal-like; corolla of numerous imbricated
petals, in many series; stamens inserted on the tube of the calyx, very numerous, in several
series, with slender filaments and introrse 2-celled oblong anthers, the cells opening longi-
tudinally; pistil of several united carpels; ovary 1-celled, with several parietal placentas;
styles united, terminal; stigmas as many as the placentas; ovules numerous, horizontal,
anatropous. Fruit a fleshy berry. Seeds numerous, with albumen; cotyledons foliaceous;
radicle turned toward the hilum.
The Cactus family with twenty genera and a very large number of species is most abun-
dant in the dry region adjacent to the boundary of the United States and Mexico, with a
few species ranging northward to the northern United States and southward to the West
Indian islands, Brazil, Peru, Chili and the Galapagos Islands. Two of the genera have
aiborescent representatives in the flora of the United States.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Branches and stems columnar, ribbed, continuous; leaves 0; flower-bearing and spine-
bearing areolae distinct; flowers close above spine-bearing areolae; tube of the flower
elongated; seeds dark-colored. 1. Cereus.
Branches jointed, tuberculate; leaves scale-like; flower-bearing and spine-bearing areolae
not distinct; tube of the flower short and cup-shaped; seeds pale. 2. Opimtia.
1. CEREUS Haw.
Trees or shrubs, with columnar ribbed stems, and buds on the back of the ridges from
the axils of latent leaves, geminate, superposed, the upper producing a branch or flower, the
758
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
lower arrested and developed into a cluster of spines surrounded by an elevated cushion or
areola of chaffy tomentose scales. Flowers lateral, elongated, the calyx-lobes forming an
elongated tube, those of the outer ranks adnate to the ovary, scale-like, only their tips free,
those of the inner ranks free, elongated; petals cohering by their base with the top of the
calyx-tube, larger than its interior lobes, spreading, recurved; stamens numerous; filaments
adnate by their base to the tube of the calyx, those of the interior ranks free, the exterior
united into a tube; style filiform, divided into numerous radiating linear branches stigmatic
on the inner face; stalks of the ovules long and slender, becoming thick and juicy in the
fruit. Seeds with very thin albumen; embryo straight; cotyledons abbreviated, hooked at
apex; radicle conic.
Cereus with at least two hundred species inhabits the dry southwestern region of NortL
America, the West Indies, tropical South America, and the Galapagos Islands. Of the nu-
merous species found within the territory of the United States only one assumes the habit
and size of a tree. The fruit of several species is edible, and the ribs of the durable woody
frames of the stems of the large arborescent species are used for the rafters of houses and
for fuel. Many of the species are planted in warm dry countries in hedges to protect cul-
tivated fields, and others are popular garden plants valued for their beautiful flowers,
which are sometimes nocturnal and exceedingly fragrant.
The generic name relates to the candle-like form of the stem of some of the species.
1. Cereus giganteus Engelm. Suwarro.
Leaves 0. Flowers 4'-4f ' long and 2^' wide, opening from May to July in great numbers
near the top of the stem, each surrounded on the lower side by the radial spines of the cluster
below it; ovary ovoid, 1' long, rather shorter than the stout tube of the flower, and covered.
Fig. 682
like the base of the tube, by tne thick imbricated green outer scale-like sepals, with small
free triangular acute scarious mucronate tips, furnished in their axils with short tufts of
rufous hairs and occasionally with clusters of chartaceous spines, gradually passing into thin
oblong-ovate or obovate larger sepals, mucronate or rounded at apex and closely imbricated
in many ranks; petals 25-35, obovate-spatulate, obtuse, entire, thick and fleshy, creamy
white, f long and much reflexed after anthesis; stamens, with linear anthers emarginate
at the ends, and filaments united for half their length to the walls of the calyx-tube, those
of the exterior rows joined below into a long tube, surrounding the stout columnar style
glandular at base and divided at apex into 12-15 green stigmas. Fruit ripening in August,
ovoid or slightly obovoid, 2^' long and 1^' wide, truncate and covered at apex by the de-
pressed pale scar left by the falling of the flower, light red at maturity, separating into 3 or 4
CACTACE^ 759
fleshy valves bright red on their inner surface and inclosing the bright scarlet juicy mass
of the enlarged funiculi and innumerable seeds; seeds obovoid, rounded, I' long, lustrous,
dark chestnut-brown.
A tree, 50°-60° high, with a trunk sometimes 2° in diameter, thickest below the middle
and tapering gradually toward the ends, marked by transverse superficial lines into rings
4'-8' long, representing the amount of annual longitudinal growth, 8-12-ribbed at base
with obtuse ribs 4i'-5' broad, and at summit 18-20-ribbed with obtuse deep compressed ribs,
branchless or furnished above the middle with a few, usually 2 or 3, stout alternate or some-
times opposite upright branches shorter but otherwise resembling the principal stem com-
posed of a thick tough green epidermis, a fleshy covering S'-6' thick saturated with bitter
juice, and a circle of bundles of woody fibres making, with annual layers of exogenous
growth, dense tough elastic columns placed opposite the depressions between the ribs,
f '-3' in diameter and frequently united by branches growing at irregular intervals between
them, the woody frame remaining standing after the death of the plant and the decomposi-
tion of its fleshy covering. Areolae pale, elevated, about ^' in diameter, bearing clusters of
stout straight spines with a large dark fulvous base, sulcate or angled, tinged with red, with
thick stout spines in the centre of each cluster, the 4 basal horizontal or slightly inclined
downward, the lowest being the longest and stoutest and sometimes I5' long and ^^' thick,
the upper shorter, more slender and slightly turned upward, with a row of shorter and
thinner radial spines 12-16 in number surrounding the central group. Wood of the columns
strong, very light, rather coarse-grained, with numerous conspicuous medullary rays, and
light brown tinged with yellow; almost indestructible in contact with the ground, little
affected by the atmosphere and largely used for the rafters of houses, for fences, and by In-
dians for lances, bows, etc. The fruit is consumed in large quantities by Indians.
Distribution. Low rocky hills and dry mesas of the desert; valley of the San Pedro River
through central and southern Arizona to the valley of the Colorado River between Needles
and Yuma, Yuma County, Arizona, and southward in Sonora.
2. OPUNTIA Adans.
Trees or usually shrubs, in the arborescent species of the United States with subcylindric
/5r clavate articulate tuberculate branches, covered with small sunken stomata, and
containing tubular reticulated woody skeletons, and thick fleshy or fibrous roots. Leaves
scale-like, terete, subulate, caducous, bearing in their axils oblong or circular cushion-like
areolae of chaffy or woolly scales terminal on the branches and furnished above the middle
with many short slender slightly attached sharp barbed bristles and toward the base with
numerous stout barbed spines surrounded in some species, except at apex, by loose papery
sheaths. Flowers diurnal, lateral, produced from areolae on branches of the previous year
between the bristles and spines, sessile, cup-shaped; sepals flat, erect, deciduous; corolla
rotate; petals obovate, united at base, spreading; stamens shorter than the petals; filaments
free or slightly united below; anthers oblong; style cylindric, longer than the stamens,
obclavate below, divided at apex into 3-8 elongated or lobulate lobes stigmatic on the
inner face. Fruit sometimes proliferous, covered by a thick skin, succulent and often edi-
ble, or dry, pyriform, globose or ellipsoid, concave at apex, surmounted by the marcescent
tube of the flower, tuberculate, areolate, or rarely glabrous, truncate at base, with a broad
umbilicus at apex. Seeds immersed in the pulpy placentas, compressed, discoid, often
margined with a bony raphe; testa pale, bony, sometimes marked by a narrow darker mar-
ginal commissure; embryo coiled around the copious or scanty albumen; cotyledons large;
radicle thin, obtuse.
Opuntia with many species is distributed from southern New England southward in the
neighborhood of the coast to the West Indies, and through western North America to Chili,
Brazil, and Argentina, the largest number of species occurring near the boundary of the
United States and Mexico. Of the species of the United States at least three attain the
(size and habit of small trees. Cochineal is derived from a scale-insect which feeds on the
760 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
juices of some of the Mexican species, and the fruit of several species is refreshing and is con-
sumed in considerable quantities in semitropical countries. The large-growing species with
flat branches are employed in many countries to form hedges for the protection of gardens
and fields; and the branches saturated with watery juice are sometimes stripped of their
spines and bristles and fed to cattle.
Opuntia is the classical name of some plant which grew in the neighborhood of the city
of Opus in Bceotia.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Tubercles of the branches full and rounded below the areolae.
Joints pale olive color, easily separable, their tubercles broad, mammillate; spines yellow;
flowers pink; fruit proliferous, usually spineless, often sterile. 1. O. fulgida (H).
Joints green or purple, their tubercles narrow, ovoid; spines white to reddish brown;
flowers purple; fruit yellow, sparingly spinescent, rarely proliferous.
2. O. spinosior (H).
Tubercles of the branches not full and rounded below the areolae; joints elongated, dark
green or purple, their tubercles elongated; spines brown or reddish brown; flowers green,
tinted with red or yellow; fruit green, spinescent, rarely proliferous.
3. O. versicolor (H).
1. Opuntia fulgida Engelm. Cholla.
Leaves light green, gradually narrowed to the acuminate apex, |'-1' long. Flowers
appearing from June to September, the earliest from tubercles at the end of the branches
of the previous year the others from the terminal tubercles of the immature fruit devel-
oped from the earliest flowers of the season, 1' in diameter when fully expanded, with ovaries
nearly 1' long, 8-10 obtuse crenulate sepals, 5 erect stigmas, and 8 light pink petals, those
of the outer ranks cuneate, retuse, crenulate on the margins, shorter than the lanceolate
acute petals of the inner ranks, the whole strongly reflexed at maturity. Fruit proliferous.
Fig. 683
oval, rounded, I'-lj' long and nearly as broad, more or less tuberculate, conspicuously
marked by large pale tomentose areolae bearing numerous small bristles, usually spineless or
occasionally armed with small weak spines, hanging in pendulous clusters usually of 6 or 7
and occasionally of 40-50 fruits in a cluster, one growing from the other in continuous suc-
cession, the first the largest and containing perfect seeds, the others frequently sterile, dull
green when fully ripe, with dry flesh, falling usually during the first winter or occasionally
persistent on the branches during the second season, and then developing flowers from the
tubercles; seeds compressed, thin, very angular, xV"!' ^^ diameter.
CACTACE^ 761
A tree, with a more or less flexuous trunk occasionally 12° in height and sometimes a foot
in diameter, a symmetric head of stout wide-spreading branches and thick pendulous joints
sometimes almost hidden by the long conspicuous spines and beginning to develop their
woody skeletons during their second or occasionally during their third season, the terminal
or ultimate joints ovoid or ovoid-cylindric, tumid, crowded at the end of the limbs, pale
olive color, 3'-8' long, often %' in diameter, with broad ovoid-oblong tubercles, \'-^ in
length. Areolae of pale straw-colored tomentum and short slender pale bristles, each areola
bearing at first 5-15 stout stellate-spreading light yellow spines of nearly equal length, f '-
1' long and inclosed in loose lustrous sheaths, additional spines developing in succeeding
years at the upper margin of the areoke, the tubercles of old branches being sometimes fur-
nished with from 40-60 spines persistent on the branches for 4-6 years. Bark of the trunk
and of the large limbs about \' thick, separating freely on the surface into large thin loosely
attached scales varying in color from brown to nearly black on the largest stems, and un-
armed, the spines mostly falling with the outer layers from branches 3'-4' thick. Wood
of old trunks light, hard, pale yellow, with broad conspicuous medullary rays, well marked
layers of annual growth, and a thick pith.
Distribution. Plains of Arizona south of the Colorado plateau, and in the adjacent
region of Sonora; not rare; apparently most abundant and of its largest size in the United
States on the mesas near Tucson, Pima County, at altitudes between 2000° and 3000°.
2. Opuntia spinosior Tourney. Tassajo.
Leaves terete, tapering gradually to the setulose apex, about \' long, remaining on the
branches from four to six weeks. Flowers opening in April and May and remaining open
Fig. 684
for two or three days, 2'-2^' in diameter, with ovaries about 1' long, obovate sepals, broad-
obovate dark purple petals, sensitive red stamens, and a 6-9-parted stigma. Fruits
clustered at the end of the branches of the previous year, persistent during the winter and
occasionally during the following summer and then sometimes proliferous, oval or rarely
globose or hemispheric, frequently 2' long and 1|' thick, with yellow acrid flesh and 20-30
tubercles very prominent during the summer, nearly disappearing as the fruit ripens and
enlarges, leaving it marked only by the small oval areolae covered with short bristles, and
bearing numerous slender spines deciduous in December as the fruit begins to turn yellow;
seeds nearly orbicular, slightly or not at all beaked, \'-\' in diameter, and marked by linear
conspicuous commissures.
A tree, with an erect trunk occasionally 10° high and 5'-10' in diameter, numerous stout
spreading limbs forming an open irregular head, and branches with joints 4'-12' long and
762
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
I'-l' thick, covered with a thick epidermis varying from green to purple, and usually
developing woody skeletons during their second season, their tubercles prominent, com-
pressed, ovoid, I'-z' long. Areolae oval, clothed with pale tomentum and short light brown
bristles, their spines 5-15 on the tubercles of young joints and 30-50 on those of older
branches, and slender, white to light reddish brown, closely invested in white glistening
sheaths, stellate-spreading, ^'-f long, those in the interior sometimes considerably longer
than the radial spines. Bark of the trunk and of the larger limbs about j thick, spineless,
nearly black, broken into elongated ridges, and finally much roughened by numerous
closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, pale reddish brown, and conspicuously reticu-
late, with conspicuous medullary rays and well defined layers of annual growth; sometimes
used in the manufacture of light furniture, canes, picture-frames, and other small articles.
Distribution. Widely scattered over the mesas of southern Arizona south of the Colo-
rado plateau and of the adjacent regions of Sonora.
3. Opuntia versicolor Coult.
Leaves terete, abruptly narrowed to the spinescent apex, ^'-|' long, persistent on the
branches from four to six weeks. Flowers opening in May, about 1§' in diameter, with
ovaries f ' long, broad-ovate acute sepals, and narrow obovate petals rounded above and
green tinged with red or with yellow. Fruit usually clavate, 2'-2|' long, nearly 1|' in di-
ameter, with areolae generally only above the middle and usually furnished with 1-3 slender
reflexed persistent spines about §' long, or occasionally spineless, rarely nearly spherical
and only about f ' in diameter, ripening from December to February, and at maturity the
same color as the joint on which it grows, usually withering, drying, and splitting open
on the tree, or remaining fleshy and persistent on the branches until the end of the follow-
ing summer, and sometimes through a second winter, or often becoming imbedded in the
end of a more or less elongated joint; seeds irregularly angled, with narrow commissures.
A tree, with an erect trunk occasionally 6°-8° high and 8' in diameter, numerous stout
irregularly spreading or often upright branches, and cylindric terminal joints generally
Fig. 685
6'-12' but sometimes 2" in length, f'-l' in diameter, and covered with a thick dark green
or purple epidermis, marked by linear flattened tubercles, their woody skeletons usually
formed during their second season. Areolae large, oval, clothed with gray wool, generally
bearing a cluster of small bristles, and slender stellate-spreading brown or reddish brown
spines, with close early deciduous straw-colored sheaths, 4-14 and on old tubercles 20-25 in
number, the inner 1-4 in number, usually deflexed and unequal in length, the longest about
RHIZOPHORACB^ 763
Y long and longer than the radial spines. Bark of the trunk and of the large branches
smooth, light brown or purple, usually unarmed, Y~i' thick, finally separating into small
closely appressed black scales. Wood reticulate, hard, compact, light reddish brown ,^nd
rather lustrous, with thin conspicuous medullary rays, well-defined layers of annual growth,
and thick pale or nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Foothills and low mountain slopes of southern Arizona and northern
Sonora: very abundant.
XLVI. RHIZOPHORACE^.
Glabrous trees or shrubs, with terete branchlets, and usually opposite coriaceous entire
persistent leaves, with interpetiolar stipules. Flowers in axillary clusters; calyx-lobes
valvate in the bud, persistent; petals inserted on the tube of the calyx and as many as its
lobes; stamens inserted at the base of a conspicuous disk; anthers 2-celled, the cells open-
ing longitudinally; pistil of 2-5 united carpels; ovary 2-5-celled; ovules usually 2 in each
cell, suspended from its apex, collateral, anatropous; raphe ventral; micropyle superior.
Fruit usually indehiscent, 1-celled and 1-seeded.
The Mangrove family is tropical, with most of its seventeen genera confined to the Old
World.
1. RHIZOPHORA L. Mangrove.
Trees, with pithy branchlets, thick astringent bark, and adventitious fleshy roots.
Leaves ovate or elliptic, glabrous, petiolate; stipules elongated, acuminate, infolding the
bud, caducous. Flowers perfect, yellow or creamy white, sessile or pedicellate, bibracteo-
late, the bractlets united into an involucral cup, in pedunculate dichotomously or trichoto-
mously branched clusters, the base of their branches surrounded by an involucre of 2 ovate
3-lobed persistent bracts, or l-flowered ; calyx 4-lobed, the lobes acute, coriaceous, ribbed on
the inner surface and thickened on the margins, two or three times longer than the turbi-
nate globose tube, reflexed at maturity, persistent; petals 4, induplicate in the bud, alter-
nate with and longer than the calyx-lobes, inserted on a fleshy disk-like ring in the mouth of
the calyx-tube, involute on the margins, coated on the inner surface with long pale hairs, or
flat and naked, caducous; stamens 8-12; filaments short or 0; anthers attached at the base,
introrse, elongated, connivent, areolate; ovary partly inferior, conic, 2-celled, contracted
into two subulate spreading styles stigmatic at apex. Fruit a conic coriaceous berry sur-
rounded by the reflexed calyx-lobes and perforated at the apex by the germinating embryo.
Seed germinating in the fruit before falling, the apex surrounded by a thin albuminous cup-
like aril; seed-coat thick and fleshy; embryo surrounded by a thin layer of albumen; coty-
ledons dark purple; radicle elongated, clavate, and when fully grown separating from the
narrow exserted woody tube inclosing the plumule and developed from the cotyledons
after the ripening of the fruit.
Rhizophora with three species is widely and generally distributed on the shores of tidal
marshes in the tropical regions of the two hemispheres, one specie reaching those of
southern Florida. It possesses astringent properties; the bark has been used in tan-
ning leather, in dyeing, and as a febrifuge. The wood is hard, durable, and dark-col-
ored. By means of the aerial germination of its seeds and in its power to develop roots
from trunks and branches, Rhizophora is especially adapted to maintain itself on low tidal
shores and is an important factor in protecting and extending them into the ocean. Roots
springing from the stems at a considerable distance above the ground and arching outward
descend into the water and fix themselves in the mud beneath, while roots growing down
from the branches enter the ground and gradually thicken into stems. The fully grown
radicle ready to put forth roots and leaves, and often 10'-12' long, is thicker and heavier
at the root end than at the other, and in detaching itself from the cotyledons and in falling
the heavy end sticks in the mud, while the plumule at the other end, held above the shal-
low surface of the water, soon unfolds its leaves.
The generic name, from pi^a and (p^peip, was used by early authors to designate various
climbing plants with thickened roots.
L
764 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
1. Rhizophora Mangle L.
Leaves ovate or elliptic, rounded or acute at apex, gradually narrowed at base, dark green
and very lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, 3^'-5' long and 1'-
2' wide, with slightly thickened margins, a broad midrib, and reticulate veinlets; persistent
for one or two years; petioles |'-1^' in length; stipules lanceolate, acute, 1^' long, deciduous
as the leaf unfolds. Flowers produced through the year, 1' in diameter, pedicellate, in
Fig. 686
2 or 3-flowered clusters on peduncles 1|' long from the axils of young leaves; petals pale
yellow, coated on the inner surface with long pale hairs; stamens 8 with villose filaments.
Fruit 1' long, rusty brown, slightly roughened by minute bosses, the hard woody thick-
walled tube developed from the cotyledons protruding |'-f ' from its apex after the germi-
nation of the seed, covering the plumule, and holding the dark brown radicle marked with
occasional orange-colored lenticels and when fully grown 10'-12' long and j'-|' thick near
the apex.
A round-topped bushy tree, with spreading branches usually 15°-20° high, forming
almost impenetrable thickets with its numerous aerial roots, or occasionally 70°-80° high,
with a tall straight trunk clear of branches for more than half its length, a narrow head, and
stout glabrous dark red-brown branchlets, becoming lighter colored in their second year
and then conspicuously marked by large oval slightly elevated leaf-scars. Bark of young
stems and of the branches smooth, light reddish brown, becoming on old trunks ^'-^' thick,
and gray faintly tinged with red, the surface irregularly fissured and broken into thin
appressed scales. Wood exceedingly heavy, hard, close-grained, strong, dark reddish
brown streaked with lighter brown, with pale sapwood of 40-50 layers of annual growth;
used for fuel and wharf-piles.
Distribution. Shores of Florida from Indian River on the east coast and shores of
Tampa Bay on the west coast to the southern keys; most abundant south of latitude
29°, following the coast with wide thickets and ascending the rivers for many miles;
on Cape Sable and the shores of Bay Biscayne sometimes growing at a little distance
from the coast on ground not submerged by the tide, and here attaining its largest size,
with tall straight trunks and few aerial roots; on Bermuda, the Bahamas, the Antilles,
the west coast of Mexico, lower California, the Galapagos Islands, and from Central
America along the northeast coast of South America to the limits of the tropics.
XLVII. COMBRETACEiE.
Trees or shrubs, with astringent juice, naked buds, and alternate or opposite simple en-
tire coriaceous persistent leaves, without stipules. Flowers regular, perfect, or polyg-
t
COMBRETACELE 765
amous; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in the bud; petals 5, valvate in the bud, inserted
at the base of the calyx, or 0; disk epigynous; stamens 5-10, inserted on the limb of the
calyx; filaments slender, filiform, distinct, exserted; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells
opening longitudinally; ovary 1-celled; style slender, subulate; stigma minute, terminal,
entire; ovules usually 2, suspended from the apex of the cell, collateral, anatropous; raphe
ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit drupaceous, often crowned with the accrescent calyx.
Seed solitary; albumen 0; embryo straight, with convolute cotyledons; radicle minute,
turned toward the hilum.
Of the fifteen genera of this family, widely distributed through the tropics, three have
arborescent representatives in southern Florida.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Corolla 0; leaves alternate.
Calyx persistent; flowers in spikes; seeds without wings. 1, Bucida.
Calyx deciduous; flowers in capitate heads; seeds winged. 2. Conocarpus.
Corolla of 5 petals; calyx persistent; leaves opposite. 3. Laguncularia.
1. BUCIDA L.
A tree or shrub, with terete often spinescent branchlets. Leaves crowded at the end of
spur-like lateral branchlets much thickened and roughened by the large elevated crowded
leaf-scars, alternate, obovate to oblong-lanceolate, rounded and slightly emarginate or
minutely apiculate at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at base, coriaceous, bluish
green on the upper surface and yellow-green on the lower surface, pubescent while young,
especially beneath, and glabrous at maturity with the exception of rufous hairs on the
under surface of the stout midrib, and on the short stout petiole. Flowers perfect, green-
ish white, hairy on the outer surface, sessile in the axils of minute bracts, in lax elongated
axillary clustered rufous-pubescent spikes; calyx-tube ovoid, constricted above the ovary,
the limb campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in the bud, persistent; petals 0; stamens
10, in two ranks, inflexed in the bud, unequal, 5 longer than the others and inserted oppo-
site the calyx-lobes under the hairy 5-lobed disk, the others shorter, alternate with them
and inserted higher on the calyx-tube; filaments incurved near the apex; anthers minute,
sagittate; ovary included in the tube of the calyx; style thickened and villose at the base;
ovules suspended on an elongated slender funiculus. Fruit ovoid, conic, oblique, and
more or less falcate, irregularly 5-angled, coriaceous, light brown, puberulous on the outer
surface, with thin membranaceous flesh inseparable from the crustaceous stone porous
toward the interior. Seed ovoid, acute; seed-coat coriaceous, chestnut-brown; cotyledons
fleshy; radicle superior.
Bucida with a single species is confined to tropical America, where it is distributed from
southern Florida and the Bahama Islands through the West Indies to Guiana and Central
America.
The generic name is from /SoCs, in allusion to the fancied resemblance of the fruit to the
horns of an ox.
1. Bucida Buceras L. Black Olive-tree.
Leaves 2'-3' long, I'-l^' wide, their petioles ^'-|' in length. Flowers appearing in
Florida in April, i' long, on spikes l^'-3' in length. Fruit about Y long.
A tree, with a single straight trunk, or often with a short prostrate stem 2°-3° in diame-
ter, producing several straight upright secondary stems 40°-50° high and 12'-18' in di-
ameter, stout branches spreading nearly at right angles with the trunk and forming a
broad head, and branchlets clothed when they first appear with short pale rufous pubes-
cence mostly persistent for two or three years, becoming light reddish brown and covered
with bark separating into thin narrow shreds. Bark of the trunk and of the large branches
thick, gray tinged with orange-brown, and broken into short appressed scales. Wood
exceedingly heavy, hard, close-grained, light yellow-brown sometimes slightly streaked
766 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Fig. 687
with orange, with thick clear pale yellow sapwood of 30-40 layers of annual growth. The
bark has been used in tanning leather.
Distribution. Florida, only on Elliott's Key; widely distributed in brackish marshes
through the West Indies to the shores of the Caribbean Sea and the Bay of Panama.
2. CONOCARPUS L.
A tree or shrub, with angled branchlets. Leaves alternate, short-petiolate, narrow-
ovate or obovate, acute, gradually contracted and biglandular at base, glabrous or seri-
ceous. Flowers perfect, minute, in dense capitate heads in narrow leafy terminal panicles,
with acute caducous bracts and bractlets coated with pale hairs, on stout hoarj'-tomentose
peduncles bibracteolate near the middle; calyx-tube truncate, obliquely compressed at
base, clothed with pale hairs, the limb campanulate, parted to the middle, the lobes ovate,
acute, erect, pubescent on the outer and puberulous on the inner surface, deciduous; petals
0; disk 5-lobed, hairy; stamens usually 5, inserted in 1 rank, or rarely 7 or 8 in 2 ranks;
anthers cordate, minute; style thickened and villose at base. Fruits scale-like, broad-
obovoid, pointed, recurved, and covered at apex with short pale hairs, densely imbricated
in ovoid reddish heads; flesh coriaceous, corky, produced into broad lateral wings; stone
thin-walled, crustaceous, inseparable from the flesh. Seed irregularly ovoid; seed-coat
membranaceous, pale chestnut-brown.
The genus consists of a single species of tropical America and Africa.
The generic name, from x'^i'os and Kapirbs, is in allusion to the cone-like shape of the
heads of fruits.
1. Conocarpus erecta L. Buttonwood.
Leaves slightly puberulous on the lower surface when they first appear or coated with
pale silky persistent pubescence (var. sericea, DC), 2'-4' long, \'-\\' wide, lustrous, dark
green or pale on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, with a broad orange-colored
midrib, obscure primary veins, and reticulate veinlets; petioles stout, broad, Y in length.
Flowers produced throughout the year, in heads \' in diameter on peduncles \'-\\' in
length, in panicles 6'-12' long. Cone of fruit about 1' in diameter.
A tree, 40°-60° high, with a trunk 20'-30' in diameter, small branches forming a narrcnv
regular head, and slender branchlets conspicuously winged, light red-brown, usually gla-
brous, or silky pubescent (var. sericea, DC), becoming terete and marked by large orbicu-
lar leaf-scars in their second year; or sometimes a low shrub, with semiprostrate stems.
Bark of the trunk dark brown, divided by irregular reticulating fissures into broad flat
ridges broken on the surface into small thin appressed scales. Wood very heavy, hard.
COMBRETACE^
767
strong, close-grained, dark yellow-brown, with thin darker colored sapwood of about 10
layers of annual growth; burning slowly like charcoal and highly valued for fuel. The
Fig. 688
bark is bitter and astringent, and has been used in tanning leather, and in medicine as an
astringent and tonic.
Distribution. Low muddy tide-water shores of lagoons and bays; Florida, Cape Ca-
naveral and shores of Tampa Bay to the southern keys; of its largest size in Florida on Lost
Man's River near Cape Sable; at its northern limits a low shrub; common on the Bahama
Islands, in the Antilles, on the shores of Central America and tropical South America, on
the Galapagos Islands, and on the west coast of Africa.
3. LAGUNCULARIA Gaertn.
A tree, with scaly bark, terete pithy branchlets, and naked buds. Leaves opposite,
glabrous, thick and coriaceous, oblong or elliptic, obtuse or emarginate at apex, marked
toward the margin with minute tubercles; their petioles conspicuously biglandular. Flow-
ers usually perfect or polygamo-monoecious, minute, flattened, greenish white, sessile, in
simple terminal axillary tomentose spikes generally collected in leafy panicles, with ovate
acute hoary-tomentose bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube turbinate, with 5 prominent ridges
opposite the lobes of the limb and 5 intermediate lesser ridges, furnished near the middle
with 2 minute appendages, and coated with dense pale tomentum, the limb urceolate,
5-parted to the middle, the divisions triangular, obtuse or acute, erect, persistent; disk
epigynous, flat, 10-lobed, the 5 lobes opposite the petals broader than those opposite the
calyx-lobes, hairy; petals 5, nearly orbicular, contracted into a short claw inserted on the
bottom of the calyx-limb, ciliate on the margins, caducous; stamens 10, inserted in 2 ranks;
anthers cordate, apiculate; ovary 1-celled; style short, crowned with a slightly 2-lobcd
capitate stigma. Fruit 10-ribbed, coriaceous, hoary-pubescent, elongated, obovoid, flat-
tened, crowned with the calyx-limb, unequally 10-ribbed, the 2 lateral ribs produced into
narrow wings, 1-seeded; flesh coriaceous, corky toward the interior, inseparable from the
thin-walled crustaceous stone dark red and lustrous on the inner surface. Seed suspended,
obovoid or oblong; seed-coat membranaceous, dark red; radicle elongated, slightly longer
and nearly inclosed by the green cotyledons.
Laguncularia consists of a single species of tropical America and Africa.
The generic name is from laguncula, in allusion to the supposed resemblance of the fruit
to a flask.
1. Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn. Buttonwood. White Mangrove.
Leaves slightly tinged with red when they unfold, and at maturity dark green on the
upper and lighter green or pale on the lower surface, l^'^h' long and I'-l^' wide; petioles
768
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
red, Y in length. Flowers I' long, in hoary-tomentose spikes produced throughout the
year from the axils of young leaves and l|'-2' long. Fruit about Y long.
A tree, 30°-60° high, with a trunk 12'-20' in diameter, stout spreading branches forming
a narrow round-topped head, and slender glabrous branchlets somewhat angled at first,
often marked with minute pale spots and dark red-brown, becoming in their second year
terete, light reddish brown or orange color, thickened at the nodes, and marked by con-
spicuous ovate leaf-scars; or northward in Florida a low shrub. Bark of the trunk I' thick.
Fig. 689
brown slightly tinged with red, the surface broken into long ridge-like scales. Wood
heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, dark yellow-brown, with lighter colored sapwood of 10-
12 layers of annual growth. The bark contains a large amount of tannic acid and is some-
times used in tanning leather, and is astringent and tonic.
Distribution. Muddy tidal shores of bays and lagoons; southern Florida from Manatee
County on the west coast and Brevard County on the east coast to the southern keys; com-
mon and of its largest size in Florida on the shores of Shark River, Monroe County; com-
mon in Bermuda, the Bahamas, the Antilles, tropical Mexico and Central America, tropical
South America and western Africa.
XLVIII. MYRTACEiE.
Trees or shrubs abounding in pungent aromatic volatile oil, with minute scaly buds.
Leaves opposite, simple, mostly entire, pellucid-punctate, penniveined, persistent, the
slender obscure veins arcuate and united within the thickened revolute margins; stipules
0. Flowers perfect, regular; calyx 4<-5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, or lid-like
and deciduous; petals 2-5, imbricated in the bud, inserted on the margin of the disk, or 0;
stamens very numerous, inserted in many ranks with the petals; filaments slender, inflexed
in the bud, exserted; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; ovary 2-4-
celled; style simple, filiform, crowned with a minute stigma; ovules numerous or 2 or 3 in
each cell, attached on a central placenta, anatropous or semianatropous; raphe ventral;
micropyle superior. Fruit baccate, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes, 1-4-seeded.
Seeds without albumen; seed-coat membranaceous.
The Myrtle family with seventy-four genera is chiefly tropical and Australasian, with
representatives in southern Europe, extratropical Africa, and extratropical South America.
Two genera are represented by small trees in the flora of southern Florida. To this fam-
ily, beside the Myrtle, belong the Australian Eucalypti, large and important timber-trees
largely planted in California, and the Guava, cultivated in Florida for its fruit.
MTRTACE^ 769
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Calyx closed in the bud by a lid-like deciduous limb; petals 0. 1. Calyptranthes.
Calyx 4 or 5-lobed with persistent lobes; petals 4 or 5. 2. Eugenia.
1. CALYPTRANTHES Sw.
Aromatic trees or shrubs, with terete or angled branchlets. Leaves complanate in the
bud, penniveined, petiolate. Flowers minute, in subterminal and axillary pedunculate
many-flowered panicles, their primary and secondary branches often racemose, the ultimate
branches cymose; calyx-tube turbinate, produced above the ovary, closed in the bud by a
slightly 4 or 5-lobed lid-like orbicular limb, opening in anthesis by a circumscissile line, the
limb at first attached laterally, finally deciduous; disk lining the tube of the calyx; petals
2-5, minute, or 0; ovary 2 or 3-celled; ovules 2 or 3 in each cell, collateral, ascending, anat-
ropous. Fruit 2-4-seeded. Seed subglobose or short-oblong; seed-coat shining; coty-
ledons foliaceous, contortuplicate; radicle elongated, incurved.
Calyptranthes with eighty species is confined to tropical America, with two species
reaching southern Florida.
The generic name is from xaXi^Trx/oa and SlvOt], in reference to the peculiar lid-like limb
which closes the calyx before the opening of the flower.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Leaves acuminate, pubescent below; petioles up to §' in length; inflorescence and young
branchlets covered with silky rufous tomentum. 1. C. pallens (D).
Leaves abruptly pointed or obtuse at apex, glabrous; petioles not more than ^' in
length; inflorescence and young branchlets glabrous. 2. C. Zuzygium (D).
1. Calyptranthes pallens Griseb.
Chytraculia Chytraculia Sudw. \
Leaves oblong or oblong-ovate, acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at
base, pellucid-punctate above, marked with dark glands below, when they unfold pink or
light red and covered with pale silky hairs, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green and
lustrous on the upper surface, coated w ith pale pubescence on the lower surface, 2^'-3' long
and ^'-\' wide, with a broad midrib orange-colored beneath; petioles stout, \'-\' in length.
Flowers sessile, \' long, in long-stalked many-flowered clusters 2^ '-3' long and wide, cov»
ered like their bracts and the flower-buds with silky rufous pubescence, with slender divar*'
770
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
cate branches, the ultimate divisions 3-flowered; petals 0. Fruit short-oblong or nearly
globose, dark reddish brown and puberulous, with thin dry flesh; seeds short-oblong,
rounded at the ends.
A tree, in Florida 20°-25° high, with a trunk 3'-4' in diameter, small branches forming
a narrow head, and slender branchlets at first wing-angled between the nodes and coated
with short rufous silky tomentum, becoming in their second or third year terete, thickened
at the nodes, light gray tinged with red and covered with small thin scales. Bark of the
trunk about |' thick, with a generally smooth light gray or almost white surface occasion-
ally separating into irregular plate-like scales. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained,
brown tinged with red, with lighter colored sapwood of 30-40 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Florida, shores of Lake Worth, in the neighborhood of Bay Biscayne,
Dade County, and on Big Pine Key, Elliott's Key, Key Largo and Key West; on the Ba-
hama Islands, on many of the Antilles and in southern Mexico.
2. Calyptranthes Zuzygium Sw.
Leaves elliptic, abruptly or gradually narrowed into a blunt point or obtuse at apex,
cuneate at base, entire, covered with minute pellucid dots, glabrous, dark yellow-green
and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, l|'-2j' long and f'-ll'
wide, with a broad low midrib and slender primary veins arcuate and connected within the
slightly revolute somewhat undulate margins; petioles deeply grooved, |'-^' in lengtn.
Flowers on slender pedicels I'-j' long, in axillary 1-3-branched few-flowered axillary
cymes f long and |' wide, on slender peduncles I'-l j' in length, the ultimate divisions of
the inflorescence 1-3-flowered; petals wanting; style rather longer than the stamens.
Fruit about Y in diameter.
A tree, in Florida sometimes 40° high, with a tall trunk 4' or 5' in diameter, covered with
smooth pale gray bark, small branches and slender terete ascending ashy gray branchlets.
Distribution. Florida, Paradise and Long Keys in the Everglades, Dade County; on
the Bahama Islands and in Cuba, Jamaica and Hayti.
2. EUGENIA L.
Trees or shrubs, with hard durable wood and scaly bark. Flowers often large and con-
spicuous, on short bibracteolate pedicels, in axillary racemes or fascicles or dichotomously
branched cymes, with minute caducous bracts and bract/ets; calyx campanulate, scarcely
MYBTACRffi 771
produced above the ovary, the limb 4 or rarely 5-lobed; petals usually 4, free and spread-
ing; ovary 2 or rarely 3-celled; ovules numerous in each cell, semianatropous. Fruit 1-
4-seeded. Seeds globose or flattened; seed-coat membranaceous or cartilaginous; embryo
thick and fleshy; cotyledons thick, more or less conferruminate into a homogeneous mass;
radicle very short, turned toward the hilum.
Eugenia with some five hundred species is common in all tropical regions, with eight
species reaching the shores of southern Florida, of these 6 are small trees. Several species
are valued for their stimulant and digestive properties; some produce useful timber or
edible fruit, and others are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers. Cloves are the
flower-buds of Eugenia aromatica Baill., a native of the Molucca Islands; and Eugenia
Jambos L., the Rose Apple, of southeastern Asia, is cultivated in all tropical countries
as a shade-tree and for its delicately fragrant fruit.
The generic name commemorates the interest in botany and gardening taken by Prince
Eugene of Savoy, who built the Belvidere Palace near Vienna in the beginning of the
eighteenth century, and made a collection of rare plants in its gardens.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Flowers in axillary racemes or fascicles.
Flowers in short solitary or clustered axillary racemes.
Leaves ovate or obovate, rounded at apex, short-petiolate; fruit subglobose to short-
oblong, black, Y in diameter. 1. E. buxifolia (C, D).
Leaves ovate, contracted at apex into a broad point, distinctly petiolate; fruit glo-
bose, black, Y in diameter. 2. E. axillaris (C, D).
Flowers in axillary fascicles.
Leaves usually broad-ovate, narrowed at apex into a short point, subcoriaceous;
fruit subglobose, rather broader than high, f '-1' in diameter, becoming black at
maturity. 3. E. rhombea (D).
Leaves oblong-ovate, narrowed at apex into a long point, coriaceous; fruit subglobose
to obovoid, I'-Y long, bright scarlet. 4. E. confusa (D).
Flowers in dichotomously branched cymes. (Anamomis.)
Leaves ovate or obovate; cymes usually 3-flowered; flowers not more than \' in diameter;
fruit black. 5. E. dicrana (D).
Leaves oblong or broad-elliptic; cymes 3-15-flowered; flowers up to §' in diameter; fruit
red. 6. E. Simpsonii (D).
1. Eugenia buxifolia Willd. Gurgeon Stopper. Spanish Stopper.
Leaves ovate or obovate, rounded at apex, sessile or narrowed into a short thick petiole,
occasionally slightly and remotely crenulate-serrate above the middle, thick and coriaceous,
dark green on the upper surface, yellow-green and marked with minute black dots on the
lower surface, I'-l^' long and about 1' wide, with a narrow conspicuous midrib; usually
unfolding in November and remaining on the branches until the end of their second winter,
and often turning red or partly red before falling. Flowers appearing in Florida from mid-
summer until early autumn, |' in diameter, on short thick pedicels, in short rufous-pubes-
cent racemes clustered in the axils of old or fallen leaves, with minute lanceolate acute per-
sistent bracts, and broad-ovate acute bractlets immediately below the flowers; calyx
glandular-punctate, pubescent on the outer surface, with 4 ovate rounded lobes much
shorter than the 4 ovate white petals rounded at apex, ciliate on the margins, and glandular-
punctate. Fruit subglobose to short-oblong, black, glandular-roughened, crowned with
the large calyx-lobes, usually 1-seeded, and about Y in diameter, with thin aromatic flesh;
seeds |' in diameter, with a thick pale brown lustrous cartilaginous coat and a pale olive-
green embryo.
A shrubby tree, in Florida rarely 20° high, with a short trunk occasionally a foot in
diameter, small mostly erect branches, and terete slender branchlets coated at first with
rufous pubescence, becoming at the end of a few months ashy gray or gray tinged with red;
L
772
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and often more or less twisted or contorted. Bark of the trunk rarely more than |' thick,
light brown tinged with red, and broken into small thick square scales. Wood very heavy,
1
Fig. 692
exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, dark brown shaded with red, with thick lighter
colored sap wood of 15-20 layers of annual growth; sometimes used for fuel.
Distribution. Florida, Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and on the west coast
from the banks of the Caloosahatchee River to Cape Sable; one of the commonest plants
on the keys, forming on coral rock a large part of the shrubby second growth now occupying
ground from which the original forest has been removed; on the Bahama Islands and on
several of the Antilles.
2. Eugenia axillaris Willd. Stopper. White Stopper.
Leaves ovate, gradually or abruptly narrowed at apex into a short wide point, rounded
at the narrowed base, thick and coriaceous, dark green on the upper surface, paler and
Fig. 693
covered with minute black dots on the lower surface, l|'-2^' long and
broad midrib deeply impressed above; petioles stout, slightly winged, about |' in length.
Y wide, with a
MYRTACE^
773
Flowers appearing at midsummer, about |' in diameter, in short axillary racemes, on stout
pedicels le'"^' long, covered with pale white hairs, and furnished near the middle or toward
the apex with 2 acute minute persistent bractlets; calyx glandular-punctate, covered on
the outer surface with pale hairs, 'i-lobed, with ovate rounded lobes shorter than the 4 ovate
glandular white petals. Fruit ripening in succession from November to April, globose,
black, glandular-punctate, usually 1-seeded, ^ in diameter, edible, rather juicy, with a
sweet agreeable flavor; seeds subglobose, ^' in diameter, with a pale brown chartaceous
coat, and light olive-green cotyledons.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk occasionally a foot in diameter, small branches, and
terete stout rigid ashy gray branchlets often slightly tinged with red and covered with
small wart-like excrescences; or toward the northern limits of its range a low shrub. Bark
of the trunk about |' thick and divided by irregular shallow fissures into broad ridges finally
separating on the surface into small thin light brown scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong,
very close-grained, brown often tinged with red, with thin darker colored sapwood of 5-6
layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Florida, shores of the St. John's River to the southern keys; nowhere
common; on the Bahama Islands and on several of the Antilles.
3. Eugenia rhombea Kr. & Urb. Stopper.
Leaves broad-ovate, narrowed into a broad point rounded at apex, and abruptly or grad-
ually narrowed and cuneate at base, when they unfold thin and light red, and at maturity
subcoriaceous, conspicuously marked with black dots, olive-green on the upper surface and
paler on the lower surface, 2'-2|' long and l'-l|' wide, with a narrow midrib; unfolding in
Florida in May; petioles narrow-winged, Y~¥ in length. Flowers ^ in diameter, appear-
ing in Florida in April or May on slender glandular pedicels I'-f long and furnished at
apex with 2 lanceolate acute persistent bractlets ciliate on the margins, in sessile axillary
many-flowered clusters; calyx-tube much shorter than the limb divided into 4 glandular
narrow lobes rounded at apex and one half the length of the broad-ovate rounded glandular
white petals. Fruit ripening in Florida from September to November, |'-1' in diameter,
slightly glandular-r9ughened, orange color, with a bright red cheek when fully grown, be-
coming black at maturity; flesh thin and dry; seeds almost globose, nearly ^' in diameter,
with a thick pale chestnut-brown lustrous coat and olive-green cotyledons.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk usually a foot in diameter, small branches, and slender
terete branchlets at first light purple and covered with a glaucous bloom, becoming ashj'
gray or almost white. Bark of the trunk about j\' thick, with a smooth light gray sur-
774
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
face slightly tinged with red. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, light brown, with hardly
distinguishable sapwood.
Distribution. Florida, Key West and Umbrella Key; on the Bahama Islands and on
many of the Antilles.
4. Eugenia confusa DC. Red Stopper.
Leaves oblong-ovate, abruptly or gradually contracted into a long narrow point rounded
or acute at apex, cuneate or occasionally rounded at base, thin and light red when they
unfold, and at maturity dark green and very lustrous on the upper surface, paler and
marked with minute black dots on the lower surface, l^'-2' long and 5 '-§' wide, with a thick
orange-colored midrib barely impressed above and prominent reticulate veinlets; petioles
stout, about j' in length. Flowers barely |' in diameter, appearing in September on slen-
der pedicels i'-^' long and furnished near the apex with 2 minute acute bractlets, in many-
flowered axillary clusters; calyx glandular-punctate, with 4 ovate acute lobes much shorter
than the 4 broad-ovate rounded white petals. Fruit ripening in March and April, sub-
globose to obovoid, bright scarlet, l'-^ long, glandular-roughened, usually solitary and
1-seeded, with thin dry flesh; seed nearly globose, about |' in diameter, with a thin crus-
taceous light brown lustrous coat and an olive-green embryo.
A tree, 50°-60° high, with a straight trunk 18'-20' in diameter, stout upright branches
forming a narrow compact head, and slender terete ashy gray branchlets. Bark of the
trunk about |' thick, bright cinnamon-red, separating freely into small thin scales. Wood
very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, bright red-brown, with thick dark-
colored sapwood of 50-60 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Florida, rich hummocks near the shores of Bay Biscayne, Dade County,
and on Old Rhodes and Elliotts Keys; on the Bahama Islands and on several of the
Antilles.
5. Eugenia dicrana Berg. Naked Wood.
Anamomis dichoioma Sarg.
Leaves ovate or obovate, acute or rounded and occasionally emarginate at apex, cuneate
at base, chartaceous when they unfold, becoming subcoriaceous, glabrous, covered with
minute black dots, l'-l|' long and h'~¥ wide, with a stout midrib; petioles stout, en-
larged at base, coated at first with silky hairs, finally glabrous. Flowers appearing
in Florida in May, Y in diameter, in cymes produced near the end of the branches, in the
axils of leaves of the year, on slender peduncles coated with pale silky hairs, sometimes 1-
MYRTACE^
775
flowered and not longer than the leaves, more often longer than the leaves, dichotomously
branched and 3-flowered, with 1 flower at the end of the principal division in the fork of its
branches, or occasionally 5-7-flowered by the development of peduncles from the axils of
the bracts of the secondary divisions of the inflorescence, each branch of the inflorescence
furnished immediately beneath the flower with 2 lanceolate acute bractlets nearly as
long as the calyx-tube ; calyx hoary-tomentose, the lobes ovate, rounded at apex and much
shorter than the ovate acute glandular-punctate white petals. Fruit ripening in Florida
in August, reddish brown, I' long, obliquely oblong, obovate or subglobose, roughened
by minute glands; flesh thin, rather dry and aromatic; seeds reniform, light brown,
exceedingly fragrant.
A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, and slender terete branchlets light
red and coated with pale silky hairs when they first appear, becoming glabrous in their
second year and covered with light or dark brown bark separating into small thin scales; or
often a shrub, with numerous slender stems. Bark of the trunk i^'-Y thick, with a smooth
light red or red-brown surface separating into minute thin scales. Wood very heavy, hard,
close-grained, light brown or red, with thick yellow sapwood of 40-50 layers of annual
growth.
Distribution. Florida, rocky woods. Mosquito Inlet to Cape Canaveral on the east
coast, and from the banks of the Caloosahatchee River to the shores of Cape Romano on
the west coast, on Key West, and in the neighborhood of Bay Biscayne, Dade County;
on the Bahama Islands and on several of the Antilles.
6. Eugenia Simpsonii Sarg.
Ana'uiomis Simpsonii Small.
Leaves oblong, rounded and abruptly short-pointed or occasionally emarginate at apex,
cuneate at base, or broad-elliptic, silky pubescent and ciliate on the margins when they un-
fold, soon glabrous', and at maturity coriaceous, dark yellow-green and lustrous on the upper
surface, paler and dull on the lower surface, l|'-2' long and |'-1' wide, with a prominent
midrib impressed on the upper side and obscure spreading primary veins united before
reaching the thickened re volute entire margins of the leaf; petioles covered at first with
snowy white tomentum, soon glabrous, slender, i'-|' in length. Flowers fragrant, about
Y in diameter, sessile in lateral 3-15-flowered cymes on slender finely appressed-pubescent
peduncles longer or shorter than the subtending leaves, their bractlets acuminate and ^
long; calyx-tube short-obconic, thickly covered with silky white hairs, the lobes rounded at
apex, green, punctate, two of them orbicular-reniform, the others orbicular-ovate, shorter
776
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
than the white concave, obovate to suborbicular erose ciliate sparingly punctate petals.
Fruit ellipsoid, red, mostly I'-f ' long; seed reniform, usually solitary. '
Fig. 697 ',
A tree, occasionally 60°-70° high, with a trunk 15 '-16' in diameter, small erect and
spreading smooth gray-brown or reddish brown branches forming a narrow round-topped
head, and slender branchlets covered when they first appear with snowy white tomentum,
soon glabrous, and bright or dull reddish brown, and marked in their second year with the
nearly orbicular elevated conspicuous scars of fallen leaves. Bark of the trunk thin,
smooth, reddish, marked by pale blotches.
Distribution. Florida, Arch Creek Hummock north of Little River, and on Paradise
and Long Keys in the Everglades, Dade County.
XLK. MELASTOMACEJE.
Trees, shrubs, or herbs with watery juice. Leaves opposite, rarely verticellate, 3-9-
nerved, usually petiolate; stipules 0. Flowers regular, perfect, usually showy, rarely fra-
grant, in terminal clusters; calyx usually 4 or 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud;
petals as many as the lobes of the calyx, inserted on its throat, imbricated or convolute
in the bud; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted in 1 series with them,
often inclined or declinate ; anthers 2-celled, attached at the base, opening by a terminal
pore; ovary 2 or many-celled; style terminal, simple, straight or declinate; stigma capitate,
simple or lobed; ovules numerous, minute, anatropous. Fruit capsular or baccate, in-
closed in the calyx-tube; seeds minute; testa coriaceous or crustaceous; hilum lateral or
basal; embryo without albumen.
This family with 164 genera and a large number of species is chiefly confined to the
tropics, and is most abundant in those of South America.
1. TETRAZYGIA A. Rich.
Trees or shrubs, with terete branchlets. Leaves opposite, petiolate, oblong-ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, entire or denticulate, 3-5-nerved, persistent, scurfy, like the young
branchlets, peduncles and calyx-tube. Flowers perfect in many-flowered terminal panicles
or corymbs; calyx-tube urceolate or globose, adnate to the ovary, the limb constricted
above the ovary and dilated below the apex, the lobes short or elongated; petals obovate,
obtuse, convolute in the bud; stamens twice as many as the petals; filaments subulate;
anthers linear-subulate, erect or slightly recurved, 'attached at base, 2-celled, opening by
a minute pore at apex, their connective not extended below the cells; ovary 3-6-celled;
style filiform, curved, exserted, surrounded at base by a short sheath 8-10-toothed at apex;
ovules indefinite, minute, sessile on an axile placenta. Fruit a 3 or 4-celIed berry, crowned
by the persistent tube of the calyx; seeds numerous, minute, obpyramidal, thickened and
ARALIACE^
777
incurved at apex; testa coriaceous, slightly pitted; hilum basal; cotyledons thick; radicle
short, turned toward the hilum.
Tetrazygia with 14 species is confined to the West Indies and southern Florida where
one species has been discovered, the only tree of the great family of the Melastomacese
found in the United States.
The generic name is from Tirpa and ^vybv in allusion to the often 4-parted flowers.
1. Tetrazygia bicolor Cogn.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, gradually narrowed and rounded at base, 3-nerved,
entire, undulate and slightly thickened on the revolute margins, dark green on the upper
surface, paler on the lower surface, 3'-4^' long and I'-lf wide; petioles stout, |'-1' in
Fig. 698
length. Flowers appearing from March to May, f ' in diameter, short-stalked, in open
cymose panicles; calyx urceolate, 4 or 5-lobed, the lobes nearly obsolete; petals 4 or 5,
oblong-obovate, reflexed after anthesis, white; ovary 3-celled, style surrounded at base
by a short sheath 10-toothed at apex. Fruit ripening in late autumn or early winter,
oblong to ovoid, conspicuously constricted at apex, \'-\' in length and \'-\' in diameter.
In Florida a shrub, or in the dense woods of the keys of the Everglades a slender tree,
often 30° high, with an erect trunk 3' o. ^' in diameter, covered with thin light gray-brown
slightly fissured bark, small spreading branches becoming erect toward their apex and
gracefully drooping leaves; or in the sandy soil of open Pine- woods often less than 3° in
height.
Distribution. Florida, on the Everglade Keys, Dade County; on the Bahama Islands
and in Cuba.
L. ARALIACE^.
Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with watery juice and scaly buds. Leaves alternate, compound
or simple, petiolate, with stipules. Flowers in racemose or panicled umbels; parts of the
flower in 5's; disk epigynous; ovule solitary, suspended from the apex of the cell, anatropous;
raphe ventral, the micropyle superior. Fruit baccate. Seeds, with albumen.
The Aralia family with fifty-four genera is chiefly tropical, with a few genera extending
beyond the tropics into the northern hemisphere, especially into North America and east-
em Asia. The widely distributed and largely extratropical genus Aralia is represented by
778 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
one arborescent species in the flora of the United States. Hedera, the Ivy, of this family,
is commonly cultivated in the temperate parts of the United States, and some species of
Panax and Acanthopanax from eastern Asia are found in gardens in the northeastern states.
1. ARALIA L.
Aromatic spiny trees and shrubs, with stout pithy branchlets, and thick fleshy roots, or
bristly or glabrous perennial herbs. Leaves digitate or once or twice pinnate, the pinnae
serrulate; stipules produced on the expanded and clasping base of the petiole. Flowers
perfect, polygamo-monoecious or polygamo-dioecious, on slender jointed pedicels, small,
greenish white; calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the limb truncate, repand or minutely
toothed, the teeth valvate in the bud ; petals imbricated in the bud, inserted by their broad
base on the margin of the disk, ovate, obtuse or acute and slightly inflexed at apex; stamens
inserted on the margin of the disk, alternate with the petals; filaments filiform; anthers ob-
long or rarely ovoid, attached on the back, introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudi-
nally; ovary 2-5-celled; styles 2-5, in the fertile flower distinct and erect or slightly united
at base, spreading and incurved above the middle, or incurved from the base and some-
times inflexed at apex, crowned with large capitate stigmas, in the sterile flower short and
united. Fruit fleshy, laterally compressed or 3-5-angled, crowned with the remnants of
the style; nutlets 2-5, orbicular, ovoid or oblong, compressed, crustaceous, light reddish
brown, 1-seeded. Seed compressed; seed-coat thin, light brown, adnate to the thin fleshy
albumen; cotyledons ovate-oblong, as long as the straight radicle.
Aralia with forty species is confined to North America and Asia.
The name is of obscure meaning.
1. Aralia spinosa L. Hercules' Club. Prickly Ash.
Leaves clustered at the end of the branches, twice pinnate, 3°-4° long and 2^° wide,
with a stout light brown petiole 18'-20' in length, clasping the stem with an enlarged base
and armed with slender prickles, or occasionally unarmed ; pinnae unequally pinnate, usually
with 5 or 6 pairs of lateral leaflets and a long-stalked terminal leaflet, and often furnished
at base with a pinnate or simple leaflet; leaflets ovate, acute, dentate or crenate, cuneate
or more or less rounded at base, short-petiolulate, when they unfold lustrous, bronze-green,
and slightly pilose on the midrib and primary veins, and at maturity thin, dark green
above, pale beneath, 2'-3' long and 1|' wide, with a thin midrib occasionally furnished with
small prickles and slender primary veins nearly parallel with their margins; in the autumn
turning light yellow before falling; stipules acute, about 1' long, at first puberulous on the
back and ciliate on the margins. Flowers j^g' long, appearing at midsummer on long
slender pubescent straw-colored pedicels, in many-flowered umbels arranged in compound
panicles, with light brown puberulous branches becoming purple in the autumn, forming
a terminal racemose cluster 3°-4° long, and rising solitary or 2 or 3 together above the
spreading leaves; bracts and bractlets lanceolate, acute, scarious, persistent; petals white,
acute, inflexed at apex; ovary often abortive; styles connivent. Fruit ripening in autumn,
black, I' in diameter, globose, 3-5-angled, crowned with the blackened styles, with thin
purple very juicy flesh; seeds oblong, rounded at the ends, about yo' long.
A tree, 30°-35° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, stout wide-spreading branches, and
branchlets |'-f ' in diameter, armed like the branches and young trunks with stout straight
or slightly incurved orange-colored scattered prickles, and nearly encircled by the conspicu-
ous narrow leaf-scars marked by a row of prominent fibro-vascular bundle-scars, light
orange-colored in their first season, lustrous and marked irregularly with oblong pale lenti-
cels, becoming light brown in their second year, with bright green inner bark; more often
a shrub, with a cluster of unbranched stems 6°-20'* tall. Winter-buds: terminal conic,
blunt at apex, |'-|' long, with thin chestnut-brown scales; axillary triangular, flattened,
about Y long and broad. Bark of the trunk dark brown, about |' thick, and divided by
broad shallow fissures into wide rounded ridges irregularly broken on the surface. Wood
close-grained, light, soft, brittle, brown streaked with yellow, with lighter colored sapwood
NYSSACE^
779
Fig. 699
of 2 or 3 layers of annual growth. The bark of the roots and the berries are stimulant and
diaphoretic, and are sometimes used in medicine and in domestic practice.
Distribution. Deep moist soil in the neighborhood of streams; southern Pennsylvania
to southern Indiana, southeastern Iowa and southeastern Missouri, and southward to
northern Florida, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas; probably of its largest size on
the foot-hills of the Big Smoky Mountains in Tennessee.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern states and in western
Europe; hardy in eastern Massachusetts.
LI. NYSSACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with terete branchlets, scaly buds, alternate entire dentate or serrate
deciduous leaves, without stipules. Flowers dioecious, polygamo-dicecious or perfect; stam-
inate, calyx minute, 5-toothed or lobed; petals 5 or more, imbricated in the bud, or 0;
stamens as many, twice as many, or fewer than the petals, usually in 2 series; filaments
sometimes of 2 lengths, elongated, filiform or subulate; disk fleshy, depressed at apex; pistil-
late flowers, calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; petals 5 or more, imbricated in the bud; ovary
1-celled or 6-10-celled; ovule solitary, pendulous from the apex of the cell, anatropous;
micropyle superior; disk epigynous, pulvinate, the apex depressed or convex, or 0; style
subulate, curved or spirally involute at apex, or 2-parted, or conic and divided into as many
stigmatic lobes as the cells of the ovary. Fruit drupaceous or subsamaroid, crowned with
the remnants jof the calyx, 1-celled and 1-seeded, or 3-5-celled, the cells thin, 4-seeded; seed
pendent, testa membranaceous or thin, albumen fleshy; cotyledons foliaceous or thin; radi-
cle cylindric.
Nyssacese with 3 genera, Nyssa L., Camptotheca Decne. and Davidia Baill, and 8
species is confined to eastern North America, western China, Thibet, the Himalayas and
the Malay Archipelago.
1. NYSSA L.
Trees, with leaves conduplicate in the bud, petiolate, sometimes remotely angulate or
toothed, mostly crowded at the end of the branches. Flowers polygamo-dicecious, minute,
greenish white; staminate on slender pedicels from the axils of minute caducous bracts, in
simple or compound clusters on long axillary peduncles bibracteolate near the middle or at
the apex or sometiriies without bractlets; calyx disciform or cup-shaped, the limb 5-toothed;
petals 5, imbricated in the bud, equal or unequal, ovate or linear-oblong, thick, inserted on
the margin of the conspicuous pulvinate entire or lobed disk, erect; stamens 5-12, exserted;
780
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
filaments filiform; anthers oblong; ovary 0; pistillate flowers on axillary peduncles, in 2
or few-flowered clusters, sessile or nearly so, in the axils of conspicuous bracts and furnished
with 1 or 2 small lateral bractlets, or solitary and surrounded by 2-4 bractlets; calyx-tube
campanulate, sometimes slightly urceolate, the limb 5-toothed; petals small, thick, and
spreading; stamens 5-10; filaments short; anthers fertile or sterile; disk less developed than
in the staminate flower, depressed in the centre; ovary 1 or 2-celled; style terete, elongated,
recurved, stigmatic toward the apex or the inner face; raphe ventral. Fruit drupaceous,
short-oblong, fleshy, urceolate at apex; flesh thin, oily, acidulous; stone thick- walled, bony,
terete or compressed, ribbed or winged, 1 or rarely 2-celled, usually 1-seeded. Seed filling
the cavity of the stone; seed-coat pale; embryo straight.
Nyssa with six species is confined to the eastern United States and to southern and
eastern Asia, where one species is distributed from the eastern Himalayas to the island of
Java and another occurs in central and western China. The American species produce
tough wood, with intricately contorted and twisted grain.
Nyssa, the name of a nymph, was given to this genus from the fact that one of the species
grows in water.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Pistillate flowers in 2 or few-flowered clusters, their cklyx disciform; fruit blue, not more
than f ' long; stone with broad rounded ribs.
Stone indistinctly ribbed; leaves linear-oblong to oval or obovate.
1. N. sylvatica (A, C).
Stone prominently ribbed; leaves oblanceolate to oblong or elliptic.
2. N. biflora (C).
Pistillate flowers solitary, their calyx cup-shaped; fruit 1' or more long.
Fruit red; stone with prominent wings; leaves oblong-oval or obovate, usually obtuse at Jjjj
apex. 3. N. ogeche (C). "
Fruit purple; stone with acute ridges; leaves oval or oblong, acute or acuminate at apex.
4. N. aquatica (A, C).
1. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Tupelo. Pepperidge. Sour Gum.
Leaves crowded at the end of lateral branchlets or remote on vigorous shoots, linear-
oblong, lanceolate, oval or obovate, acute or acuminate or sometimes contracted into a
Fig. 700
short broad point at apex, cuneate or occasionally rounded at base, entire, with slightly
thickened margins, or rarely coarsely dentate, coated when they unfold with rufous tomen-
tum, especially on the lower surface, or pubescent or sometimes nearly glabrous, and at
NYSSACEiB 781
maturity thick and firm, dark green and lustrous above, pale and often villose below, prin-
cipally along the broad midrib and on the primary veins, 2'-5' long and ^'-3' wide; turning
early in autumn bright scarlet on the upper surface only; petioles slender or stout, terete or
wing-margined, ciliate, j'-l|' in length, and often bright red. Flowers appearing in early
spring when the leaves are about one third grown on slender pubescent or tomentose pedun-
cles i'-l^' long, staminate in many-flowered dense or lax compound heads, pistillate in
2 to several-flowered clusters, sessile in the axils of conspicuous often foliaceous bracts,
and furnished with 2 smaller acute hairy bractlets; calyx of the staminate flower disciform;
petals thick, ovate-oblong, acute, rounded at apex, erect or slightly spreading, early decidu-
ous; stamens exserted in the staminate flower, shorter than the petals in the pistillate
flower; stigma stout, exserted, reflexed above the middle, 0 in the staminate flower.
Fruit ripening in October, 1-3 from each flower-cluster, ovoid, |'-|' long, dark blue, with
thin acrid flesh ; stone light brown, ovoid, rounded at base, pointed at apex, terete or more
or less flattened, and 10-12-ribbed, with narrow indistinct pale ribs rounded on the back.
A tree, with thick hard roots and few rootlets, often surrounded by root-sprouts, occa-
sionally 100° or rarely 125° high, with a trunk sometimes 5° in diameter, numerous slender
pendulous tough flexible branches forming a head sometimes short, cylindric and flat-topped,
sometimes low and broad, or on trees crowded in the forest narrow, pyramidal or conic,
and sometimes inversely conic and broad and flat at the top, and branchlets when they
first appear light green to orange color, and in their first winter nearly glabrous or pale or
rufous-pubescent, light red-brown marked by minute scattered pale lenticels and by small
lu«iate leaf-scars displaying the ends of 3 conspicuous groups of fibro-vascular bundles,
later becoming darker and developing short stout spur-like lateral branchlets; generally in
the northern and extreme southern states much smaller, and rarely more than 50°-60° tall.
Winter-buds obtuse, j long, with ovate acute apiculate dark red puberulous imbricated
scales, those of the inner ranks accrescent, bright-colored at maturity, and marking the
base of the branchlet with obscure ring-like scars. Bark of the trunk f'-l^' thick, light
brown often tinged with red, and deeply fissured, the surface of the ridges covered with
small irregularly shaped scales. Wood heavy, soft, strong, very tough, not durable, light
yellow or nearly white, with thick lighter colored sapwood of 80-100 layers of annual
growth; used for the hubs of wheels, rollers in glass factories, ox-yokes, wharf-piles, and
sometimes for the soles of shoes.
Distribution. Borders of swamps in wet imperfectly drained soil, and often especially
southward on high wooded mountain slopes; valley of the Kennebec River, Maine, to
southern Ontario, central Michigan, southern Missouri and eastern Oklahoma, and south-
ward to northern Florida, and to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas; of its largest size on
the southern Appalachian Mountains.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern states, but diflBcult to trans-
plant except when very young. The first tree in the eastern states to assume autumn
colors of the leaves.
2. Nyssa biflora Walt.
Leaves oblanceolate, oblong, elliptic or rarely ovate, ^cute or acuminate or occasionally
rounded at the narrow apex, cuneate or rounded at the gradually narrowed base, and entire,
when they unfold silky-villose above and hoary-tomentose beneath, soon becoming gla-
brous, dark yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler and sometimes glaucous on
the lower surface, 2'-4' long and f '-1' wide, with a prominent midrib and numerous slender
veins; petioles stout, j-^' in length. Flowers appearing when the leaves are nearly fully
grown; staminate on slender villose pedicels, in many-flowered loose clusters on slender
hairy peduncles I'-lf in length; pistillate in pairs on rather stouter peduncles usually
about 1' long; calyx of the staminate flower disciform; petals oblong-ovate, rounded at
apex, white, erect or slightly spreading, early deciduous. Fruit solitary or in pairs, on
peduncles l'-l§' in length, oval or ellipsoid, dark blue, lustrous, about Y long, with
acrid pulp; stone oval, compressed, narrowed at the ends, and prominently ribbed.
782
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, rarely more than 30° high, with a slender trunk gradually tapering upward from
a swollen and much enlarged base, small spreading branches forming a narrow pyramidal
or round-topped head, branchlets slightly villose when they first appear, soon glabrous,
bright reddish brown in their first winter, becoming darker the following year, and nu-
merous erect thick roots rising above the surface of the water. Winter-buds acute, dark
red-brown, puberulous, and about §' long, the inner scales hoary-tomentose. Bark about
1' thick, deeply furrowed, gray to very dark reddish brown.
Distribution. Small Pine-barren ponds of the coastal plain from North Carolina to
central and eastern Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and western Louisiana
(near Lake Charles, Calcasieu Parish).
3. Nyssa ogeche Marsh. Ogeechee Lime. Sour Tupelo.
Leaves oblong, oval or obovate, acute, rounded or rarely obtuse, and apiculate at apex,
gradually or abruptly cuneate or sometimes rounded at base, and entire, covered on the
lower surface when they unfold with thick hoary tomentum and on the upper surface with
short scattered pale hairs, and at maturity thick and firm, dark green, lustrous and
slightly pilose above, pale below, 4'-6' long and 2'-2^' wide, with a stout midrib, 9 or 10
pairs of primary veins covered on the lower side with rufous pubescence or often nearly
glabrous, and obscure reticulate veinlets; petioles stout, grooved, |'-1' in length. Flowers
appearing in March and April; staminate in capitate clusters on slender hairy peduncles
Y long, bibracteolate near the middle, and developed from the axils of the inner scales of
the terminal bud, covered with long pale hairs on the outer surface of the short obscurely
5-toothed cup-shaped calyx and on the oblong petals rounded at apex; filaments longer
than the petals; anthers oval and conspicuously tuberculate-roughened; pistillate solitary,
■^/ long, on short stout woolly peduncles from the axils of bud-scales, and furnished at apex
with 2 acute hairy bractlets; calyx coated, like the minute rounded spreading petals, with
hoary tomentum; stamens included, with short filaments, and small mostly fertile anthers;
style stout, exserted, reflexed from near the base. Fruit bright or dull red, on slender
tomentose stems enlarged at apex and |'-|' long, ripening in July and August, and some-
times persistent on the branches until after the falling of the leaves, oblong or obovoid,
I'-l^' in length, tipped with the thickened and pointed remnants of the style; flesh thick,
juicy, very acid; stone oblong, compressed, narrowed at the ends, rounded at base, acute
at apex, with walls produced into 10 or 12 broad thin papery white wings, about 1' long,
and 1 or rarely 2-seeded.
A tree, usually not more than 30° high with one or several stems 2°-3° in diameter, or
often only a shrub, and with spreading branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and
slender branchlets coated when they first appear with rufous tomentum, light reddish brown
NYSSACE^ 783
or green tinged with red and puberulous during their first summer, turning gray or reddish
brown in their first winter, and marked by large lunate or nearly triangular leaf-sears dis-
playing the ends of 3 groups of fibro- vascular bundles; often a shrub, with numerous slender
clustered diverging stems. Winter-buds obtuse, I' long, with ovate apiculate imbricated
scales rounded on the back and clothed with thick hoary tomentum, those of the inner
ranks becoming at maturity ovate-oblong or obovate, rounded at apex, bright red, and
Fig. 702
|'-|' long. Bark of the trunk about Y thick, irregularly fissured, with a dark brown sur-
face broken into thick appressed persistent plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, tough, not
strong, white, with thin hardly distinguishable sapwood of about 10 layers of annual
growth. A preserve with an agreeable subacid flavor, known as Ogeechee limes, is some-
times made from the fruit in Georgia and South Carolina. The flowers abound in nectar,
and are much visited by bees.
Distribution. Deep often inundated river swamps or their borders and ponds; southern
South Carolina in the neighborhood of the coast, widely and generally distributed in the
Altamaha region of eastern Georgia {R. M. Harper); in northern and in western Florida to
the mouth of the Choctawhatchee River {R. H. Harper), and in the valley of the lower
Apalachicola River; rare and local.
4. Nyssa aquatica Marsh. Cotton Gum. Tupelo Gum.
Leaves oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate and often long-pointed at apex, cuneate,
rounded, or subcordate at base, entire or remotely and irregularly angulate-toothed, the
teeth often tipped with a long slender mucro, when they unfold light red and coated below
and on the petioles with pale tomentum and pubescent above, especially on the broad thick
midrib, and at maturity thick and firm, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale
and more or less downy-pubescent on the lower surface, 5'-7' long and 2'-4' wide, with
10-12 pairs of primary veins forked near the margins and connected by conspicuous cross
veins; petioles stout, grooved, hairy, enlarged at base, 1^'-2|' in length. Flowers appear-
ing in March and April on a long slender hairy peduncle from the axil of an inner scale of the
terminal bud; staminate in dense capitate clusters, their peduncle furnished near the mid-
dle and occasionally at apex with long linear ciliate bractlets; calyx-tube cup-shaped, ob-
scurely 5-toothed, one third as long as the oblong erect petals rounded at apex- and much
shorter than the stamens; pistillate solitary, surrounded by 2-4 strap-shaped scarious cili-
ate bractlets often |' long and more or less united below into an involucral cup; calyx- tube
oblong and much longer than the ovate minute spreading petals; stamens included, with
small mostly fertile anthers; style stout, tapering, reflexed above the middle, and re volute
into a close coil. Fruit ripening early in the autumn, on slender drooping stalks 3'-4' in
784
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
length, oblong or slightly obovoid, crowned with the pointed remnants of the style, dark
purple, marked by conspicuous scattered pale dots, and 1' long, with thick tough skin and
thin acid flesh; stone obovoid, rounded at the narrow apex, pointed at base, flattened, light
Fig. 703
brown or nearly white, and about 10-ridged, the ridges acute and wing-like, with thin
separable margins, and sometimes united by short intermediate ridges.
A tree, 80°-100° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter above the greatly enlarged tapering
base, comparatively small spreading branches forming a narrow oblong or pyramidal head,
stout pithy branchlets dark red and coated with pale tomentum when they first appear,
soon becoming glabrous or nearly so, and in their first winter light or bright red-brown and
marked by small scattered pale lenticels and by the conspicuous elevated nearly orbicular
leaf-scars displaying the ends of 3 large fibro-vascular bundles, and thick corky roots.
Winter-buds; terminal nearly globose, with broad ovate light chestnut-brown scales
keeled on the back and rounded and apiculate at apex, those of the inner ranks accrescent
and at maturity oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate, rounded at apex, 1' or more long, and
bright yellow; axillary minute, obtuse, nearly imbedded in the bark. Bark of the trunk
about Y thick, dark brown, longitudinally furrowed, and roughened on the surface by
small scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, diflficult to split, light brown or
often nearly white, with thick sapwood sometimes composed of more than 100 layers of
annual growth; used in the manufacture of wooden-ware, broom-handles, and wooden
shoes, and largely for fruit and vegetable boxes. The wood of the roots is sometimes em-
ployed instead of cork for the floats of nets.
Distribution. Deep swamps inundated during a part of every year; coast region of the
Atlantic states from southeastern Virginia to northern Florida, through the Gulf states to
the valley of the Nueces River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to
western Kentucky and Tennessee, and to the valley of the lower Wabash River, Illinois; of
its greatest size in the Cypress-swamps of western Louisiana and eastern Texas.
LII. CORNACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with terete branchlets, scaly buds, and alternate or opposite deciduous
leaves, without stipules. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious; calyx 4 or 5-toothed,
petals 4 or 5; stamens inserted on the margin of the epigynous disk; anthers oblong;
introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; ovary 1 or 2-celled; ovule solitary,
suspended from the interior angle of the apex of the cell, anatropous; micropyle supe-
rior. Fruit drupaceous, 1 or 2-seeded. Seed oblong-ovoid; seed-coat membranaceous;
CORNACE^ 785
embryo in copious fleshy albumen; cotyledons foliaceous; radicle terete, turned toward the
hilum.
The widely distributed Cornel family with ten genera, more numerous in temperate than
in tropical regions, has arborescent representatives of the genus Cornus in North America.
1. CORNTJS L. Dogwood.
Trees and shrubs, with astringent bark, opposite or rarely alternate deciduous leaves con-
duplicate or involute in the bud. Flowers small, perfect, white, greenish white or yellow;
calyx-tube minutely 4-toothed, the teeth valvate in the bud; disk pulvinate, depressed in
the centre, or obsolete; petals 4, valvate in the bud, oblong-ovate, inserted on the margin
of the disk; stamens 4, alternate with the petals; filaments slender, exserted; ovary 2-
celled; style exserted, simple, columnar, crowned with a single capitate or truncate stigma;
raphe dorsal. Fruit ovoid or oblong; flesh thin and succulent; nut bony or crustaceous,
2-celled, 2 or sometimes 1-seeded. Seed compressed; embryo straight or slightly incurved.
Cornus with nearly fifty species is widely distributed through the three continents of the
northern hemisphere, and south of the equator is represented in Peru by a single species.
Of the sixteen or seventeen species of the United States four are arborescent. Cornus is
rich in tannic acid, and the bark and occasionally the leaves and unripe fruit are used as
tonics, astringents, and febrifuges. Of exotic species, Cornus mas, L., is often planted in
the eastern states as an ornamental tree, and its edible fruit is used in Europe in preserves
and cordials. The wood of Cornus is hard, close-grained, and durable, and is used in
turnery and for charcoal.
The generic name, from cornu, relates to the hardness of the wood produced by plants of
this genus.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Flowers greenish, in a dense cymose head surrounded by a conspicuous corolla-like invo-
lucre of 4-6 white or rarely red scales, from terminal buds formed the previous sum-
mer; fruit ovoid, bright red, rarely yellow.
Heads of flower-buds inclosed by the involucre during the winter; involucral scales 4,
obcordate or notched at apex; leaves ovate to elliptic. 1. C. florida (A, C).
Heads of flower-buds inclosed only at base by the involucre during the winter; involucral
scales 4-6, oblong to obovate, usually acute at apex; leaves ovate or rarely obovate.
2. C. Nuttallii (B, G).
Flowers cream color, in a flat cymose head, without involucral scales, terminal on shoots
of the year; fruit subglobose, white or dark blue.
Leaves opposite, scabrous above; fruit white. 3. C. asperifolia (A, C).
Leaves mostly alternate and clustered at the end of the branches, smooth above; fruit
dark blue or rarely yellow. ^ 4. C. altemifolia (A, C).
1. Cornus florida L. Flowering Dogwood.
Leaves ovate to elliptic or rarely slightly obovate, acute and often contracted into a
slender point at apex, gradually narrowed at base, remotely and obscurely crenulate-
toothed on the somewhat thickened margins, and mostly clustered at the end of the
branches, when they unfold pale and pubescent below and puberulous above, and at ma-
turity thick and firm, bright green and covered with minute appressed hairs on the upper
surface, pale or sometimes almost white and more or less pubescent on the lower surface, 3'-
6' long and l^'-2' wide, with a prominent light-colored midrib deeply impressed above, and
5 or 6 pairs of primary veins connected by obscure reticulate veinlets; in the autumn turning
bright scarlet on the upper surface, remaining pale on the lower surface; petioles grooved,
I'-f' in length. Flowers: head of flower-buds appearing during the summer between the
upper pair of lateral leaf-buds, inclosed by 4 involucral scales remaining light brown and
more or less covered with pale hairs during the winter, and borne on a stout club-shaped
puberulous peduncle |' long or less during the winter and becoming I'-l^' in length; in-
786
TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA
volucral scales beginning to unfold, enlarge and grow white in early spring and when the
flowers open in March at the south to May at the north, when the leaves are nearly fully
grown, forming a flat corolla-like cup 3-4' in diameter, becoming at maturity obovoid, 1'-
Fig. 704
ll' wide, gradually narrowed below the middle and notched at the rounded apex, reticu-
late-veined, pure white, pink, or rarely bright red, deciduous after the fading of the flowers;
flowers in dense many-flowered cymose heads, in the axils of broad-ovate nearly triangular
minutely apiculate glabrous light green deciduous bracts, |' in diameter; calyx terete,
slightly urceolate, puberulous, obtusely 4-lobed, light green; corolla-lobes strap-shaped,
rounded or acute at apex, slightly thickened on the margins, puberulous on the outer sur-
face, reflexed after anthesis, green tipped with yellow; disk large and orange-colored; style
crowned with a truncate stigma. Fruit ripening in October, ovoid, crowned with the rem-
nants of the narrow persistent calyx and with the style, bright scarlet or rarely yellow (f.
xanthocarpa Rehd.), lustrous, ^' long and j broad, with thin mealy flesh, and a smooth
thick- walled slightly grooved stone acute at the ends, and 1 or 2-seeded; seeds oblong, pale
brown.
A bushy tree, rarely 40° high, with a short trunk 12'-18' in diameter, slender spreading
or upright branches, and divergent branchlets turning upward near the end, pale green or
green tinged with red when they first appear, glabrous or slightly puberulous, bright red o^
yellow-green during their first winter and nearly surrounded by the narrow ring-like leaf-
scars, later becoming light brown or gray tinged withered; frequently toward the northern
limits of its range a much-branched shrub. Winter-buds formed in midsummer; the ter-
minal covered by 2 opposite acute pointed scales rounded on the back and joined below for
half their length, and accompanied by 2 pairs of lateral buds, each covered by a single scale,
those of the lower pair shedding their scales in the autumn and remaining undeveloped.
Bark of the trunk I'-Y thick, with a dark red-brown surface divided into quadrangular or
many-sided plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, brown sometimes
changing to shades of green and red, with lighter colored sapwood of 30-40 layers of annual
growth; largely used in turnery, for the bearings of machinery, the hubs of small wheels,
barrel-hoops, the handles of tools, and occasionally for engravers' blocks.
Distribution. Usually under the shade of taller trees in rich well-drained soil; southern
Maine to southern Ontario, southern Michigan, southeastern Kansas and eastern Okla-
homa, and southward to central Florida and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas; on the
mountains of northern Mexico; comparatively rare at the north; one of the commonest
and most generally distributed inhabitants of the deciduous-leaved forests of the middle
and southern states, ranging from the coast nearly to the summits of the high Alleghany
CORNACEvE
787
Mountains. Trees with rose-colored or with pink involucral scales occasionally occur (var.
rubra Andre). A variety with pendulous branches is known in gardens (var. pendula
Dipp.); the var. xanthocarpa near Oyster Bay, Nassau County, Long Island, New York,
and at Saluda, Polk County, North Carolina.
Often planted as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern states.
2. Comus Nuttallii Aud. Dogwood.
Leaves ovate or slightly obovate, acute and often contracted into a short point at the
apex, cuneate at base, faintly crenulate-serrate, and generally clustered toward the end
of the branches, when they unfold coated below with pale tomentum and puberulous
above, and at maturity thin, bright green and slightly puberulous, with short appressed
hairs on the upper surface, and woolly pubescent on the lower surface, 4'-5' long and 1^'
-3' wide, with a prominent midrib impressed above, and about 5 pairs of slender primary
veins connected by remote reticulate veinlets; in the autumn turning bright orange and
scarlet before falling; petioles stout, grooved, pubescent, ^'-f in length, with a large clasp-
ing base. Flowers: head of flower-buds appearing during the summer between the upper
pair of lateral leaf-buds, surrounded at base but not inclosed by the involucral scales dur-
ing the winter, hemispheric, Y in diameter, usually nodding on a stout hairy peduncle |'-1'
long; involucral scales becoming when the flowers open l|'-3' long and l^'-2' wide, white
or white tinged with pink, oblong to obovate or nearly orbicular, and acute, acuminate,
Fig. 705
or obtuse, entire and thickened at apex, puberulous on the outer surface, gradually nar-
rowed below the middle and conspicuously 8-ribbed, the spreading ribs united by reticulate
veinlets; flowers in dense cymose heads from the axils of minute acuminate scarious de-
ciduous bracts; calyx terete, slightly urceolate, puberulous on the outer surface, yellow-
green, or light purple, with dark red-purple lobes; petals strap-shaped, rounded at apex,
spreading, somewhat puberulous on the outer surface, with thickened slightly inflexed mar-
gins, yellow-green; style crowned with a truncate stigma. Fruit ripening in October, in
dense spherical heads of 30-40 drupes surrounded at base by a ring of abortive pendulous
ovaries, |' long, ovoid, much flattened, crowned with the broad persistent calyx, bright red
or orange-colored, with thin mealy flesh, and a thick-walled 1 or 2-seeded stone obtuse at the
ends and scarcely grooved; seeds oblong, compressed, with a very thin pale papery coat.
A tree, 40°-60°, or exceptionally 100° high, with a trunk l°-2° in diameter, small spread-
ing branches forming an oblong conic or ultimately round-topped head, and slender light
green branchlets coated while young with pale hairs, becoming glabrous or puberulous, dark
788
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
reddish purple or sometimes green during their first winter and conspicuously marked by
the elevated lunate leaf-scars, ultimately becoming light brown or brown tinged with red.
Winter-buds formed in July; the terminal acute, ^ long, covered by 2 narrow-ovate acute
long-pointed puberulous light green opposite scales, accompanied by 2 pairs of lateral buds,
each covered by a single scale, those of the lower pair shedding their scales in the autumn
and remaining undeveloped, those of the upper pair clothed with pale hairs, especially
toward the apex, their scales thickening, turning dark purple, lengthening in the spring with
the inclosed shoot, finally becoming scarious and developing into small leaves, and in fall-
ing marking the base of the branchlets with ring-like scars. Bark of the trunk about j'
thick, brown tinged with red, and divided on the surface into small thin appressed scales.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with
lighter colored sap wood of 30-40 layers of annual growth; used in cabinet-making, for
mauls and the handles of tools.
Distribution. Usually in moist well-drained soil under the shade of coniferous forests;
valley of the lower Fraser River and Vancouver Island, British Columbia, southward
through western Washington and Oregon, on the coast ranges of California to the San
Bernardino Mountains, and on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada; southward up to
altitudes of 4000°-5000°, of its largest size near the shores of Puget Sound and in the Red-
wood-forests of northern California.
3. Comus asperifolia Michx. Dogwood.
Leaves ovate or oblong, gradually or abruptly contracted at apex into a long slender
point, gradually narrowed or rounded and cuneate at base, and slightly thickened on the
Fig. 706
undulate margins, coated with lustrous silvery tomentum when they unfold, and nearly
fully grown when the flowers open from the middle of May in Texas to the middle of July
at the north, and then dark green and roughened above by short rigid white hairs, and pale,
often glaucous or rough-pubescent below, and at maturity thin, scabrous on the upper
surface, pubescent or puberulous on the lower surface, 3'-4' long and l^'-9,' wide, with
a thin midrib, and 4-6 pairs of slender primary veins parallel with their sides; petioles
stout, grooved, pubescent, usually about |' in length. Flowers cream color, on slender
pedicels, in loose broad or narrow often panicled pubescent cymes, on peduncles frequently
1' in length; calyx oblong, cup-shaped, obscurely toothed, covered with fine silky white
hairs; corolla-lobes narrow-oblong, acute, about |' long, and reflexed after the flowers open;
style thickened at apex into a prominent stigma. Fruit ripening from the end of August
CORNACE^
789
until the end of October, in loose spreading red-stemmed clusters, subglobose, white, tipped
with the remnants of the style, about j' in diameter, with thin dry, bitter flesh, and a full
and rounded stone broader^than high, somewhat oblique, slightly grooved on the edge, and
1 or 2-seeded; seeds nearly j' long, with a pale brown coat.
A tree, sometimes nearly 50° high, with a short trunk 8'-10' in diameter, thin erect wand-
like branches forming a narrow irregular rather open head, and slender branchlets marked
by numerous small pale lenticels, light green and puberulous when they first appear, pale
red, lustrous, and puberulous during their first winter, light reddish brown in their second
year, and ultimately light gray-brown or gray; usually shrubby. Winter-buds acute, com-
pressed, pubescent, sessile, or stalked, about |' long, with 2 pairs of opposite scales, the
terminal bud nearly twice as large as the compressed lateral buds. Bark of the trunk about
I' thick, and divided by shallow fissures into narrow interrupted ridges broken into small
closely appressed dark red-brown scales. Wood close-grained, hard, pale brown, with
thick cream-colored sap wood.
Distribution. Southwestern Ontario (Point Pelee and Pelee Island), southward
through Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mississippi to western Florida (Gadsden and
Levy Counties) and westward to southeastern South Dakota, southeastern Nebraska,
central Kansas, northwestern Oklahoma (near Alva, Woods County) and western Texas
(Kerr, Menard and Brown Counties); probably only arborescent on the rich bottom-
lands of southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.
4. Comus altemifolia L. Dogwood.
Leaves mostly alternate, clustered at the end of the branches, rarely opposite, oval or
ovate, gradually contracted at apex into a long slender point, cuneate or occasionally some-
Fig. 707
what rounded at base, obscurely crenulate-toothed on the slightly thickened and incurved
margins, coated when they unfold on the lower surface with dense silvery white tomentum,
and faintly tinged with red and pilose above, and at maturity thin, bright yellow-green, gla-
brous or sparsely pubescent on the upper surface, pale or sometimes nearly white and cov-
ered with appressed hairs on the lower surface, 3'-5' long and 2|'-3^' wide, with a broad
orange-colored midrib slightly impressed above, and about 6 pairs of primary veins parallel
with their sides; in the autumn turning yellow or yellow and scarlet; petioles slender, pubes-
cent, grooved, l§'-2' in length, with an enlarged clasping base. Flowers cream color, open-
ing from the beginning of May to the end of June on slender jointed pedicels |'-|' long, in
terminal flat puberulous many-flowered cymes 1^'-2|' wide, mostly on lateral branchlets;
calyx cup-shaped, obscurely toothed; corolla-lobes narrow, oblong, rounded at apex, |' long,
reflexed after anthesis; style enlarged into a prominent stigma. Fruit in loose spreading
790 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
red-stemmed clusters, ripening in October, subglobose, dark blue-black, or rarely yellow
(f. ochrocarpa Rehd.), ¥ in diameter, tipped with the remnants of the style rising from the
bottom of a small depression, with thin and bitter flesh; and an obovoid nutlet, pointed at
base, gradually longitudinally many-grooved, thick-walled, and 1 or 2-seeded; seeds lunate,
Y long, with a thin membranaceous pale coat.
A flat-topped tree, rarely 25°-30° high, with a short trunk 6'-8' in diameter, long slen-
der alternate diverging horizontal branches, and numerous short upright slender branchlets
pale orange-green or reddish brown when they first appear, mostly light green or sometimes
brown tinged with green during their first winter, later turning darker green and markpd by
pale lunate leaf-scars and small scattered pale lenticels; often a shrub, with numerous stems.
Bark of the trunk about |' thick, dark reddish brown, and smooth or divided by shallow
longitudinal fissures into narrow ridges irregularly broken transversely. Wood heavy^
hard, close-grained, brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood of 20-30
layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Rich woodlands, the margins of the forest, and the borders of streams
and swamps, in moist well-drained soil. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, westward along
the valley of the St. Lawrence River to the northern shores of Lake Superior and to Minne-
sota, and southward through the northern states to Iowa and southern Missouri (Monteer,
Shannon County) and along the Appalachian Mountains to North Carolina, up to alti-
tudes of 3500°-4000°; in Alabama to Covington County, southwestern Georgia, and western
Florida (River Junction, Gadsden County, T. G. Harbison).
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern states.
Section 2. Gamopetalse. Corolla of united petals {divided in Elliottia in
Ericaceoe 0 in some species of Fraxinus in OleaceoB).
A. Ovary superior (inferior in Vaccinium m Ericacece, partly inferior in
Symplocaceoe, partly superior in Styracece)
Lin. ERICACEAE.
Trees or shrubs, with scaly buds, and alternate simple leaves, without stipules. Flowers
perfect,^ regular; calyx 4-5-lobed; corolla hypogynous, 5-lobed (of ^ petals in Elliottia),
the lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens hypogynous, mostly free from the corolla, as
many, or twice as many as its lobes ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, opening by terminal pores,
often appendaged; ovary 4- 10-celled {inferior in Vaccinium); styles terminal, simple,
stigma terminal; ovules numerous, anatropous or amphitropous; raphe ventral; micropyle
superior. Fruit capsular, drupaceous, or baccate. Seeds with fleshy or horny albumen,
embryo small; cotyledons small and short.
The Heath family with seventy-one genera is widely distributed over the temperate and
tropical parts of the earth's surface. Of the twenty-one genera found in the United States
seven have arborescent representatives.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Ovary superior.
Corolla of 4 petals; flowers in erect racemose panicles; leaves deciduous. 1. Elliottia.
Corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobed.
Fruit capsular.
Capsule septicidal, the valves in opening separating from the persistent placentiferous
axis; calyx-lobes imbricated in the bud; leaves persistent (sometimes deciduous).
Flowers in terminal clusters; corolla 5-lobed; inflorescence-buds conic, covered
with closely imbricated scales; leaves revolute on the margins.
2. Rhododendron.
Flowers in axillary clusters; corolla saucer-shaped, with a short narrow tube and
10 pouches below the short limb, the anthers in the pouches in the bud: inflo-
rescence-buds elongated, covered with loosely imbricated scales; leaves flat.
3. Kahnia.
ERICACEiE
791
Capsule loculicidal, the valves in opening bearing the partitions and separating
from the persistent placentiferous axis; calyx-lobes valvate in the bud.
Capsule ovoid-pyramidal; flowers in terminal panicles of secund racemes; anther-
cells opening longitudinally from the apex to the middle; leaves deciduous.
4. Oxydendnim.
Capsule oblong; flowers in axillary fascicles; anthers opening below the apex by
2 oblong pores; leaves persistent, 5. Xolisma.
Fruit drupaceous; flowers in terminal panicles; anthers bearing a pair of reflexed awns
on the back, each cell opening at apex anteriorally by a terminal pore; leaves per-
sistent. 6. Arbutus.
Ovary inferior; fruit baccate; flowers axillary, racemose or solitary; anther-cells terminating
in tubular appendages and opening by terminal pores. 7. Vaccinium.
1. ELLIOTTIA Ell.
A glabrous tree or shrub, with slender terete branchlets, scaly buds, and fibrous roots.
Leaves petiolate, oblong or oblong-obovate, acute at the ends or occasionally rounded at
apex, entire, thin, dark green and glabrous above, pale and villose below, particularly on
the thin yellow midrib and obscure forked veins; deciduous; petioles slender and flattened,
with an abruptly enlarged base nearly covering the small axillary buds. Flowers perfect,
on slender elongated pedicels, in erect terminal elongated racemose panicles, with minute
acute scarious caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx short, tubular, puberulous, dark red-
brown, 4-toothed, the broad apiculate teeth erose on the margins and imbricated in the
bud; petals 4, imbricated in the bud, spatulate-linear, sessile; stamens 8, hypogynous, shorter
than the petals; filaments broad, flattened; anthers oblong-ovoid, the cells callous-mu-
cronate, free at the apex of the spreading lobes, opening from above downward ; disk much
thickened, fleshy; ovary sessile, subglobose, 4-lobed, 4-celled, concave at apex; style elon-
gated, slender, gradually enlarged and club-shaped above and incurved at apex; stigma
3-5-lobed, smaller than the thickened end of the style; ovules numerous in each cell, at-
tached on the inner angle of a tumid piacenta, ascending, anatropous. Fruit unknown.
Elliottia with a single species is confined to the southern United States.
The genus is named in honor of Stephen Elliott (1771-1830), the distinguished botanist
of South Carolina.
1 . Elliottia racemosa Ell.
Leaves 3'-4' long, l'-l|' wide; petioles ^'-|' in length. Flowers about |' long, opening
from the middle to the end of June, in clusters 7'-10' in length.
A tree, 15°-20° high, with a trunk 4'-5' in diameter, short ascending branches forming
Fig. 708
792 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
a pyramidal head, and erect branchlets light red-brown and pilose when they first appear,
bright orange-brown, lustrous, and nearly glabrous during their first winter, and rough-
ened by slightly raised oblong-obovate leaf-scars with conspicuous central fibro-vascular
bundle-scars, becoming light brown slightly tinged with red during their second season and
dark gray-brown the following year; or more frequently shrubby. Winter-buds: terminal
broad-ovoid, acute, about |' long, with much thickened bright chestnut-brown shining
scales conspicuously white-pubescent near the margins toward the apex; lateral buds
smaller, ovoid, compressed, rounded or short-pointed at apex. Bark thin, smooth, pale
gray.
Distribution. Sandy woods in a few isolated stations in the valley of the Savannah
River, near Augusta, Richmond County, and in Burke and Bullock Counties, Georgia.
2. RHODODENDRON L.
Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, terete branchlets, terminal buds formed in summer, and
fibrous roots. Leaves usually clustered at the end of the branches, revolute and entire on
the margin, persistent or deciduous. Flowers in terminal umbellate corymbs from buds
with numerous caducous scales; calyx 5-parted or toothed, persistent under the fruit;
corolla 5-10-lobed, deciduous; stamens 5 or 10, rarely more, more or less unequal, ulti-
mately spreading; filaments subulate-filiform, pilose at the base; disk thick and fleshy,
crenately lobed; ovary 5-10-celled; style slender, crowned with a capitate stigma and per-
sistent on the fruit; ovules numerous in each cell, attached in many series to an axile 2-
lipped placenta projected from the inner angle of the cell, anatropous. Fruit a woody
many-seeded capsule. Seed scobiform; seed-coat loose, reticulate, produced at the ends
beyond the nucleus into a short often laciniate appendage; embryo minute, cylindric, axile
in fleshy albumen; cotyledons oblong, shorter than the radicle turned toward the hilum.
Rhododendron with some four or five hundred species occurs in eastern Thibet, on the
Himalayas, in southwestern China, the Malay peninsula and Archipelago, New Guinea,
northern China and Corea, Japan, the mountains of central Europe, on the Caucasus,
and in eastern and western North America, the largest number of species being found in
southwestern China and on the Himalayas. Of the twenty-three or twenty-four North
American species one only is arborescent.
Rhododendron possesses astringent narcotic properties. It produces hard close-grained
compact wood sometimes used in turnery and for fuel. Many of the species are cultivated
in gardens for the beauty of their large and conspicuous flowers.
The generic name is from f>65ov and Bhbpov, the Rose-tree.
1. Rhododendron maximum L. Great Laurel. Rose Bay.
Leaves revolute in the bud, ovate-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, acute or short-
pointed at apex, and narrowed, cuneate or rounded at base, when they unfold covered
with a thick pale or ferrugineous tomentum of gland-tipped hairs, and at maturity gla-
brous, thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, usually pale or
whitish on the lower surface, 4'-12' long and l|'-2^'* wide, with a broad pale midrib and
obscure reticulate veinlets; persistent for two or three years; petioles stout, ridged above,
rounded below, I'-ll' in length. Flowers: inflorescence-buds surrounded at first by sev-
eral loose narrow leaf-like scales, and when fully grown in September cone-shaped, 1|'
long and |' broad, with many imbricated ovate scales rounded and contracted at apex into
a long slender point, opening late in June after the shoots of the year from buds in the
axils of upper leaves have reached their full length; flowers on slender pink pedicels cov-
ered with glandular white hairs and furnished at base with two linear scarious bractlets,
from the axils of the scales of the inner ranks of the inflorescence-bud, in 16-24-flowered
umbellate clusters 4'-5' in diameter, with accrescent scarious resinous puberulous bracts,
those of the outer ranks becoming 1' long and \' wide, and shorter than the lanceolate
bracts of the inner ranks contracted into a long slender point; calyx light green and puber-
ulous, with rounded remote lobes; corolla prominently 5-angled or ridged in the bud, cam-
ERICACE^
793
panulate, gibbous on the posterior side, puberulous in the throat, light rose color, purplish,
or white, 1' long, cleft to the middle into 5 oval rounded lobes, with conspicuous central
veins, the upper lobe marked on the inner face by a cluster of yellow-green spots, and
Fig. 709
furnished on the outer surface at the bottom of each sinus with a conspicuous dark red
gland; stamens 8-12, white, inserted on the bright green disk; filaments enlarged and flat-
tened at base, slightly bent inward above the middle, and bearded with stiff white hairs,
the 4 or 5 short ones at the back of the flower for more than half their length and the others
only near the base; ovary ovoid, green, coated with short glandular pale hairs, crowned
with a long slender glabrous white declining style club-shaped and inflexed at apex, and
terminating in a 5-rayed scarlet stigma. Fruit dark red-brown, ovoid, ^' long, glandular-
hispid, ripening and shedding its seeds in the autumn, the clusters of open capsules re-
maining on the branches until the following summer; seeds oblong, flattened, the coat
prolonged at the ends into scarious fringed appendages.
A bushy tree, 30°-40° high, with a short crooked often prostrate trunk occasionally
10'-12' in diameter, stout contorted branches forming a round head, and branchlets green
tinged with red and covereji with dark red or slightly ferrugineous glandular-hispid hairs
when they first appear, dark green and glabrous in their first winter, gradually turning
bright red-brown in their second year, and ultimately gray tinged with red, the thin bark
separating on branches four or five years old into persistent scales; more often a broad
shrub, with many divergent twisted stems 10°-12° high. Winter-buds: leaf-buds conic,
dark green, axillary, or terminal on barren shoots, with many closely imbricated scales, those
of the inner ranks accrescent, increasing in length from the outer to the inner, and at matu-
rity 1^' long, J wide, gradually narrowed at base, and terminating at apex in a long slender
point, light green, glabrous, closely held against the shoot by a resinous exudation from
the glandular hairs, and in falling marking the branchlet with numerous conspicuous nar-
row remote scars persistent for three or four years. Bark of the trunk about j^-^' thick, light
red-brown, broken on the surface into small thin appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard,
strong, rather brittle, close-grained, light clear brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood;
occasionally made into the handles of tools and used as a substitute for boxwood in engrav-
ing. A decoction of the leaves is occasionally employed in domestic practice in the treat-
ment of rheumatism.
Distribution. Nova Scotia, Mt. Chocorua, New Hampshire, and southward in New
England and eastern New York and along the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia
and westward to the northern shores of Lake Erie and to southeastern Ohio (Hocking
and Fairfield Counties); rare at the north and an inhabitant of deep cold swamps in a few
794 • TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
isolated stations; more abundant on the mountains of western Pennsylvania, becoming
exceedingly common farther south and occupying the steep banks of streams up to al-
titudes of 3000°; of its largest size on the high mountains of eastern Tennessee and the
Carolinas, and here often forming thickets hundreds of acres in extent.
Often cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the United States, and in
Europe, and one of the parents of a number of distinct and beautiful hybrids.
3. KALMIA L.
Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, terete branchlets without a terminal bud, minute axil-
lary leaf-buds, elongated axillary inflorescence-buds covered by imbricated scales, and
fibrous roots. Leaves ovate-oblong or linear, short-petiolate, with flat entire margins,
coriaceous, persistent or deciduous in one species. Flowers on slender pedicels bibracteo-
late at the base, from the axils of foliaceous coriaceous ovate or acute persistent bracts,
in axillary umbels; calyx 5, rarely 6-parted, the divisions imbricated in the bud, persistent
under the fruit; corolla 5, rarely 6-lobed, rose-colored, purple, or white, saucer-shaped,
with a short tube and 10 pouches just below the 5 or 6-parted limb, the lobes ovate,
acute, before anthesis prominently 10 or 12-ribbed from the pouches to the acute apex of
the bud, the salient keel of the ribs running to the point of the lobes and to the sinuses;
stamens 10, shorter than the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers oblong, each cell opening
by a short apical oblong longitudinal pore, at first free in the bud, the filaments then erect,
later received in the pouches of the corolla, the filaments becoming bent back by its
enlargement and expansion, straightening elastically and incurving on the release of the
anthers, and in straightening discharging the pollen-grains; disk prominently 10-lobed;
ovary subglobose, 5-celled; style filiform, exserted, crowned with a capitate stigma; ovules
numerous in each cell, inserted on a 2-lipped placenta, pendulous or spreading from near
the top of the thin columella, few-ranked, anatropous. Fruit a woody many-seeded glo-
bose slightly 5-lobed 5-celled capsule, tardily septicidally 5-valved, the valves crustaceous,
ultimately opening down the middle by a narrow slit and separating from the persistent
placenta-bearing axis. Seeds oblong or subglobose, minute; seed-coat crustaceous or
membranaceous; embryo in fleshy albumen, terete, near the hilum; radicle erect, rather
shorter than the oblong cotyledons.
Kalmia with six species is North American and Cuban, one species occasionally becom-
ing under favorable conditions a small tree.
The generic name is in honor of the Swedish traveler and botanist, Peter Kalm (1715-
1779).
1. Kalmia latifoliaL. Laurel. Mountain Laurel.
Leaves sometimes in pairs or in 3's, conduplicate in the bud, each leaf in the bud in-
closed by the one immediately below it, oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or rounded and
tipped at apex with a callous point, and gradually narrowed at base, rarely oval to oblong-
obovate and rounded at ends (f . obtusata Rehd.), when they unfold slightly tinged with pink
and covered with glandular white hairs, and at maturity thick and rigid, dark rather dull
green above, light yellow-green below, 3'-4' long and I'-l^' wide, with a broad yellow mid-
rib and obscure immersed veins ; beginning to fall during their second summer ; petioles stout,
terete or slightly flattened, about f in length. Flowers opening from early in April in
southern Mississippi to the 20th of June at the north; inflorescence-buds appearing in the
autumn from the axils of upper leaves, beginning to lengthen with the first warm days of
spring and usually developing 2 or several lateral branches, the whole forming a compound
many-flowered corymb of numerous crowded fascicles more or less covered with dark
scurfy scales, 4'-5' in diameter, and overtopped at the flowering time by the leafy branches
of the year; flowers nearly 1' in diameter, on long slender red or green pedicels covered
with glandular hairs, and furnished at base with 2 mmute acute bractlets, developed
from the axils of acute persistent bracts sometimes f ' long; calyx divided nearly to the
base into narrow acute thin green lobes; corolla white (f. alba Rehd.), rose-color, or deep
ERICACE^
795
pink (f. rubra Rehd.) viscid-pubescent, marked on the inner surface with a waving dark
rose-colored line and with delicate purple penciling above the sacs, rarely with a broad
purple or chocolate-colored band (f. fuscata Rehd.). Fruit ripening in September,
crowned with the persistent style, j\' in diameter, and covered with viscid hairs, remaining
on the branches until the following year; seeds oblong, light brown, scattered by the
opening of the valves.
A tree, rarely 30°-40° high, with a short crooked and contorted trunk sometimes 18'-
20' in diameter, stout forked divergent branches forming a round-topped compact head,
and slender branchlets light green tinged with red and covered with soft white glandular-
viscid hairs when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous, and in their first winter green
tinged with red and very lustrous, turning bright red-brown during their second year and
paler the following season, the bark then separating into large thin papery scales exposing
the cinnamon-red inner bark, and marked with large deeply impressed leaf-scars showing
near the centre a crowded cluster of fibro-vascular bundle-scars; more often a dense broad
shrub 6°-10° high, with numerous crooked stems. Winter-buds formed before midsummer
in the axils of the leaves just below those producing the inflorescence-buds, their inner scales
Fig. 710
accrescent, and at maturity often 1' long and |' wide, ovate, acute, light green, covered
with glandular white hairs, and in falling marking the base of the shoots with conspicuous
broad scars. Bark of the trunk hardly more than -^q' thick, dark brown tinged with red,
and divided by longitudinal furrows into narrow ridges separating into long narrow scales.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather brittle, close-grained, brown tinged with red, with slightly
lighter colored sapwood; used for the handles of tools, in turnery, and for fuel.
Distribution. New Brunswick to the northern shores of Lake Erie and southward in the
Atlantic coast region to Virginia and to southern Ohio, Clark, Perry and Crawford Counties,
Indiana and central Tennessee, along the Appalachian Mountains and their foot-hills to
Georgia, and from western Florida through Alabama to eastern and southern Mississippi
and the valley of the Bogue Lusa River, Washington Parish, Louisiana; often growing in
low moist ground near the margins of swamps or on dry slopes under the shade of de-
ciduous-leaved trees, or on rich rocky hillsides; most abundant and often forming dense
impenetrable thickets on the southern Appalachian Mountains up to altitudes of 3000°-
4000°; usually shrubby, and only arborescent in a few secluded valleys between the Blue
Ridge and the Alleghany Mountains of North and South Carolina; abundant and of large
size along small streams in Liberty County, middle Florida. The var. myrtijolia K. Koch
with small lance-oblong leaves, and small compact clusters of small flowers, a compact
796 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
dwarf shrub, and an old inhabitant of European gardens, is occasionally wild in Massa-
chusetts; in an abnormal form (f. polypetala Rehd.) found in western Massachusetts
the corolla is divided into 5 narrow petals.
Often cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern states, and in
Europe.
4. OXYDENDRUM DC.
A tree, with thick deeply furrowed bark, slender terete glabrous light red or brown
branchlets, without a terminal bud, marked by elevated nearly triangular leaf-scars display-
ing a lunate row of crowded fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and numerous elevated oblong
dark lenticels, acid foliage, and fibrous roots. Winter-buds axillary, minute, partly im-
mersed in the bark, obtuse, covered with opposite broad-ovate dark red scales rounded at
apex, those of the inner ranks accrescent. Leaves alternate, revolute in the bud, oblong
or lanceolate, acute, gradually contracted at base into a long slender petiole, serrate with
minute incurved callous teeth, penniveined, with a conspicuous bright yellow midrib and
reticulate veinlets, thin and firm, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and
glaucous on the lower surface, glabrous or at first sligMly puberulous, deciduous. Flow-
ers on erect clavate pedicels coated with hoary pubescence and bibracteolate above the
middle, with linear acute caducous bractlets, in puberulous panicles of secund racemes
appearing in summer and terminal on axillary leading shoots of the year, the lower ra-
cemes in the axils of upper leaves; calyx free, divided nearly to the base, the divisions
valvate in the bud, ovate-lanceolate, acute, pubescent or puberulous on the outer sur-
face, persistent under the fruit; corolla hypogynous, cylindric to ovate-cylindric, white,
puberulous, 5-lobed, the lobes minute, ovate, acute, reflexed; stamens 10, included; fila-
ments subulate, broad, pilose, inserted on the very base of the corolla; anthers linear-
oblong, narrower than the filaments, the cells opening from the apex to the middle; disk
thin, obscurely 10-lobed; ovary broad-ovoid, pubescent, 5-celled; style columnar, thick,
exserted, crowned with a simple stigma; ovules attached to an axile placenta rising from
the base of the cell, ascending, amphitropous. Fruit a 5-celled ovoid-pyramidal many*
seeded capsule crowned with the remnants of the persistent style, 5-lobed, puberulous,
loculicidally 5-valved, the valves woody, separating from the central persistent placentif-
erous axis, many-seeded. Seeds ascending, elongated; seed-coat membranaceous, loose,
reticulated, produced at the ends into long slender points; embryo minute, axile in fleshy
albumen, cylindric; radicle terete, next the hilum.
The genus consists of a single species.
The generic name is from d^is and divdpov, in allusion to the acid foliage.
1. Oxydendrum arboreum DC. Sorrel-tree. Sour Wood.
Leaves when they unfold bronze-green, very lustrous and glabrous with the exception
of a slight pubescence on the upper side of the midrib and a few scattered hairs on the under
side of the midrib and on the petioles, and at maturity 5'-7' long and lh'-lV wide; turn-
ing bright scarlet in the autumn; petioles f in length. Flowers opening late in July or
early in August, \' long, in panicles 7'-8' in length. Fruit \'-\' long, hanging in drooping
clusters sometimes a foot in length, ripening in September, the empty capsules often per-
sistent on the branches until late in the autumn; seeds about \' long, pale brown.
A tree, occasionally 50°-60° high, with a tall straight trunk 12-20' in diameter, slender
spreading branches forming a narrow oblong round-topped head, and glabrous branchlets
yellow-green and marked by orange-colored lenticels when they first appear, becoming in
their first winter orange-colored to reddish brown. Winter-buds about f-^' long, their inner
scales at maturity 1' in length, \' wide, spatulate, acute at apex, and slightly puberulous on
the inner surface and on the margins. Bark of the trunk I'-V thick, gray tinged with red.
and divided by longitudinal furrows into broad rounded ridges covered with small thick
appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, brown tinged with red, with
lighter colored sap wood of 80-90 layers of annual growth; sometimes used locally for the
•t>
i
ERICACEAE
797
handles of tools and the bearings of machinery. The leaves have a pleasant acidulous
taste, and are reputed to be tonic, refrigerant, and diuretic, and are occasionally used in
domestic practice in the treatment of fevers.
Distribution. Well-drained gravelly soil on ridges rising above the banks of streams;
coast of Virginia (Accomac County) to that of North Carolina (near Newbern, Craven
Fig. 711
County), southwestern Pennsylvania to southern Ohio and Indiana (Perry County), and to
western Kentucky and Tennessee, along the Appalachian Mountains and their foothills,
and southward to western Florida, the shores of Mobile Bay, the coast region of Missis-
sippi, and West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana; up to altitudes of 3500° on the southern moun-
tains; of its largest size on the western slopes of the Big Smoky Mountains, Tennessee.
Often cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern states and hardy as far north as
eastern Massachusetts, and occasionally in western and central Europe.
5. XOLISMA. Raf.
Lyonia Nutt.
Trees or shrubs, with slender terete branchlets, and fibrous roots. Leaves petiolate,
thin or coriaceous. Flowers on slender pedicels from the axils of ovate acute bracts, in axil-
lary and terminal umbellate fascicles or panicled racemes; calyx persistent, 4-5-toothed or
parted, the divisions valvate in the bud; corolla globular, 4 or 5-toothed or lobed, the lobes
imbricated in the bud; stamens 8-10, included; filaments flat, incurved, usually slightly
adnate to the base of the corolla, dilated and bearded at base, geniculate; anthers oblong, the
cells opening below the apex by large oblong pores; disk 10-lobed; ovary 5-celled, depressed
in the centre; style columnar, stigmatic at apex; ovules attached to a placenta borne near
the summit of the axis, anatropous. Fruit ovoid, many-seeded, loculicidally 5-valved, the
valves septiferous and separating from the placentiferous axis, 5-ribbed by the thickening
of the valves at the dorsal sutures, the ribs more or less separable in dehiscence. Seeds
minute, pendulous, narrow-oblong; seed-coat loose, thin, reticulate, produced at the ends
beyond the nucleus into short fringe-like wings; embryo axile in fleshy albumen, cylindric,
elongated: cotyledons much shorter than the terete radicle turned toward the hilum.
Lyonia with about twenty species is confined to North America, the West Indies, and
Mexico. Of the four or five species which occur in the United States one is occasionally
a small tree.
The derivation of the name Xolisma is obscure.
798
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
1. Xolisma ferniginea Hell.
Lyonia jerruginea Nutt.
Leaves cuneate-sobovate, rhombic-obovate or cuneate-oblong, acute or rounded at apex,
usually tipped with a cartilaginous mucro, gradually narrowed at base, and entire, with
thickened revolute margins, scurfy when they unfold, and at maturity thick and firm, pale
green, smooth and shining or sometimes obscurely lepidote above, covered below with
ferrugineous or pale scales, l'-3' long and \'-\h' wide, with a prominent midrib and primary
veins; appearing in early spring and persistent until the summer or autumn of their second
year; petioles short, thick, much enlarged at base. Flowers |' in diameter, chiefly pro-
duced on branches of the year or occasionally on those of the previous ye^r, opening from
February until April when the leaves are fully grown, on slender recurved pedicels much
shorter than the leaves, in crowded axillary short-stemmed or sessile ferrugineous-lepidote
fascicles, with minute acute deciduous bracts and bractlets; calyx 5-lobed, with acute lobes,
covered on the outer surface with ferrugineous scales, and about one third as long as the
white pubescent corolla, with short reflexed acute teeth slightly thickened and ciliate on
Fig. 712
the margins; filaments shortened by a conspicuous geniculate fold in the middle; ovary
coated with thick white tomentum; style stout, as long or a little longer than the corolla.
Fruit on a stout erect stem, oblong, 5-angled, \' long; seed pale brown.
A tree, occasionally 20°-30° high, with a slender crooked or often prostrate trunk some-
times 10' in diameter, thin rigid divergent branches forming a tall oblong irregular head,
and slender branchlets coated when they first appear with minute ferrugineous scales and
covered in their second year with glabrous or pubescent light or dark red-brown bark
smooth or exfoliating in small thin scales. Winter-buds minute, acute, and covered with
ferrugineous scales. Bark of the trunk \'-\' thick, divided into long narrow ridges by
shallow longitudinal furrows, reddish brown and separating into short thick scales. Wood
heavy, hard, close-grained although not strong, light brown tinged with red, with thick
lighter colored sapwood.
Distribution. Hummocks and sandy woods; coast region of South Carolina and
Georgia, northern Florida to the centre of the peninsula, the shores of Tampa Bay, and to
the neighborhood of Apalachicola (Franklin County) ; in the United States arborescent in
the rich soil of the woody hummocks rising in the sandy Pine-covered coast plain, and as a
low shrub in the dry sandy sterile soil- of Pine-barrens; in the West Indies and Mexico.
ERICACEAE
799
6. ARBUTUS L.
Trees or shrubs, with astringent bark exfoliating from young stems in large thin scales,
smooth terete red branches, and thick hard roots. Leaves petiolate, entire or dentate,
obscurely penniveined, persistent. Flowers on clavate pedicels bibracteolate at base from
the axils of ovate bracts, in simple terminal compound racemes or panicles, with scarious
scaly persistent bracts and bractlets; calyx free from the ovary, 5-parted nearly to the base,
the divisions imbricated in the bud, ovate, acute, scarious, persistent; corolla ovoid-urceo-
late, white, 5-toothed, the teeth obtuse and recurved; stamens 10, shorter than the corolla;
filaments subulate, dilated and pilose at base, free, inserted in the bottom of the corolla;
anthers short, compressed laterally, dorsally 2-awned, the cells opening at the top inter-
nally by a terminal pore; ovary glandular-roughened, glabrous or tomentose, sessile or
slightly immersed in the glandular 10-Iobed disk, 5 or rarely 4-celled; style columnar, sim-
ple, exserted; stigma obscurely 5-lobed; ovules attached to a central placenta developed
from the inner angle of each cell, amphitropous. Fruit drupaceous, globose, smooth or
glandular-coated, 5-celled, many-seeded; flesh dry and mealy; stone cartilaginous, often
incompletely developed. Seeds small, compressed or angled, narrowed and often apiculate
at apex; seed-coat coriaceous, dark red-brown, slightly pilose; embryo axile in copious
horny albumen, clavate; radicle terete, erect, turned toward the hilum.
Arbutus with ten or twelve species inhabits southern and western North America, Central
America, western, southern and eastern Europe, Asia Minor, northern Africa, and the
Canary Islands. Three species occur within the territory of the United States. Arbutus
produces hard close-grained valuable wood often made into charcoal, used in the manu-
facture of gunpowder. The fruit possesses narcotic properties, and the bark and leaves
are astringent.
Arbutus is the classical name of the species of southern Europe.
CONSPECTUS OF THE SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Bark of old trunks dark red-brown.
Ovary glabrous; leaves oval or oblong. 1. A. Menziesii (B, G).
Ovary pubescent; leaves oval, ovate, or lanceolate. 2. A. texana (C).
Bark of old trunks ashy gray; ovary glabrous, conspicuously porulose; leaves lanceolate or
rarely narrow-oblong. 3. A. arizonica (H).
1. Arbutus Menziesii Pursh. Madroiia.
Leaves oval or oblong, rounded or contracted into a short point at apex, and rounded,
subcordate or cuneate at base, with slightly thickened revolute entire or occasionally on
young plants sharply serrate margins, when they unfold light green or often pink, especially
on the lower surface, and glabrous or slightly puberulous, and at maturity thick and coria-
ceous, dark green and lustrous above, pale or often nearly white below, 3'-5' long and 1^'-
3' wide, with a thick pale midrib and conspicuously reticulated veinlets; persistent until
the early summer of their second year and then turning orange and scarlet and falling
gradually and irregularly; petioles stout, grooved, ^'-1' in length, often slightly wing-
margined toward the apex; often producing late in summer a second crop of smaller leaves.
Flowers about f ' long, with a glabrous ovary, appearing from March to May on short slen-
der puberulous pedicels from the axils of acute scarious bracts ciliate on the margins, in
spicate pubescent racemes forming a cluster 5'-6' long and broad. Fruit ripening in the
autumn, subglobose or occasionally obovoid or oval, ^' long, bright orange-red, with thin
glandular flesh and a 5-celled more or less perfectly developed thin-walled cartilaginous
stone; seeds several in each cell, tightly pressed together and angled, dark brown and pilose.
A tree, 80°-125° high, with a tall straight trunk 4°-5° in diameter, stout upright or
spreading branches forming a narrow oblong or broad round-topped head, and slender
branchlets light red, pea-green, or orange-colored and glabrous when they first appear, or
on vigorous young plants sometimes covered with pale scattered deciduous hairs, becoming
800
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
in their first winter bright reddish brown. Winter-buds obtuse, f ' long, with numerous
imbricated broadly-ovate bright brown scales keeled on the back, apiculate at apex, and
slightly ciliate. Bark of young stems and of the branches smooth, bright red, separating
Fig. 713
into large thin scales, becoming on old trunks |'-|' thick, dark reddish brown, and covered
with small thick plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light brown
shaded with red, with thin lighter colored sapwood of 8-12 layers of annual growth; used
for furniture and largely for charcoal. The bark is sometimes employed in tanning leather.
Distribution. High well-drained slopes usually in rich soil or ocasionally in gravelly
valleys; islands at Seymore Narrows, and southward through the coast region of British
Columbia, Washington and Oregon; over the coast ranges of northern California, extend-
ing east to Mt. Shasta and south along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada from
altitudes of 2500°- 4000° to Placer County; on many of the coast ranges south of San Fran-
cisco Bay to the mountains of southern California; common and of its largest size in the
Redwood-forests of northwestern California; much smaller north of California; rare on the
Sierra Nevada and southward except on the Santa Cruz Mountains, and often shrubby in
habit.
Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of western and southern Europe.
2. Arbutus texana Buckl. Madrona.
Arbutus xalapensis S. Watson, not H. B, K.
Leaves oval, ovate, or lanceolate, rounded, acute and often apiculate at apex, and
rounded or cuneate at base, with slightly thickened usually entire or remotely crenulate-
toothed or coarsely serrate margins, often tinged with red when they unfold and pubescent
below, and at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark green and glabrous on the upper surface,
pale and usually slightly pubescent on the lower surface, l'-3' long and f'-l^' wide, with a
thick midrib often villose-pubescent below ; petioles stout, pubescent, sometimes becoming
nearly glabrous, I'-l^' in length. Flowers j' long, with ciliate calyx-lobes and a pubescent
ovary, appearing in March on stout recurved hoary-tomentose club-shaped pedicels from
the axils of ovate acute hoary-tomentose often persistent bracts, in compact conic hoary-
tomentose panicles 2|' long. Fruit pubescent until half grown, becoming glabrous, usu-
ally produced very sparingly, ripening in summer, dark red, |' in diameter, with thin granu-
lar flesh and a rather thick more or less completely formed stone; seeds numerous in each
cell, compressed, puberulous.
A tree, in Texas rarely more than 18°-20° high, with a short often crooked trunk S'-IO' in
ERICACEAE
801
diameter, separating a foot or two above the ground into several stout spreading branches,
and branchlets light red and thickly coated with pubescence when they first appear, be-
coming dark red-brown and covered with small plate-like scales; often a broad irregularly
shaped bush, with numerous contorted stems. Winter-buds about |' long, with hoary
tomentose scales, the outer ovate, acute, the inner obovate and rounded at apex. Bark
of young stems and of the branches thin, tinged with red, separating into large papery
scales exposing the light red or flesh-colored inner bark, becoming at the base of old
trunks sometimes |' thick, deeply furrowed, dark reddish brown, and broken into thick
square plates. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, brown tinged with red, with a lighter
Fig. 714
colored sap wood of 10-12 layers of annual growth; sometimes used in Texas for the han-
dles of small tools and in the manufacture of mathematical instruments.
Distribution. Texas, dry limestone hills, Travis, Comal, Blanco, Kendall and Bandera
Counties, on the Guadalupe and Eagle Mountains, Culberson and El Paso Counties;
southeastern New Mexico (Eddy County); on the mountains of Nuevo Leon in the
neighborhood of Monterey.
3. Arbutus arizonica Sarg. Madrona.
Leaves lanceolate to rarely oblong, acute or rounded and apiculate at apex, and cuneate
or occasionally rounded at base, with thickened entire or rarely denticulate margins, when
802 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
they unfold, tinged with red, and slightly puberulous, especially on the petiole and mar-
gins, and at maturity thin, firm and rigid, light green on the upper surface, pale on the
lower surface, l|'-3' long and ^'-1' wide, with a slender yellow midrib and obscure reti-
culate veinlets; appearing in May and after the summer rains in September, and perr
sistent for at least a year; petioles slender, often 1' in length. Flowers |' long, with a
corolla much contracted in the middle, and a glabrous porulose ovary, opening in May on
short stout hairy pedicels from the axils of conspicuous ovate rounded scarious bracts, in
rather loose clusters 2'-2^' long and broad, their lower branches from the axils of upper
leaves. Fruit ripening in October and November, globose or short-oblong, dark orange-
red, granulate, ^' in diameter, with thin sweetish flesh, and a papery usually incompletely
developed stone; seeds compressed, puberulous.
A tree, 4!0°-50° high, with a tall straight trunk 18'-24<' in diameter, stout spreading
branches forming a rather compact round-topped head, and thick tortuous divergent
branchlets reddish brown and more or less pubescent or light purple, pilose, and covered
with a glaucous bloom when they first appear, becoming bright red at the end of their first
season, their bark thin, separating freely into thin more or less persistent scales. Winter-
buds ^' long, red, the two outer scales linear, acuminate a third longer than those of
the next rank, acute and apiculate and ridged on the back. Bark of young stems and
of the branches thin, smooth, dark red, exfoliating in large thin scales, becoming on old
trunks Y-^' thick, irregularly broken by longitudinal furrows and divided into square
appressed plate-like light gray or nearly white scales faintly tinged with red on the sur-
face. Wood heavy, close-grained, soft and brittle, light brown tinged with red, with
lighter colored sapwood of 30-40 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Dry gravelly benches at altitude of 6000°-8000° on the Santa Catalins*
and Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona, and on the San Luis and Animas Moun-
tains of southwestern New Mexico (Grant County) ; on the Sierra Nevada of Chihuahua
7. VACCINIUM L.
Shrubs or rarely small trees, with slender branchlets, and fibrous roots. Leaves thin or
coriaceous, deciduous or persistent. Flowers small, on bibracteolate pedicels, in many-
branched axillary racemes, or solitary, their bracts small or foliaceous; calyx-tube adnate
to the ovary, 4-5-lobed, the lobes valvate in the bud, persistent; corolla epigynous,*4 or
5-toothed, the teeth imbricated in the bud, urceolate-campanulate; stamens 8-10, inserted
on the base of the corolla under the thick obscurely lobed epigynous disk; filaments filiform,
free, usually hirsute; anthers awned on the back, the cells produced upward into erect
spreading tubes dehiscent by a terminal pore; ovary inferior, 4 or 5-celled, the cells some-
times imperfectly divided by the development from the back of a false partition; style fili-
form, erect; stigma minute; ovules attached to the interior angle of the cell by a 2-lipped
placenta, anatropous. Fruit a berry crowned with the calyx-limb, 4 or 5 or imperfectly
8 or 10-celled, the cells many-seeded. Seed minute, compressed, ovoid or reniform; seed-
coat crustaceous; embryo clavate, minute, surrounded by fleshy albumen, axile, erect;
cotyledons ovate; radicle terete, turned toward the hilum.
Vaccinium with about one hundred species is distributed through the boreal and temper-
ate regions of the northern hemisphere, and occurs within the tropics at high altitudes
north and south of the equator. Of the twenty-five or thirty species which occur in North
America one is small trees. The fruits of many of the species are edible, the most valu-
able being the North American Vaccinium macrocarpum L., the Cranberry.
Vaccinium is the classical name of one of the Old World species.
1. Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. Farkleberry. Sparkleberry.
Leaves obovate, oblong-oval or occasionally orbicular, acute, or rounded and apiculate
at apex, gradually or abruptly cuneate at base, obscurely glandular-dentate or entire, with
thickened slightly revolute margins, light red and more or less pilose or puberulous when
they unfold, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, paler below, gla-
ERICACEAE 803
brous or often puberulous on the midrib and veins, reticulate- venulose, |'-2|' long, j'-l'
wide, and sessile or short-petiolate; southward persistent for a year, northward deciduous
during the winter. Flowers appearing from March to May on slender drooping pedicels
I' long, bibracteolate near the middle, with 2 minute acute scarious caducous bractlets,
solitary in the axils of leaves of the year or arranged in terminal puberulous racemes 2'-3'
long from the axils of leafy or minute acute scarious bracts; corolla white, open-campanu-
late, slightly 5-lobed, with acute reflexed lobes, longer than the 10 stamens; filaments hir-
sute; anther-cells opening by oblique elongated pores. Fruit ripening in October, some-
times persistent on the branches until the end of winter, globose, j in diameter, black and
lustrous, with dry glandular slightly astringent flesh of a pleasant flavor.
A tree, 20°-30° high, with a short often crooked trunk occasionally 8'-10' in diameter,
slender more or less contorted branches forming an irregular round-topped head, and slen-
der branchlets light red and covered with pale pubescence when they first appear, glabrous
or puberulous and bright red-brown in their first winter, later becoming dark red and
marked by minute elevated nearly orbicular leaf-scars; or northward generally reduced to
a low shrub, with numerous divergent stems. Winter-buds obtuse, nearly ■^^' long, with
imbricated ovate acute chestnut-brown scales often persistent on the base of the branchlet
throughout the season. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, light brown tinged with
red, with thick hardly distinguishable sapwood; sometimes used for the handles of tools
and in the manufacture of other small articles. Decoctions of the astringent bark of the
root and of the leaves are sometimes employed domestically in the treatment of diarrhcEa.
The bark has been used by tanners.
Distribution. Usually in moist sandy soil along the banks of ponds and streams; south-
eastern Virginia and North Carolina, from the coast to the valleys of the high Appalachian
Mountains, southward to the valley of the Caloosahatchee River, Florida, through the
Gulf states to the shores of Matagorda Bay, Texas, and through eastern Oklahoma, Arkan-
sas, and Missouri to southern Illinois, and the bluffs of White River, near Shoals, Martin
County, and near Elizabeth, Harrison County, Indiana; common in the maritime Pine-
belt of the south Atlantic and Gulf states, and of its largest size near the coast of eastern
Texas; in the interior less abundant and usually of small size. Passing into
Vaccinium arboreum var. glaucescens Sarg.
Batodendron glaucescens Greene
Differing in its glaucescent, pubescent or glabrous leaves, in its usually larger leaf-like
bracts of the inflorescence and often in its globose-campanulate corolla.
804 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, 10°-20° high, with a short often crooked trunk, pubescent or glabrous gray branch-
lets, and winter-buds and bark like those of Vaccinium arboreum with which it often grows.
Fig. 717
Distribution. Tunnel Hill, Johnson County, Illinois, southern Missouri to eastern
Oklahoma (Sapulpa, Creek County) and through Arkansas to western Louisiana (near
Shreveport, Rapides Parish) and eastern Texas to Milam Coimty.
LIV. THEOPHRASTACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, and entire coriaceous persistent leaves. Flowers
perfect, regular; calyx campanulate, with 5 sepals imbricated in the bud; corolla 5-lobed,
.the lobes imbricated in the bud, with 5 staminodia attached below the sinuses; stamens 5,
attached to the base of the corolla-tube, opposite the lobes; ovary 1-celled, with a simple
style and a slightly 5-lobed stigma; ovules peltate, numerous, attached to a central fleshy
placenta, amphitropous. Fruit baccate, many-seeded. Seeds immersed in the thickened
placenta filling the cavity of the fruit; seed-coat membranaceous; embryo surrounded by
thick cartilaginous albumen.
A tropical American family of four genera with one species reaching the shores of south-
ern Florida.
1. JACQUINIA Jacq.
Trees or shrubs, with terete or slightly many-angled branchlets, without a terminal bud,
and fibrous roots. Leaves often punctate with pellucid dark glands. Flowers on slender
ebracteolate pedicels from the axils of minute ovate acute persistent bracts, in terminal or
axillary clusters; calyx slightly ciliate on the margins, rounded at apex, persistent under the
fruit; corolla hypogynous, the lobes obtuse and spreading, furnished with 5 petal-like ovate
obtuse spreading staminodia; stamens inserted on the corolla opposite its lobes near the
base of the short tube; filaments flattened, broad at base; anthers oblong or ovoid, attached
on the back above the base, extrorse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; ovary ovoid.
Fruit ovoid or subglobose, crowned by the remnants of the persistent style, with a thin
crustaceous outer coat, inclosing the thick enlarged mucilaginous placenta. Seeds oblong;
seed-coat punctate; embryo eccentric; cotyledons ovate, shorter than the elongated inferior
radicle turned toward the broad ventral hilum.
Jacquinia with five or six species is confined to tropical America, with one species reach-
ing southern Florida.
The generic name is in honor of Nicholas Joseph Jacquin (1728-1818) the distinguished
Austrian botanist.
1. Jacquinia keyensis Metz. Joe Wood. Sea Myrtle.
Leaves subverticillate, alternate or sometimes opposite, crowded near the end of the
branches, cuneate-spatoilate or oblong-obovate, rounded or emarginate or often apiculate
MYRSINACEiB 805
at apex, gradually narrowed below, entire, with thickened slightly revolute margins, thick
and coriaceous, yellow-green, nearly veinless, with a very obscure midrib, covered on the
lower surface with pale dots, l'-3' long and j'-l' wide; persistent on the branches until
the appearance of the new leaves the following year; petioles short, stout, abruptly en-
larged at base. Flowers appearing in Florida from November until June, ^' in diameter,
pale yellow, fragrant, on slender club-shaped pedicels |' long from the axils of minute ovate
coriaceous, reddish bracts slightly ciliate on the margins, in terminal and axillary many-
flowered glabrous racemes 2'-3' long; sepals ovate-orbicular, obtuse; corolla salverform, \'
broad, the lobes longer than the tube; stamens shorter than the staminodia. Fruit ripening
in the autumn, \' in diameter, orange-red when fully ripe; seeds light brown.
A tree, 12°-15° high, with a straight trunk 6'-7' in diameter, stout rigid spreading
branches forming a compact regular round-topped head, and slightly many-angled branch-
lets yellow-green or light orange-colored and coated with short soft pale ferrugineous pu-
bescence when they first appear, terete, darker and sometimes reddish brown and marked
in their second year by orbicular depressed conspicuous leaf-scars and by many scat-
tered pale lenticels, becoming glabrous and red-brown or ashy gray the following season.
Winter-buds axillary, minute, nearly globose, immersed in the bark. Bark of the trunk
Fig. 718
thin, smooth, blue-gray, and usually more or less marked by pale or nearly white blotches.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, rich brown, beautifully marked by darker medullary
rays.
Distribution. Florida, dry coral soil or silicious sand in the immediate neighborhood of
the shore, Gasparilla Island, on the west coast to the southern keys, and to the borders of
the Everglades; rare but most abundant and of its largest size in Florida on the Marquesas
Keys; on the Bahama Islands and in Cuba and Jamaica.
LV. MYRSINACEiE.
Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, alternate entire coriaceous punctate leaves, without
stipules. Flowers regular, perfect or dimorphous; calyx persistent under the fruit; corolla,
without staminodia, glandular-punctate; stamens inserted on the corolla, as many as and
opposite its lobes; ovary 1-celled, with an undivided style and a minute terminal stigma;
ovules peltate, immersed in the fleshy central placenta, amphitropous. Fruit a drupe.
Seed solitary, globose, with copious cartilaginous or corneous albumen; seed-coat mem-
branaceous.
A tropical family of thirty genera, with two arborescent species reaching the shores ot
southern Florida.
I.
806
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Flowers perfect in terminal panicles; anthers on short broad filaments; style elongated.
1. Ardisia.
Flowers dimorphous in small axillary clusters; anthers sessile; stigma sessile or in one form
of the staminate flower terminal on a slender style. 2. Rapanea.
1. ARDISIA Sw.
Glabrous trees or shrubs, with leaves punctate below with immersed resinous dots.
Flowers resinous-punctate, pedicellate, the pedicels bibracteolate at base or ebracteolate,
in terminal or rarely axillary branched panicles, with minute scarious deciduous or caducous
bracts and bractlets; calyx free, 5 or rarely 4-lobed or parted, the divisions contorted or
imbricated in the bud; corolla 5 or rarely 4-6-parted, the divisions extrorsely or sinistrorsely
contorted in the bud, short or elongated, white or rose color; stamens exserted; filaments
short or nearly obsolete, free, inserted on the throat of the corolla; anthers usually sagit-
tate-lanceolate, attached on the back just above the base, introrse, 2-celled, the cells open-
ing longitudinally sometimes nearly to the base; ovary globose; ovules numerous, immersed
in the globose resinous-punctate placenta. Fruit globose, with thin usually dry flesh and
a 1-seeded stone with a usually crustaceous or bony shell. Seed concave or more or less
lobed at base, resinous-punctate; hilum basilar, concave, conspicuous; embryo cylindric,
transverse; cotyledons flat on the inner face, rounded on the back, shorter than the slender
radicle.
Ardisia with about two hundred species inhabits tropical and subtropical regions of the
two hemispheres. The genus has few useful properties, but a number of species are culti-
vated for the beauty of their handsome evergreen foliage and bright-colored fruits.
The generic name is from dpdis, in reference to the pointed anthers.
1. Ardisia escallonioides Cham. & Schlechto Marlberry. Cherry.
Icacorea paniculata Sudw. Ardisia paniculata Nutt.
Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate-obovate, acute or rounded at the narrow
apex, cuneate and gradually contracted at base, entire, with thickened and slightly revo-
Fig. 719
lute margins, thick and coriaceous, glabrous, marked by minute scattered dark dots, dark
yellow-green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, 3'-C' long and 1 '-1 1' wide,
with a broad midrib yellow and conspicuous on the under side, slender primary veins and
reticulate veinlets; appearing in the summer or early autumn and falling before the appear-
MYRSINACE^ 807
ance of the flowers the following year; petioles stout, grooved, j'-^ in length. Flowers fra-
grant, usually opening in November or occasionally as early as July, j' in diameter, on slender
elongated pedicels without bractlets, from the axils of linear acute caducous bracts, in ter-
minal rusty brown puberulous panicles 3'-4' long and broad, their lower branches often from
the axils of upper leaves; calyx ovoid, divided nearly to the base into 5 ovate acute lobes sca-
rious and ciliate on the margins and marked on the back with dark lines; corolla 5-parted,
with oblong rounded divisions sinistrorsely overlapping, or with 1 lobe wholly outside ancT 1
inside in the bud, conspicuously marked with red spots on the inner surface near the base,
becoming reflexed; stamens, with short broad filaments, contracted by a geniculate fold in
the middle, and large orange-colored anthers longer than the filaments, their cells opening
almost to the base; ovary globose, glandular, gradually contracted into a long slender style
ending in a simple stigma. Fruit ripening in early spring, globose, |' in diameter, tipped
with the remnants of the style, and roughened by resinous glands, dark brown at first when
fully grown, ultimately becoming black and lustrous; stone brown, thin-walled, crustaceous;
seed conspicuously lobed at base, bright red-brown, about i' in diameter.
A slender tree, in Florida rarely more than 20° high, with a short trunk 4 '-5' in diameter,
numerous thin upright branches forming a narrow head, and stout terete often contorted
branchlets, rusty brown or dark orange- colored and slightly puberulous when they first
appear, becoming in their second year dark brown or ashy gray, and marked by many mi-
nute circular lenticels and by thin nearly orbicular flat leaf-scars displaying in the centre a
group of fibro- vascular bundle-scars. Winter-buds rusty brown; terminal slender, acumi-
nate, i'-j' long; axillary globose, minute, nearly immersed in the bark. Bark of the trunk
about I' thick, light gray or nearly white, roughened by minute lenticels, and separating
into large thin papery plates. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, rich brown beauti-
fully marked by darker medullary rays, with thick lighter colored sap wood.
Distribution. Florida, usually in low damp hammocks, from Mosquito Inlet to the
southern keys on the east coast, and from the shores of the Caloosahatchee River to Cape
Romano on the west coast, ranging northward in the interior to Lake Okeechobee {R. M.
Harper) ; usually a shrub, occasionally arborescent on the shores of Bay Biscayne and on
some of the southern keys; on the Bahama Islands, in Cuba, and southern Mexico.
2. RAPANEA Aubl.
Trees or shrubs, with watery juices and terete branchlets. Leaves alternate, entire or
rarely dentate, usually distinctly lepidote, persistent, without stipules. Flowers perfect or
unisexual by abortion, minute, 4 or 5, or rarely 6 or 7-merous, sessile or pedicellate, in
small axillary sessile or pedunculate fascicles, their bracts deciduous; calyx free, persistent,
the sepals imbricate- valvate in the bud, ciliate, usually glandular-punctate; corolla hypogy-
nous, the lobes more or less connate at base, ovate or elliptic, spreading or recurved, glandu-
lar-punctate, papillate on the margins, imbricate or rarely convolute in the bud; stamens
inserted on the base of the corolla opposite its lobes ; filaments 0 ; anthers short, connate to
the corolla, acuminate and papillate at apex, introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudi-
nally; ovary globose or ellipsoidal, 1 -celled; stigma capitate, irregularly lobed; ovules few,
peltate, immersed in one series near the middle of the free fleshy globose placenta. Fruit
dry or fleshy, seed filling the cavity of the fruit, globose, intruded at base; testa thin; al-
bumen copious, corneous, rarely slightly ruminate; embryo cylindric, elongated, trans-
verse, usually curved; cotyledons small, radicle elongated.
Rapanea, with nearly one hundred and fifty species, is widely distributed through the
tropical and subtropical regions of the two hemispheres, one species reaching southern
Florida.
The generic name is formed from the native name of Rapanea guianensis in British Guiana.
1. Rapanea guianensis AubL
Leaves crowded at the end of the branches, oblong-obovate, obtuse or retuse at apex,
gradually narrowed and contracted at base, coriaceous, bright green and lustrous on the
808
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
upper surface, paler on the lower surface, 2|'-3|' long and I'-l^' wide, with thickened
revolute margins, a thick midrib and obscure veins; petioles stout, narrowly wing-margined,
j'-^' in length. Flowers in November, minute, short-pedicellate in short pedunculate clu»-
Fig. 720
ters usually 5, rarely 4-merous, white more or less marked with purple, about ^ in diameter;
calyx divided to the middle, the lobes broad-ovate, acute or rounded at apex, slightly ciliate,
persistent under the fruit; corolla 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx, the lobes spreading,
narrowed and rounded at apex, slightly ciliate on the margins; stamina te flowers dimor-
phous; anthers sagittate-apiculate, inserted below the middle of the petals; ovary in one form
crowned by a minute discoid sessile stigma and probably abortive, in the other form gradu-
ally narrowed into a slender style, terminating in an oblique stigma and fertile; pistillate
flowers, anthers smaller and rudimentary; ovary crowned by a large nearly sessile irregu-
larly lobed papillate stigma deciduous from the fruit. Fruit in clusters crowded on the
elongated somewhat thickened spur-like peduncle of the flower-cluster covered with imbri-
cated persistent bracts, dark blue or nearly black, tipped with the persistent style, ^'-^' in
diameter; exocarp thin and fleshy; endocarp crustaceous, white.
A tree, in Florida occasionally 18°-20° high, with a tall usually more or less crooked
trunk 2'-3' in diameter, small ascending branches forming an open irregular head, and
slender gray or light red-brown branchlets roughened for a year or two by the persistent
spur-like peduncles of the fallen fruit and later marked by circular scars in the axils of the
small transverse leaf-scars; more often a shrub. Bark of the trunk thin, close, pale gray.
Distribution. Florida, usually in low damp hammocks, shores of Indian River on the
east coast and Palmetto, Manatee County, on the west coast, southward to the southern
keys, ranging in the interior northward to Lake Okeechobee; common; on the Bahama
Islands, Cuba, Porto Rico, Jamaica and Trinidad, to southern Brazil, and to Mexico and
Bolivia.
LVI. SAPOTACEiE.
Trees or shrubs, with rnilky juice. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, pinnately veined,
mostly coriaceous, petiolate, without stipules. Flowers perfect, regular, small, in axillary
clusters; calyx of 5-8 sepals imbricated in the bud, persistent under the fruit; corolla hy-
pogynous, 5-8-cleft, the divisions imbricated in the bud» often with as many or twice a?
SAPOTACEiE SOD
many internal appendages borne on its throat; disk 0; fertile stamens as many as and oppo-
site the divisions of the corolla and inserted on its short tube, often with sterile filaments
{siaminodia) alternate with them; anthers generally extrorse, 2-celled, the cells opening
longitudinally; pistil of united carpels; ovary sessile, usually 5-celled; style simple; ovules
solitary in each cell, attached to an axile placenta, ascending, anatropous; raphe ventral;
micropyle inferior. Fruit baccate, bearing at apex the remnant of the style, usually 1-
celled and 1-seeded. Seed with or without albumen; embryo large; radicle terete, inferior.
This family with fifty genera is chiefly tropical and subtropical, with only Bumelia ex-
tending in North America into temperate regions. Some of the species produce valuable
timber or edible and agreeable fruits. From Palaquium gutta Burkh., of the Malay Penin-
sula, gutta-percha is obtained. Five genera are represented by trees in the flora of the
United States.
CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Calyx of 5 sepals in a single series.
Staminodia 1 in each sinus of the corolla.
Appendages of the corolla 0; staminodia slender, scale-like. 1. Sideroxylum.
Appendages of the corolla present; staminodia petaloid.
Staminodia linear, fimbriate; seeds, with copious albumen. 2. Dipholis.
Staminodia petaloid, entire or denticulate; seeds, without albumen. 3. Bumelia.
Staminodia and appendages of the corolla 0; leaves covered below with lustrous copper-
colored or golden pubescence. 4. Chrysophyllum.
Calyx of 6-8 sepals in 2 series; corolla 6-8-lobed, with 2 appendages in each sinus inside of a
scale-like or petaloid staminodia. 5. MimusopS.
1. SIDEROXYLUM L.
Trees, with terete branchlets, naked buds, and long-petiolate persistent leaves, the veins
remote and connected by reticulate veinlets. Flowers minute, on ebracteolate pedicels
from the axils of minute deciduous bracts, in crowded many-flowered axillary fascicles;
calyx 5-parted, the divisions in one series, nearly equal, corolla furnished with 5 or 6 stam-
inodia, and 5 or rarely 6-lobed; filaments slender, elongated, bent outward at the apex;
anthers oblong, the cells at first extrorse, sometimes becoming sublateral; staminodia linear,
scale-like; ovary contracted into a subulate style tipped with a minute slightly 5-lobed
stigma. Fruit dry, 1-seeded, oblong, with thin coriaceous flesh. Seed obovoid or oblong;
seed-coat lustrous, light brown, folded on the inner face into 2 obscure lobes rounded at
apex; hilum elevated, subbasilar or lateral, oblong or linear; embryo erect in thick fleshy
albumen; radicle much shorter than the oblong fleshy cotyledons.
Sideroxylum with a hundred species is widely distributed through the tropics of the two
hemispheres, and occurs also with a few species in Australia, Madeira, southern Africa,
New Zealand, and Norfolk Island, a single species reaching the shores of southern Florida.
Some of the species are large and valuable timber-trees, producing hard handsome durable
wood.
The generic name, from ffidrjpos and ^v\ov, is in reference to the hardness of the wood.
1. Sideroxylum foetidissimimi Jacq. Mastic.
Sideroxylum Mastichodendron Jacq.
Leaves mostly clustered near the end of the branches, appearing irregularly from early
spring until autumn, oval, acute or rounded and slightly emarginate at apex, and gradually
narrowed at base, with thickened cartilaginous slightly involute margins, silky-canescent
beneath when they unfold, and at maturity thin and firm, glabrous, bright green and lus-
trous above, lustrous and yellow-green below, 3'-5' long and l|'-2' w^de, with a broad pale
conspicuous midrib deeply impressed on the upper side and inconspicuous primary veins
arcuate near the margins; petioles slender, I'-l^' in length. Flowers usually appearing in
Florida in the autumn and also in early spring and during the summer on stout orange-
810
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
colored puberulous pedicels from the axils of minute acute scarious bracts usually deciduous
before the opening of the flower-buds, from the axils of young leaves or on the branches of
the previous year from leafless nodes; calyx yellow-green, pubeiulous on the outer surface
and deeply divided into broad-ovate rounded lobes rather shorter than the oblong-ovate
rounded divisions of the light yellow corolla; staminodia lanceolate, nearly entire, tipped
with a subulate point and much shorter than the stamens; ovary oblong-ovoid, glabrous,
gradually contracted into an elongated style stigmatic at apex. Fruit ripening in March
and April on a much thickened woody stem erect or nearly at right angles to the branch, 1'
Fig. 721
long, separating fiom the calyx in falling, with tough yellow skin, and thick juicy flesh of a
pleasant subacid flavor; seed obovoid, rounded above, narrowed at base, ^' long and |'
wide.
A tree, in Florida 60°-70° high, with a massive straight trunk 3°-4^ in diameter, stout
upright branches forming a dense irregular head, and thick terete branchlets orange-colored
and slightly puberulous when they first appear, becoming glabrous, brown more or less
tinged with red, and marked by the conspicuous aearly orbicular leaf-scars displaying 3
large fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and conspicuously roughened by the thickened persistent
bases of the fruit stalks. Bark of the trunk i'-^' thick, dark gray to light brown tinged
with red and broken into thick plate-like scales separating into thin layers. Wood heavy,
hard, strong, bright orange-colored, with thick yellow sapwood of 40-50 layers of annual
growth; in Florida used in boat-building.
Distribution. Florida, Cape Canaveral and Cape Romano to the southern keys; on the
Bahama Islands and many of the Antilles.
2. DIPHOLIS A. DC.
Trees or shrubs, with naked buds, and persistent leaves, the slender veins arcuate and
united near the margins. Flowers minute, on clavate ebracteolate pedicels from the axils
of minute deciduous bracts, in the axils of existing leaves or from the leafless nodes of previ-
ous years; calyx ovoid, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes nearly equal, ovate, rounded at apex;
corolla campanulate, white, 5-lobed, the spreading lobes furnished on each side at the base
with a linear or subulate appendage; stamens exserted; filaments filiform; anthers oblong-
sagittate, extrorse; staminodia 5, petaloid, ovate, acute, fimbriately cut on the margins,
oblique, keeled on the back, inserted in the same rank and alternate with the stamens;
ovary oblong or narrow-ovoid, gradually contracted into a slender style shorter than the
corolla and stigmatic at the apiculate apex. Fruit oblong-ovoid, with thin dry flesh.
SAPOTACE^
811
Seed ovoid; seed-coat thick, coriaceous and lustrous; hilum oblong, basilar or slightly lat-
eral; embryo erect in thick fleshy albumen; cotyledons ovate, flat, much longer than the
short radicle turned toward the hilum.
Dipholis with three species is confined to the West Indies and southern Florida.
The generic name, from 8ls and <po\Ls, relates to the appendages of the corolla.
1 . Dipholis salicifolia A. DC. Bustic. Cassada.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrow-obovate, acute, acuminate, or rounded at apex,
gradually contracted at base, with slightly thickened cartilaginous wavy margins, thickly
coated when they unfold with lustrous rufous pubescence, and at maturity thin and firm,
dark green and lustrous above, pale yellow-green below, 3'-5' long, |'-1|' ^ide, and gla-
brous, or slightly puberulous on the low er side of the narrow pale midrib, with inconspicuous
veins and reticulate veinlets; appearing in Florida in the spring and remaining on the
branches between one and two years; petioles slender, |'-1' in length. Flowers opening
during March and April, |' long, on thick pedicels J' in length from the axils of minute
ovate acute scarious bracts, and coated with rufous pubescence, in dense many-flowered
fascicles crowded on branchlets of the year or of the previous year for a distance of 8'-12';
calyx half the length of the corolla, coated on the outer surface with rusty silky pubescence;
appendages of the corolla as long as the oval acute irregularly toothed staminodia; ovary
narrow-ovoid, glabrous, gradually contracted into a slender style shorter than the corolla
and stigmatic at apex. Fruit solitary or rarely clustered, ripening in the autumn, short-
oblong to subglobose, black, j in length; seed pale brown, about j^^' in length.
A tree, in Florida sometimes 40°-50° high, with a straight trunk 18'-20' in diameter,
small upright branches forming a narrow graceful head, and slender branchlets coated with
I
Fig. 722
rufous pubescence when they first appear, becoming ashy gray or light brown tinged with
red and marked by numerous circular pale lenticels and by small elevated orbicular leaf-
scars displaying near the centre a compact cluster of fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Bark of
the trunk about l' thick and broken into thick square plate-like brown scales tinged with
red. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, dark brown or red, with
thin sap wood of 4 or 5 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Florida, rich hummock soil, shores of Bay Biscayne and on the Ever-
glade Keys, Dade County, and on several of the southern keys; on the Bahama Islands and
on many of the Antilles.
812 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
3. BUMELIA Sw.
Small trees or shrubs, with terete usually spinescent branchlets, scaly buds, and fibrous
roots. Leaves often fascicled on spur-like lateral branchlets, conduplicate in the bud,
coriaceous or thin, short-petiolate, obovate and obtuse or elliptic, silky-pubescent or to-
mentose below, or nearly glabrous, with rather inconspicuous veins arcuate near the en-
tire margins and conspicuous reticulate veinlets, deciduous or persistent. Flowers minute,
on slender clavate ebraeteolate pedicels from the axils of lanceolate acute scarious decidu-
ous bracts, in many-flowered crowded fascicles in the axils of existing leaves or from the
leafless nodes of previous years; calyx ovoid to subcampanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes in one
series, imbricated in the bud, ovate or oblong, rounded at apex, nearly equal; corolla cam-
panulate, white, with 5 spreading broad-ovate lobes rounded at apex and furnished on each
side at base with a minute acute ovate or lanceolate appendage; stamens 5; filaments fili-
form; anthers ovoid-sagittate, attached on the back below the middle, the cells opening by
subextrorse slits; staminodia petal-like, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or obscurely
denticulate, flattened or keeled on the back, sometimes furnished at base with a pair of
minute scales; ovary hirsute, ovoid to ovoid-conic, gradually or abruptly contracted into a
slender short or elongated simple style stigmatic at the acute apex. Fruit oblong-obovoid
or globose, black, solitary or in 2 or 3-fruited clusters; flesh thin and dry or succulent. Seed
ovoid or oblong, apiculate or rounded at apex, without albumen; seed-coat thick, crusta-
ceous, light brown, smooth and shining, folded more or less conspicuously on the back into
2 lobes rounded at apex; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons thick and fleshy,
hemispheric, usually consolidated; radicle short, turned toward the basilar or subbasilar
orbicular or elliptic hilum.
Bumelia, with about twenty-five species is confined to the New World, where it is dis-
tributed from the southern United States through the West Indies to Mexico, Central
America, and Brazil. Of the twelve species in the United States which have been dis-
tinguished five are small trees.
Bumelia produces hard heavy strong wood, that of the North American species contain-
ing bands of numerous large open ducts defining the layers of annual growth and connected
by conspicuous branched groups of similar ducts, presenting in cross-section a reticulate
appearance.
The generic name is from ^ovfieXia, a classical name of the Ash-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Lower surface of the leaves pubescent or lanuginose.
Leaves short-obovate to oblanceolate or elliptic, covered below with pale or ferrugineous
silky pubescence. 1. B. tenax (C).
Leaves oblong-obovate, lanuginose below with ferrugineous or silvery white hairs.
2. B. lanuginosa (A, C, H).
Leaves glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves deciduous.
Leaves oblong-obovate, thick. 3. B. monticola.
Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, usually acute or acuminate, thin. 4. B. lycioides (A, C).
Leaves persistent, obovate; fruit oblong. 5. B. angustifolia (C, D).
1 . Bumelia tenax Willd. Ironwood. Black Haw.
Leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate or elliptic, rarely oval or ovate on leading shoots,
rounded or acute at apex, cuneate at base, thin, dark dull green, and finally reticulate-
venulose on the upper surface, thickly covered below with soft silky pale or gold-colored
pubescence, usually becoming dark rusty brown by midsummer, l'-3' long and 1|'-1^'
wide, with slightly thickened and revolute margins and a prominent midrib; turning
yellow and falling irregularly during the winter; petioles slender, hairy, grooved, i'-l' in
lengtL Flowers appearing from May in Florida to July in South Carolina, Y long, oi5
SAPOTACBiE
813
pedicels 2'"!' in length and coated like the calyx with rufous silky pubescence, in many-
flowered crowded fascicles; calyx ovoid, with oblong lobes; appendages of the corolla large,
ovate, acute, crenate, shorter than the ovate staminodia about as long as the lobes of the
corolla; ovary narrow-ovoid, gradually contracted into an elongated style. Fruit ripening
and falling in the autumn, short-oblong to ellipsoid, |'-|' in length; flesh sweet and edible;
seed oblong, short-pointed at apex, i'-|' long.
A tree, 20°-30° high, with a trunk occasionally 5 '-6' in diameter, straight spreading flexi-
ble tough branches unarmed or armed with straight stout rigid spines sometimes 1' in
length, and slender branchlets coated when they first appear with silky pale pubescence
often tinged with red and soon rusty brown, becoming glabrous before winter, and then
dark red and slightly roughened by occasional minute dark lenticels; or often a shrub only
a few feet high. Winter-buds minute, subglobose, with imbricated ovate scales rounded
at apex and clothed with rusty brown tomentum. Bark of the trunk thick, brown tinged
with red, and divided irregularly by deep fissures into narrow flat reticulate ridges covered
with minute appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, light brown streaked
with white, with lighter colored sap wood.
Distribution. Dry sandy soil ; South Carolina (Saint Helena Island and Bluffton, Beau-
fort County), southward in the coast region of Georgia and east Florida to Cape Canaveral
and through the interior of the peninsular to Cedar Keys on the west coast; near Bain-
bridge, Decatur County, southwestern Georgia.
2. Bumelia lanuginosa Pers. Gum Elastic. Chittam Wood.
Leaves oblong-obovate, rounded and often apiculate at apex and gradually narrowed at
base, coated when they unfold with pale ferrugineous tomentum dense on the lower and
loose on the upper surface, and at maturity thin and firm, dark green and lustrous above,
more or less lanuginose below with rusty brown or silvery white (var. albicans Sarg.) hairs,
l'-2^' long and |'-f' wide; falling irregularly during the winter; petioles slender, rusty
brown or pale pubescent, i'-f ' in length. Flowers opening in summer on hairy pedicels ^'
in length, in 16-18-flowered fascicles; calyx ovoid, with ovate rounded lobes coated on the
outer surface with ferrugineous or pale tomentum and rather shorter than the tube of the
corolla? appendages of the corolla small, ovate and acute; staminodia ovate, acute, re-
motely and slightly denticulate, as long as the corolla-lobes ; ovary abruptly contracted
into a slender elongated style. Fruit on a slender drooping stalk ripening and falling in
the autumn, oblong or slightly obovoid, |' long, with thick flesh; seed short-oblong,
rounded at apex, about Y in length.
A tree, often 40°-50'^ high, with a tall straight trunk l°-2° in diameter, short thick rigid
814
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
branches forming a narrow-oblong round-topped head, unarmed, or armed with stout rigid
straight or slightly curved spines frequently developing into spinescent leafy lateral
branchlets, and slender often somewhat zigzag branchlets coated with thick rufous or pale
tomentum when they first appear, becoming in their first winter red-brown to ashy gray
and glabrous or nearly so, and marked by occasional minute lenticels and by small semi-
orbicular leaf-scars displaying 2 clusters of fibro- vascular bundle-scars; of its largest size in
the Texas coast region; much smaller east of the Mississippi River, and there rarely more
than 20° tall. Winter-buds obtuse, |' long, covered with broad-obovate rusty -tomentose
scales. Bark of the trunk §' thick, dark gray-brown and usually divided into narrow ridges
Fig. 724
broken into thick appressed scales. Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, close-grained,
light brown or yellow, with thick lighter colored sapwood; producing in Texas considerable
quantities of clear viscid gum from the freshly cut wood.
Distribution. Southern and southeastern Georgia, western Florida southward to thf,
neighborhood of Lake City, Columbia County and to Cedar Key, coast of Alabama and
inland to Dallas County, southern Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas to the valley of the
San Antonio River and over the Edwards Plateau (Kendall, Kerr and Brown Counties) to
the valley of the upper Brazos River (Palo Pinto County), and northward through western
Louisiana and Arkansas to western Oklahoma (Selling, Dewey County), and to south-
eastern Kansas (Cherokee County) and southern Missouri as far north as the valley of the
Meramec River (near Allenton, St. Louis County), and southern Illinois; at Calcasieu Pass,
on the sandy beaches of the Louisiana coast forming thickets of plants 6°-8° high, and un-
injured by salt spray; the var. albicans in eastern Texas from the valley of the lower Brazos
to that of the San Antonio River and in the neighborhood of Monterey, Nuevo Leon; most
distinct and of its largest size on the bottoms of the Guadalupe River, near Victoria, Vic-
toria County, and here occasionally 70°-80° high, with a trunk 3° in diameter.
Passing into the var. rigida A. Gray, with smaller rather narrower leaves and often
more spinescent branches. Brown and Uvalde Counties, Texas; in Coahua and Nuevo
'jcon, and in the canons of the mountains of southern Arizona up to altitudes of at least
iOOO^-SOOO"; in Texas shrubby in habit; in Arizona forming dense thickets of slender
stems often 20°-25° tall and only 2-3' in diameter.
3. Bumelia monticola Buckl.
Leaves oblong-obovate, narrowed and acute or rounded and rarely slightly emarginate
at apex, cuneate at base, entire, covered above with matted pale hairs and densely below
SAPOTACE^
815
with snow white pubescence when they unfold, and at maturity coriaceous, dark yellow-
green, lustrous and glabrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, lj'-3' long
and i'-lj wide, with slightly re volute margins, a slender yellow midrib glabrous or slightly
pubescent below toward the base and conspicuous reticulate veinlets, deciduous; petioles
slender pubescent early in the season, becoming glabrous. Flowers opening from the mid-
dle of June to the middle of July, on villose pedicels, becoming sometimes nearly glabrous
in the autumn, l'-^' in length; calyx pale green, villose-pubescent, its lobes ovate, ciliate on
the margins, shorter than the lobes of the corolla, their appendages lanceolate; staminodia
rounded at apex, longer than the corolla-lobes. Fruit ripening in September, subglobose
to oblong-obovoid, f'-f' long and j'-f in diameter; seed oblong, rounded at the ends,
about I' long.
A tree, in favorable positions 20°-25° high, with spinose branches forming an irregular
open head, and slender often zigzag red-brown lustrous branchlets, the lateral branchlets
Fig. 725
often ending in stout spines; more often an irregularly branched shrub 10°-15° high, spread-
ing on the banks of streams into great thickets. Bark of the trunk thick, pale and dark
gray, rough and scaly, exfoliating in large scales.
Distribution. Texas, dry limestone cliffs and canon bottoms and by streams dry during
a large part of the year, valley of the upper Guadalupe River (Comal, Kendall and Kerr
Counties) to the valley of the Rio Grande (Uvalde County), and northward to the valley of
the upper Brazos River (Palo Pinto County); in Cohahuila (near Saltillo).
4. Bumelia lycioides Gsertn. f. Ironwood. Buckthorn.
Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, acute, acuminate, or rarely rounded at apex, gradually
narrowed at base, covered when they unfold especially below with silky villose pubescence,
soon glabrous, and at maturity bright green and glabrous on the upper surface, light green
and sometimes coated on the lower surface with pale pubescence, thin and rather firm,
finely reticulate-venulose, 3'-6' long and |'-2' wide, with a pale thin conspicuous midrib
sometimes slightly pubescent below near the base, deciduous in the autumn; petioles slen-
der, slightly grooved, mostly pubescent early in the season, usually becoming glabrous, l'-
1' in length. Flowers appearing at midsummer on slender glabrous pedicels ^' long, in
crowded many-flowered fascicles; calyx glabrous, ovoid-campanulate, with rounded lobes
rather shorter than the corolla; staminodia broad-ovate, denticulate, nearly as long as the
narrow appendages; ovary ovoid, slightly hairy toward the base only, gradually contracted
into a short thick style. Fruit ripening and falling in the autumn, ovoid or obovoid, about
816
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
f in length; flesh thick; seed short-oblong to subglobose, rounded at apex, nearly I' long,
with a pale conspicuous hilum.
A tree, 25°-30° high, with a short trunk rarely more than 6' in diameter, stout flexible
branches usually unarmed or furnished with short stout slightly curved spines occasionally
Fig. 726
developing into leafy spinescent branches, and short thick spur-like lateral branchlets
slightly puberulous when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous, light red-brown, rather
lustrous, and marked by numerous pale lenticels, and in their second year dark or light
brown tinged with red or ashy gray. Winter-buds minute, obtuse, nearly immersed in the
bark, with pale dark brown glabrous scales. Bark of the trunk thin, light red-brown, the
generally smooth surface broken into small thin persistent scales. Wood heavy, hard, not
strong, close-grained, light brown or yellow, with thick lighter colored sapwood.
Distribution. Usually in low moist soil on the borders of swamps and streams; rocky
bluffs of the Ohio River near Cannelton, Perry County, southern Indiana, southern Illinois
(Hardin, Pope and Pulaski Counties), to southeastern Missouri (Butler County) and to
western Kentucky, western and central Tennessee, central Mississippi and northern Louisi-
ana (West Feliciana Parish) ; and through Arkansas (Helena, Phillips County, and McNab,
Hempstead County) to the coast region of eastern Texas (Beaumont, Jefferson County, and
Columbia, Brazoria County); central Alabama; Florida southward to St. Mark's, Wakulla
County, and to Taylor, Alachua and Volusia Counties, and to northwestern Georgia
(Catoosa County), and the valley of the Savannah River in Georgia and South Carolina,
and northward through eastern North Carolina to southeastern Virginia (Norfolk County).
5. Bmnelia angustifolia Nutt. Ants' Wood. Downward Plum.
Leaves obovate, rounded at apex, and gradually narrowed and cuneate at base, with
slightly thickened revolute margins, glabrous, thick and coriaceous, pale blue-green on the
upper surface, paler on the lower surface, l'-l|' long and i'-li' wide, with a pale slender
midrib, and very obscure veins and veinlets; usually persistent on the branches until the end
of their second winter; petioles stout, grooved, rarely j' in length. Flowers generally ap-
pearing in October and November, on slender glabrous pedicels seldom more than ^' in
length, in few or many-flowered crowded fascicles; calyx glabrous, divided nearly to the
base into narrow-ovate lobes rounded at apex and half as long as the divisions of the corolla
furnished with linear-lanceolate appendages as long as the ovate acute denticulate stami-
nodia; ovary narrow-ovoid, slightly hairy at base only, gradually contracted into an elon-
gated style. Fruit ripening in the spring, on slender drooping stems, usually 1 fruit only
SAPOTACEiS 817
being developed from a fascicle of flowers, oblong or slightly obovoid, rounded at the ends,
^'-|' long and j in diameter, with thick sweet flesh; seed oblong, rounded at apex, Y long.
A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a short trunk rarely exceeding 6'-8' in diameter, grace-
ful pendulous branches forming a compact round head, and rigid spinescent divergent lat-
eral branchlets often armed with acute slender spines sometimes 1' in length, and when
they first appear thickly coated with loose pale or dark 'brown deciduous tomentum, be-
coming light brown tinged with red or ashy gray. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, and covered
with rufous tomentum. Bark of the trunk Y~¥ thick, gray tinged with red, and deeply
divided by longitudinal and cross fissures into oblong or nearly square plates. Wood
heavy, hard, although not strong, very close-grained, light brown or orange-colored, with
thick lighter colored sapwood.
Distribution. Florida, shores of Indian River to the southern keys, and on the west
coast from Cedar Keys to East Cape, and here less abundant and usually on rocky shores
and in the interior of low barren islands; on the Bahama Islands and in Cuba.
4. CHRYSOPHYLLUM L.
Trees, with terete branchlets usually coated while young with dense tomentum, and
naked buds. Leaves short-petiolate, bright green and glabrous on the upper surface and
coated on the lower surface with brilliant silky pubescence or tomentum, persistent. Flow-
ers on pedicels from the axils of minute acute bracts, in dense many-flowered fascicles;
calyx usually 5-parted, the divisions nearly equal, obtuse; corolla 5 or rarely 6 or 7-lobed,
tubular, campanulate or subrotate, white or greenish white; filaments short, subulate or
filiform, enlarged into broad connectives; anthers ovoid or triangular, extrorse or rarely
partly introrse, the cells spreading below; ovary usually 5-celled, style crowned by a 5-
lobed stigma. Fruit short-oblong, ovoid or globose. Seed ovoid; seed-coat coriaceous,
dull or lustrous; hilum subbasilar, elongated, conspicuous; embryo erect, surrounded by
more or less pungent fleshy albumen; cotyledons oblong, foliaceous.
Chrysophyllum is tropical, with fifty or sixty species most abundant in the New World,
with a small number of species in western and southern tropical Africa, southern Asia,
Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands, and with one species in southern Florida. The most
valuable species, Chrysophyllum Cainito L., a native of the West Indies and now cultivated
in all tropical countries and naturalized in many parts of Central and South America, pro-
duces the so-called star-apple, a succulent edible blue or purple and green fruit the size and
shape of a small apple.
The generic name, from xpu(r6s and 4>iWov is in allusion to the golden covering of the
under surface of the leaves.
818
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
1. Chiysophyllum oliviforme Lam. Satin-leaf.
Leaves revolute in the bud, oval, acute or contracted into a short broad point or some-
times rounded at apex, abruptly cuneate at base, thick and coriaceous, bright blue-green
on the upper surface and covered on the lower surface and on the petiole with brilliant
copper-colored pubescence, 2'-3' long and l|'-2' wide, with a broad prominent midrib deeply
impressed on the upper side and numerous straight veins arcuate near the margins; petioles
stout, ^'-f in length. Flowers appearing in Florida irregularly throughout the year and
often found on a branch with ripe or half-grown fruits, on stout pedicels shorter than the
petioles, covered like the calyx with rufous tomentum, in few or many-jSowered fascicles in
the axils of leaves or at the base of lateral branchlets in those of earlier years; calyx divided
nearly to the base into broad rounded lobes rather shorter than the tube of the subrotate
white corolla with short spreading rounded lobes; ovary 5-celled, pubescent, gradually
contracted into a short style crowned by a broad 5-lobed stigma. Fruit usually 1-seeded
by abortion, on stems 1' long, usually only a single fruit being produced from a flower-
cluster, ovoid or sometimes nearly globose, dark purple, roughened by occasional excres-
cences, with a thick tough skin inclosing the juicy sweet mawkish flesh light purple on the
exterior, lighter toward the interior, and quite white in the centre; seed narrowed at the
ends, ^' long, covered with a thin light brown coat closely invested with a white glutinous
aril-like pulpy mass.
A tree, 25°-30° high, with a tall straight trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, upright
branches forming a compact oblong head, and slender slightly zigzag branchlets coated
when they first appear with ferrugineous tomentum, becoming in their second year light
Fig. 728
red-brown or ashy gray and covered with small pale elevated circular lenticels; in sandy
soil under the shade of Pine-trees in the Everglade Keys a shrub 6° high or less. Bark of
the trunk |' thick, light brown slightly tinged with red, and broken by shallow fissures into
large irregularly shaped plates separating on the surface into small thin scales. Wood
very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light brown shaded with red, with thin lighter
colored sapwood.
Distribution. Florida, rich hummocks, from Mosquito Inlet on the east coast to the
Everglade Keys, Dade County and to the southern keys, and on the west coast from the
shores, of the Caloosahatchee River to the neighborhood of Cape Sable; local and nowhere
common; on the Bahama Islands, and in Cuba, Porto Rico and Jamaica.
SAPOTACEiE
819
5. MIMUSOPS L.
Trees or rarely shrubs, with stout terete branchlets, small naked buds, and sweet juice.
Leaves usually clustered at the end of the branches, with slender inconspicuous transverse
veins and minute reticulate veinlets, persistent. Flowers on clavate pedicels from the
axils of minute deciduous bracts; calyx 6-8-parted, the divisions in 2 series, those of the
exterior series almost valvate in the bud; corolla white, barely longer than the calyx, sub-
rotate, usually dilated at the throat, 6-8-lobed, the lobes furnished at base with a pair of
petal-like appendages; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla; filaments short, dilated;
anthers lanceolate, their connectives excurrent, acute, or sometimes aristate at apex; stam-
inodia as many as the lobes of the corolla, scale-like or petaloid, entire, 2-lobed or lacini-
ate; ovary ovoid, hirsute or puberulous, gradually narrowed into a slender style stigmatic
at apex. Fruit globose, 1 or 2-seeded, tipped with the much thickened elongated style;
skin crustaceous, indurate; flesh thick and dry. Seed oblong-ovoid, slightly compressed;
seed-coat crustaceous, chestnut-brown and lustrous; hilum elongated, lateral or minute,
basilar; embryo surrounded by thick fleshy albumen; cotyledons flat, thick and fleshy,
much longer than the short erect radicle.
Mimusops with thirty or forty species is widely distributed through the tropics of the
two hemispheres, a single species reaching the shores of southern Florida. Several species
produce hard heavy timber, edible fruits, or valuable milky juices.
The significance of the generic name, from fiififb and 6^is in allusion to the shape of the
corolla, is not apparent.
1. Mimusops emarginata Britt. Wild DiUy.
Mimusops Sieberi Chap., not A. DC.
Leaves clustered at the end of the branches, involute in the bud oblong-elliptic, or occa-
sionally slightly obovate, rounded or retuse at apex, rounded or cuneate at base, with
slightly thickened revolute margins, bright red when they unfold, and slightly puberulous
on the under surface of the midrib, and at maturity thick and coriaceous, bright green and
Fig. 729
lustrous, covered on the upper surface with a slight glaucous bloom, conspicuously reticu-
late-venulose, 3'-4' long and l'-l|' wide, with a stout midrib glabrous, or puberulous with
rusty hairs below, and deeply impressed above; appearing in Florida in April and May and
deciduous during their second year; petioles slender, grooved, rusty-pubescent, especially
while young, ^'-l' in length. Flowers opening in the spring on slender pedicels near the
820 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
end of the branches, coated with rusty tomentum and 1' or more long, from the axils of
leaves of the year or from those of fallen leaves of the previous year; calyx narrow-ovoid,
divided nearly to the base into 6 lobes, those of the outer row lanceolate, acute, covered on
the outer surface with rusty brown tomentum and on the inner surface with pale pubes-
cence, thickened and usually marked at the base on the outer surface by black spots, those
of the inner row ovate, acute, keeled toward the base, light greenish yellow and pale-pubes-
cent; corolla light yellow tinged with green, f in diameter, with 8 spreading lanceolate
acute divisions entire or erosely toothed toward the apex, their appendage slender, acute
and from one half to two thirds their length; staminodia minute, nearly triangular, entire;
ovary narrow-ovoid, dark red, puberulous toward the base with pale hairs, and gradually
narrowed into an elongated exserted style stigmatic at apex. Fruit ripening at the end of
a year, in the spring or in early autumn, on a stout erect stem about 1' long, and per-
sistent until after the tree flowers the following year, subglobose to slightly obovoid, flat-
tened and compressed at apex, I'-l^' in diameter, usually 1-seeded by abortion, with a
thick dry outer coat roughened by minute rusty brown scales, and thick spongy flesh filled
with milky juice; seed Y long, with an elongated lateral hilum.
A tree, in Florida rarely more than 30° high, with a short gnarled trunk 12'-15' in diame-
ter and usually hollow and defective, thick branches forming a compact round head, and
stout branchlets clustered at the end of the branches of the previous year, coated when they
first appear with dark rufous pubescence, becoming glabrous and light orange-brown at the
end of a few weeks, and in their second year covered with thick ashy gray or light red-
brown scaly bark and marked by elevated obcordate leaf-scars displaying 3 large dark con-
spicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, rusty-tomentose. Bark
of the trunk about j thick and irregularly divided by deep fissures into ridges rounded on
the back and broken into small nearly square plates. Wood very heavy, hard, strong,
close-grained, rich very dark brown, with light-colored sapwood.
Distribution. Florida, only on the southern keys; not common; on the Bahama Islands
and in Cuba.
LVn. EBENACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, and alternate simple entire leaves, without stipules.
Flowers dioecious or polygamous, regular, axillary, articulate with the bibracteolate pedi-
cels; calyx persistent; corolla hypogynous, regular; disk 0; stamens more numerous than
the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its base, fewer and rudimentary or 0 in the pistillate
flower; filaments short; anthers introrse, 2-celled; ovary several-celled; ovules 2 in each
cell, suspended from its apex, anatropous; raphe dorsal; micropyle superior. Fruit a 1 or
several-seeded berry. Seeds with copious albumen; embryo axile.
The Ebony family with seven genera and a large number of species is widely distributed
in tropical and temperate regions, with two representatives of its most important genus,
Diospyros, in the flora of the United States.
1. DIOSPYROS L.
Trees or shrubs, with terete branchlets, without a terminal bud, scaly axillary buds,
coriaceous leaves revolute in the bud, and fibrous roots. Flowers mostly dioecious, from
the axils of leaves of the year or of the previous year; staminate smaller than the pistillate
and usually in short few-flowered bracted cymes; pistillate generally solitary; calyx 4-
lobed, the lobes valvate in the bud, accrescent under the fruit; corolla 4-lobed, the lobes
sinistrorsely contorted in the bud, more or less contracted in the throat, the lobes spreading
or recurved; stamens usually 16, inserted on the bottom of the corolla in two rows and in
pairs, those of the outer row rather longer than and opposite those of the inner row; fila-
ments free, slender; anthers oblong, apiculate, the cells opening laterally by longitudinal
slits; stamens rudimentary or 0 in the pistillate flower; ovary usually 4-celled, each cell
more or less completely divided by the development of a false longitudinal partition from
its anterior face, rudimentary or 0 in the staminate flower; styles 4, spreading, 2-lobed at
EBENACE^
821
apex; stigmas 2-parted or lobed; ovule solitary in each of the divisions of the cells. Fruit
globose, oblong or conic, 1-10-seeded, surrounded at base by the enlarged persistent calyx.
Seeds pendulous, oblong, compressed; seed-coat thick and bony, dark, more or^ess lus-
trous; embryo axile, straight or somewhat curved; cotyledons foliaceous, ovate or lanceo-
late; radicle superior, cylindric, turned toward the small hilum.
Diospyros, which is chiefly tropical, is widely distributed with more than two hundred
species in the two hemispheres, with a few species extending beyond the tropics into eastern
North America, eastern Asia, southwestern Asia, and the Mediterranean region.
Diospyros produces hard close-grained valuable wood, with dark or black heartwood and
thick soft yellow sapwood. The ebony of commerce is partly produced by difi'erent tropi-
cal species. The fruit is often edible, and some of the species are important fruit-trees in
China and Japan.
The generic name, from Ai6s and trvpSs, is in allusion to the life-giving properties of the
fruit.
CONSPECTUS OF THE SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Flowers on branchlets of the year; anthers opening longitudinally nearly throughout their
entire length; filaments pubescent; pistillate flowers with 8 rudimentary stamens;
ovary nearly glabrous; leaves oval; fruit green, yellow, orange color or rarely black.
1. D. virginiana (A, C).
Flowers on branchlets of the previous year; anthers opening only near the apex; filaments
glabrous; pistillate flowers without rudimentary stamens; ovary pubescent; leaves
cuneate-oblong or obovate; fruit black. 2. D. texana (C).
1. DiospyTos virginiana L. Persimmon.
Leaves ovate-oblong to oval or elliptic, acuminate or abruptly acuminate at apex, nar-
rowed and cuneate or rounded or rarely broad and rounded at base, coriaceous, glabrous,
dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, 4'-6' long and 2'-3'
Fig. 730
wide, with a broad flat midrib, about six pairs of conspicuous primary veins arcuate near
the margins and reticulate veinlets; falling in the autumn usually without much change of
color; petioles stout, glabrous or slightly villose-pubescent, |'-1' in length. Flowers ap-
pearing when the leaves are more than half grown on branchlets of the year, from March in
the extreme south to June in the north; the staminate in 2-3-flowered pubescent peduncu-
late cymes, on pedicels from the axils of minute lanceolate acute caducous bracts and fur-
822 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
nished near the middle with two minute caducous bractlets; the pistillate solitary, on short
recurved pedicels, bibracteolate with conspicuous acute bractlets ciliate on the margins and
often Y in length; corolla of the staminate flower tubular, ^ long, slightly contracted be-
low the short acute reflexed lobes forming before expansion a pointed 4-angled bud rather
longer than the broad-ovate acute foliaceous ciliate calyx-lobes inflexed on the margins;
stamens with shoit slightly hairy filaments and linear-lanceolate anthers opening through-
out their length; pistillate flower f long, with a greenish yellow or creamy white corolla
nearly Y broad; stamens 8, inserted in one row below the middle of the corolla, with short
filaments and sagittate abortive or sometimes fertile anthers; ovary conic, pilose toward
the apex, ultimately 8-celled, and gradually narrowed into the four slender styles hairy at
the base. Fruit on a short thick stem, ripening at the north late in autumn or earlier
southward, often persistent on the branches during the winter, depressed-globose to ovoid or
slightly obovoid, rounded or pointed at apex, |'-2' in diameter, yellow or pale orange color,
often with a bright cheek, and covered with a glaucous bloom, turning yellowish brown
when partly decayed by freezing, surrounded at base by the spreading calyx l'-l|' in di-
ameter, with broad ovate pointed lobes recurved on the margins; flesh austere while green,
yelloMdsh brown, sweet and luscious when fully ripened by the action of frost, or in some
forms remaining hard and green during the winter; seeds oblong, rounded on the dorsal
edge, nearly straight on the ventral edge, rounded at the ends, much flattened, ^' long and
Y wide, with a thick hard pale brown rugose testa, a narrow pale hilum and a slender raphe.
A tree, occasionally 50°-60° high, with a short trunk 16'-20' in diameter, spreading often
pendulous branches forming a broad or narrow round-topped head, and slender slightly
zigzag glabrous or rarely puberulous branchlets with a thick pith-cavity, light brown
when they first appear, becoming during their first winter light brown or ashy gray and
marked by occasional small orange- colored lenticels and by elevated semiorbicular leaf-
scars, with deep horizontal lunate depressions; or in the primeval forest, under the most
favorable conditions, sometimes 100°-130° high, with a long slender trunk free of branches
for 70°-80° and rarely exceeding 2° in diameter; frequently not more than 15° or 20° high
and sometimes shrubby in habit. Winter-buds: axillary, broad-ovoid, acute, ¥ long, with
thick imbricated dark red-brown or purple lustrous scales often persistent at the base of
young branchlets during the season. Bark of the trunk f'-l' thick, dark brown tinged
with red, or dark gray, and deeply divided into thick square plates broken into thin per-
sistent scales, with heavy strong dark brown sometimes nearly black heartwood often un-
developed until the tree is over one hundred years old; used in turnery, for shoe-lasts,
plane-stocks, and preferred for shuttles to other American woods. The fruit contains
tannin, to which it owes its astringent qualities, and is eaten in great quantities in the
southern states. The inner bark is astringent and bitter.
Distribution. Light sandy well drained soil, or in the Mississippi basin sometimes on
the deep rich bottom-lands of river valleys; Lighthouse Point, New Haven, New Haven
County, Connecticut, and Long Island, New York, through southern Pennsylvania, south-
ern Ohio, southern Indiana and Illinois, to southeastern Iowa, eastern Kansas, central
Oklahoma, and southward to De Soto County, Florida, southern Alabama, Mississippi,
Louisiana, and Texas to the valley of the Colorado River (Burnett County) ; very common
in the south Atlantic and Gulf states, often covering with shrubby growth by means of
the stoloniferous roots abandoned fields and springing up by the side of roads and fences;
ascending on the Appalachian Mountains to altitudes of 3500°; rare toward the western
limits of its range in Texas. In southeastern Illinois, Missouri and Arkansas passing into
the var. platycarpa Sarg. with larger broad-ovate leaves rounded or cordate at base or
rarely elliptic, more or less densely pubescent on the lower surface, especially on the midrib
and petiole, often 2^-4' long and 2'-2|' wide, and at the end of vigorous shoots up to 6' in
length, and depressed-globose, yellow, rarely nearly black (f. atra Sarg.), fruit much de-
pressed at top and bottom, l|'-3' wide and about 1' high, with sweet succulent flesh, ripen-
ing in September or early October, and seeds conspicuously rounded on the dorsal edge,
much compressed, dark chestnut-brown and lustrous, only slightly rugose, |' long and Y
EBENACEiE
823
wide. A tree usually not more than 12°-25° high, with a trunk 16'-30' in diameter and
rather stouter branchlets densely villose-pubescent sometimes for two or three years, or be-
coming glabrate at the end of their first season. Hills near Allenton, St. Louis County, and
on the western slopes of the Ozark Mountains and the adjacent prairies of southeastern
Missouri and prairies of northwestern Arkansas, eastern Kansas and Oklahoma. In Dade
County, Florida, Diospyros virginiana is replaced by the var. Mosieri Sarg. with smaller
staminate flowers, nearly globose fruit with rather less compressed dark chestnut-brown
lustrous only slightly rugose seeds. A small tree with slightly fissured light gray bark.
Several named varieties of Diospyros virginiana are distinguished and cultivated by
pomologists.
2. Diospyros texana Scheele. Black Persimmon. Chapote.
Leaves oblong-cuneate to obovate, rounded and often retuse at apex and cuneate at
base, covered below when they unfold with thick -pale tomentum and above with
scattered long white hairs, and at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous.
Fig. 731
glabrous or puberulous on the upper surface, paler and pubescent on the lower surface,
f '-1|' long and nearly 1' wide, with a broad midrib and about 4 pairs of arcuate pri-
mary veins and reticulate veinlets; unfolding in February and March, and falling during
the following winter without change of color; petioles short, thick, and hairy. Flowers ap-
pearing in early spring when the leaves are about one third grown, on branches of the previ-
ous year; staminate on slender drooping pedicels furnished near the middle with minute
caducous bractlets, in 1-3-flowered crowded pubescent fascicles; pistillate on stouter
club-shaped pedicels, solitary or rarely in pairs; calyx of the staminate flower |' long and
deeply divided into 5 ovate or lanceolate silky-tomentose lobes recurved after the opening
of the flower, and much shorter than the corolla |' long, creamy white, and slightly con-
tracted below the 5 short spreading rounded lobes cilia te on the margins; stamens, with
glabrous filaments shorter than the corolla, and linear-lanceolate anthers opening at apex
only by short slits; pistillate flowers without rudimentary stamens, |' long, with oblong
acute silky-tomentose calyx-lobes half the length of the pubescent corolla nearly §' across
the short spreading lobes; ovary ovoid, pubescent like the young fruit, ultimately 8-celled.
Fruit ripening in August, subglobose, ^'-1' in diameter, and 3-8-seeded, surrounded at base
by the large thickened leathery calyx sometimes 1' in diameter, with oblong pubescent
reflexed lobes, the thick tough black skin inclosing thin sweet insipid juicy dark flesh;
seeds triangular, rounded on the back, narrowed and flattened at the pointed apex, Y long,
about I' thick, with a bony lustrous light red pitted coat.
824 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
An intricately branched tree, occasionally 40°-50° high, with a trunk 18-20' in diameter,
dividing at some distance above the ground into a number of stout upright branches form-
ing a narrow round-topped head, and slender terete slightly zigzag branchlets, coated at
first with pale or rufous tomentum, ashy gray, glabrous or puberulous during their first
winter, later becoming brown and marked by minute pale lenticels and by small elevated
semiorbicular leaf-scars displaying a lunate row of fibro- vascular bundle-scars; often much
smaller, and toward the northern and western limits of its range a low many-stemmed
shrub. Winter-buds obtuse, barely more than ^' long, with broad-ovate scales rounded on
the back and coated with rufous tomentum. Bark of the trunk smooth, light gray slightly
tinged with red, the outer layer falling away in large irregularly shaped patches displaying
the smooth gray inner bark. Wood heavy, with black heartwood often streaked with
yellow and clear bright yellow sap wood; used in turnery and for the handles of tools. The
fruit, which is exceedingly austere until it is fully ripe, stains black, and is sometimes used
by Mexicans in the valley of the Rio Grande to dye sheepskins.
Distribution. Southwestern Texas, Matagorda County (neighborhood of Matagorda
and Bay City) to the lower Rio Grande, and northward to Brown County; in Coahuila,
Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas; possibly in southern Lower California; abundant in south-
western Texas; in the neighborhood of the coast on the borders of prairies in rich moist soil;
westward on dry rocky mesas and in isolated canons; very common and of its largest size in
the region between the Sierra Madre and the coast of the Gulf of Mexico in Nuevo Leon and
Tamaulipas.
LVm. STYRACACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with stellate pubescence or lepidote, watery juice, and scaly buds.
Leaves alternate, simple, penniveined, without stipules. Flowers regular, perfect; calyx
more or less adnate to the tube of the corolla; disk 0; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells
opening longitudinally; ovary superior or partly superior, crowned with a simple style;
ovules anatropous. Fruit drupaceous, with thin dry flesh, and a thick-walled 1-seeded
bony stone. Seeds, with albumen.
The Storax family is confined to North and South America, the Mediterranean region,
eastern Asia and the Malay Archipelago. Of the six genera of this family two are repre-
sented in the flora of North America.
CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Calyx adherent to the whole surface of the ovary; corolla 4-lobed. Fruit oblong-obovoid,
2 or 4-celled and 2 or 4-winged. 1. Halesia.
Calyx adherent to the base only of the ovary; corolla usually 5-parted. Fruit subglobose,
1-celled. 2. Styrax.
1. HALESIA L. SILVER BELL TREE.
Trees or shrubs, with stellate pubescence, slender terete pithy branchlets, without a ter-
minal bud, axillary buds with imbricated accrescent scales, and fibrous roots. Leaves in-
volute in the bud, thin, elliptic, oblong-ovate or oblong-ovoid, denticulate, deciduous.
Flowers opening in early spring, on slender elongated drooping ebracteolate pedicels from
the axils of foliaceous acuminate or acute caducous bracts, in fascicles or short racemes
from the axils of leaves of the previous year; calyx-tube obconic, adherent to the whole
surface of the ovary, the limb short, 4-toothed, with minute triangular teeth, open in the
bud; corolla epigynous, campanulate, 4-lobed, or divided nearly to the base, the lobes con-
volute or imbricated in the bud, thin and white or rarely tinged with rose; stamens 8-16;
filaments elongated, shorter than the corolla, slightly attached at base, or sometimes free,
flattened below; anthers oblong, adnate or free at the very base; ovary 2 or 4-celled, gradu-
ally contracted into an elongate glabrous or tomentose style stigmatic at apex; ovules 4 in
each cell, attached by elongated funiculi at the middle of the axis, the 2 upper ascending.
STYRACE^
825
the 2 lower pendulous; raphe dorsal; micropyle inferior and superior. Fruit ripening in
the autumn, elongated, oblong or obovoid and gradually narrowed at base; skin tough,
separable, light green and lustrous, turning reddish brown late in the autumn; exocarp
indehiscent, thick, becoming dry and corky at maturity, produced into 2 or 4 broad thin
wings cuneate at base and rounded at apex; stone bony, cylindric, obovoid or ellipsoid,
gradually narrowed at base into a slender stipe inclosed in the wings, narrowed above
and terminating in the enlarged style protruding above the wings, usually obscurely
and irregularly 8-angled or sulcate, 1-4-celled. Seed solitary in each cell, elongated,
cylindric; seed-coat thin, light brown, lustrous, adherent to the walls of the stone, the
delicate inner coat attached to the copious fleshy albumen; embryo terete, axile, erect;
cotyledons oblong, as long as the elongated radicle turned toward the minute hilum.
Halesia inhabits the southeastern United States and eastern China.
The generic name is in honor of Stephen Hales (1677-1761), an English clergyman, au-
thor of "Vegetable Staticks."
CONSPECTUS OF THE SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Fruit 4-winged; flowers fascicled; corolla slightly lobed.
Fruit oblong to slightly obovoid.
Flowers hardly more than |' long; fruit 1|' in length.
Flowers 2' long; fruit up to 2' in length.
Fruit clavate; flowers usually not more than j long.
Fruit 2-winged; flowers often racemose; corolla divided nearly to the base.
4. H. diptera (C).
1. Halesia Carolina L.
Mohrodendron carolinum Britt.
Leaves elliptic to oblong-obovate, abruptly acuminate and long-pointed at apex, gradu-
ally narrowed and rounded or cuneate at base, and dentate with small remote callous teeth,
slightly pubescent or covered below when they unfold with thick hoary tomentum and
1. H. Carolina (A, C).
2. H. monticola (A).
3. H. parviflora (C).
Fig. 732
densely stellatcpubescent above (var. mollis Perkins), and at maturity dark yellow-green
and glabrous on the upper surface, pale and glabrous or slightly villose below on the slender
yellow midrib and primary veins, 3'-4' long and l^'-2' wide, and on leading shoots up to
6'-7' in length; turning yellow in the autumn before falling; petioles slender, glabrous,
pubescent or tomentose, early in the season, becoming nearly glabrous, I'-Y in length.
826 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Flowers about ^' long, on glabrous or densely or slightly villose pedicels |'-f ' in length
from the axils of ovate caducous serrate glabrous or pubescent bracts rounded at apex, in
crowded fascicles: calyx obconic, glabrous, slightly pubescent or hoary-tomentose (var. mollis
Lange), the lobes ciliate; corolla narrowed below into a short tube, f across, sometimes
faintly tinged with rose, rarely divided nearly to the base (var. dialypeiala Schn.); sta-
mens 10-16; filaments villose with occasional white hairs; ovary 4-celled. Fruit oblong to
oblong-obovate, 4- winged, \Y long, |'-|' in diameter; stone ellipsoid to slightly obovoid,
narrowed below into a short stipe and above into the slender apex terminating in the
elongated persistent style, slightly angled, |'-f ' long, usually 1-seeded by abortion; seed
rounded at the narrow ends, \'-\' long.
A round-headed tree, rarely 40° high, with a short trunk often divided near the ground
into several spreading stems, and 12'-18' in diameter, small branches, and slender branch-
lets glabrous or densely pubescent early in the season, becoming slightly pubescent or
nearly glabrous and orange-brown, and marked by large obcordate leaf-scars during their
first winter and dark red-brown the following year; more often a shrub with wide-spreading
stems. Winter-buds ellipsoid to ovoid, \' long, with thick broad-ovate dark red acute
puberulous scales rounded on the back, those of the inner rows becoming strap-shaped,
bright yellow and sometimes \' long. Bark of the trunk |' thick, slightly ridged, reddish
brown, separating into thin closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light
brown with thick lighter-colored sapwood.
Distribution. Wooded slopes and the banks of streams, southern West Virginia (Fay-
ette and Summers Counties) ; Piedmont region of North and South Carolina, ascending to
altitudes of 2000', through central Georgia to western Florida, and through Alabama
south to Dallas County to western Kentucky and southern Illinois (near Metropolis, Mas-
sac County) ; the var. mollis with the type and the more common form in western P^lorida
southward to Suwanee County. A seedling shrubby Halesia (var. Meehanii Perkins) with
thicker smaller darker green rugose leaves, smaller cup-shaped flowers on shorter pedicels,
appeared many years ago in the Meehan Nurseries at Germantown, Pennsylvania, and is
possibly a hybrid but of obscure origin.
Often cultivated in the eastern United States, in California and in western and central
Europe; hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts.
2. Halesia monticola Sarg.
Leaves elliptic to oblong-obovate, abruptly acuminate at apex, cuneate or occasionally
rounded at base, remotely dentate with minute blunt teeth, covered above when they un-
fold with short white hairs and below with thick hoary tomentum, half-grown and pubes-
cent on the midrib below when the flowers open at the end of May, and at maturity thin,
dark dull green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, glabrous with the exception
of a few hairs on the lower side of the slender midrib and primary veins, 8'-ll' long and
l|'-2^' wide; turning yellow in the autumn before falling; petioles slender, villose-pubescent
when they first appear, soon glabrous, ^'-f ' in length. Flowers 2' long on pedicels \'-V in
length, from the axils of obovate or elliptic acute pubescent bracts ^'-f long and \' wide;
calyx obconic, glabrous or slightly villose-pubescent; corolla 1' in diameter, contracted be-
low into a short limb; stamens 10-16; filaments slightly villose toward the base, ovary
4-celled. Fruit oblong-obovoid, cuneate at base, 4-winged, l|'-2' long, 1' in diameter;
stone ovoid-ellipsoid, abruptly narrowed below into a short stipe, gradually narrowed
above into the long apex, prominently angled about l^'-lf in length.
A tree, often 80°-90° high, with a trunk 3° in diameter and free of branches for 50°-60°,
comparatively small spreading and erect branches forming a round-topped head and slen-
der branchlets covered when they first appear with pale hairs, soon glabrous, lustrous, light
red-brown or orange-brown during their first winter and dark red-brown in their second
year. Winter-buds ovoid to ellipsoid, acuminate, much compressed, gibbous on the back,
the outer scales thick, slightly keeled on the back, lustrous, bright red, \' long. Bark of
the trunk thick, separating freely into long broad loosely attached red-brown plates ^'-f
thick.
STYRACE^
827
Distribution. Mountain slopes at altitudes from 3000°-4000°, western North Caro-
lina, eastern Tennessee and western Georgia; passing into the var. vestita Sarg., with
Fig. 733
leaves often rounded at base, coated below and on the petioles when they unfold with
snow-white tomentum, and at maturity pubescent over the lower surface, especially on
the midrib and veins, and occasionally pale rose-colored flowers (f. rosea Sarg.); banks
of streams, near Marion, McDowell County, North Carolina, to Arkansas and eastern
Oklahoma; occasionally ctdtivated with the var. vestita and hardy in the Arnold Arboretum
and in Rochester, New York.
Halesia moniicola in cultivation grows rapidly with a single trunk; and is hardy in east-
ern Massachusetts.
3 Halesia parviflora Michx.
Leaves oblong-ovate to slightly obovate or elliptic, abruptly long-pointed or acuminate
at apex, narrowed and cuneate or rounded at base, finely serrate with minute glandular
Fig. 734
teeth, densely covered when they unfold with hoaiy tomentum, becoming pubescent or
glabrous. 2|'-3|* long and V-\\' wide, with a slender midrib and primary veins villose-
828 ^ TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
pubescent below; petioles hoary-tomentose when they first appear, becoming glabrous,
j'-|' in length. Flowers opening the end of March or early in April, z~¥ long, on pedicels
more or less densely villose-pubescent with white hairs, becoming nearly glabrous, I'-f in
length; calyx densely hoary-tomentose or rarely villose-pubescent; corolla i'-|' in diame-
ter; stamens 10-16, filaments slightly villose. Fruit ripening in August and September,
clavate, gradually narrowed into the long stipitate base, f'-l^' long, 4-winged, the wings
narrow, of equal width or occasionally with the alternate wings narrower than the others;
stone ovoid, abruptly narrowed below into a short stipe, gradually narrowed to the apex,
obscurely angled, f'-lj' long.
A slender tree, 25°-30° high, with a long trunk 8'-10' in diameter, small light brown
slightly ridged branches and slender branchlets hoary-tomentose when they first appear,
becoming pubescent or nearly glabrous by the end of their first season and light gray-brown
in their second year; or a shrub only a few feet tall. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, slightly
compressed, villose, about |' long. Bark of the trunk thick, dark brown or nearly black,
and divided by deep longitudinal furrows into narrow rounded rough ridges.
Distribution. Northern Florida, in sandy uplands (St. John, Clay, Jackson, Gadsden
and Lafayette Counties) ; not common; Alabama (Lee County) ; eastern Mississippi (Laurel,
Jones County), and eastern Oklahoma (near Page, Le Flore County).
4. Halesia diptera Ellis.
Mohrodendron dipterum Britt.
Leaves ovate to obovate, oval or elliptic, abruptly long-pointed or rarely rounded at
apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate or rounded at base, undulate-serrate with remote
minute callous teeth, coated below with pale tomentum and pubescent above when they
unfold, and at maturity thin, light green and glabrous or pubescent on the slender midrib
on the upper surface and paler and soft-pubescent on the lower surface, 3'-4' long and
%'-1\' wide, and at the end of vigorous branches up to 8' long and 3' wide, with pale con-
"
spicuous arcuate veins and reticulate veinlets; petioles slender, pubescent, |'-f' in length.
Flowers opening from the middle of March to the end of April, usually nearly 1' long, on
slender tomentose pedicels l|'-2' in length, from the axils of obovate puberulous bracts
rounded or acute at apex and |'-f ' long, in few-flowered fascicles or in 4-6-flowered ra-
cemes; calyx thickly covered with hoary tomentum, the short lobes nearly glabrous on the
inner surface ; corolla puberulous' on the outer surface, divided nearly to the base into
slightly obovate or oval spreading lobes; stamens 8-16, usually 8, nearly as long as the
corolla; filaments covered with pale hairs, and sometimes free from the corolla; ovary usu-
ally 2, rarely 4-celled and covered, like the style, with pale pubescence. Fruit oblong to
STYRACE.E 829
slightly obovoid, compressed, l|'-2' long, often nearly 1' wide, with two broad wings and
often with 2 or rarely 3 narrow wings between them; stone ellipsoid, l^'-lf long, conspicu-
ously ridged, gradually narrowed below into the short slender stipe and above into the
thickened pubescent style; seed acuminate at the ends, about f in length.
A tree, occasionally 30° high, with a short or rarely a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, spread-
ing branches forming a wide head and slender branchlets light green and more or less
thickly covered with pale pubescence when they first appear, usually becoming glabrous,
orange color, or reddish brown, lustrous and marked by the large elevated obcordate
leaf-scars during their first winter, dark red-brown in their second season and dividing the
following year into irregular pale longitudinal fissures; more often a shrub, with numerous
stout spreading stems. Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse, ■^' long, with broad-ovate acute light
red pubescent scales, those of the inner ranks becoming strap-shaped, scarious and j' long
Bark of the trunk Y-^ thick, brown tinged with red, and divided by irregular longitudinal
often broad fissures, and separating into small thin closely appressed scales Wood light,
soft, strong, close-grained, light brown with thick lighter-colored sapwood.
Distribution. Low wet woods and the borders of swamps and streams; near Savannah
(Elliott) and in southwestern Georgia, middle Florida (Leon and Gadsden Counties),
southern Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana to the valley of the lower Neches River,
Texas.
Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of the eastern United States and western Europe.
Doubtfully hardy in Massachusetts and western New York.
2. STYRAX L.
Trees or shrubs, lepidote or stellate-tomentose except on the upper surface of the leaves,
with slender terete slightly zigzag branchlets, without a terminal bud, axillary buds, with
imbricated scales, and fibrous roots Leaves involute in the bud, entire or slightly serrate.
Flowers usually white on short ebracteolate drooping pedicels from the axils of small bracts,
in simple or branched usually drooping axillary racemes; calyx cup-shaped, adnate to the
base of the ovary or nearly free, the margin truncate, obscurely or conspicuously 5-toothed
or rarely 2 or 5-parted; corolla epigynous, campanulate, 5 or rarely 6 or 7-parted, with a
short tube usually longer than the lanceolate oblong or spatulate erect and spreading or
revolute lobes valvate or imbricated in the bud, stamens 8-13, usually 10, longer than the
corolla slightly united below mto a ring or short tube; filaments flattened above; cells of the
anthers linear parallel, erect; ovary broad-conic, subglobose or depressed, densely villose
or rarely glabrous, at first 3-celled, becoming 1-celled or nearly 1-celled after anthesis,
crowned by a subulate or thickened style terminating in a small indistinctly 3-lobed or
capitate stigma', ovules few or rarely solitary ascending; raphe dorsal, micropyle inferior.
Fruit globose or slightly obovoid, drupaceous ; pericarp hard and indehiscent or irregularly
3-valved or fleshy and irregularly dehiscent; endocarp glabrous, crustaceous or indurate;
seed 1 by abortion or very rarely 2, filling the cavity of the stone, erect; testa membrana-
ceous, mostly adherent to the walls of the stone ; albumen fleshy or rarely horny; cotyledons
usually broad, the elongated terete radicle turned toward the broad basal hilum.
Styrax is widely distributed in warm and tropical countries except in tropical and south
Africa and in Australasia, extending northward into the southeastern United States and to
California, southern Europe, central and western China and central Japan. Of nearly one
hundred species which are now distinguished five are found within the territory of the
United States*, one of these occasionally becomes a small tree.
Storax and benzoin, aromatic resinous balsams, are obtained from Styrax officinale L.
of southern Europe and Asia Minor, and from Styrax Benzoin Dryand. of Malaysia.
The generic name is that of the Greek name of Styrax officinale.
1. Styrax grandifolia Ait.
Leaves thin, deciduous, obovate, rounded and abruptly pointed or acute or acuminate or
rarely rounded at apex, cuneate or rounded at the narrow base, entire or remotely serrate
830
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
with small apiculate teeth, when they unfold ciliate on the margins, slightly stellate-pubes-
cent on the midrib and veins above, and coated below with hoary tomentum, and at ma-
turity pale green and glabrous or nearly glabrous above, pale tomentose and villose on the
Fig. 736
midrib and veins below, 2|'-5' long and l'-3' wide; petioles I' in length, hoary-tomentose
early in the season, becoming pubescent. Flowers opening in early spring after the leaves
are more than half grown, |'-1' long, on slender pubescent or tomentose pedicels Y in
length, in tomentose leafy erect or spreading axillary racemes 5' or 6' long, their bracts and
bractlets linear, minute, tomentose, caducous; calyx more or less coarsely 5-toothed, mem-
branaceous, tomentose on the outer surface; corolla 5-parted, the lobes longer than the
tube, imbricated in the bud, membranaceous, oblong-obovate, rounded or acute at apex,
stellate-pubescent on the outer surface; stamens 10, about as long as the corolla, vil-
lose-pubescent below the middle, united below into a short ring; ovary slightly inferior,
obovoid, tomentose, 3-celled; style filiform, glabrous, exserted; ovules 3 or 4 in each cell.
Fruit hoary-tomentose, slightly obovoid, rounded and tipped at apex with the remnants of
the style, gradually narrowed and surrounded below by the calyx, Y long, and I' in diam-
eter, the outer coat crustaceous, indehiscent; seed obovoid, dark orange-brown, filling the
cavity of the fruit.
A tree, rarely 40° high, with a tall straight trunk sometimes 8' in diameter, short
spreading branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender branchlets thickly
coated when they first appear with hoary stellate pubescence more or less persistent during
three seasons, ultimately glabrous and light or dark chestnut-brown; more often a broad
shrub 6°-20° high. Bark of the trunk Y~¥ thick, close, smooth and dark red-brown.
Winter-buds: axillary, often 3, superposed, acute, covered with hoary ultimately rusty
tomentum, about Y long-
Distribution. Low wet woods and the borders of swamps; southeastern Virginia, south-
ward usually near the coast to the valley of the Apalachicola River, Florida, and through
the Gulf states to western Louisiana, ranging inland to northern Georgia, northeastern
Mississippi, and to the valley of the Red River at Natchitoches, Louisiana; of its largest
size and perhaps only arborescent near Laurel Hill, West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana.
LK. SYMPLOCACEiE.
Trees or shrubs, with simple pubescence, watery juice, scaly buds, and fibrous roots.
Leaves simple, alternate, coriaceous or thin, pinnately veined, usually becoming yellow
SYMPLOCACE^
831
in drying, without stipules. Flowers regular, perfect, or polygamo-dioecious, on ebrac-
teolate pedicels, in dense or lax axillary spikes or racemes, with small caducous bracts;
calyx campanula te, 5-lobed, open in the bud, the tube adnate to the ovary, enlarged after
anthesis; corolla divided nearly to the base into 3-11 usually 5 lobes imbricated in the bud;
disk 0; stamens usually numerous, inserted in many series on the base of the corolla or
rarely 4 in one series; filaments filiform or flattened, more or less united below into clusters;
anthers ovoid-globose, introrse, 2-celled, the cells lateral, opening longitudinally; ovary in-
ferior or partly inferior, 2-5-celled, contracted into a simple style, with an entire or slightly
lobed terminal stigma; ovules 2 or rarely 4 in each cell, suspended from its inner angle,
anatropous; raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit a drupe (in the North American
species), crowned with the persistent lobes of the calyx, with thin dry flesh and a bony
1-seeded stone. Seed oblong, suspended; seed-coat membranaceous; embryo terete, erect
in copious fleshy albumen; cotyledons much shorter than the long slender radicle turned
toward the broad conspicuous hilum.
The family consists of the genus Symplocos.
1. SYMPLOCOS L'Her.
Characters of the family.
Symplocos with nearly three hundred species inhabits chiefly the warmer parts of Amer-
ica, Asia, and Australia, one species occurring in the southern United States.
Symplocos contains a yellow coloring matter, and the bark and leaves of some species
have medical properties.
The generic name, from Si^/attXokos, relates to the union of the filaments of some of the
species.
1. Symplocos tinctoria L'Her. Sweet Leaf. Horse Sugar.
Leaves revolute in the bud, oblong, acute or acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed at
base, obscurely crenulate-serrate with remote teeth, or sometimes nearly entire, coated
below when they unfold with pale tomentum, glabrous or tomentose above, and furnished
on the margins with minute dark caducous glands, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark
k
Fig. 737
green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler and pubescent on the lower surface, 5'-6'
long and l'-2' wide, with a broad midrib rounded and sometimes puberulous on the upper
side, inconspicuous arcuate veins and reticulate veinlets ; northward and at high altitudes
falling in the autumn, and southward remaining on the branches until after the opening of
832 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
the flowers the following spring; petioles stout, slightly winged, i'-|' in length. Flowers;
flower-clusters inclosed in the bud by ovate acute orange-colored scales brown and ciliate
on the margins, each of the flower-buds surrounded by 3 imbricated oblong bracts rounded
or pointed at apex and ciliate on the margins, the longest as long as the calyx and one third
longer than the 2 lateral bracts; flowers fragrant, opening from the 1st of March at the
south to the middle of May on the southern Appalachian Mountains, on short pedicels en-
larged into thick hemispheric receptacles covered with long white hairs, in nearly sessile
many-flowered clusters in the axils of leaves of the previous year; calyx oblong, cup-shaped,
dark green and puberulous, with minute ovate scarious lobes rounded at apex; corolla
creamy white, I' long, with rounded lobes; stamens exserted, with slender filaments united
at base into 5 clusters, and orange-colored anthers; ovary 3-celled, furnished on the top
with 5 dark nectariferous glands placed opposite the lobes of the calyx, and abruptly con-
tracted into a slender style gradually thickened toward the apex and longer than the corolla.
Fruit ripening in the summer or early autumn, ovoid, I' long, dark orange-colored or brown;
seed ovoid, pointed, with a thin papery chestnut-brown coat.
A tree, occasionally 30°-S5° high, with a short trunk barely exceeding 6'-8' in diameter,
slender upright branches forming an open head, and stout terete pithy branchlets light
green and coated with pale or rufous tomentum when they first appear, or sometimes gla-
brous, and covered with scattered white hairs, reddish brown to ashy gray, tinged with red
and usually more or less pubescent or often covered with a glaucous bloom during their
first and second years, later growing darker, roughened by occasional small elevated lenti-
cels and marked by the low horizontal obcordate leaf-scars displaying a central cluster of
large fibro-vascular bundle-scars; or more often a shrub. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, cov-
ered with broad-ovate nearly triangular acute scales, those of the inner rows accrescent on
the young branchlets, and at maturity oblong-obovate, rounded and often apiculate at
apex, light green, glabrous or pilose, ciliate on the margins, and often ^' in length. Bark of
the trunk |'-|' thick, ashy gray slightly tinged with red, divided by occasional narrow fis-
sures and roughened by wart-like excrescences. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light red
or brown, with thick lighter colored often nearly white sapwood of 18-20 layers of annual
growth. The leaves are sweet to the taste and are devoured in the autumn by cattle and
horses, and, like the bark, yield a yellow dye occasionally used domestically. The bitter
aromatic roots have been used as a tonic.
Distribution. Moist rich soil, often in the shade of dense forests; peninsula of Delawarft
to northern Florida and from the coast to altitudes of nearly 4000° on the Blue Ridge in
North and South Carolina, and to eastern Texas and southern Arkansas; in the Gulf states
in hammocks and bluffs.
LX. OLEACE-ffi.
Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, scaly buds, their inner scales accrescent, opposite
leaves, without stipules, and fibrous roots. Flowers perfect, dicecious or polygamous,
regular; calyx 4-lobed, or 0; corolla of 2-4 petals, or 0; disk 0; stamens 2-4, rudimentary or
0 in unisexual pistiUate flowers; anthers attached on the back below the middle, often apicu-
late by the prolongation of the connective, introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudi-
nally usually by lateral slits; ovary free, 2 or rarely 3-celled, rudimentary or 0 in the stami-
nate flower; style simple; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, anatropous; micropyle superior.
Fruit (in the North American arborescent genera) a samara or berry. Seed pendulous;
seed-coat membranaceous; embryo straight in copious fleshy albumen; cotyledons flat,
much longer than the short terete superior radicle turned toward the minute hilum.
The Olive family with twenty-five genera is widely distributed in temperate and tropical
regions chiefly in the northern hemisphere. Of the five genera indigenous to the United
States four are arborescent. To this family belong Olea europcea L., the Olive-tree of the
Mediterranean basin, now largely cultivated in California for its fruit, and the Lilacs, For-
sythias. Privets, and Jasmines, favorite garden plants in all countries with temperate cli*
mates.
OLBACB^ 833
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Fruit a winged samara; leaves usually compound. 1. Fraxinus.
Fruit a drupe; leaves simple.
Flowers usually without petals, 2. Forestiera.
Flowers with petals.
Corolla of 4 long linear petals united only at base; leaves deciduous.
3. Chionanthus.
Corolla tubular; leaves persistent. 4. Osmanthus.
1. FRAXINUS L. Ash.
Trees or shrubs, with thick furrowed or rarely thin and scaly bark, usually ash-colored
branchlets, with thick pith, and compressed obtuse terminal buds much larger than the
lateral buds. Leaves petiolate, unequally pinnate or rarely reduced to a single leaflet, de-
ciduous; leaflets conduplicate in the bud, usually serrate, petiolulate or sessile. Flowers
dioecious or polygamous, produced in early spring on slender elongated pedicels, without
bractlets, in open or compact slender-branched panicles, with obovate linear or lanceolate
caducous bracts, terminal on leafy shoots of the year, developed from the axils of new leaves,
or from separate buds in the axils of leaves of the previous year, or at the base of young
branchlets, and covered by 2 ovate scales; calyx campanulate, deciduous or persistent under
the fruit, or 0; corolla 2-4-parted, the divisions conduplicate in the bud, united at base, or
0; stamens usually 2, rarelj 3 or 4, inserted on the base of the corolla, or hypogynous; fila-
ments terete, short or rarely elongated; anthers ovoid or linear-oblong, the cells opening by
lateral slits; ovary 2 or rarely 3-celled, contracted into a short or elongated style terminat-
ing in a 2-lobed stigma; ovules suspended in pairs from the inner angle of the cell; raphe
dorsal. Fruit a 1 or rarely 2 or 3-seeded winged samara; body terete or slightly flattened
contrary to the septum, with a dry or woody pericarp produced into an elongated more or
less decurrent wing, usually 1-celled by abortion or sometimes 2 or 3-celled and winged.
Seed solitary in each cell, oblong, compressed, gradually narrowed and rounded at the ends,
filling the cavity of the fruit; seed-coat chestnut-brown.
Fraxinus with thirty to forty species is widely distributed in the temperate regions of the
northern hemisphere, and within the tropics occurs on the islands of Cuba and Java. Of
the eighteen North American species here recognized all, with the exception of Fraxinus
dipetala Hook., of California, are large or small trees.
Fraxinus produces tough straight-grained valuable wood, and some of the species are
large and important timber-trees. The waxy exudations from the trunk and leaves of
Fraxinus Ornus L., of southern Europe and Asia Minor furnish the manna of commerce
used in medicine as a gentle laxative; and the Chinese white wax is obtained from the
branches of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb.
Fraxinus is the classical name of the Ash-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Flowers with a corolla, in terminal panicles on lateral leafy branchlets of the year; leaflets
3-7, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate (Ornus). 1. F. cuspidata (E, H).
Flowers without a corolla, dioecious or polygamous, in axillary panicles, from separate buds,
in the axils of leaves of the previous year (Fraxinastrum).
Flowers with a calyx.
Leaflets with obscure veins, not more than f ' long; fruit narrow-spatulate to oblong-
obovate; rachis slightly winged. 2. F. Greggii (E).
Leaflets with distinct veins, more than f ' long; rachis without a wing.
Body of the fruit compressed, its wing extending to the base.
Branchlets 4-sided.
Leaves usually 5-foliolate, with ovate acute leaflets; flowers unknown.
3. F. Lowellii (P?.
834 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Leaves usually reduced to a single ovate or orbicular leaflet; flowers polyga-
mous. 4. F. anomala (F).
branchlets terete.
Leaflets 5-7, oblong-ovate; fruit oblong-elliptic to spatulate, often 3-winged,
long-stipitate. 5. F. caroliniana (A, C).
Leaflets 3-5, oblong; fruit lanceolate to oblanceolate, the body extending to the
base of the fruit. 6, F. pauclfiora (C).
Body of the fruit nearly terete.
Wing of the fruit terminal or slightly decurrent on the body.
Leaves and branchlets glabrous (tomentose in one form of 7).
Leaflets sessile or nearly sessile 5-7 rarely 5, ovate to oblong-ovate, rarely
elliptic, acute or short-acuminate, glaucescent below.
7. F. Standleyi (H).
Leaflets stalked.
Leaflets 5-7, ovate to lanceolate, abruptly pointed or acuminate, usually
pale below. 8. F. americana (A, C)
Leaflets usually 5, ovate to obovate, rounded or acute at apex.
9. F. texensis (C).
Leaves and branches pubescent; leaflets oblong-ovate to lanceolate, pale below;
fruit linear-oblong. 10. F. biltmoreana (A, C).
Wing of the fruit decurrent to below the middle of the body.
Leaflets 7-9, usually 7 ; leaves and branches pubescent {glabrous in one form of 12) .
Fruit 2-3' in length. 11. F. profunda (A, C).
Fruit 1 -2|' in length. 12. F. pennsylvanica (A, E),
Leaflets 3-5.
Leaves and branchlets glabrous; fruit up to 1|' in length.
13. F. Berlandieriana (C, E).
Leaves and branchlets pubescent or glabrous; fruit not more than ^' in
length. 14. F. velutina (F, H)
Leaflets 5-7, usually 7, the lateral generally sessile; leaves and branchlets pilose-
pubescent, rarely glabrous. 15. F. oregona (B, G).
Flowers without a calyx; leaflets 5-11 ; wing of the fruit decurrent to the base of the body.
Branchlets quadranguljir; lateral leaflets short-stalked. 16. F. quadrangulata (A, C).
Branchlets terete; lateral leaflets sessile. 17. F. nigra (A, C),
1. Fraxinus cuspidata Terr.
Leaves 5'-7' long, with a slender pale petiole sometimes slightly wing-margined, and 3-7
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate long-stalked leaflets gradually narrowed at apex into a long
slender point, cuneate at base nearly entire or coarsely and remotely serrate above the mid-
dle with recurved teeth (var. serrata Rehd.), or with 3-5, rarely 7-foliolate leaves, with
broader often ovate entire leaflets occasionally with simple leaves at the base of the branch-
lets (var. macropetala Rehd.). slightly puberulous when they unfold on the lower surface,
and at maturity thm, dark green above, paler below, l^'-2^' long and i'-f wide, with a
pale midrib and obscure veins; petiolules slender, sometimes nearly 1' in length. Flowers
perfect., extremelj; fragrant, appearing in April, in open glabrous panicles S'-V long and
broad, terminal on lateral leafy branchlets developed from the axils of leaves of the previous
year, calyx cup-shaped, tV long, with acute apiculate attenuate teeth of unequal length,
deciduous, corolla f ' long, thin and white, divided to below the middle into 4 linear-oblong
lobes pointed at apex, and much longer than the nearly sessile oblong long-pointed anthers,
ovary 2-celled, with a thick 2-lobed nearly sessile stigma. Fruit elliptic to oblong-obovate,
1' long and I' wide, the wing round and slightly emarginate at apex, and decurrent nearly
to the base of the flat nerveless longer body.
A tree, rarely 20° high, with a short trunk 6'-8' in diameter, and slender terete branch-
lets light red-brown when they first appear, soon becoming darker and marked by scattered
OLEACE^
835
pale lenticels, and ashy gray and roughened by the dark elevated lunate leaf-scars in their
second year; more often a shrub or small shrubby tree, with numerous slender spreading
Fig.- 738
stems 6°-8'' tall. Winter-buds: terminal acute, nearly i' long, with dark reddish brown
glutinous scales.
Distribution. Rocky slopes and dry ridges; western Texas, valley of the Rio Grande
(mouth of Devil's River, Valverde County) to the Chisos Mountains, and in southern
New Mexico; in Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and Chihuahua; the var. macropetala in canons
of northern Arizona; the var. serrata (fig. 738) in Coahuila.
2. Fraxinus Greggii A. Gray.
Leaves l|'-3' long, with a winged petiole and rachis, and 3-7 narrow spatulate to oblong-
obovate leaflets entire or crenately serrate above the middle with remote teeth, a slender
Fig. 739
midrib, and obscure reticulate veins, thick and coriaceous, dark green on the upper surface
rather paler and covered with small black dots on the lower surface, ^'-f long, 1'-^' wide,
and nearly sessile. Flowers perfect or unisexual, on slender pedicels Y~¥ long, from the
836
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
axils of ovate acuminate rusty-pubescent bracts, in pubescent panicles |'-|' in length; calyx
campanula te, scarious; stamens 1 or 2, filaments longer than the calyx, anthers declinate,
nearly |' long; ovary broad-ovate, rounded at apex, longer than the calyx, the short style
terminating in large reflexed stigmatic lobes. Fruit narrow-spathulate to oblong-obovate,
^'-f long and about j' wide, the thin wing decurrent on the short terete body, rounded
and emarginate at apex and tipped with the elongated persistent conspicuous style.
A tree, rarely 20°-25° high, with a trunk 8°-10° long and occasionally 8' in diameter, and
slender terete branchlets dark green and puberulous when they first appear, soon becoming
ashy gray and roughened by numerous minute pale elevated lenticels, gradually turning
dark gray, or brown in their second and third years; more otten a shrub, with numerous
slender erect stems 4°-12° tall. Winter-buds: terminal, about |' long, obtuse, with thick
ovate light brown pubescent scales rounded on the back. Bark of the trunk thin, gray or
light brown tinged with red, separating on the surface into large papery scales. Wood
heavy, hard, close-grained, brown, with thick lighter-colored sapwood.
Distribution. Western Texas, along rocky beds of streams and deep ravines, Valverde
County (near Devil's River, Del Rio and Comstock) ; on the mountains of northeastern
Mexico; apparently most common and of its largest size on the Sierra Nevada of Nuevo
Leon.
3. Fraxinus Lowellii Sarg.
Leaves 3f '-6' long, with a stout glabrous or slightly villose petiole, and 5 or rarely 3 ovate
stalked leaflets, acuminate and long-pointed, acute or rarely rounded at apex, cuneate at
base, serrate, often only above the middle, with small remote teeth, yellow-green, glabrous.
Fig. 740
or puberulous along the midrib above, glabrous or rarely sparingly villose near the base of
the slender pale midrib below, 2j'-3' long and l'-l|' wide, with thin primary veins arching
and united near the slightly thickened and revolute margins; on vigorous shoots occasion-
ally 1-foliolate with a broad-ovate or semi-orbicular leaflet. Flowers unknown. Fruit
ripening in July, in long glabrous panicles, oblong-obovate to oblong-elliptic, surrounded
at base by the minute slightly dentate calyx, l'-l|' long, I'-l' wide, the wing broad or
gradually narrowed and rounded, and often emarginate at apex and extending to the base
of the thin compressed many-rayed body about three-quarters the length of the fruit.
'A tree, 20°-25° high, with dark deeply furrowed bark, stout quadrangular otten winged
branchlets orange-browu in their first season and dark gray-brown the followmg year.
OLEACEiE
837
Distribution. Arizona, rocky slopes of Oak Creek Canon about twenty miles south of
Flagstaff, Coconino County, and in Copper Canon, west of Camp Verde, Yavapai County.
4. Fraxinus anomala S. Wats.
Leaves mostly reduced to a single leaflet but occasionally 2 or 3-foiiolate, the leaflets
broad-ovate or orbicular, roimded or acute or rarely obcordate at apex, cuneate or cordate
at base, and entire, or sparingly crenately serrate above the middle, covered above when
they unfold with short pale hairs and pubescent beneath, and at maturity thin but rather
coriaceous, dark green above, paler below* l§'-2' long and l'-2' wide, or when more than
one much smaller, with a broad rather conspicuous midrib and obscure veins, and when
solitary raised on a stout grooved petiole rusty-pubescent early in the season, becoming
I
Fig, 741
glabrous, and often 1 1' long, or short-petiolulate in the compound leaves. Flowers appear-
ing when the leaves are about two thirds grown, in short compact pubescent panicles, with
strap-shaped or lanceolate acute bracts |' long and covered with thick brown villose tomen-
tum, perfect or unisexual by the abortion of the stamens, the 2 forms occurring in the same
panicle; calyx cup-shaped, minutely 4-toothed; antherslinear-oblong, orange colored, raised
on slender filaments nearly as long as the stout columnar style. Fruit obovate, |' long,
the wing rounded and often deeply emarginate at apex, surrounding the short flattened
striately nerved body, and ^' wide.
A tree, 18°-20° high, with a short trunk Q'-T in diameter, stout contorted branches
forming a round-topped head, and branchlets at first quadrangular, dark green tinged with
red and covered with pale pubescence, orange colored and puberulous in their first winter
and marked by elevated pale lenticels and narrow lunate leaf-scars, and in their second or
third year terete and ashy gray; often a low shrub, with numerous spreading stems. Win-
ter-buds: terminal broad-ovoid, acuminate or obtuse, covered with thick orange-colored
tomentum, and \'-\' long. Bark of the trunk dark brown slightly tinged with red, \' thick
and divided by shallow fissures into narrow ridges separating into small thin appressed
scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, light brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood
of 30-50 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. In the neighborhood of streams; valley of the McElmo River, southwest-
ern Colorado; Carriso Mountains, San Juan County, northwestern New Mexico; north-
eastern (Apache County), and the Grand Canon of the Colorado River, Coconino County,
Arizona; southern Utah to the Charleston Mountains, southwestern Nevada and adjacent
California (Inyo County).
888
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
5. Fraxinus caroliniana Mill. Water Ash. Swamp Ash.
Leaves 7'-12' long, with an elongated stout terete pale petiole, and 5-7 long-stalked f
ovate to oblong acute or acuminate leaflets rarely rounded at apex, cuneate or sometimes
rounded or subcordate at base, and coarsely serrate w«th acute incurved teeth, or entire,
pilose above and more or less hoary-tomentose below m hen they unfold, and at maturity
thick and firm, 3'-G' long and 2'-3' wide, dark green above, paler or sometimes yellow-
green and glabrous or pubescent (var. Rehderiana Sarg.) beneath, particularly along the
conspicuous midrib and the numerous arcuate veins connected by obscure reticulate vein-
lets. Flowers dioecious, appearing in February and March in short or ultimately elongated
panicles inclosed in the bud by chestnut-brown pubescent scales; staminate flower with a
minute or nearly obsolete calyx, and 2 or sometimes 4 stamens, with slender filaments and
linear apiculate anthers; calyx of the pistillate flower cup-shaped, deeply divided and lacini-
ate, as long as the ovary gradually narrowed into an elongated slender style. Fruit elliptic
to oblong-obovate, frequently 3-winged, surrounded at base by the persistent calyx, 2' long,
I'-f ' wide, often marked on the 2 faces by a conspicuous impressed midvein, the body
short, compressed, and surrounded by the broad thin many-nerved sometimes bright vio-
let-colored wing, acute or acuminate, or rounded and emarginate at apex and usually nar-
rowed below into a stalk-like base.
A tree, rarely more than 40° high, with a trunk sometimes 12' in diameter, small branches
forming a narrow often round-topped head, and slender terete branchlets light green and
glabrous or tomentose when they first appear, light brown tinged with red and sometimes •
covered with a glaucous bloom or rarely pubescent or tomentose (var. Rehderiana Sajrg.)
in their first winter, becoming in their second year light gray or yeUow, occasionally marked
Fig. 742
by large pale lenticels, and by the elevated semiorbicular leaf-scars displaying a short row
of conspicuous tibro- vascular bundle-scars. Winter-buds: terminal, i' long, with 3 pairs
of ovate acute chestnut-brown puberulous scales, those of the outer rank thickened at base,
rounded on the back, and shorter than the others. Bark of the trunk tV'-I' thick, light
gray, more or less marked by large irregularly shaped round patches, and separating on the
surface into small thin closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained,
nearly white sometimes tinged with yellow, with thick lighter colored sapwood.
Distribution. Deep river swamps inundated during several months of the year, usually
under the shade of larger trees, or rarely in drier ground; coast region of the Atlantic and
Gulf states, valley of the Potomac River, Virginia, near Washington, D.C., to Florida
southward to Lake County and on the west coast to the valley of the lower Apalachicola
OLEACEiE
839
River, and to the valley of the Neches River (Beaumont, Jefferson County), Texas, and
northward through western Louisiana to southwestern (Malvern, Hot Springs County)
Arkansas; east of the Mississippi River occasionally appearing in isolated stations remote
from the coast (Anson County, North Carolina, C. L. Boynton, Pike County, Georgia,
R. M. Harper, Forrest County, Mississippi, T. G. Harbison); in Cuba.
6. Fraxinus pauciflora Nutt. Water Ash.
Fraxinus floridana Sarg.
Leaves 5'-9' long, with an elongated stout terete petiole, and 3-7, usually 5, elliptic to
oblong-obovate or ovate leaflets, acuminate or rarely abruptly pointed at apex, gradually
narrowed and rounded at the often unsymmetric base, finely or coarsely serrate, scurfy-
pubescent above and hoary-tomentose below when they unfold, and at maturity thick and
Fig. 743
firm, dark green and glabrous or puberulous on the upper surface and more or less tomen-
tose on the lower surface, 3'-4' long and I'-l |' wide, with a slender midrib, and thin pri-^
mary veins arcuate and united within the thickened re volute margins; petiolules of the lat-
eral leaflets Y~¥ loiig» much shorter than those of the terminal leaflet. Flowers dioecious,
appearing late in February or early in March, in elongated panicles inclosed in the bud by
chestnut-brown pubescent scales; staminate flower composed of an annular disk and 2 or 3
stamens, with short filaments and apiculate anthers; calyx of the pistillate flower cup-
shaped, slightly lobed, as long as the ovary gradually narrowed into the slender style.
Fruit oblong to lanceolate or oblanceolate, surrounded at base by the persistent calyx, l'-2'
long, l'-^ wide, marked on each of the 2 faces by a broad impressed midvein, the body near
the base of the many-nerved wing narrowed, rounded, and emarginate at apex.
A tree, 30°-40° high, with a trunk sometimes 12' in diameter, small spreading branches,
and slender terete branchlets light orange-brown and occasionally marked by large pale
lenticels during their first season, ashy gray and roughened the following year by the large
horizontal obcordate elevated leaf-scars displaying a central ring of fibro-vascular bundle-
Winter-buds terminal, broad-ovoid, acute, rusty-pubescent, about j' long. Bark
Ts'-f thick, light gray, and broken on the surface into small thin closely ap-
pressed scales.
Distribution. Deep swamps; valleys of the St. Mary's and Flint Rivers (Albany), south-
ern Georgia; Florida, near Jacksonville, Duval County, valley of the Caloosahatchee River,
and Bonita Springs, Lee County, to the shores of Lake Okeechobee, and in the valley of the
lower Apalachicola River; most abundant in Florida.
scars.
840
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
7. Fraxinus Standleyi Rehd.
Leaves 5'-7' long, with a slender glabrous petiole flattened, or slightly concave on
the upper side, and 7-9 ovate to oblong-ovate rarely elliptic leaflets, acute or short-
acuminate or rarely rounded at apex, broad-cuneate at base, slightly and irregularly ser-
i
I
Fig. 744
rate, yellow-green and glabrous above, glaucescent, slightly reticulate, minutely punctu-
late, glabrous or slightly villose on the slender midrib below, or rarely closely villose over
the entire lower surface, 1^'-2|' long and l'-2' wide, with usually 5-7 primary veins, the
terminal leaflet raised on a petiolule up to |' long, the lateral short-petiolulate, or nearly
sessile. Flowers not seen. Fruit ripening in September, on slender pedicels, in glabrous
panicles 3'-5' long, oblong-obovate, acute, rarely obtuse and occasionally emarginate at
apex, surrounded at base by the minute calyx deeply divided into acuminate lobes, f'-lf'
long and ^'-l' wide, the wing decurrent nearly to the middle of the subterete or slightly
compressed ellipsoid or oblong body.
A tree, sometimes 30° high, usually smaller, with a trunk only a few inches in diameter,
and slender terete glabrous branches orange-brown or rarely on vigorous shoots dark red-
brown and lustrous. Winter-buds: terminal ovoid* gradually narrowed and acute at
apex, I' long.
Distribution. Mountain canons at altitudes of 5500°-8000°; Now Mexico (Lincoln,
Grant and Luna Counties) ; Arizona (Cochise, Pima and Coconino Counties) ; on the San
Jose Mountains, Sonora, at an altitude of 7200°; passing into var. lasia Rehd. with branch-
lets, lower surface of the 7 leaflets and petioles densely tomentose; in Oak Creek and Syca-
more canons south of Flagstaff, Coconino County, at Fort Apache, Navajo County, on the
"White Mountains, Graham County, and on the Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise County,
Arizona; and near Santa Rita, Grant County, New Mexico. A single plant, possibly a
shrub, of the Mexican Fraxinus papilosa Ling, differing chiefly from F. Standleyi in the
glaucous papillose under surface of the leaves, has been seen at an altitude of 6750° on
the west sides of the San Luis Mountains, Grant County, New Mexico.
I
OLEACEiE
841
8. Fraxinus americana L. White Ash.
Leaves 8'-12' long, with a stout grooved petiole, and 5-9, usually 7, ovate to oblanceo-
late or oval, often falcate abruptly pointed or acuminate leaflets, cuneate or rounded at
base, crenulate-serrate or nearly entire, thin but firm, dark green above, pale or light green
and glabrous or slightly pubescent below, or rarely thicker, lanceolate, long-acuminate,
entire, glabrous and silvery white below (var. suhcoriacea Sarg.), 3'-5' long and l^'-3' wide,
with a broad midrib, and numerous conspicuous veins arcuate near the margins; falling
early in the autumn after turning on some individuals deep purple and on others clear
bright yellow; petiolules \'-^' or that of the terminal leaflet up to 1' in length. Flowers
dioecious, opening before the leaves late in the spring, in compact ultimately elongated
glabrous panicles from buds covered with dark ovate scales rounded at apex and slightly
keeled on the back; calyx campanulate, slightly 4-lobed in the staminate flower, and deeply
lobed or laciniately cut in the pistillate flower; stamens 2 or occasionally 3, with short stout
filaments, and large oblong-ovate apiculate anthers at first nearly black, later becoming
Fig. 745
reddish purple; ovary contracted into a long slender style divided into 2 spreading dark
purple stigmatic lobes. Fruit rarely deeply tinged with purple (f. iodocarpa Fern.), l'-2|'
long and usually about Y wide, or sometimes not more than ^' long (var. microcarpa A.
Gray), in crowded clusters 6'-8' in length, lanceolate or oblanceolate, surrounded at base
by the persistent calyx, the wing pointed or emarginate at apex and terminal or slightly
decurrent on the terete body.
A tree, sometimes 120° high, with a tall massive trunk 5°-Q° in diameter, stout upright
or spreading branches forming in the forest a narrow crown, or with suflBcient space a
round-topped or pyramidal head, and thick terete branchlets dark green or brown tinged
with red and covered with scattered pale caducous hairs when they first appear, soon be-
coming light orange color or ashy gray and marked by pale lenticels, becoming in their first
winter gray or light brown, lustrous, often covered with a glaucous bloom and roughened
by the large pale semiorbicular leaf-scars displaying near the margins a line of conspicuous
fibro- vascular bundle-scars. Winter-buds: terminal broad-ovoid, obtuse, with 4 pairs of
scales, those of the outer pair ovate, acute, apiculate, conspicuously keeled on the back,
nearly black, slightly puberulous, about one half the length of the scales of the second pair
rather shorter than those of the third pair, lengthening with the young shoots, and at ma-
turity oblong-ovate, narrowed and rounded at apex, keeled, |' long, and rusty-pubescent,
the scales of the inner pair becoming f ' long, ovate, pointed, keeled, sometimes slightly
84^
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
pinnatifid, green tinged with brown toward the apex, covered with pellucid dots and very
lustrous. Bark of the trunk l'-3' thick, dark brown or gray tinged with red, and deeply
divided by narrow fissures into broad flattened ridges separating on the surface into thin
appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, and brown, with thick
lighter colored sap wood; used in large quantities in the manufacture of agricultural imple-
ments, for the handles of tools, in carriage-building, for oars and furniture, and in the inte-
rior finish of buildings; the most valuable of the American species as a timber- tree.
Distribution. Common in rich rather moist soil on low hills, and in the neighborhood of
streams; Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Quebec and Ontario and the southern
peninsula of Michigan, and westward and southward to eastern Minnesota, central Iowa,
southeastern Nebraska, Missouri and Arkansas, eastern Kansas, and northern Oklahoma to
the valley of the Salt Fork of the Arkansas River in Woods County (near Alva, G. W.
Stevens), and to Florida to Taylor County and the valley of the lower Apalachicola River,
and through the Gulf states to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas; of its largest size on
the bottom-lands of the basin of the lower Ohio River; southward and west of the Missis-
sippi River less common and of smaller size; on the Appalachian Mountains up to altitudes
of 3800°; the var. crassifolia at Mt. Victory, Harding County, Ohio, Campbell, Dunklin
County, Missouri, and near Texarkana, Bowie County, Texas.
Often planted in the eastern states as a shade and ornamental tree, and occasionally in
western and northern Europe.
A form with the wing of the fruit extending nearly to the middle of the body distin-
guished as Fraxinus Smallii Britt. has the appearance of a hybrid between F. americana
and F. pennsylvanica var. lanceolata; individuals of this form have been found near Mc-
Guire's Mill, on the Yellow River, Guinnett County, Georgia; near Rochester, Monroe
County, New York; and near Lake Wingra, Dane County, Wisconsin.
9. Fraxinus texensis Sarg. Mountain Ash.
Leaves 5 '-8' long, with a long slender terete petiole, and 5 or occasionally 7 usually
long-stalked ovate broad-oval or obovate leaflets, rounded or acute, or often abruptly
pointed at apex, cuneate, rounded or slightly cordate at base, and coarsely crenulate-ser-
rate, chiefly above the middle, light green slightly tinged with red and pilose with occa-
Fig. 746
sional pale caducous hairs when they unfold, and at maturity thick and firm, glabrous, dark
green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, l'-3' long and f'-2' wide, and occa-
sionally furnished below with tufts of long white hairs at the base of the broad midrib, and
OLEACE^ 843
in the axils of the numerous conspicuous veins forked near the margins and connected by
coarse reticulate veinlets; petiolules slender, i'-|' and on the terminal leaflet up to 1' in
length. Flowers dioecious, appearing in March as the leaves begin to unfold, in compact
glabrous panicles from the axils of leaves of the previous year, and covered in the bud by
ovate rounded orange-colored scales; staminate flower composed of a minute or nearly ob-
solete 4-lobed calyx and 2 stamens, with short filaments and linear-oblong light purple
apiculate anthers; calyx of the female flower deep cup-shaped, and divided to the base into
4 acute lobes; ovary gradually narrowed into a long slender style. Fruit in short compact
clusters, spatulate to ofelong, surrounded at base by the persistent calyx, |'-1' long and
1'-^' wide, the wing rounded or occasionally emarginate at apex, and terminal on the short
terete many-rayed body; very rarely with 3 or 4 wings extending to the base of the fruit.
A tree, rarely 50° high, with a short trunk occasionally 2°-3*' in diameter, thick spread-
ing often contorted branches, and stout terete branchlets dark green tinged with red and
slightly puberulous when they first appear, becoming light yellow-brown or light orange
color during the summer, and in their first winter light brown marked by remote oblong
pale lenticels and by large elevated lunate leaf-scars displaying a row of conspicuous fibro-
vascular bundle-scars, and dark or reddish brown in their second or third season; usually
much smaller. Winter-buds : terminal acute, with 3 pairs of scales, those of the first pair
broad-ovate, rounded at the apex, dark orange color, pilose toward the base, and rather
shorter than the ovate rounded scales of the second pair coated with rufous tomentum and
becoming ^' long or about one half the length of the linear strap-shaped scales of the inner
pair truncate or emarginate at the apex and orange color. Bark of the trunk |'-f ' thick,
dark gray and deeply divided by narrow fissures into broad scaly ridges. Wood heavy,
hard, strong, light brown, with thin lighter colored sap wood; valued as fuel and occasion-
ally used for flooring.
Distribution. Texas, high dry limestone bluffs and ridges, in the neighborhood of Dal-
las, Dallas County, and Fort Worth, Tarrant County, to the valley of the Colorado River
near Austin, Travis County, and over the Edwards Plateau to Bandera, Kerr, Edwards
and Palo Pinto Counties.
Hardy in the Arnold Arboretum.
10. Fraxinus biltmoreana Beadl.
Leaves W-12' long, with a stout pubescent or puberulous petiole, and 7-9 oblong-ovate
to ovate-lanceolate or oval often falcate entire or obscurely toothed leaflets acuminate at
apex, rounded or cuneate and often inequilateral at base, yellow-bronze color and nearly
glabrous above, coated beneath, particularly on the midrib and veins, with long white
hairs when they unfold, and at maturity 3-6' long, l|'-2' wide, thick and firm in texture,
dark green and slightly lustrous on the upper surface, pale or glaucous and puberulous on
the lower surface and villose along the slender yellow midrib, and primary veins arcuate
near the slightly thickened and incurved margins; petiolules pubescent, i'-^' or that of the
terminal leaflet up to 2' in length. Flowers dioecious, appearing with the leaves about the
1st of May, in a rather compact pubescent panicle, with scarious caducous bracts and
bractlets; staminate flower with a minute cup-shaped very obscurely dentate calyx and
nearly sessile oblong acute anthers; calyx of the pistillate flower much larger and deeply
lobed; ovary oblong, gradually narrowed into the slender style divided at apex into 2 short
stigmatic lobes. Fruit linear-oblong, in elongated glabrous or puberulous clusters, l^'-lf '
long and about I' wide, the wing terminal, only slightly narrowed at the ends, emarginate
at apex, and two and a half to three times longer than the short ellipsoid terete many-
nerved body.
A tree, 40°-50° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, stout ascending or spreading
branches forming an open symmetrical head, and stout light or dark gray branchlets soft-
pubescent usually during two seasons, much roughened during their first winter and often
for two or three years by the large elevated mostly obcordate or sometimes orbicular leaf-
scars displaying a marginal line of fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Winter-buds: terminal
844 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ovoid, usually broader than long, and covered with bright brown scales, those of the outer
pair keeled on the back and apiculate at apex, the others rounded, accrescent, and slightly
villose. Bark of the trunk rough, dark gray, and slightly furrowed.
Distribution. Banks of streams and on low river benches; western New Jersey (Borden«
town, Burlington County); eastern Pennsylvania (Bucks County); near Arlington, Alex-
Fig. 747
andria County, Great Falls, Fairfax County, Woodbridge, Prince William County, and
Clifton Forge, Alleghany County, Virginia; near Easton, Monongalia County, West Vir-
ginia, and along the Appalachian Mountains up to altitudes of 2200° to northern Georgia;
in northern Alabama (St. Bernard, Cullman County), and westward to eastern Kentucky,
central Tennessee and through Ohio northward to Erie County; northern Indiana and
Illinois (Richland County), to southeastern Missouri (Campbell, Dunklin County).
11. Fraxinus profunda Bush. Pumpkin Ash.
Leaves 9'-18' long, with a stout tomentose petiole, and usually 7 but occasionally 9 lance-
olate or elliptic entire or slightly serrate leaflets acuminate or abruptly long-pointed at
apex, rounded, cuneate and often unsymmetric at base, coated below when they unfold
with hoary tomentum, and pilose on the upper surface with short pale hairs, particularly
on the midrib and veins, and at maturity thick and firm in texture, dark yellow-green and
nearly glabrous on the upper surface, soft-pubescent on the lower surface, 5 '-10' long and
l^'-5' wide, with a stout yellow midrib deeply impressed and puberulous above and numer-
ous slender primary veins; petiolules stout, tomentose early in the season, usually becom-
ing glabrous or nearly glabrous, j-Y or that of the terminal leaflet up to 2' in length.
Flowers dioecious, in elongated much-branched pubescent panicles, with oblong or oblong-
obovate scarious bracts and bractlets; staminate flower with a minute campanulate ob-
scurely 4-toothed calyx, and 2 or 3 stamens, with comparatively long slender filaments and
oblong apiculate anthers; pistillate flower with a large deeply lobed calyx accrescent and
persistent under the fruit, and an ovary gradually contracted into a slender style. Fruit
in long drooping many-fruited pubescent clusters, oblong, 2'-3' in length and often |' wide,
the wing sometimes falcate, rounded, apiculate, or emarginate at apex, and decurrent to
below the middle or nearly to the base of the thick terete many-rayed body.
A tree, occasionally 120° high, with a slender trunk 3° in diameter above the much en-
larged and buttressed base, small spreading branches forming a narrow rather open head,
and stout branchlets marked by large pale lenticels, coated at first with hoary tomentum,
tomentose and pubescent during their first winter and light gray and pilose or glabrous the
OLEACEiE
845
following year, and marked by the oblong slightly raised obconic leaf-scars nearly sur-
rounding the lateral buds; usually much smaller. Winter-buds terminal, broad-ovate,
Fig.i748
obtuse, light reddish brown, and covered with close pale pubescence. Bark of the trunk
I'-f ' thick, light gray and divided by shallow fissures into broad flat or rounded ridges
broken on the surface into thin closely appressed scales.
Distribution. Deep river swamps often inundated during several months of the year;
western New York {H. F. Sartwell); southern Indiana and Illinois; western Kentucky
(Caldwell and McCracken Counties) and Tennessee (Henderson County); southeastern
Missouri, eastern Arkansas (Moark and Corning, Clay County, and Varner, Lincoln
County); near New Orleans, Louisiana, eastern Mississippi (near Columbus, Lowndes
County), and in the valley of the lower Apalachicola River, western Florida.
Occasionally cultivated; hardy in the Arnold Arboretum.
12. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Red Ash.
Leaves 10'-12' long, with a stout slightly grooved pubescent petiole, and 7-9 oblong-
lanceolate, ovate-elliptic or slightly obovate leaflets gradually narrowed at apex into a long
slender point, unequally cuneate at base, and obscurely serrate, or often entire below the
middle, when they unfold coated below and on the petiole with hoary tomentum, and
lustrous and puberulous on the upper surface, and at maturity thin and firm, 4'-6' long,
l'-l|' wide, light yellow-green above and pale and covered below with silky pubescence,
with a conspicuous midrib and branching veins; in the autumn turning yellow or rusty
brown before falling; petiolules thick, grooved, pubescent, |'-i' or that of the terminal
leaflet up to 1' in length. Flowers dioecious, appearing late in spring as the leaves begin to
unfold, in a rather compact tomentose panicle, covered in the bud with ovate rusty-tomen-
tose scales; staminate flower with a minute obscurely toothed cup-shaped calyx, and 2
stamens, with short slender filaments and linear-oblong light green anthers tinged with
purple; calyx of the pistillate flower cup-shaped, deeply divided, as long as the ovary gradu-
ally narrowed into an elongated style divided at apex into 2 green stigmatic lobes. Fruit in
an open glabrous or pubescent panicle, lanceolate to slightly oblanceolate or oblong-obovate
or elliptic, l'-2^' long, j'-|' wide, surrounded at base by the persistent calyx, the thin wing
narrowed, rounded and occasionally emarginate or acute or acuminate and often apiculate
at apex, decurrent to below the middle or nearly to the gradually tapering base of the slen-
der terete many-rayed body.
A tree, 40°-60° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 18'-20' in diameter, stout upright
846
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
branches forming a compact irregularly shaped head, and slender terete branchlets more or
less coated when they first appear with pale tomentum sometimes persistent until their
second or third year or often disappearing during the first summer, ultimately becoming
ashy gray or light brown tinged with red, frequently covered with a glaucous bloom and
marked by pale lenticels, and in their first winter by the semicircular leaf-scars displaying a
short row of large fibro- vascular bundle-scars. Winter- buds: terminal, about |' long,
with 3 pairs of scales coated with rufous tomentum, those of the outer pair acute, rounded
on the back, truncate at apex, and rather shorter than those of the other pairs I'-l^' long
Fig. 749
at maturity and sometimes pinnately cut toward the apex. Bark of the trunk ^'-f ' thick,
brown tinged with red, and slightly furrowed, the surface of the ridges separating into thin
appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, rather strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light brown,
with thick lighter brown sap wood streaked with yellow; sometimes confounded commer-
cially with the more valuable wood of the White Ash. Variable in the length of the petio-
lules and in the shape of the fruit and the width of its wing; a form with short-stalked or
nearly sessile leaflets, found chiefly in Nebraska has been described as F. campestris Britt.
and a form with the wing of the spatulate fruit sometimes \' wide as F. Michauxii Britt.
Distribution. Low rich moist soil near the banks of streams and lakes; Nova Scotia to
Manitoba, and southward to central Georgia, northern Alabama (St. Bernard, Cullman
County, and Attalla, Etowah County), northeastern Mississippi (Tishomingo County),
southern Indiana and Illinois, northern Missouri, eastern Kansas and southwestern Okla-
homa (Cache, Comanche County) ; usually confined in the Carolinas to the Piedmont re-
gion and foothills of the high mountains. Passing into
Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceolata Sarg. Green Ash.
Leaves with rather narrower and shorter and usually more sharply serrate leaflets lus-
trous and bright green on both surfaces, and glabrous or pubescent along the midrib below.
A round-topped tree, rarely more than 60° high, or with a trunk more than 2° in diame-
ter, slender spreading branches, ashy gray terete glabrous branchlets marked by pale lenti-
cels, and rusty-pubescent bud-scales.
Distribution. Banks of streams; valley of the Penobscot River (Orono, Penobscot
County), Maine, to northern Vermont and the valley of the St. Lawrence River, near
Montreal, Province of Quebec, and to the valley of the Saskatchewan (Saskatoon, Sas-
katchewan), and in the United States westward to North Dakota, eastern Wyoming to the
base of the Bighorn Mountains, and on the mountains of northern Montana, and south-
OLEACE^
847
ward to western Florida to the valley of the lower Apalachicola River, Dallas County,
Alabama, central Mississippi, Louisiana, Oklahoma to Comanche County, and Texas to
the valley of the Guadalupe River; most abundant in the basin of the Mississippi River;
Fig. 750
attaining its largest size on the rich bottom-lands of eastern Texas and here often eO^-TO"
high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter; on the southern Appalachian Mountains ascending to
altitudes of 2000°-2500°. As it usually grows in the east with its bright green glabrous
leaves and glabrous branchlets the Green Ash appears distinct from the Red Ash, but trees
occur over the area which it inhabits, but more often westward, with slightly pubescent
leaves and branchlets which may be referred as well to one tree as to the other and make it
impossible to distinguish satisfactorily as species the Green and Red Ash.
Often planted as a shade and ornamental tree in the middle western and occasionally in
the eastern states, but less valuable than the White Ash.
13. Fraxinus Berlandieriana DC.
Leaves 3'-7' long, with a slender petiole, and 3-5 lanceolate, elliptic or obovate leaflets,
acuminate or abruptly acuminate or acute at apex, cuneate or rarely rounded at base.
Fig. 751
848
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
mostly entire or remotely serrate, thin, dark green and glabrous on the Up^yCr surface, rather
paler and glabrous or furnished with small axillary tufts of white hairs on the lower surface,
3'-4' long and §'-1^' wide; petiolules slender, li'-lF or that of the terminal leaflet up to
1^' in length. Flowers dioecious, in a short glabrous panicle inclosed in the bud by broad-
ovate rounded chestnut-brown pubescent scales; staminate flower with a minute obscurely
lobed calyx and 2 stamens, with short filaments and linear-oblong apiculate anthers; calyx
of the pistillate flower cup-shaped, deeply divided, and as long as the ovary gradually nar-
rowed into the slender style. Fruit ripening in May, oblong-obovate to spatulate, acute
or acuminate at apex, l'-l|' long and I' wide, the wing decurrent nearly to the base of the
compressed many-rayed clavate body gradually narrowed into a long slender base sur-
rounded by the enlarged deeply lobed calyx.
A tree, rarely more than 30° high, or with a trunk more than a foot in diameter, and
terete slender branchlets light green when they first appear, becoming in their first winter
light brown tinged with red or ashy gray, and marked by occasional lenticels and by the
small elevated nearly circular leaf-scars displaying a short row of large fibro-vascular bun-
dle-scars. Winter-buds: terminal acute; with dark brown puberulous scales. Bark of
the trunk dark gray tinged with red, I'-l^' thick, and divided by shallow interrupted fis-
sures into narrow ridges. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick lighter
colored sap wood.
Distribution. Texas, banks of streams and mountain canons, valley of the Colorado
River (Bastrop and Travis Counties), and those of the San Antonio and Nueces Rivers to
the lower Rio Grande, and over the Edwards Plateau to Palo Pinto County; in northeastern
Mexico.
14. Fraxinus velutina Torr.
Leaves 4'-5' long, with a broad densely villose petiole grooved like the slender rachis on
the upper side, and 3-5 elliptic to ovate or slightly obovate leaflets acute at apex, narrowed
and rounded or cimeate at base, finely crenulate-serrate above the middle, pubescent above
Fig. 752
and tomentose below when they unfold, and at maturity thick, pale green, glabrous on the
upper surface, tomentose on the lower surface, I'-l^' long and f'-l' wide, with a promi-
nent midrib and primary veins, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; petiolules of the lat-
eral leaflets i' or less or that of the terminal leaflet up to Y in length. Flowers dioecious,
appearing in March and April with the unfolding of the leaves, on long slender pedicel' in
OLEACE^
849
elongated pubescent panicles, covered in the bud by broad-ovate tomentose scales rounded
at apex; calyx cup-shaped, densely pubescent; stamens, with short slender filaments and
oblong apiculate anthers; ovary nearly inclosed in the calyx, shorter than the nearly sessile
lobes of the stigma. Fruit ripening in September, on slender villose pedicels, in large many-
fruited clusters, oblong-obovate to elliptic, surrounded at base by the enlarged deeply di-
vided calyx, rarely more than |' long and i' wide, the wing terminal, rounded and often
emarginate or acute at apex, shorter than the terete many-rayed clavate body attenuate at
base and jj'-^' in length.
A slender tree, 25°-30°, rarely 40°-50° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, stout often
spreading branches forming a round-topped head, and slender terete branchlets coated
during their first season with hoary tomentum, and ashy gray, glabrous and marked by
large obcordate dark leaf-scars in their second year. Winter-buds: terminal acute, f
long, with 3 pairs of broad-ovate pointed tomentose scales, those of the inner pair strap-
shaped and §' long when fully grown. Bark of the trunk |'-|' thick, gray slightly tinged
with red, and deeply divided into broad flat broken ridges separating on the surface into
small thin scales. Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, close-grained, light brown, with
thick lighter colored sapwood; used locally for axe-handles and in the manufacture of
wagons.
Distribution. Mountain canons up to altitudes of 6000°, central and southern Arizona
and southern New Mexico. Passing into the following varieties: var. coriacea Rehd.
{Fraxinus coriacea S. Wats.) differing in its thicker more coriaceous often more coarsely
serrate leaflets and in the less densely pubescent or glabrescent branchlets; southern Utah
(St. George, Washington County) to southeastern California; var. glabra Rehd. with
glabrous 3-7-foliolate leaves and glabrous branchlets; common with the species; occasion-
ally cultivated in the cities of Arizona; more distinct is
Fraxinus velutina var. Toumeyi Rehd.
Fraxinus Toumeyi Britt.
Leaves 3|'-6' long, with a villose-pubescent petiole, and 5-7 lanceolate to elliptic or
rarely obovate acuminate and long-pointed or acute leaflets, finely serrate above the mid-
dle4 glabrous on the upper surface, covered on the lower surface with close fine pubescence.
Fig. 753
l|'-3' long and \'-V wide; petiolules slender, pubescent, |'-|' or that of the terminal leaflet
up to 1' in length; occasionally on vigorous shoots reduced to a single leaflet. Flowers as in
the species. Fruit nairow-oblong, 1' long and often not more than j^^' wide, or spatulate
850
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
with the wing longer or shorter than the body, and sometimes only about f ' long and Jg'
wide, with the wing longer or not more than half the length of the body.
A tree, usually 20°-30° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, and ashy gray branchlets
pale pubescent when they first appear, becoming glabrous or puberulous during their second
season.
Distribution. Mountain canons at altitudes of 5000°-6000°; in Arizona more common
than F. velutina; less abundant in southern New Mexico; in Sonora.
Often used to shade the streets in the towns of southern Arizona.
15. Fraxinus oregona Nutt.
Leaves 5'-14' long, with a stout grooved and angled pubescent, tomentose or glabrous
petiole, and usually 5-7, rarely 3, or on young trees occasionally 9, ovate to elliptic or rarely
oval or obovate leaflets usually contracted at apex into a short broad point, gradually nar-
Fig. 754
rowed at base, and entire or remotely and obscurely serrate, usually coated below and on
the petioles with thick pale tomentum when they unfold and pubescent above, or nearly
glabrous or pilose with a few scattered hairs, and at maturity light green on the upper sur-
face, paler and usually tomentose, puberulous or rarely glabrous (var. glabra Rehd.), on
the lower surface, S'-l' long and l'-l|' wide, with a broad pale midrib, conspicuous veins
arcuate near the margins, and reticulate veinlets, the lateral usually sessile, rarely on petio-
lules up to W or that of the terminal leaflet up to 1 ' in length ; turning yellow or russet
brown in the autumn before falling. Flowers dioecious, appearing in April or May when
the leaves begin to unfold, in compact glabrous panicles covered in the bud by broad-
ovate scales coated with rufous pubescence; staminate flower composed of a minute calyx,
short filaments, and short-oblong apiculate anthers; calyx of the pistillate flower lacini-
ately cut and shorter than the ovary narrowed into a stout style divided into long conspic-
uous stigmatic lobes. Fruit in ample crowded clusters, oblong, obovate to oblanceolate
or elliptic, rounded and often emarginate or acute at apex, V-l' long and \'-\' wide, the
wing decurrent to the middle or nearly to the attenuate base of the clavate or ellipsoid
slightly compressed many-rayed body.
A tree, frequently 70°-80° high, with a long trunk occasionally 4° in diameter, stout
branches forming a narrow upright head or a broad shapely crown, and thick terete branch-
lets more or less densely coated with pale or rarely rufous silky pilose tomentum per-
sistent during their second year or occasionally deciduous during their first summer, be-
coming light red-brown or orange color, glabrous or puberulous, often covered with a
slight glaucous bloom, marked by small remote pale lenticels, and during their first and
OLEACEiE 851
Gccond winters by the large elevated semiorbicular leaf-scars displaying a short row of con-
spicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars, rarely always glabrous (var, glabra Rehd.). Win-
ter-buds : terminal acute, i '~4 ' long, with 4 pairs of scales covered with pale hairs or with
rusty pubescence, those of the inner rows often foliaceous at maturity. Bark of the trunk
i'-l|' thick, dark gray, or brown slightly tinged with red, and deeply divided by inter-
rupted fissures into broad flat ridges separating on the surface into thin scales. Wood
light, hard, brittle, coarse-grained, brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood; largely used
in the manufacture of furniture, for the frames of carriages and wagons, in cooperage, the
interior finish of houses, and for fuel.
Distribution. Usually in rich moist soil in the neighborhood of streams; coast region of
southern British Columbia, southward through western Washington and Oregon and the
California coast region to the Bay of San Francisco and the Santa Cruz Mountains, and
along the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada to those of the mountains of San Bernar-
dino and San Diego Counties, California; the var. glabra in Los Angeles and San Bernardino
Counties, and east of the Sierra Nevada in Inyo County (Ash Creek, near Owens Lake),
and occasionally northward in California; most abundant and of its largest size on the bot-
tom-lands of the rivers of southwestern Oregon; one of the most valuable of the deciduous-
leaved timber-trees of Pacific North America.
Occasionally cultivated; hardy in the Arnold Arboretum.
16. Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. Blue Ash.
Leaves 8'-12' long, with a slender petiole glabrous, or puberulous toward the base, and
5-11 oblong-ovate to lanceolate long-pointed coarsely serrate leaflets unequally rounded or
euneate at base, and coated when they unfold on the lower surface with thick brown to-
Fig. 755
mentum, and at maturity thick and firm, yellow-green and glabrous above, pale and gla-
brous or sometimes furnished with tufts of pale hairs along the base of the conspicuous mid-
rib below, 3'-5' long and l'-2' wide, with short stout petiolules and 8-12 pairs of veins arcu-
ate near the margins; turning pale yellow in the autumn before falling. Flowers perfect,
appearing as the terminal buds begin to expand, in loose-branched panicles from small ob-
tuse buds with scales keeled on the back, apiculate at apex, and covered with thick brown
tomentum; calyx reduced to an obscure ring; corolla 0; stamens 2, with nearly sessile broad
connectives and dark purple oblong obtuse anther-cells; ovary oblong-ovoid, gradually nar-
rowed into a short style divided at apex into 2 light purple stigmatic lobes generally matur-
ing dud withering before the anthers open. Fruit oblong to oblong-cuneate, l'-2' long
852
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and Y~¥ wide, the wing rounded and often emarginate or acute at apex, surrounding the
flat body faintly many-rayed on both surfaces.
A tree, usually 60°-70° or occasionally 120° high, with a trunk i°-S° in diameter, small
spreading branches forming a slender head, and stout 4-angled branchlets more or less
4-winged between the nodes, dark orange color and covered with short rufous pubescence
when they first appear, becoming gray tinged with red in their second year and marked by
scattered pale lenticels and by the large elevated obcordate leaf-scars displaying a lunate
row of fibro- vascular bundle-scars, and in their third year light brown or ashy gray and then
gradually becoming terete. Winter-buds: terminal about j long, with 3 pairs of scales,
those of the outer row thick, rounded on the back, usually obscurely pinnate toward the
apex, dark reddish brown, slightly puberulous or often hoary-tomentose, partly covering
the bud, those of the inner rows strap-shaped, coated with light brown tomentum, often
pinnate, becoming 1 '-1 ^' long. Bark of the trunk |'-|' thick, irregularly divided into large
plate-like scales, the light gray surface slightly tinged with red separating into thin minute
scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, rather brittle, light yellow streaked with brown,
with thick lighter colored sap wood of 80-90 layers of annual growth; largely used for floor-
ing and in carriage-building, and not often distinguished commercially from that of other
species of the northern and middle states. A blue dye is obtained by macerating the inner
bark in water.
Distribution. Rich limestone hills, occasionally descending into the bottom-lands of
fertile valleys; southwestern Ontario through southern Michigan to southwestern Iowa and
southward through western Ohio and southeastern Indiana to eastern and central Ken-
tucky (near Clarksville, Montgomery County), eastern Tennessee and northern Ala-
bama (near Huntsville, Madison County), and through Missouri to southeastern Kansas,
southwestern Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma (near Pawhuska, Osage County);
nowhere very abundant; of its largest size in the basin of the lower Wabash River, Illinois,
and on the western slopes of the Big Smoky Mountains, Tennessee.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern United
States.
17. Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash. Brown Ash.
Leaves 12'-16' long, with a stout pale petiole, and 7-11 oblong or oblong-lanceolate long-
pointed leaflets, unequally cuneate or sometimes rounded at base, serrate with small in-
curved apiculate teeth, the lateral sessile, the terminal on a petiolule up to 1' in length, cov-
ered especially below when they unfold with rufous hairs, and at maturity thin and firmj
Fig 756
OLEACEiE 853
dark green above, paler below, glabrous with the exception of occasional tufts of rufous
lliiTS along the under side of the broad pale midrib, 4'-5' long and l'-2' wide, with many
conspicuous primary veins arcuate near the margins and obscurely reticulate veinlets; turn-
ing rusty brown and falling early in the autumn. Flowers polygamous, without a peri-
anth, appearing before the leaves in a compact or ultimately elongated panicle 4'-5' long,
and covered in the bud by broad-ovate dark brown or nearly black scales rounded at apex;
staminate flowers on separate trees or mixed with perfect flowers, and consisting of 2 large
deeply pitted oblong dark purple apiculate anthers attached on the back to short broad
filaments; pistillate flower consisting of a long slender style deeply divided into 2 broad
purple stigmas and often accompanied by 1 or 2 perfect or globose rudimentary pink an-
thers sessile or borne on long or short filaments. Fruit in open panicles 8'-10' in length,
oblong to slightly oblong-obovate, l'-l|' long and ^' wide, with a thin wing, surrounding
the short flat faintly nerved body, rounded and emarginate at apex and narrowed and
rounded or cuneate at base.
A tree, occasionally 80°-90° high, with a tall trunk rarely exceeding 20' in diameter,
slender mostly upright branches forming a narrow head, and stout terete branchlets dark
green and slightly puberulous when they first appear, soon becoming ashy gray or orange
color and marked by large pale lenticels, growing darker during their first winter and then
roughened by the large suborbicular leaf-scars displaying a semicircular row of conspicuous
fibro- vascular bundle-scars; usually much smaller. Winter-buds: terminal broad-ovate,
acute, rather less than j' long, with 3 pairs of scales, those of the outer pair thick and
rounded on the back at base, gradually narrowed and acute at apex, dark brown, slightly
puberulous, falling as the bud begins to enlarge in the spring, and shorter than the scales of
the inner rows coated on the outer surface with rufous pubescence, those of the second pair
becoming strap-shaped, 1' long, Y wide, and about half as long as the pinnate usually folia-
ceous inner scales. Bark of the trunk gray slightly tinged with red, |'-|' thick, and divided
into large irregular plates separating into thin papery scales. Wood heavy, rather soft,
not strong, tough, coarse-grained, durable, easily separable into thin layers, dark brown,
with thin light brown often nearly white sapwood; largely used for the interior finish of
houses and in cabinet-making, and for fences, barrel hoops, and in the manufacture of
baskets.
Distribution. Deep cold swamps and the low banks of streams and lakes; southern
Newfoundland and the northern shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Lake Winnipeg, and
southward to New Castle County, Delaware, the mountains of West Virginia, southwest-
ern Indiana (Knox County; now probably exterminated by drainage), and central
Iowa.
2. FORESTIERA Poir. Swamp Privet.
Adelia Michx.
Trees or shrubs, with thin close bark, slender branchlets, and small scaly buds. Leaves
simple, entire or serrulate, petiolate, deciduous Dr persistent. Flowers dioecious or polyga-
mous, minute, on slender ebracteolate pedicels, in fascicles or panicles, their bracts caducous,
from buds in the axils of leaves of the previous year and covered with numerous scales;
calyx reduced to a narrow ring or cup-shaped, 5 or 6-lobed; corolla 0; stamens hypogynous;
filaments 2-4^ anthers ovoid, opening by lateral slits; ovary 2-celled, gradually narrowed
into a slender style terminating in an abruptly enlarged 2-lobed stigma; ovules 2 in each
cell, suspended from its apex; raphe dorsal. Fruit 1 or very rarely 2-celIed, drupaceous,
oblong or subglobose, with thin flesh and a thin-walled stone; seed 1 in each cell, pendulous,
testa membranaceous; albumen fleshy; cotyledons plane, nearly filling the cavity of the
stone.
Forestiera with 14 species is distributed from the southern United States and Mexico
through Central America to Paraguay, and through the West Indies to Brazil.
The generic name is in memory of the French physician and botanist Charles Lefores-
tiere.
854
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
1. Forestiera acuminata Poir.
Leaves elliptic, acuminate and long-pointed at apex, gradually; ]Mirrowed and cuneate at
base, serrate above the middle with small remote incurved teeth, glabrous with the excep-
tion of occasional hairs on the upper side of the slender midrib, yellow-green on the upper
surface, paler on the lower surface, 2|'-4^' long and I'-l^' wide, with usually 5 or 6 pairs of
slender primary veins and slightly thickened and incurved margins, deciduous; petioles
slender, often slightly winged above the middle, |'-|' in length. Flowers appearing in
April and May before the leaves from ovoid pointed buds I' long, with thickened pale chest-
nut-brown scales; calyx reduced to a narrow slightly lobed ring; corolla 0; staminate in
many-flowered fascicles, on short pedicels from the axils of broad-obovate thin yellow
apiculate conspicuous bracts; stamens 4, on long slender filaments; anthers bright yellow;
ovary reduced to a minute ovoid body; pistillate flowers on slender pedicels |' long, in gla-
brous pedunculate several-flowered panicles f'-li' long, their bracts caducous; stamens
with shorter filaments and abortive or rarely fertile anthers, or usually 0; ovary oblong-
ovoid, slightly unsymmetric, gradually narrowed into the long slender style enlarged into
the thickened imperfectly 2-lobed terminal stigma. Fruit falling as soon as ripe in June
and July, oblong-ovoid, gradually narrowed, acute and tipped with the remnants of the
style at apex, gradually narrowed and rounded at base, slightly compressed and unsym-
metric, dark blue-purple, I'-l j' long, about j thick, with thin dry flesh, and a striate stone
rounded at base, straight on one side and rounded on the other, its wall covered with thin
vertical scales spongy in appearance, and conspicuously longitudinally ridged on the inner
surface the ridges terminating in long slender tips forming the acuminate apex of the stone;
seeds ellipsoid, slightly compressed, striate, light brown, about i' in length.
Fig. 757
A tree, rarely 50° high, with a short trunk 8'-10' in diameter, small spreading branches,
and slender light brown branchlets becoming darker in their second year, and marked by
numerous lenticels and by the small elevated nearly orbicular leaf-scars. Winter-buds:
terminal ovoid, pointed, about A' long, with numerous scales increasing in size from the
outer to the inner ranks; usually much smaller, and generally a shrub 10°-15° high and
broad. Bark close, slightly ridged, dark brown.
Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps in low moist soil; valley of the lower "Wa-
bash River, southwestern Indiana, southern Illinois northward along the Mississippi River
to Pike County, and to central Tennessee, and from southern Missouri through Arkansas
to eastern Oklahoma (near Muskogee, Muskogee County) and eastern Texas to the valley
OLEACE^ 855
of the lower Colorado River inland to Colorado County (shores of Eagle Lake), and
through Louisiana, central and southern Mississippi and Alabama to western Florida
(Branford, Suwanee County) and on the Savannah River, near Augusta, RichmoDd
County, Georgia; most abundant in Missouri, Arkansas and Texas; comparatively rare
east of the Mississippi River, but probably of its largest size in eastern Louisiana.
Occasionally cultivated; hardy in the Arnold Arboretum.
3. CHIONANTHUS L.
Trees or shrubs, with stout terete or slightly angled branchlets, thick pith, and buds with
numerous opposite scales. Leaves simple, conduplicate in the bud, deciduous. Flowers
dioecious or rarely polygamous, on elongated ebracteolate pedicels, in 3-flowered clusters
terminal on the slender opposite branches, of ample loose panicles, with foliaceous persist-
ent bracts, from separate buds in the axils of the upper leaves of the previous year; calyx
minute, deeply 4-parted, the divisions imbricated in the bud, persistent under the fruit;
corolla white, deeply divided into 4 or rarely 5 or 6 elongated linear lobes conduplicate-
valvate in the bud, united at base into a short tube, or rarely separate; stamens 2, inserted on
the base of the corolla opposite the axis of the flower, or rarely 4 in the staminate flower, in-
cluded; filaments terete, short; anthers ovoid, attached on the back below the middle, apicu-
late by the elongation of the connective, 2-celled, the cells opening by longitudinal lateral
or subextrorse slits; ovary ovoid, abruptly contracted into a short columnar style; stigma
thick and fleshy, slightly 2-lobed; in the staminate flower of the Asiatic species reduced to a
minute subglobose body; ovules laterally attached near the apex of the cell; raphe ventral.
Fruit an ovoid or oblong, usually 1 or rarely 2 or 3-seeded thick-skinned drupe tipped with
the remnants of the style: flesh thin and dry; stone thick- walled, crustaceous. Seed filling
the cavity of the stone, ovoid; seed-coat chestnut-brown.
Chionanthus inhabits the middle and southern United States with one species, and
northern and central China with another.
The specific name, from xic6»' and dpdos, is in allusion to the light and graceful clusters
of snow-white flowers.
1. Chionanthus virginica L. Fringe-tree. Old Man*s Beard.
Leaves ovate or oblong, acuminate, short-pointed or sometimes rounded at apex, gradu-
ally narrowed and cuneate below, entire, with undulate margins, and coarsely reticulate-
Fig. 758
venulose, yellow-green and lustrous above, pubescent below, and ciliate on the margins
when they unfold, and at maturity 4'-8' long, ^'-4' wide, thick and firm, dark green on
856 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
the upper surface, pale and glabrous on the lower surface except on the stout midrib and
conspicuous arcuate primary veins more or less covered with short white hairs; turning
bright clear yellow before falling early in the autumn; petioles stout, puberulous, ^-V in
length. Flowers slightly and agreeably fragrant, appearing when the leaves are about
one third grown, in loose pubescent drooping panicles 4'-6' in length, the bracts at the
base of the lower branches of the inflorescence oblong, glabrous on the upper surface,
pubescent on the lower surface, and sometimes 1' long, those at the base of the upper
branches oval, successively smaller, and gradually passing into the minute laciniate bracts
subtending the lateral pedicels of the 3-flowered clusters terminating the last divisions of
the panicle; some individuals bearing occasional perfect flowers among others function-
ally dicecious, some with sterile or rarely perfect anthers and a well-developed stigma, and
others with an imperfectly developed stigma and fertile anthers; calyx light green, glabrous,
with acute entire or laciniately cut lobes; corolla 1' long, marked on the inner surface near
the base by a row of bright purple spots; anthers light yellow, with a green connective.
Fruit ripening in September, in loose few-fruited clusters, their bracts leaf-like and some-
times 2' in length, oval or short-oblong, 1' long, dark blue or nearly black, and often
covered with a glaucous bloom; seeds ^ long, ovoid, narrowed at apex and covered with
a thin light chestnut-brown coat marked by reticulate veins radiating from the hilum.
A tree, 20°-30° high, with a short trunk 8'-10' in diameter, stout ashy gray or light brown
branches forming an oblong rather narrow head, and stout branchlets light green and cov-
ered with pale pubescence or sometimes glabrous when they first appear, terete or slightly
angled in their first winter, often much thickened below the nodes, light brown or orange
color, and marked by large scattered darker colored lenticels and by the elevated semior-
bicular leaf-scars displaying a semicircular row of conspicuous fibro- vascular bundle-scars;
often a shrub, with several stout thick spreading stems. Winter-buds broad-ovoid, acute,
I' long, with about 5 pairs of scales increasing in length from the outer to the inner pair,
ovate, acute, keeled on the back, light brown and slightly pilose on the outer surface,
bright green and lustrous on the inner surface, and ciliate on the margins with scattered
white hairs, those of the inner pair at maturity obovate, gradually narrowed below, folia-
ceous, and I'-l^' long. Bark of the trunk i'-|' thick, and irregularly divided into small
thin appressed brown scales tinged with red. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, and light
brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The bark is tonic and is sometimes used in
decoctions and in the treatment of intermittent fevers, or as an aperient and diuretic, and
in homoeopathic practice.
Distribution. Banks of streams in rich moist soil; southeastern Pennsylvania -to north-
eastern Kentucky, and to the Manatee River region, western Florida, and through the Gulf
states to northern Arkansas (Baxter and Cleburne Counties), southwestern Oklahoma
(near Page, Leflore County) and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas; ascending on the
southern Appalachian Mountains to altitudes of 4000°.
Often cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern United States, and in western and
central Europe.
4. OSMANTHUS Lour.
Trees or shrubs, with terete or slightly angled branches, and fibrous roots. Leaves sim-
ple, persistent. Flowers fragrant, polygamo-dicecious or perfect, on ebracteolate pedicels
subtended by scale-like bracts, in short axillary racemes or in short axillary or rarely ter-
minal fascicles; calyx minute, 4-toothed or divided, the divisions imbricated in the bud,
persistent under the fruit; corolla tubular, 4-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, ovate,
obtuse, spreading after anthesis; stamens 2, inserted on the tube of the corolla opposite the
lateral lobes of the calyx, or rarely 4; filaments terete, short; anthers ovoid or linear-oblong,
blunt, or apiculate by the prolongation of the connective, attached on the back below the
middle, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally by marginal slits, sometimes rudimentary
or 0 in the pistillate flower; ovary subglobose; style columnar, short or elongated, crowned
with an entire capitate stigma; ovules laterally attached near the apex of the cell; raphe
OLEACE^
857
ventral. Fruit a fleshy 1-seeded ovoid or globose drupe tipped with the remnants of the
style; flesh thin and succulent; stone hard and bony. Seed filling the cavity of the stone;
cotyledons flat, much longer than the short superior radicle turned toward the hilum.
Osmanthus with ten species inhabits eastern North America, the Hawaiian Islands,
Polynesia, Japan, China, and the Himalayas. Osmanthus fragrans Lour., a native of China
and the temperate Himalayas, is cultivated in China for its fragrant minute cream-colored
or yellow flowers used by the Chinese to perfume tea, and is everywhere a favorite garden
plant.
The generic name, from o^ixii and &vdo$, relates to the fragrance of the flowers.
1. Osmanthus americanus B. & H. Devil Wood.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate or obovate, acute or rarely rounded and occasionally emargi-
nate at apex, and gradually narrowed and cuneate at base, with thickened revolute mar-
gins, when they unfold coated beneath with pale tomentum, and at maturity thick and
coriaceous, glabrous, bright green, lustrous above, obscurely reticulate-venulose, 4'-5' long
Fig. 759
and ^'-2|' wide, with a broad pale midrib and remote forked primary veins arcuate near the
margins; persistent until their second year; petioles stout, |'-|' in length. Flowers open-
ing in March from pilose inflorescence-buds formed the previous autumn in the axils of the
leaves of the year, the staminate, pistillate, and perfect flowers on different individuals in
3-flowered clusters, sessile or short-pedicellate, in pedunculate cymes or short racemes,
with scale-like nearly triangular acute persistent bracts; calyx puberulous, with acute rigid
lobes, and much shorter than the creamy white corolla |' long when expanded, with an
elongated tube and short spreading ovate rounded lobes; stamens inserted on the middle of
the tube of the corolla, included or slightly exserted, small and often rudimentary in the
pistillate flower; ovary abruptly contracted into a stout columnar style crowned with a
large exserted capitate stigma, reduced in the staminate flower to a minute point. Fruit
ripening early in the autumn, oblong or obovoid, 1' long, dark blue, with thin flesh and a
thick or sometimes thin-walled brittle ovoid pointed stone; seed ovoid, covered with a
chestnut-brown coat marked by broad conspicuous pale veins radiating from the short
broad ventral hilum and encircling the seed.
A tree, occasionally 60°-70° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, and slender
slightly angled ultimately terete branchlets light or red-brown and marked by minute pale
lenticels, becoming ashy gray in their second year and roughened by the small elevated
orbicular leaf-scars displaying a ring of minute fibro- vascular bundle-scars; usually much
858 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
smaller and often shrubby. Winter-buds narrow-lanceolate, ^' long, with 2 thick lanceo-
late reddish brown puberulous scales. Bark of the trunk thin, dark gray or gray tinged
with red, and roughened by small thin appressed scales displaying in falling the dark cinna-
mon red inner bark. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, difficult to work,
dark brown, with thick light brown or yellow sapwood.
Distribution. Usually in hammocks and other places protected from fires near the
borders of streams and Pine-barren ponds and swamps, and occasionally on dry sandy up-
lands; coast region of the south Atlantic and Gulf states from the valley of the lower Cape
Fear River, North Carolina, to Lake and Orange Counties, the shores of Tampa Bay,
Florida, and westward to eastern Louisiana.
LXI. BOKRAGINACE^.
Scabrous-pubescent trees or shrubs, with waterv juice, and terete branchlets. Leaves
simple, alternate or subverticillate, penniveined, persistent or tardily deciduous, without
stipules. Flowers regular, perfect, in terminal or axillnry dichotomous often scorpioid-
branched cymes; calyx usually 5-lobed, persistent under the fruit; corolla hypogynous,
5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla
opposite its lobes; filaments filiform; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudi-
nally; pistil of 2 carpels; ovary undivided (in the arborescent genera of the United States),
sessile on the hypogynous inconspicuous disk, more or less completely 4-celled; style
single, 2-branched or parted toward the apex; stigmas clavate or capitate; ovule solitary
in each cell. Fruit drupaceous (in the arborescent genera of the United States), tipped
with the remnants of the style, with 2-4 nutlets or cells. Seeds ascending; seed-coat mem-
branaceous.
The Borage family with ninety-five genera, mostly of herbaceous plants, is widely dis-
tributed and most abundant in temperate regions, especially in the Mediterranean basin
and central Asia.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Branches of the style 2-branched; fruit partly or entirely inclosed in the enlarged calyx.
1. Cordia.
Branches of the style not branched; fruit not inclosed in the calyx.
Calyx valvately splitting into 5 minute teeth; fruit with 2-4 1-seeded nutlets.
2. Beureria.
Calyx 5-parted or cleft, the divisions imbricated in the bud; fruit with 2 2-seeded nutlets.
3. Ehretia.
1. CORDIA L.
Trees or shrubs, with petiolate entire persistent leaves and naked buds. Flowers in
terminal scorpioid-branched cymes; calyx tubular or campanulate, conspicuously many-
ribbed or rayed, the teeth valvate in the bud; corolla funnel form; anthers oblong-ovate;
jvary 4-celled; style slender, elongated, 2-branched above the middle, the branches 2-
parted, their division stigmatic to the base ; ovule ascending, laterally attached below the
middle to the inner angle of the cell, suborthotropous ; micropyle superior. Fruit entirely or
partly inclosed in the thickened calyx; flesh dry and corky or sweet and juicy; stone thick-
walled, hard and bony, 1-4-celled, usually 1 or 2-seeded. Seeds without albumen; embryo
filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons thick and fleshy or membranaceous, longitudinally
plicate or corrugated, much shorter than the superior radicle turned toward the hilum.
Cordia with two hundred and fifty species inhabits the tropical and warm extratropical
regions of the two hemispheres, the largest number of species being American. Of the four
species found within the territory of the United States two are trees. Some of the species
are valuable timber-trees, and others are cultivated for their edible fruits.
The generic name is in honor of Valerius Cordus (1515-1544), the German writer on
pharmacy and botany,
BORRAGINACEiE
859
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Corolla orange or flame color; fruit inclosed in the smooth glabrous thickened ivory-white
calyx; leaves ovate. 1. C. Sebestena (D).
Corolla white with a yellow centre; fruit entirely or partly inclosed in the thin many-ribbed
tomentose orange-brown calyx; leaves oval or oblong-ovate.
2. C. Boissieri (E, H).
1. Cordia Sebestena L. Geiger-tree.
Leaves unfolding through a large part of the year, ovate, short-pointed or rounded at
apex, rounded, subcordate, or cuneate at base, entire or remotely and coarsely serrate above
the middle, covered when they unfold, like the branches of the inflorescence, the outside of
the calyx, and the young branchlets, with thick dense rusty tomentum and with short rigid
Fig. 760
pale hairs, and at maturity thick and firm, dark green, scabrous-pubescent, or often nearly
glabrous below, reticulate- venulose, 5 '-6' long and 3'-4' wide, with a broad midrib usually
covered below with pale hairs, especially in the axils of remote primary veins connected by
conspicuous cross ve inlets; petioles stout, pubescent, I'-l^' in length. Flowers appearing
throughout the year on slender pedicels, in open flat cymes 6 '-7' in diameter, some individ-
uals producing flowers with short included stamens and elongated styles, and others with
exserted stamens and included styles; calyx tubular, |'-f ' long, and obscm-ely many-rayed,
with short nearly triangular rigid teeth; corolla orange or flame color, puberulous on the
outer surface, with a slender tube about twice as long as the calyx and spreading rounded
lobes, irregularly undulate on the margins and I'-l^' in diameter when fully expanded;
ovary conic, glabrous, contracted into a slender style branched near the apex. Fruit broad-
ovate, rather abruptly narrowed and pointed at apex, concave at base, Ij'-l^' long and
about I' broad, inclosed in the thickened fibrous calyx smooth and ivory-white on the outer
surface; flesh thin, pale, and corky, separable from the irregularly sulcate thick-walled
stone gradually narrowed and acuminate at apex, and deeply lobed at base; seeds linear-
lanceolate, §' long, with a delicate white seed-coat.
A tree, in Florida 25°-30° high, with a tall trunk 5'-6' in diameter, slender upright
branches forming a narrow close round-topped head, and stout branchlets with thick pith,
dark green at first, becoming ashy gray and marked by large nearly orbicular cordate leaf-
scars displaying 2 central circular clusters of fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Bark of the
trunk I'-f ' thick, dark brown, frequently nearly black, and deeply and irregularly divided
860
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
into narrow ridges broken on the surface into short thick appressed scales. Wood heavy,
hard, close-grained, dark brown, with thick hght brown or yellow sapwood.
Distribution. Florida, Flamingo near Cape Sable {A. A. Eaton) and Madeira Ham-
mock, Monroe County, and on the southern keys; on the Bahama Islands, on most of the
Antilles, and in Guiana and New Granada.
Often planted in tropical countries as an ornament of gardens.
2. Cordia Boissieri A. DC. Anacahuita.
Leaves oval to oblong-ovate, acute or rounded at apex, rounded or subcordate at base»
entire or obscurely crenulate-serrate, covered when they unfold like the branches of the in-
florescence, both surfaces of the calyx and the young branchlets with rusty or dark brown
tomentum and short white usually matted hairs, thick and firm, dark green, minutely
rugose and more ot less scabrous above, coated below with thick soft pale or rufous tomen-
tum, 4'-5' long and 3'-4' wide, with a broad midrib, and conspicuous primary veins forked
near the margins and connected by cross veinlets; deciduous at the end of their first year;
petioles stout, tomentose, l'-l|' in length. Flovrers opening from April to June, slightly
fragrant, sessile or short-pedicellate, in open terminal dichotomous cymes; calyx tubular or
subcampanulate, conspicuously many-ribbed, with 5 linear acute teeth, and about half as
long as the tube of the white corolla puberulous on the outer surface, marked in the throat
by a large light yellow spot, the lobes rounded, imbricated in the bud, and 2' across when
Fig. 761
fully expanded; ovary glabrous, gradually narrowed into a slender 2-branched style. Fruit
ovoid, 1' long, about f broad, pointed at apex, lustrous, bright red-brown, and inclosed
entirely or partly by the thin fibrous now conspicuously rayed orange-brown calyx coated
on the outer surface with thick short pale tomentum, and often splitting nearly to the base;
flesh thin, sweet, and pulpy, separating easily from the ovoid smooth light brown stone
gradually narrowed from above the middle, faintly reticulate-veined, and marked by 4
longitudinal lines and at the acuminate apex by a deeply 4-lobed thin cap, thick-walled,
hard and bony, deeply lobed at base; seeds ovoid, acute, |' long, with a thin delicate pure
white coat.
A tree, occasionally 20°-25° high, with a short often crooked trunk 6'-8' in diameter,
stout spreading branches forming a low round-topped head, and stout branchlets, becom-
ing in their second year dark gray or brown, slightly puberulous, and marked by occasional
large lenticels and by elevated obcordate leaf-scars; or often a shrub, with numerous stems
sometimes only 2° or 3° tall. Bark of the trunk thin, gray tinged with red, and irregularly
divided into broad flat ridges, the surface ultimately separating into long thin papery
BORRAGINACEiE
861
scales. Wood light, rather soft, close-grained, and dark brown, with thick light brown
sap wood.
Distribution. Dry limestone ridges, and depressions in the desert; valley of the Rio
Grande, Texas, and southern New Mexico, southward into Mexico; most abimdant and of
its largest size in Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon between the mouth of the Rio Grande
and the base of the Sierra Madre.
2. BEURERIA Jacq.
Trees or shrubs, with oblong-obovate or ovate leaves involute in the bud, persistent.
Flowers on slender bracteolate pedicels, in terminal corymbose many-flowered cymes, with
linear-lanceolate caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, the divi-
sions closed and valvate in the bud; corolla white, campanulate, the lobes broad-ovate,
spreading after an thesis; anthers ovoid, rugulose, apiculate; ovary incompletely 4-celled by
the development of the 2 parietal placentas, narrowed into a terminal style 2-parted at
apex, the divisions more or less coalescent; stigmas capitate; ovules attached on the back
near the middle of the inner face of the re volute placentas, anatropous; raphe ventral; mi-
cropyle superior. Fruit subglobose, flesh thin; stone somewhat 4-lobed and separable into
4 thick-walled bony 1-seeded nutlets rounded and furnished on the back with a thick
spongy longitudinal many-ridged appendage, flattened on their converging inner faces and
attached at apex to a filiform column. Seed terete, filling the seminal cell, longitudinally
incurved round a rather small cavity opposite an elevated oblong scar on one of the inner
faces of the nutlet and connected with the hilum by a narrow passage; seed-coat mem-
branaceous, light brown; embryo axile in fleshy albumen; cotyledons plane; radicle slender,
elongated, turned toward the hilum.
Beureria with forty species is confined to tropical America, two species reaching the
shores of southern Florida; of these one is a tree and the other Beureria revoluta H. B. K. is
an arborescent shrub.
The generic name is in honor of J. A. Beurer, an apothecary at Nuremberg.
1. Beureria ovata Meyers.
Beureria havanensis Hitch., not Meyers.
Leaves elliptic to oval or broad-obovate, acute and often apiculate or rounded and then
occasionally emarginate at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at base entire, densely
Fig. 762
covered when they unfold with white caducous hairs, and at maturity thick, dark yellow-
green and lustrous above, paler below, 2^'-3' long and \\'-%' wide, with slightly thickened
862 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
undulate margins, a slender orange-colored midrib, thin primary veins and conspicuous
reticulate veinlets more prominent above than below; usually persistent through their
second summer; petioles slender, covered when they first appear like the very young branch-
lets with long white hairs, very soon glabrous, |'-1' in length. Flowers opening in spring
and late in autumn on pedicels |' long and furnished near the middle with an acuminate
scarious bractlet j' in length and caducous from a persistent base, in open glabrous 15-20-
flowered long-stalked cymes 3'-4' in diameter, with slender branches, and small bracts;
calyx gradually narrowed into a stipe-like base, the lobes acuminate, ciliate on the margins;
corolla subcampanulate, creamy white, with a short tube somewhat enlarged in the throat,
and broad-ovate spreading lobes f across when expanded; stamens rather longer than the
tube of the corolla, anthers much shorter than the filaments; ovary conic, glabrous, gradu-
ally contracted into a slender exserted style divided only toward the apex or sometimes
nearly entire, and crowned with 2 capitate stigmas. Fruit ripening in early autumn or
early spring from autumnal flowers, bright orange-red, V in diameter, with a thick tough
skin and thin dry flesh inclosing the 4 nutlets, the enlarged spreading calyx becoming some-
times I' across.
A tree, in Florida occasionally 40°-50° high, with a buttressed and often fluted trunk
8'-10' in diameter, and slender branchlets light red and pilose with caducous hairs when
they first appear, becoming in their first winter dark red, orange color or ashy gray, and
sometimes roughened by pale lenticels, their thin bark often separating into delicate scales;
usually much smaller and often a shrub, with numerous spreading stems. Winter-buds
minute, globose, covered with hoary tomentum, nearly immersed in the bark. Bark of the
trunk iV ~i' thick, light brown tinged with red, more or less fissured and divided on the sur-
face into thick plate-like irregular scales. Wood hard, strong, very close-grained, brown
streaked with orange, with thick hardly distinguishable sapwood.
Distribution. Florida, Cocoanut Grove, Dade County {Miss 0. Rodham), and on the
southern keys; common; on the Bahama Islands and on many of the Antilles.
3. EHRETIA P. Br.
Trees or shrubs, with entire or dentate leaves, and scaly buds. Flowers small, in termi-
nal and axillary scorpioid clusters; calyx open or closed in the bud, the divisions imbricated,
ovate or linear; corolla usually white, with a short or cylindric tube and spreading obtuse
lobes; ovary oblong-conic, 1 -celled before anthesis, becoming incompletely 4-celled by the
development of the 2 parietal placentas; style columnar, parted into 2 divisions terminating
in capitate stigmas; ovules attached laterally near the middle on the inner face of the revo-
lute placentas, anatropous; raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit fleshy, small, glo-
bose, with thin flesh ; stone separable into 2 2-celled thick- walled bony nutlets rounded on
the back, plane on the inner face, and attached to a thin axile column. Seed terete, usually
erect, filling the longitudinally incurved seminal cavity; seed-coat thin, membranaceous,
light brown; embryo axile in thin albumen; cotyledons ovate, plane, shorter than the elon-
gated superior radicle turned toward the hilum.
Ehretia with about forty species is widely distributed through tropical and warm extra-
tropical regions of the two hemispheres, with a single species extending into southeastern
Texas.
The generic name commemorates the artistic and scientific labors of the German botani-
cal artist, George Dionysius Ehret (1708-1770).
1 . Ehretia elliptica DC. Anaqua. Knackaway.
Leaves oval or oblong, pointed and apiculate at apex, gradually rounded or cuneate at
base, entire or occasionally furnished above the middle with a few broad teeth, conspicu-
ously reticulate-venulose, unfolding late in winter and then thin, light green, lustrous, mi-
nutely tuberculate and pilose above, and covered below like the branches of the inflores-
cence, the outer surface of the calyx, and the young branchlets with rigid pale hairs, often
furnished with axillary tufts of white hairs, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green and
BORRAGINACE^
863
roughened on the upper surface by the enlarged circular crowded pale tubercles, and more
or less covered with soft pale or rufous pubescence on the lower surface, especially on the
narrow midrib, and numerous primary veins arcuate near the margins; irregularly decidu-
ous during the winter; petioles stout, grooved, pubescent, |'-j' in length. Flowers opening
from autumn to early spring, in compact racemose scorpioid-branched panicles 2'-3' long and
Fig. 763
broad, on short leafy branches of the year, with linear acute deciduous bracts about j long;
calyx open in the bud, divided to the base into 5 linear acute divisions and nearly as long as
the campanulate tube of the corolla, with ovate thin white lobes |' across when expanded.
Fruit ripening in autumn and spring, light yellow, |' in diameter, with thin sweet rather
juicy edible flesh, and 2 2-seeded nutlets.
A tree, sometimes 40°-50° high, with a trunk occasionally 3° in diameter, stout spreading
branches forming a handsome compact round-topped head, and slender branchlets, without
a terminal bud, covered when they first appear, like the under surface of the leaves, the
branches of the inflorescence, and the outer surface of the calyx of the flower, with rigid
hirsute pale hairs, becoming in their first winter light brown tinged with red, sometimes
puberulous, often roughened by numerous pale lenticels, and by small depressed obcordate
leaf-scars displaying a short lunate row of fibro- vascular bundle-scars; usually much smaller
within the territory of the United States, and often a low shrub. Winter-buds: axillary,
minute, 1 or 2 together, superposed, buried in the bark, and covered by 2 pairs of dark
scales persistent on the base of the growing branchlet and at maturity acute, dark chest-
nut-brown, coated with pale hairs, and sometimes I' in length. Bark of young stems and
of the branches thin, light brown, and broken into thick appressed scales, becoming on old
trunks sometimes 1' thick, deeply furrowed and divided into long thick irregular plate-like
scales gray or reddish brown on the surface and separating into thin flakes. Wood heavy,
hard, not strong, close-grained, difficult to split, light brown, with thick slightly lighter
colored sapwood.
Distribution. River valleys in fertile soil, or as a shrub on dry barren ridges; valleys of
the upper Marcos and of the Guadalupe Rivers, Texas, to the Rio Grande ; often extremely
common on the bottom-lands, and probably of its largest size in the United States on the
Guadalupe and Nueces Rivers sixty or seventy miles from the coast; through Nuevo Leon
and Coahuila to the mountains of San Luis Potosi.
Often planted as a shade-tree in the streets of the cities and towns of western Texas
and northeastern Mexico.
864 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
LXn. VERBENACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with opposite simple entire persistent leaves, without stipules. Flowers
perfect; calyx 5-toothed or parted, persistent under the fruit; corolla 4 or 5-lobed, the lobes
imbricated in the bud; stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla in pairs of different
lengths, anthers 2-celled, introrse, the cells opening longitudinally; ovary sessile on the an-
nular disk; style simple, 2-lobed and stigmatic at apex. Fruit a fleshy drupe or a capsule.
The Verbena family with seventy-eight genera, largely composed of herbaceous plants, is
widely scattered through temperate and tropical regions. Some of the species are impor-
tant timber-trees, the most valuable being the Teak, Tectoria grandis L. f ,, of southeastern
Asia and the Malay Archipelago, and some of the tropical species of Vitex.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes; staminodium 1; ovary imperfectly 4-celled; fruit a
fleshy drupe. 1. Citharexylon.
Flowers cymose in pedunculate spikes or heads; staminodium 0; ovary 1-celled; fruit a cap-
sule. 2. Avicennia.
1. CITHAREXYLON L.
Trees or shrubs, with coriaceous lustrous leaves, slightly angled branchlets, without a
terminal bud, and with minute axillary buds. Flowers small, on short ebracteolate pedi-
cels, alternate or scattered on the filiform rachis of a slender raceme ; calyx membranaceous,
tubular-campanulate, truncate, minutely 5-toothed, spreading and cup-shaped under the
fruit; corolla salver-form, usually white, the spreading limb somewhat oblique, 5-lobed, the
lobes broad-ovate, rounded, slightly unequal, the 2 posterior exterior, sometimes reduced
to staminodia; stamens included; filaments short, filiform, slightly thickened at base, the 2
anterior filaments longer than the others; anthers oblong; staminodium 1, posterior, linear,
acute, rarely fertile; ovary ovoid, incompletely 4-celled by the development of two parietal
placentas, gradually narrowed into a short included style; ovule solitary in each cell, erect,
attached laterally near the base, ascending, anatropous; micropyle inferior. Fruit a 2-
stoned 4-seeded fleshy drupe tipped with the remnants of the style, with thin flesh and a
thick-walled bony stone separable into 2 2-seeded compressed smooth light brown nutlets
rounded on the back and concave on the inner face. Seed erect, without albumen, filling
the seminal cavity; seed-coat membranaceous, light brown; embryo subterete, straight;
cotyledons thick and fleshy, oblong, much longer than the short inferior radicle turned
toward the oblong basal hilum.
Citharexylon with about twenty species is confined to tropical America, where it is dis-
tributed from southern Florida through the West Indies to southern Mexico, Lower Cali-
fornia, Bolivia, and Brazil.
The generic name, from Kid&pa and ^tl)\ov, is a translation of the English West Indian
name Fiddle Wood, a corruption of the earlier French-colonial Bois Fidele, in allusion to the
strength and toughness of the wood of the trees of this genus.
1. Citharexylon fruticosum L. Fiddle Wood.
Citharexylon villosum Jacq.
Leaves] oblong-obovate to oblong, acute, acuminate, rounded or emarginate at apex, and
gradually narrowed at base, with thickened . slightly re volute margins, and glabrous or
coated with short pubescence (var. villosum Schulz); conspicuously reticulate- venulose,
pale green, 3'-4' long and I'-l^' wide, with a broad pale midrib rounded on the upper side
and remote prominent arcuate veins; petioles stout, grooved, f in length, separating in
falling from an elevated nearly circular persistent woody base. Flowers fragrant, appear-
ing throughout the year on slender pedicels from the axils of scarious pubescent bracts, in
drooping axillary pubescent racemes crowded near the end of the branches and 2'-4' long;
calyx coated with pale hairs, or sometimes nearly glabrous; corolla |' across the expanded
VERBENACBiE
865
lobes of the limb, and covered on the inner surface of the tube with pale hairs; stamino-
dium minute. Fruit subglobose to oblong-ovoid, light red-brown, very lustrous, Y in
Fig. 764
diameter, with thin sweet rather juicy flesh, and inclosed nearly to the middle in the cup-
like'pale brown slightly and irregularly lobed or sometimes nearly entire calyx; seeds
oblong, narrowed at the rounded ends, about j long.
A tree, in Florida rarely more than 30° high, with a trunk 4'-7' in diameter, slender up-
right branches forming a narrow irregularly shaped head, and slender slightly many-angled
branchlets light yellow and covered with pale simple caducous hairs or pubescent when they
first appear, becoming in their second year terete and ashy gray; or often a shrub, with
numerous low stems. Winter-buds globose, nearly immersed in the bark, and covered
with hoary pubescence. Bark of the trunk jq'-s' thick, light brown tinged with red, the
surface separating into minute appressed scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong,
close-grained, clear bright red, with thin lighter colored sapwood.
Distribution. Florida, Cape Canaveral to the southern keys; common and of its largest
size in the United States on the shores of Bay Biscayne near the mouth of the Miami River,
Dade County; northward usually a low shrub; on the Bahama Islands and on many of the
Antilles.
2. AVICENNIA L.
Trees, with coriaceous persistent leaves, stout pithy branches thickened at the nodes and
marked by interpetiolar lines, and long thick horizontal roots producing numerous short
vertical thick and fleshy leafless stems rising above the surface of the soil. Flowers oppo-
site, cymose, in centripetal pedunculate spikes or heads, closely invested by a bract and 2
bractlets, the peduncles solitary or in pairs in the axils of upper leaves and ternate on the
end of the branches, their bracts and bractlets concave, acute, apiculate, keeled on the
back, scarious, slightly ciliate on the margins, shorter than the corolla, persistent under the
fruit; calyx cup-shaped, coated like the bracts and bractlets with canescent pubescence,
divided nearly to the base into 5 concave ovate rounded lobes imbricated in the bud; corolla
campanulate, white, with a straight cylindric tube shorter than the glabrous or tomentose
spreading 4-lobed limb, the posterior lobe usually larger than the others; stamens exserted;
filaments short, filiform, slightly thickened at base; anthers ovoid; ovary ovoid, pubescent,
1-celled, gradually narrowed into an elongated slender style divided at apex into 2 lobes
stigmatic on their inner face; ovules 4, suspended from the summit of a free central pla-
centa, orthotropous, naked. Fruit an ovoid oblique compressed 1-seeded capsule apiculate
866
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
at apex; pericarp thin, light green, villose-pubeseent on the outer surface, longitudinally
veined on the inner surface, opening by the ventral suture and displaying the embryo en-
larging before separating from the branch, ultimately 2-valved. Seed naked, without al-
bumen; embryo filling the cavity of the fruit, light green; cotyledons thick and fleshy,
broader than long, slightly pointed, deeply cordate at base, unequal, conduplicate; radicle
elongated, clavate, retrorsely hirsute, inferior, descending obliquely and included between
the lobes of the cotyledons slightly attached near the apex in the bottom of the capsule to
the withered columella by a minute papillose point; plumule hairy.
Avicennia with three species is widely distributed on maritime shores of the tropics of the
two worlds, with one species reaching those of the southern United States. Avicennia pro-
duces hard strong wood. The bark is rich in tannic acid, and is used for tanning leather.
The chief value of these trees is in their ability to live on low tidal shores by the structure
of the embryo, which is growing and ready to take root as soon as it falls into the soft mud,
and in the long horizontal roots furnished with short vertical fleshy leafless branches or
aerating roots, forming a close network which holds the soil together and prevents it from
being washed away by outflowing tides, and extends the growth of the tree by numerous
stems which soon form dense thickets.
The generic name is in honor of the illustrious physician of the Orient, Avicenna of
Bokhara (980-1036).
1. Avicennia nitida Jacq. Black Mangrove.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate-elliptic, rounded or acute at apex and gradually narrowed
at base, dark green and often lustrous above, hoary-tomentulose below, 2'-3' long and f '-
1 ^' wide, with slightly thickened re volute margins, a broad midrib thickened and grooved
Fig. 765
toward the base on the upper side, and oblique primary veins arcuate and joined close to
the margins, conspicuous on the 2 surfaces, and connected by prominent reticulate veinlets;
appearing irregularly and falling early in their second season; petioles broad, channeled,
enlarged at base, and about \' in length. Flowers produced continuously throughout the
year, their bracts and bractlets nearly \' long, coated with pale or slightly rufous pubes-
cence and about as long as the lobes of the calyx, in few-flowered short spikes on stout 4-
angled canescent peduncles Y~^¥ in length, the lateral peduncles of the ternate terminal
cluster subtended by oblong acute bracts Y long; corolla Y across the expanded slightly
tomentose lobes, and nearly closed in the throat. Fruit I'-H' long and f'-l' wide.
A tree, occasionally 60°-70° high, with a short trunk rarely 2° in diameter, spreading
branches forming a broad round-topped head, and branchlets at first slightly angled, coated
SOLANACEiE 867
with fine hoary deciduous pubescence, and light orange color, becoming in their second yeai
more or less contorted, light or dark gray, conspicuously marked by the interpetiolar lines
and by horizontal leaf-scars displaying a central row of fibro- vascular bundle-scars; usually
not more than 20°-30° tall, with a short slender stem, and toward the northern limit of it3
range a low shrub. Bark of the trunk i'-|' thick, roughened with thin irregularly ap-
pressed dark brown scales tinged with red, and in falling displaying the bright orange-red
inner bark. Wood very heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, with numerous medullary rays
and eccentric layers of annual growth, dark brown or nearly black, with thick brown sap-
wood.
Distribution. Florida, St. Augustine to the southern keys on the east coast, and from
Cedar Keys to Cape Sable on the west coast; on some of the islands in Mississippi Sound,
and on the shore of Terrebonne and Cameron Parishes, and on most of their islands, Louisi'
ana; on the Bahama Islands, on many of the Antilles, and southward to Brazil; and on the
west coast of Africa; in the United States of its largest size in Florida just north of Cape
Sable; north of Matanzas Inlet on the east coast of Florida usually with stems only a few
feet tall.
LXm. SOLANACE^.
Trees, shrubs or herbs, with colorless juice and rank smelling foliage, alternate rarely op-
posite leaves, without stipules, and perfect regular yellow, white or purple flowers on ebrac-
teolate pedicels in usually dichotomous cymes; calyx campanulate, usually 5-lobed, the
lobes slightly imbricated or valvate, usually persistent; corolla gamopetalous, usually 5,
rarely 4-lobed, the lobes induplicate- valvate or plicate in the bud ; stamens inserted on the
tube of the corolla and alternate with and as many as its lobes, equal or unequal; filaments
filiform or dilated at base ;■ anthers 2-celled, introrse, opening by apical or longitudinal slits,
disk pulvinate or annular, entire, sinuate or 2-lobed or 0; ovary sessile or stipitate on the
disk, 2 or rarely 3-5-celled; style slender, terminating in a small or more or less dilated
stigma; ovules numerous, attached in many series on the axile placenta, rarely few or soli-
tary, anatropous or slightly amphitropous. Fruit baccate or capsular. Seeds numerous;
testa membranaceous or crustaceous; embryo usually slender and curved in fieshy albu-
men; cotyledons semiterete, shorter than the radicle turned toward the hilum.
A family of 83 genera widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions; often
producing fruit with narcotic or poisonous properties, and containing among its useful
members the Potato and the Tomato.
1. SOLANUM L.
Herbs, shrubs or rarely trees. Leaves alternate, lobed or pinnatifid, persistent or de-
ciduous. Flowers in mostly lateral, extra-axillary or axillary clusters; calyx and corolla 5,
rarely 4-10-parted, the calyx persistent under the fruit, corolla rotate in the bud; stamens
5, rarely 4-6, exserted; filaments short; anthers oblong or acuminate, rarely ovoid, con-
verging round the style, opening at apex by two pores; disk not conspicuous, or annular;
ovary usually 2, rarely 3 or 4-celled; style simple; stigma usually small; ovules numerous.
Fruit baccate, often surrounded by the enlarged calyx, usually globose and juicy; seeds
compressed, orbicular or subreniform.
Solanum with some 1200 species is widely distributed through the tropics, with a few
species extending into cooler regions, the larger number of species occurring in the New
World.
The name is of uncertain derivation.
1. Solanum verbascifolium L.
Leaves ovate to elliptic or oblong, acute or acuminate at apex, rounded or cuneate at
base, entire, thickly coated when they unfold with hoary tomentum, and at maturity thin,
yellow-green and stellate-pubescent on the upper surface, paler and more densely stellate-
pubescent on the lower surface, 5'-7' long and l'-3' wide, with slightly undulate margins,
868
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
a prominent midrib and slender primary veins; persistent; petioles slender, densely stel-
late-pubescent, I'-l' in length. Flowers appearing throughout the year on pedicels j'
long and much thickened at maturity, in broad many-flowered dichotomous stellate-
Fig. 766
pubescent cymes on peduncles l'-4' in length from the axils of upper leaves; calyx about |'
long, densely stellate, the lobes triangular-ovate; corolla about f '-1' wide after the expan-
sion of the oblong-ovate lobes; stamens exserted. Fruit globose, yellow, ^'-f ' in diameter,
surrounded at base by the densely stellate calyx, with ovate acute lobes about |' long;
seeds nearly orbicular to obovoid, much compressed, yellow, j\' in diameter.
A tree, rarely 20° high, with a trunk 4' or 5' in diameter, spreading branches forming a
flat-topped head, and stout unarmed branchlets densely stellate-tomentose during their
first season, becoming glabrous and light orange-brown or gray-brown in the following year;
usually smaller and generally a shrub. Bark of the trunk thin, close, much roughened by
many wart-like excrescences, light greenish or yellowish gray.
Florida, rich hummocks, Merritt's Island on the east coast, southward to the shores of
Bay Biscayne, and to the Cape Sable region; on the Bahama Islands, and many of the An-
tilles, in Mexico and Central America, in the tropics of the Old World and in southeastern
China; now thoroughly established but more probably introduced than indigenous in
Florida.
LXIV. BIGNONIACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, and opposite or rarely alternate simple (in the arbo-
rescent genera of the United States) leaves, without stipules. Flowers perfect, large and
showy; calyx closed in the bud, bilabiately splitting in anthesis; corolla hypogynous, 2-
lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens 2 or 4, inserted on the corolla,
introrse; anthers 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; staminodia 1 or 3; ovary ses-
sile, 1 or 2-celled, gradually narrowed into a slender simple style 2-lobed and stigmatic at
apex; ovules numerous, horizontal, anatropous; raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit a
linear woody loculicidally 2-valved capsule, or a berry. Seeds without albumen; embryo
filling the cavity of the seed.
The Bignonia family with about one hundred genera, many of them of scandent plants,
is widely distributed in the tropics and most abundant in the New World, with a few genera
extending into temperate regions. Of the five genera of the United States three are arbo-
•escent. Many of the species are important timber-trees.
BIGNONIACE.E 869
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Fruit a linear woody capsule; ovary 2-celled; leaves thin, deciduous.
Stamens 4; staminodium 1; leaves linear, often alternate or scattered. 1. Chilopsis.
Stamens 2; staminodia 3; leaves oblong-ovate, mostly opposite. 2. Catalpa.
Fruit a berry; stamens 4; staminodium 1; ovary 1-celled; leaves coriaceous, persistent.
3. Enallagma.
1. CHILOPSIS D. Don.
A tree, with slender terete branches, without a terminal bud, minute compressed rusty-
pubescent axillary buds covered by several imbricated scales, those of the inner rows ac-
crescent, deeply furrowed bark, soft coarse-grained dark-colored wood, and fibrous roots.
Leaves opposite, alternate or scattered, involute in the bud, linear or linear-lanceolate,
long-pointed, entire, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves obscure, reticulate-venulose, thin, light
green, smooth or glutinous, short-petiolate or sessile from an enlarged base, deciduous, in
falling leaving small elevated suborbicular scars. Flowers on slender pedicels from the
axils of ovate acute scarious tomentose deciduous bracts and bibracteolate near the middle,
in short puberulous crowded racemes or rarely panicles terminal on leafy branches of the
year; calyx pale pubescent, puberulous or rarely glabrous, closed before anthesis into an
ovoid rounded apiculate bud splitting to the base into 2 ovate divisions, minutely toothed
or long-pointed at apex, the upper with 3, the lower with 2 rigid teeth, membranaceous,
dark green; corolla white shaded into pale purple or rarely white, slightly oblique, enlarged
and blotched with yellow in the throat, the limb undulate-nlargined, the upper lip 2-lobed,
the lower unequally 3-lobed, the central lobe much longer than the others; stamens 4, in-
serted in 1 row near the base of the corolla in pairs, introrse; filaments filiform, glabrous,
the anterior nearly twice as long as the posterior; anther oblong, the cells divergent in an-
thesis; staminodium 1, posterior, linear, acute; disk thin, nearly obsolete; ovary 2-celled,
conic, glabrous, divided at apex into 2 ovate flat rounded lobes; ovules inserted in many
series on a central placenta. Fruit a slender elongated thin- walled capsule gradually nar-
rowed from the middle to the ends, splitting into 2 concave valves. Seeds numerous, in-
serted in 2 ranks near the margin of the thin flat woody septum free from the walls of the
capsule, compressed, oblong; seed-coat thin, light brown, longitudinally veined, produced
into broad lateral wings divided at their rounded ends into a long fringe of thin soft white
hairs; cotyledons plane, broader than long, slightly 2-lobed, and rounded laterally; radicle
short, erect, turned toward the oblong basal hilum.
The genus is represented by a single species, a native of the region adjacent to the bound-
ary between the United States and Mexico.
The generic name, from x^tXos and 6\pis, is without special significance.
1. Chilopsis linearis DC. Desert Willow.
Leaves unfolding in early spring, 6'-12' long and i'-|' wide; deciduous during the fol-
lowing winter. Flowers appearing in early summer in racemes or narrow panicles 3'-4'
long, and continuing to open for several months in succession, f '-1^' long and j-lY across
the expanded lobes of the corolla. Fruit ripening in the autumn, 7'-12' long, I' thick in
the middle, persistent on the branches during the winter; seeds ^ long and Y wide.
A tree, 20°-30° high, with a trunk usually more or less reclining, often hollow, and some-
times a foot in diameter, slender upright branches forming a narrow head, and branchlets
glabrous or covered with dense tomentum when they first appear, light chestnut-brown
during their first season, later becoming darker and tinged with red, or sometimes ashy
gray; or often a straggling shrub. Bark of the trunk |'-j' thick, dark brown, and divided
into broad branching ridges broken on the surface into small thick plate-like scales. Wood
soft, not strong, close-grained, brown streaked with yellow, with thin light-colored sap-
wood of 2 or 3 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Banks of streams, and depressions in the desert, usually in dry gravelly
870
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
porous soil; valley of the lower Rio Grande, and through western Texas, southern New
Mexico, Arizona, southern Utah and Nevada to San Jacinto Valley, San Diego County,
California; in northern Mexico and Lower California (Calamu juit) .
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the southern states, and in Mexico.
2. CATALPA Scop.
Trees, with stout terete branchlets, without a terminal bud, minute globose axillary
buds nearly immersed in the bark and covered by numerous scales, the inner accrescent,
thick pith, thin scaly bark, soft light-colored wood very durable in contact with the soil,
and fibrous roots. Leaves opposite or in verticels of 3, involute in the bud, entire or
lobed, oblong-ovate, often cordate, long-petiolate, deciduous. Flowers on slender bracte-
olate pedicels, in terminal compound trichotomously branched panicles or corymbs, with
linear-lanceolate deciduous bracts and bractlets; calyx membranaceous, subglobose, closed
and apiculate in the bud, in anthesis splitting nearly to the base into 2 broad-ovate entire
pointed apiculate lobes; corolla thin, variously marked and spotted on the inner surface,
inserted on the nearly obsolete disk, the tube broad, campanulate, occasionally furnished
on the upper side near the base with an external lobed appendage, and oblique and enlarged
above into a broad limb, with spreading lips undulate on the margin,*the posterior 2-parted,
the anterior deeply 3-lobed; stamens and staminodia inserted near the base of the corolla;
stamens 2, anterior, included or slightly exserted; filaments flattened, arcuate; anthers ob-
long, carried to the rear of the corolla and face to face on either side of the stigma by a
half turn of the filaments near their base, the cells divergent in anthesis; staminodia 3, free,
filiform, minute or rudimentary; ovary 2-celled, sessile on the hypogynous nearly obsolete
disk, abruptly contracted into an elongated filiform style divided at apex into 2 stigmatic
lobes exserted above the anthers; ovules inserted in many series on a central placenta.
Fruit an elongated subterete capsule tapering from the middle to the ends, persistent on
the branches during the winter, ultimately splitting into 2 valves. Seeds numerous, com-
pressed, oblong, inserted in 2-4 ranks near the margin of the flat or more or less thickened
woody septum free from the walls of the capsule; seed-coat thin, light brown or silvery gray,
longitudinally veined, produced into broad lateral wings notched at base of the seed and
divided at their narrowed or rounded ends into tufts of long coarse white hairs; cotyledons
plane, broader than long, slightly 2-lobed, rounded laterally; radicle short, erect, turned
toward the oblong conspicuous basal hilum.
Catalpa with seven species is confined to the eastern United States, the West Indies, and
eastern China, two of the species beJnff North American. Catalpa contains a bitter princi-
ple and is a tonic and diuretic. <
BIGNONIACEiE
871
The generic name is that by which one of the North American species was known among
the Cherokee Indians.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Flowers in many-flowered crowded panicles; calyx glabrous; corolla thickly spotted on the
inner surface; fruit slender, thin-walled; leaves short-acuminate.
1. C. bignonioides (C).
Flowers in few-flowered open panicles; calyx often sparingly villose or pubescent; corolla
inconspicuously spotted; fruit stout, thick-walled; leaves caudate-acuminate.
2. C. speciosa (A, C).
1. Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Catalpa. Indian Bean.
Catalpa Catalpa Karst.
Leaves broad-ovate, rather abruptly contracted into a slender point or sometimes
rounded at apex, cordate at base, entire or often laterally lobed, coated below when they
unfold with pale tomentum and pilose above, and at maturity thin and firm, light green
and glabrous on the upper surface, pale and pubescent on the lower surface, 5 '-6' long and
4i'-5' wide, with a prominent midrib, and primary veins arcuate near the margins, con-
nected by reticulate veinlets and furnished in the axils with clusters of dark hairs; turning
black and falling after the first severe frost in the autumn; petioles stout, terete, 5'-6' in
length. Flowers opening at the end of May or in June, on slender sparingly villose or
glabrous pedicels, in compact many-flowered panicles 8'-10' long and broad, with light
green branches tinged with purple; calyx |' long, glabrous, green or light purple; corolla
white, nearly 2' long, 1^' wide, marked on the inner surface on the lower side by 2 rows of
yellow blotches following 2 parallel ridges or folds, and in the throat and on the lower lobes
Fig. 768
of the limb by crowded conspicuous purple spots. Fruit ripening in the autumn, in thick-
branched orange-colored panicles, remaining unopened during the winter, 6'-20' long and
I'-l' thick in the middle, with a thin wall bright chestnut-brown on the outer surface and
light olive-brown and lustrous on the inner surface, splitting in the spring into 2 flat valves;
seeds about 1' long, |' wide, silvery gray, with pointed wings terminating in long pencil-
shaped tufts of white hairs.
A tree, rarely 60° high, with a short trunk 3°-4° in diameter, long heavy brittle branches
forming a broad head, and dichotomous branchlets green shaded with purple when they
first appear, and during their first winter thickened at the nodes, slightly puberulous, lus-
trous, light orange color or gray-brown, covered with a slight glaucous bloom, marked by
872
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
large pale scattered lenticels, and by large oval elevated leaf-scars containing a circle of
conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars, becoming in their third or fourth year, reddish
brown and marked by a network of thin flat brown ridges. Winter-buds covered by chest-
nut-brown broad-ovate rounded slightly puberulous loosely imbricated scales, those of the
inner ranks when fully grown bright green, pubescent, and sometimes 2' in length. Bark
of the trunk j-Y thick, light brown tinged with red, and separating on the surface into
large thin irregular scales. Wood not strong, coarse-grained, light brown, with lighter
colored often nearly white sap wood of 1 or 2 layers of annual growth; used and highly val-
ued for fence-posts and rails.
Distribution. Usually supposed to be indigenous on the banks of the rivers of south-
western Georgia, western Florida, and central Alabama and Mississippi, and now widely
naturalized through the south Atlantic states and in Kentucky and Tennessee.
Often planted for the decoration of parks and gardens in the eastern United States, and
hardy as far north as eastern New England, and in western, central, and southern Europe.
A dwarf round-headed form (var. nana Bur.) of unknown origin is often cultivated under
the erroneous name of C. Bungei Hort. not C. A. Meyer.
X Catalpa hyhrida Spaeth a hybrid of this species and the Chinese C ovata G. Don is
occasionally cultivated.
2. Catalpa speciosa Engelm. Western Catalpa.
Leaves oval, long-pointed, cordate at base, and usually entire or furnished with 1 or 2
lateral teeth, pilose above when they unfold and covered below and on the petioles with
pale or rufous tomentum, and at maturity thick and firm, dark green on the upper surface
and covered with soft pubescence on the lower surface, especially on the stout midrib and
Cue primary veins furnished in their axils with large clusters of dark glands, 10'-12' long
and 7'-8' wide; turning black and falling after the first severe frost of the autumn; petioles
stout, terete, 4'-6' in length. Flowers appearing late in May or early in June, on slender
purple glabrous pedicels furnished near the middle with 1-3 bractlets, in open few-flowered
panicles 5'-6' long and broad, with green or purple branches marked by orange-colored
lenticels, the lowest branches often in the axils of small leaves; calyx purple, often spar-
ingly villose or pubescent on the outer surface; corolla white, often spotted externally with
purple near the base, about 2' long and 2|' wide, and marked internally on the lower side by
2 bands of yellow blotches following 2 lateral ridges and by occasional purple spots
spreading over the lobes of the lower lip of the limb; filaments marked near the base by
oblong purple spots. Fruit 8'-20' long, ^'-f in diameter near the middle, with a thick
wall splitting toward spring into 2 concave valves; seeds 1' long and ^' wide, with alight
brown coat, and wings rounded at the ends and terminating in a fringe of short hairs.
BIGNONIACE^ 873
A tree, in the forest occasionally 120° high, with a tall straight trunk rarely 4^° in diame-
ter, slender branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and branchlets light green often
tinged with purple and pilose with scattered pale hairs when they first appear, light orange
color or reddish brown, covered with a slight bloom during their first winter, and marked
by numerous conspicuous pale lenticels and by the elevated oval leaf-scars j long and dis-
playing a circular row of large fibro-vascular bundle-scars, becoming darker in their second
and third years; usually smaller, and in open situations rarely more than 50° high, with a
short trunk and a broad head of spreading branches. Winter-buds covered by loosely im-
bricated ovate chestnut-brown scales keeled on the back, slightiv apiculate at apex, those
of the inner ranks at maturity foliaceous, obovate, acute, gradually narrowed below to a
sessile base, many-nerved with dark veins, pubescent on the lower surface, and sometimes
2|' long and f ' wide. Bark of the trunk |'-1' thick, brown tinged with red, and broken on
the surface into thick scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, light brown,
with thin nearly white sapwood of 1 or 2 layers of annual growth; largely used for fence-
posts, rails, telegraph and telephone poles, and occasionally for furniture and the interior
finish of houses.
Distribution. Borders of streams and ponds, and fertile often inundated bottom-lands;
valley of the Vermilion River, Illinois, through southern Illinois and Indiana, western Ken-
tucky and Tennessee, southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas; very abundant
and probably of its largest size in southern Illinois and Indiana; naturalized through culti-
vation in southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas.
Often planted in the prairie region of the Mississippi basin as a timber-tree, and as an
ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern states, and now in many other countries with
a temperate climate.
3. ENALLAGMA Bail.
Trees, with scaly bark, and stout slightly angled branchlets. Leaves alternate, short-
petiolate, persistent. Flowers solitary, or in few-flowered fascicles on long bibracteolate
peduncles from the axils of upper leaves or from the sides of the branches; calyx coriaceous,
splitting in anthesis into 2 unequal broad divisions, or sometimes slightly 5-lobed, decidu-
ous; corolla inserted under the hypogynous pulvinate fleshy disk, yellow streaked with pur-
ple, or dingy purple, tubular-campanulate, more or less ventricose on the lower side by a
transverse fold, abruptly dilated into an oblique 2-lipped obscurely 5-lobed laciniately
toothed limb ; stamens 4, inserted in 2 ranks on the tube of the corolla, in pairs of different
lengths, introrse, included or slightly exserted; filaments filiform; anthers oblong, the cells
divergent; staminodium solitary, posterior, often 0; ovary sessile, 1-celled, ovate-conic,
gradually narrowed into an elongated simple exserted style; stigma terminal, 2-lobed, the
lobes stigmatic on their inner face, or entire; ovules in many ranks on 2 thickened 2-lobed
lateral parietal placentas. Fruit baccate, oblong or ovoid; indehiscent, umbonate at apex,
many-seeded; pericarp thin and brittle; becoming hard, light brown and separable into 2
layers, the inner membranaceous, filled with the united and thickened fleshy viscid pla-
centas attached at base by a cluster of thick fibro-vascular bundles. Seeds imbedded ir-
regularly in the placental mass, compressed, suborbicular, cordate above and below and
deeply grooved on the convex faces; embryo filling the seminal cavity, flattened, thick and
fleshy, deeply grooved, becoming black in drying; radicle minute, turned toward the late-
ral hilum.
Enallagma with three or four species is distributed from southern Florida through the
Antilles to southern Mexico and Central America.
1. Enallagma cucurbitina Urb. Black Calabash Tree.
Crescentia cucurbitina L.
Leaves crowded near the end. of the branches, obovate-oblong or ovate-oblong, con-
tracted into a short broad point or rarely rounded or emarginate at apex, gradually nar-
rowed and cuneate at base, and entire, with cartilaginous slightly revolute margins, cori-
874
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
aceous, dark green and lustrous above, paler and yellow-green below, 6'-8' long and
l^'-4' wide, with a broad stout midrib deeply impressed on the upper side, conspicuous
primary veins arcuate and united near the margins, and reticulate veinlets; unfolding in the
Fig. 770
spring, and persistent until their second year; petioles thick, covered with glands, and about
I' in length. Flowers appearing in April and May and also in autumn, bad-smelling, on
thick drooping pedicels solitary in the axils of upper leaves, 1^-2' long, furnished below
the middle with 2 minute rigid acute bractlets and enlarged at apex into the thick oblique
receptacle; calyx light green and slightly glandular at base, splitting nearly to the bottom
into 2 ovate pointed lobes nearly as long as the tube of the corolla; corolla thick and leath-
ery, dull purple or creamy white, and marked by narrow purple bands on the lower side,
and 2' long, with a narrow tube creamy white within and slightly contracted above the
base, the transverse fold near its apex, the limb erosely cut on the margins and obscurely
2-lipped, the upper lip slightly divided into 2 reflexed lobes, the lower obscurely 3-lobed;
stamens inserted near the middle of the tube of the corolla, those of the anterior pair below
the others and above the linear staminodium ; ovary obliquely conic ; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit
ovoid or oblong, 3'-4' long, l^'-2' wide, dark green, minutely rugose-punctulate, and
marked with 4 obscure longitudinal ridges corresponding with the margins and midrib of
the carpellary leaves, raised on the thickened woody disk and pendent on a stout drooping
stalk 11 -2' long and much enlarged at apex; shell jV' thick, ultimately hard and brittle,
lustrous on the outer surface and lined with a thin membranaceous shining light brown coat
marked by the broad placental scars; seeds f ' long and broad and Y thick, with a minute
lateral hilum just above the basal sinus; seed-coat of 2 layers, the outer thin, dark reddish
brown, rugose, and separable from the thick pale felt-like inner layer; cotyledons with 2
ear-like folds near the base, inclosing the radicle in their lower sinus.
A tree, in Florida 18°-20° high, with a trunk 4'-5' in diameter, long slender drooping
branches covered with wart-like excrescences, and stout slightly angled branchlets rough-
ened and somewhat enlarged at the nodes by the thickening of the large crowded cup-
shaped persistent woody bases of the leaves, and covered with thin creamy white bark be-
coming dark or ashy gray in their third year. Winter-buds with linear acute apiculate
scales becoming woody, and persistent for one or two years. Bark of the trunk about |'
thick, light brown tinged with red, and irregularly divided into large thin scales. Wood
heavy, hard, very close-grained, thin, light brown or orange color, with lighter colored sap-
wood.
Distribution. Florida, only near the shores of Bay Biscayne on rich hummocks ; common
RUBIACE^ 875
on the shores of many of the Antilles, and southward to southern Mexico, the Pacific coast
of the Isthmus of Panama, and to Venezuela.
B. Ovary inferior {partly superior in Caprifoliacece).
LXV. RUBIACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, and opposite simple entire leaves turning black in
drying, with stipules. Flowers regular, perfect; calyx- tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 4
or 5-lobed or toothed; corolla 4 or 5-lobed; stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, as
many as and alternate with its lobes; filaments free, or united at base; anthers introrse,
2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; disk epigynous, annular; ovary inferior; style
slender; ovules numerous, or 1 in each cell; raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit
capsular, akene-like, or drupaceous. Seeds with albumen; seed-coat membranaceous.
The Madder family with some three hundred and fifty genera is chiefly tropical, with a
few herbaceous genera confined exclusively to temperate regions. To this family belong
the Coffee, the Cinchonas, South American trees yielding quinine from their bark, and the
plant which produces ipecacuanha, a species of Cephaelis and a native of Brazil, the Gar-
denia and other plants cultivated for their fragrant flowers.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Fruit a capsule; seeds numerous, surrounded by a wing; parts of the flower in 5's.
Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes unequal, sometimes developing into rose-colored leaf-like bod-
ies; filaments free; wing of the seed broad, oblong-ovate, unsymmetric on the
sides; leaves deciduous. 1. Pinckneya.
Calyxl 5-toothed; filaments united into a short tube; wing of the seed narrow, symmet-
ric; leaves persistent. 2. Exostema.
Fruit akene-like, 1 or 2-seeded; parts of the flower in 4's or rarely in 5's, flowers in peduncu-
late globose heads; leaves deciduous. 3. Cephalanthus.
Fruit drupaceous, with a 4-celled stone; parts of the flower in 4's; leaves persistent.
4. Guettarda.
1. PINCKNEYA Michx.
A tree, with fibrous roots, scaly light brown bitter bark, resinous scaly buds, stout terete
pithy branchlets coated while young with hoary tomentum, becoming glabrous, and marked
by scattered minute white lenticels and large nearly orbicular or obcordate leaf-scars
displaying a lunate row of numerous crowded fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Leaves com-
planate in the bud, elliptic to oblong-ovate, acute at apex, cuneate at base, and gradually
narrowed into a long stout petiole, thin, coated at first with pale pubescence, and at matur-
ity dark green and puberulous above, paler and puberulous below, especially along the stout
midrib and primary veins, deciduous; stipules interpetiolar, conspicuously glandular-
punctate at base on the inner face, inclosing the leaf in the bud, triangular, subulate, pink,
becoming oblong, acute, scarious, light brown, caducous. Flowers in pedunculate terminal
and axillary pubescent trichotomous few-flowered cymes, with linear-lanceolate acute
bracts and bractlets at first pink, becoming scarious, deciduous, or sometimes enlarging
and rose-colored; flower-buds sulcate, coated with thick pale tomentum; calyx-tube cla-
vate, bracteolate at base, covered with hoary tomentum, not closed in the bud, the
limb 5-lobed, with subulate-lanceolate lobes green tinged with pink, scarious, or in the cen-
tral flower of the ultimate division of the cyme with 1 or rarely with 2 of the lobes produced
into oval or ovate acute rose-colored puberulous membranaceous leaf-like bodies, decidu-
ous; corolla salver-form, light yellow, cinereo-tomentose, with a long narrow tube some-
what enlarged in the throat, 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in the bud, oblong, obtuse, marked
by red lines and pilose with long white hairs on the inner surface, recurved after anthesis;
stamens exserted; filaments filiform, free: anthers oblong, emarginate; ovary 2-celled; style
876
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
filiform, exserted, slightly enlarged, 2-lobed and stigmatie at apex; ovules numerous, in-
serted in 2 ranks on a thin 2-lipped placenta longitudinally adnate to the inner face of the
cell. Fruit a subglobose obscurely 2-lobed 2-celled capsule, loculicidally 2-valved, the
valves thin and papery, light brown, puberulous, especially at the base, faintly rayed,
marked by oblong pale spots and by the scars left by the falling of the deciduous calyx-
limb and style, sometimes tardily septicidally 2-parted to the middle, persistent on the
branches during the winter, the valves finally falling from the woody axis, their outer layer
very thin, brittle, separable from the slightly thicker tough woody inner layer. Seeds
horizontal, 2-ranked, minute, compressed; seed-coat thin, light brown, reticulate- veined,
produced into a broad thin oblong-ovate wing, unsymmetrical on the sides, acute at apex,
and longer above than below the seed; embryo elongated, immersed in the thick fleshy
albumen; cotyledons ovate-oblong, foliaceous, longer than the terete radicle turned toward
the hilum.
The genus is represented by a single species of the southeastern United States.
The generic name is in honor of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (1746-1825) of South
Carolina, the Revolutionary patriot.
1. Pinckneya pubensMichx. Georgia Bark.
Leaves unfolding in March, 5-8' long, 3'-4' wide ; petioles f -1 \' in length. Flowers 1 1'
long appearing late in May and early in June, in open clusters 7'-8' across, their petaloid
Fig. 771
calyx-lobes sometimes 2|' long and \' wide. Fruit ripening in the autumn 1' long and f
wide; seeds with their wings about \' long and \' wide.
A tree, 20°-30° high, with a trunk occasionally 8'-10' in diameter, slender spreading
branches forming usually a narrow round-topped head, and branchlets coated when they
first appear with hoary tomentum soon turning light red-brown, pubescent during the
summer, and slightly puberulous during their first winter, ultimately becoming glabrous.
Winter-buds : terminal ovoid, terete, \' long, contracted above the middle into a slender
point, and covered by the dark red-brown lanceolate acute stipules of the last pair of
leaves of the previous year, often persistent at the base of the growing shoots and marked
at the base by 2 broadly ovate pale scar-like slightly pilose elevations; axillary buds
obtuse, minute, nearly immersed in the bark. Bark of the trunk about i' thick, with a
light brown surface divided into minute appressed scales. Wood close-grained, soft,
weak, brown, with lighter-colored sapwood of 8-10 layers of annual growth. The bark has
been used in the treatment of intermittent fevers.
RUBIACE.E
877
Distribution. Low wet sandy swamps on the borders of streams; coast region of South
Carolina through southern Georgia and northern Florida from Leon to Washington County;
rare and local.
2. EXOSTEMA Rich.
Trees or shrubs, with terete branchlets, and bitter bark. Leaves sessile or petiolate,
persistent; stipules interpetiolar, deciduous. Flowers axillary and solitary or in terminal
pedunculate cymes, fragrant, the peduncle bibracteolate above the middle; calyx-tube
ovoid, clavate or turbinate, 'the limb short, 5-lobed, the lobes nearly triangular, persistent;
corolla 5-lobed, white, salver-form, the tube long and narrow, erect, the lobes of the limb
linear, elongated, spreading, imbricated in the bud; filaments filiform, exserted, united at
base into a tube inserted on and adnate to the tube of the corolla; anthers oblong-linear;
ovary 2-celled; style elongated, slender, exserted; stigma capitate, simple or minutely 2-
lobed; ovules numerous, attached on the 2 sides of a fleshy oblong peltate placenta fixed
to the inner face of the cell, ascending. Fruit a many-seeded 2-celled capsule septicidally
2-valved, the valves 2-parted, their outer layer membranaceous, separable from the crusta-
ceous inner layer. Seeds compressed, oblong, imbricated downward on the placenta;
seed-coat chestnut-brown, lustrous, produced into a narrow wing; embryo minute, in fleshy
albumen; cotyledons flat; radicle terete, inferior.
Exostema with about twenty species is confined to the tropics of America, and is most
abundant in the Antilles, one species reaching the shores of southern Florida. The bark
contains active tonic properties, and has been used as a febrifuge.
The generic name, from e^w and ffT^fia, relates to the long exserted stamens.
1. Exostema caribaeum R. & S. Prince Wood.
Leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, contracted into a slender point and apiculate at apex,
gradually narrowed and cuneate at base, entire, thick and coriaceous, dark green on the
upper surface and yellow-green on the lower surface, li'-3' long and ^'-Ij' wide, with a
prominent orange-colored midrib and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; unfolding in the
autumn and in early spring and smnmer, and persistent for 1 or 2 years; petioles slender.
Fig. 772
orange-colored, |'-^' in length; stipules nearly triangular, apiculate, with entire dentate or
ciliate margins, about j^g' long, and in falling marking the branchlets with ring-like scars.
Flowers axillary, solitary, appearing from March until June, about 3' long, on slender pedi-
cels spirally twisted before the flowers open; calyx-tube ovoid; corolla glabrous; filaments
united into a short tube. Fruit f ' long, becoming black in drying; seeds oblong, |' long,
with a dark brown papillose coat and a light brown wing.
878 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A glabrous tree, in Florida sometimes 20°-25° high, with a trunk 10-12' in diameter,
slender erect branches forming a narrow head, and terete branchlets dark green at first, soon
becoming dark red-brown and covered with pale lenticels, and in their second year ashy
gray and conspicuously marked by the elevated leaf-scars. Bark of the trunk about I'
thick, and divided by deep fissures into square smooth pale or nearly white plates. Wood
very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, light brown handsomely streaked with
diflferent shades of yellow and brown, with bright yellow sap wood of 12-20 layers of annual
growth.
Distribution. Florida, shores of Bay Biscayne and on the Everglade Keys, Dade
County, and on the southern keys; abundant on Key West and Upper Metacombe Key:
on many of the Antilles, in southern Mexico, and on the west coast of Nicaragua.
3. CEPHALANTHUS L.
Small trees or shrubs, with opposite or verticillate petiolate leaves, interpetiolar stipules,
and scaly buds. Flowers nectariferous, yellow or creamy white, sessile in the axils of
glandular bracts, in dense globose pedunculate terminal or axillary solitary or panicled
heads; receptacle globose, setose; calyx- tube obpyramidal, with a short limb unequally 4 or
5-toothed or lobed; corolla tubular salver-form, divided into 4 or 5 short spreading or re-
flexed lobes usually furnished with a minute dark gland at the base or on the side of each
sinus, puberulous on the inner surface of the tube, the lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens
. inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments short; anthers linear-oblong, sagittate, apicu-
late at base; pistil of 2 carpels; ovary 2-celled; style filiform, elongated; stigma clavate, en-
tire; ovule solitary in each cell, suspended from the apex of the cell on a short papillose
funicle, anatropous. Fruit obpyramidal, coriaceous, 2-coccous. Seeds oblong, pendulous,
covered at apex by a white spongy aril; embryo straight in cartilaginous albumen; cotyle-
dons oblong, obtuse; radicle elongated, superior.
Cephalanthus with seven species is widely distributed in North and South America, and
in southern and eastern Asia, and the Malay Archipelago.
The generic name, from M<f)a\r} and &v6os, relates to the capitate inflorescence.
1. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Button Bush.
Leaves ovate, lanceolate or elliptic, acute, acuminate or short-pointed at apex, rounded
or cuneate at base, thin, dark green on the upper surface, paler and glabrous or puberulous
on the lower surface, 2'-7' long and \'-^\' wide, with a stout light yellow midrib often cov-
ered below with long white hairs and 5 or (3 pairs of slender primary veins nearly parallel
with the sides of the leaf; deciduous, or persistent during the winter; petioles stout, grooved,
glabrous, ^'-f ' in length; stipules minute, nearly triangular. Flowers : flower-heads I'-l^'
in diameter on slender peduncles l'-2' long, usually in panicles 4'-5' in length, their lower
peduncles from the axil of upper leaves; flowers creamy white, very fragrant, opening from
the middle of May in Florida and Texas to the middle of August in Canada and on the
mountains of California; calyx usually 4 or occasionally 5-lobed, with short rounded lobes,
and slightly villose toward the base; corolla glandular or eglandular; anthers nearly sessile,
included, discharging their pollen before the flowers open; disk thin and obscure. Fruit
ripening late in the autumn in heads f '-f in diameter, green tinged with red and ultimately
dark red-brown.
A tree, occasionally 40°-50° high, with a straight tapering trunk a foot in diameter, and
frequently free of limbs for 15°-20°, ascending and spreading branches, and stout branch-
lets with a thick pith, glabrous and marked by large oblong pale lenticels, and developed
mostly in verticels of 3's from the axillary buds of one of the upper nodes, without a termi-
nal bud, light green when they first appear, pale reddish brown, covered with a glaucous
bloom during their first winter and then marked by small semicircular leaf-scars displaying
semilunate fibro- vascular bundle-scars, and connected by the persistent black stipules or by
their subulate scars, darker the following season, and dark brown in their third year, the
bark then beginning to separate into the large loose scales found on the large branches and
RUBIACE.E
879
on the stems of small plants; usually a shrub, only a few feet high. Winter-buds axillary,
single or in pairs or in 3's one above the other, minute, nearly immersed in the bark. Bark
Fig. 773
of large trunks dark gray-brown or often nearly black, divided by deep fissures into broad
flat ridges broken on the surface into elongated narrow scales. The bark contains tannin,
and has been used in the treatment of fevers and in homoeopathic practice.
Distribution. Swamps and the low wet borders of ponds and streams; New Brunswick
to Ontario, southern Michigan, southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, Kansas and wes-
tern Oklahoma (near Canton, Blaine County), southward to the shores of Bay Biscayne
and the Everglade Keys, Dade County, Florida, eastern Texas to the valley of the Rio
Grande, southern New Mexico, and Arizona, and widely distributed in California; in Mex-
ico and Cuba; very rarely arborescent at the north and of its largest size on the margins
of river-bottoms and swamps and in pond holes in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas;
ascending on the southern Appalachian Mountains to altitudes of 2500°; passing into var.
pubescens Rafn, with leaves soft pubescent below especially on the midrib and veins, and
pubescent petioles, inflorescence. and branchlets; southern Indiana, southeastern Missouri,
southern Arkansas, western Louisiana and eastern Texas to the valley of the lower Brazos
River.
Occasionally cultivated in the northeastern states as an ornamental plant.
4. GUETTARDA Endl.
Small trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, opposite or rarely verticellate persistent leaves,
interpetiolar deciduous stipules, and scaly buds. Flowers sessile or short-pedicellate, with or
without bractlets, in axillary forked pedunculate cymes, their bracts and bractlets lanceo-
late, acute, minute, deciduous; calyx globose, the limb produced above the ovary into an
elongated 4-7-lobed tube; corolla salver-shaped, with an elongated cylindric tube naked in
the throat, and a 4-lobed limb, the oblong lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens included;
filaments free, short; anthers oblong-linear; ovary 4-celled, the cells elongated, tubular;
style stout; stigma capitate; ovule solitary, suspended on the thickened funicle from the
inner angle of the cell. Fruit a fleshy 1-stoned 2-9-seeded subglobose drupe, with thin
flesh, and a bony or ligneous globose 4-9-celled stone obtusely angled or sulcate, the cells
narrow and often curved upward. Seed compressed, suspended on the thick funicle clos-
ing the orifice of the wall of the stone, straight or excurved; albumen thin and fleshy;
embryo elongated, cylindric or compressed; cotyledons flat, minute, not longer than the
elongated terete radicle turned toward the hilum.
880
TREES OP NORTH AMERICA
Guettarda with about fifty species is chiefly tropical American, with one species widely
distributed on maritime shores from east tropical Africa to Australia and the islands of the
Pacific Ocean. Of the species found within the territory of the United States two are ar-
borescent. The bark of some of the species is occasionally employed as a tonic and febri-
fuge, and a few species are cultivated in tropical gardens for the delightful fragrance of
their white flowers.
The generic name is in honor of Jean fitienne Guettard (1715-1786), the distinguished
French botanist and mineralogist.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Leaves thin, pilose or glabrate above.
Leaves coriaceous, hispidulose-papillose and scabrate above.
1. G. elliptica (D).
2. G. scabra (D).
1. Guettarda elliptica Sw.
Leaves broad-oval to oblong-elliptic, acute or obtuse and apiculate at apex, and cuneate
or rounded at base, covered with pale silky hairs when they unfold, and at maturity thin,
dark green, pilose or glabrate on the upper surface, lighter colored and pubescent on the
lower surface, especially along the stout midrib and in the axils of the 4-6 pairs of primary
veins, f'-2|' long and ^'-1' wide; unfolding in Florida in May and June and persistent on
the branches until the trees begin their growth the following year; petioles stout, hairy.
Fig. 774
j-Y in length. Flowers pedicellate, appearing in'FIorida in June, yellowish white, I' long,
in slender hairy-stemmed cymes from the axils of leaves of the year near the end of
branches, or from bud-scales at base of young shoots, their peduncle shorter than the leaves,
forked near the apex, often with a flower in the fork and 3 at the end of each branch, or
the lateral flowers of these clusters replaced by branches producing 3 flowers at their apex,
the bractlets subtending the branches of the peduncle, and the lateral flowers of the ulti-
mate divisions of the inflorescence linear-lanceolate, acute, coated with hairs, about j^'
long, deciduous; calyx-lobes nearly triangular, acute, coated on the outer surface with long
pale hairs, and half as long as the erect corolla canescent externally, with rounded lobes.
Fruit ripening in November, dark purple, pilose, Y in diameter, crowned with the rem-
nants of the persistent calyx-tube, the flesh sweet and mealy ; stone obscurely ridged and
usually 2-4-seeded; seeds oblong-lanceolate, compressed, nearly straight, with a thin pale
coat.
A slender tree, in Florida in hammocks occasionally 18°-20° high, with an irregularly
RUBIACE^
881
buttressed or lobed trunk 5'-6' in diameter, the deep depressions between the lobes con-
tinuous or often interrupted, small upright branches, and thin terete branchlets coated
when they first appear with long pale or rufous hairs and light red-brown or ashy gray and
conspicuously marked by pale lenticels, and in their second year by large elevated orbicular
leaf-scars; or often a shrub. Winter-buds acuminate, light brown, coated with pale pubes-
cence, and about |' long. Bark of the trunk about y^g ' thick, with a smooth dark brown sur-
face covered with large irregularly shaped pale blotches and numerous small white spots.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thin sapwood of
6-10 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Florida, on the Everglade Keys (Royal Palm Hammock), and coast.of the
southern keys; on the Bahama Islands and in Jamaica.
2. Guettarda scabra Lam.
Leaves oval, oblong or ovate, acuminate or rounded and apiculate at apex, gradually
narrowed or broad at the rounded or subcordate base, entire, coriaceous, dark green, his-
pidulose-papillose and scabrate on the upper surface, pale and soft-pubescent on the lower
surface, 2'-5' long and Ij'-Sj' wide, with thickened slightly re volute margins, a stout mid-
rib, usually 8-11 pairs of prominent primary veins and conspicuous reticulate veinlets;
Fig. 775
petioles stout, rusty-pubescent, ^'-f in length; stipules concave at base, gradually nar-
rowed above into a long slender point, pubescent, as long as the petioles. Flowers pro-
duced irregularly during the winter and early spring, sessile or short-pedicellate in the axils
of acute bracts, in pedunculate cymes on slender rusty-pubescent peduncles l|'-2' in
length; calyx short-oblong, densely pubescent on the outer surface; corolla often 1' in
length, the slender tube retrorsely silky-villose on the outer surface, the lobes 5-7, usually
5, oblong-obtuse; filaments free, short; anthers oblong-linear, included, style shorter than
the tube of the corolla; stigma capitate. Fruit ripening in the autumn, subglobose, pubes-
cent, Y in diameter, and crowned by the persistent tube of the calyx; flesh thin and dry;
stone slightly angled thick-walled, 4-9-seeded
A tree, in Florida sometimes 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk 2'-2|' in diameter, small
ascending'branches forming an open irregular head, and stout or slender branchlets densely
covered during their first season with rufous pubescence, and light reddish brown, slightly
pubescent and marked by conspicuous leaf-scars in their second year; often a shrub.
Distribution. Florida, near Miami and on the Everglade Keys, Dade Coimty, and on
the southern keys; on the Bahama Islands and on several of the Antilles.
882 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
LXVI. CAPRIFOLIACEiE.
Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, opposite petiolate leaves involute in the bud, with or
without stipules, scaly buds, and fibrous roots. Flowers regular, perfect, with articu-
lated pedicels, in terminal compound cymes; calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, 5-toothed;
corolla epigynous, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens 5, inserted on the tube
of the corolla, as many as and alternate with its lobes; filaments slender, free; anthers ob-
long, introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; disk 0 (in the arborescent genera of
the United States); ovary inferior or partly superior, 3-5 or 1-celled; style short, capitate,
3-5-lobed and stigmatic at apex; ovule solitary, suspended from the apex of the cell, resupi-
nate; raphe dorsal; micropyle superior. Fruit drupaceous, crowned with the remnants of
the style. Seeds with copious fleshy albumen; seed-coat membranaceous, adherent to the
albumen; embryo minute, near the hilum; cotyledons ovoid or ovate; radicle terete, erect.
The Honeysuckle family with ten genera is most abundant in the temperate regions of
the northern hemisphere, with a few species extending into the tropics and to beyond the
tropics in the southern hemisphere. Many of the species, especially of Lonicera, Sam-
bucus, and Viburnum, are cultivated in gardens for the beauty of their flowers and fruits.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Leaves unequally pinnate; fruit with 3-5 nutlets. 1. Sambucus.
Leaves simple; fruit with 1 stone. 2. Viburnum.
1. SAMBUCUS L. Elder.
Trees or shrubs, with stout branches containing thick white or brown pith, and buds
with several scales. Leaves petiolate, unequally pinnate, deciduous, with serrate or lacini-
ate leaflets, the base of the petiole naked, glandular or furnished with a stipule-like leaf-
let; stipels small, leaf-like, usually setaceous, often 0; stipules small, rudimentary, usually 0
except on vigorous shoots. Flowers small, in broad terminal corymbose cymes, their bracts
and bractlets lanceolate, acute, scarious, caducous, sometimes ebracteolate; calyx-tube
ovoid, the limb 3-5-lobed or toothed; corolla rotate or slightly campanulate, equally 3-5-
parted; filaments filiform or subulate; ovary inferior or partly superior, 3-5- celled; style
abbreviated, thick and conic, 3-5-lobed, stigmatic at apex. Fruit subglobose, with juicy
flesh, and 3-5 oblong cartilaginous punctate-rugulose or smooth 1-seeded nutlets full and
rounded on the back and rounded at the ends. Seeds filling the cavity of the nutlets, pale
brown; cotyledons ovoid.
Sambucus with about twenty species is widely and generally distributed through the
temperate parts of North America, Europe, and Asia, and inhabits high mountain ranges
within the tropics, and in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. Of the nine or ten
North American species three are arborescent. Sambucus possesses cathartic and emetic
properties in the bark; the flowers are excitant and sudorific, and the juice of the fruit is al-
terative and laxative. The dried flowers of the European Sambucus nigra L., are used in
the preparation of an aromatic distilled water and in flavoring lard, and the hard and com-
pact wood is made into combs and mathematical instruments. The large pithy shoots of
Sambucus furnish children with pop-guns, pipes, and whistles; and the fruit of some of the
species is cooked and eaten.
Sambucus, the name of the Elder-tree, is believed to have been derived from cajx^iKT], a
musical instrument, probably in allusion to the use of the pithy stems.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Cymes flat-topped; pith usually white; fruit black; nutlets rugose.
Fruit lustrous. 1. S. Simpsonii (C).
Fruit appearing blue from a thick covering of bloom. 2. S. coenilea (B, F, G, H).
Cymes ovoid; pith pale brown; fruit red; nutlets smooth. 3. S. callicarpa (B, G).
CAPRIFOLIACE^ 883
1. Sambucus Simpsonii Rehd.
Sambucus intermedia Small, not Carriere.
Leaves 4 '-7' long, 3-7, usually 5-foliolulate, with a glabrous petiole and usually 5 dark
yellow-green leaflets, frequently deciduous, lustrous and glabrous on the upper surface
with the exception of a few scattered hairs on the midrib, and paler and glabrous on the
lower surface, the terminal leaflet obovate or oblong-obovate, short-acuminate at apex, and
gradually narrowed at base into a slender petiolule i'-^' in length, the lateral leaflets broad-
Fig. 776
elliptic to oblong-elliptic, short-acuminate, broad-cuneate at base, those of the upper pair
usually sessile, those of the lower pair on short stalks rarely more than tV ' long, serrate ex-
cept at the base with small slightly spreading teeth, 1 1'-3' long and 1 ^'-2 2 ' wide. Flowers
slightly fragrant, on slender pedicels in convex or sometimes flat cymes 3'-8' in diameter,
with 4 or 5 rays, the terminal ray as long or longer than the lateral rays, rarely shorter;
calyx-tube ovoid, the lobes oblong-ovate, acute, about as long as the tube and slightly ex-
ceeding the thick conic style; stamens about as long as the white corolla-lobes; ovary usually
5, rarely 4-celled. Fruit subglobose, dark purplish black, about j' in diameter; nutlets
rugose.
A tree, sometimes 15°-18° high, with a trunk often 8' in diameter, and slightly angled
branchlets greenish when they first appear, becoming light yellow-gray and sometimes
covered during their second and third years with thick corky excrescences; pith white, on 2
or 3-year-old branches comparatively narrow, occupying only about one-third of the diame-
ter of the stem.
Distribution. Florida, neighborhood of Jacksonville, Duval County, to Eustis, Lake
County, Bradentown, Manatee County, and Sanibel Island, Lee County; Mississippi,
Ocean Springs, Jackson County; Louisiana, Cameron, Cameron Parish.
2. Sambucus coerulea Raf .
Sambucus glauca Nutt.
Sambucus neomexicana Woot.
Leaves 5 '-7' long, with a stout grooved petiole much enlarged and naked or sometim''
furnished at the base with leaf-like appendages, and 5-9 ovate or narrow-oblong lea^
contracted at apex into a long point, unequally cuneate or rounded at base, and co
884 TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA
serrate with spreading or slightly incurved callous-tipped teeth, the lower leaflets often
3-parted or pinnate, the terminal one sometimes furnished with 1 or 2 lateral stalked leaf-
lets, yellow-green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, covered with scattered
pale hairs when they unfold, and at maturity glabrous or soft pubescent beneath (var.
reZw^iwaRehd.), thin, rather firm in texture, bright green above and pale below, l'-6' long
and |'-1|' wide, with a narrow pale midrib and inconspicuous veins; petiolules slender,
those of the lateral leaflets | '-§' and of the terminal leaflet up to 2' in length; stipels linear,
oblong-lanceolate to ovate, rounded or acute at apex, entire or sharply serrate and leaf-like,
Ts'-h' long, caducous, often 0. Flowers |' in diameter, appearing from April in southern
Fig. 777
California to July in British Columbia, in flat long-branched glabrous or pubescent cymes
4'-10' wide, with linear acute green caducous bracts and bractlets, the lower branches often
from the axils of upper leaves; flower-buds globose, covered with a glaucous bloom, some-
times turning red before opening; calyx ovoid, red-brown, with acute scarious lobes; corolla
yellowish white, with oblong divisions rounded at apex, as long as the stamens. Fruit
subglobose, |' in diameter, black, appearing blue by its thick covering of mealy bloom;
flesh rather sweet and juicy.
A tree, 30°-50° high, with a tall straight trunk sometimes enlarged at base and 12'-18' in
diameter, stout spreading branches forming a compact round-topped head, and branchlets
usually without a terminal bud, green tinged with red or brown when they first appear, and
covered with short white caducous hairs, or densely soft pubescent during their first season
(var. velutina Rehd.), stout, slightly angled, covered with lustrous red-brown bark in their
first winter and nearly encircled by the large triangular leaf-scars marked by conspicuous
fibro-vascular bundle-scars; pith white or rarely brownish; often a broad shrub, with
numerous spreading stems. Winter-buds axillary generally in pairs, superposed or in
clusters of 4 or 5, only the upper bud or sometimes the lower usually developing, covered
with 2 or 3 pairs of opposite broad-ovate chestnut-brown scales, those of the inner rank
accrescent, and at maturity acute, entire, green, 1' long, and sometimes developing into
pinnate leaves 2'-3' in length. Bark of the trunk deeply and irregularly fissured, the dark
brown surface slightly tinged with red and broken into small square appressed scales.
Wood light, soft, weak, coarse-grained, yellow tinged with brown, with thin lighter colored
sapwood.
Distribution. Gravelly rather dry soil of valleys and river-bottoms; western Montana
(neighborhood of Flathead Lake and Missoula, Missoula County), through Idaho to the
coast of British Columbia (Vancouver Island), and southward to the San Bernardino
f CAPRIFOLIACRE 885
Mountains and Santa Catalina Island, California, ascending on the Cascade and Sierra
Nevada Mountains to altitudes of 6000°-8000°; Nevada, King's Canon, Ormsby County;
Utah, Juab, Juab County, and the neighborhood of Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County;
Colorado, near Trinidad, Las Animas County; New Mexico, Sacramento Mountains, Otero
County; very abundant in the coast region; comparatively rare in the interior; of its largest
size in the valleys of western Oregon; northward, and east of the Cascade and Sierra Ne-
vada Mountains rarely arborescent; in southern California often with smaller leaves and
flower-clusters than northward; the var. velutina rare and local, California, Goose Valley,
Shasta County; at altitudes of 6000°-7000° on the Sierra Nevada in Sierra, Madera and
Kern Counties, and on Santa Catalina Island; Nevada, on Hunter's Creek, Washoe County,
at an altitude of 6000°,
Occasionally planted as an ornamental plant in the Pacific states, passing into
Sambucus coerulea var. arizonica Sarg.
Sambucus mexicana Sarg., not Presl.
Differing from Sambucus coerulea in its 3-5, usually 3-foliate leaves with usually elliptic
long-acuminate leaflets glabrous or slightly pubescent when they appear, l'-3' long and
I'-l' wide, their stipels minute or rudimentary, smaller flower-clusters and fruit not more
than I' in diameter.
A tree, often 30° high, with stout spreading branches forming a compact round-topped
head, and slender branchlets glabrous or villose pubescent early in the season, usually be-
Fig. 778
coming glabrous. Bark of the trunk about |' thick, the light brown surface tinged with red
and broken into long narrow horizontal ridge-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained,
light brown, with thin lighter-colored sapwood of 2 or 3 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Banks of streams; Arizona, Grand View Trail, Grand Canon of the Colo-
rado River and near Flagstaff, Coconino County, Globe, Gila County, and banks of the
Rialta near Tucson, Pima County; common; New Mexico, near Silver City, Grant County;
southern California (San Diego, Los Angeles, Ventura and Kern Counties).
3. Sambucus callicarpa Greene.
Leaves 6'-10' long, with a stout slightly grooved petiole and 5-7, usually 5, elliptic finely
or coarsely serrate leaflets, acuminate and long-pointed at apex, cuneate and often unsym-
metric at base, dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, paler and more or less villose-
pubescent on the lower siuface, especially along the slender midrib, 2|'-5' long and |'-2'
886
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
wide ; petiolules !'-?' or that of the terminal leaflet up to 1 ^' in length. Flowers on pedicels
I' long, in ovoid to semiorbicular cymes, usually 2|'-3' long and broad, often somewhat
flattened at maturity, on stout peduncles l|'-3' in length, about Y in diameter, with white
Fig. 779
or yellow slightly obovate petals rounded at apex, and stamens rather shorter than the lobes
of the corolla. Fruit about |' in diameter, bright red or rarely chestnut color (f. Piperi
Sarg.) ; nutlets smooth.
A tree, occasionally 25°-30° high, with a trunk 10'-12' in diameter, slender branchlets
occasionally puberulous early in the season, becoming glabrous, light brown, separating on
the surface into thin scales.
Distribution. River banks in low moist soil, from sea-level in the neighborhood of the
coast up to altitudes of 7000°-8000°; coast of Alaska (Skagway), southward along the coast
to Marin County, California, and inland to the western slopes of the Cascade and Sierra
Nevada Mountains, southward to Amador County; the f. Piperi in western Washington.
2. VIBURNUM A. L. de Juss.
Trees or shrubs, with tough flexible branchlets, and large winter-buds naked or covered
with scales, those of the arborescent North American species enclosed in one pair of val-
vate scales, the buds containing flower-bearing branches ovoid, swollen below the middle
and contracted into a long or short point and subtended by 2 minute lateral generally abor-
tive buds formed in the axils of the last leaves of the previous year, those containing sterile
shoots narrow-lanceolate, slightly angled, acute; axillary buds acute, much flattened, and
much smaller than the terminal bud. Leaves deciduous (in the American species), without
or rarely with stipules, the first pair rudimentary, with small blades and broad boat-shaped
petioles, caducous (in the North American arborescent species) . Flowers on short bracte-
olate or bibracteolate pedicels, in terminal or axillary umbel-like flat or panicled cymes,
their bracts and bractlets minute, lanceolate, acute, caducous; calyx-tube cylindric, the
limb short, equally 5-lobed, persistent on the fruit; corolla rotate, equally 5-lobed, spread-
ing and reflexed after anthesis; stamens inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments elon-
gated, exserted; anthers bright yellow; ovary inferior, 1-celled; style conic, divided at
CAPRIFOLIACE^
887
apex into three stigmatie lobes. Fruit 1-celled, with thin sweet acidulous or oily flesh,
stone (in the North American arborescent species) coriaceous, oval, short-pointed at apex;
much flattened, dull reddish brown, slightly pitted. Seed filling the cavity of the stone,
concave on the ventral face, bright reddish brown, the thin coat projected into a red nar-
row irregular often erose marginal border.
Viburnum with a hundred species is widely and generally distributed through the tem-
perate regions of the northern hemisphere, and occurs on the mountains of central and
western South America, on the Antilles, the islands of the Malay Archipelago, and Mada-
gascar. Of the fifteen North American species four are small trees. Many of the species
produce beautiful flowers and fruits, and are frequently cultivated as ornaments of parks
and gardens.
Viburnum is the classical name of one of the European species.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves entire or obscurely crenulate; inflorescence long-stalked; winter-buds elongated,
narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, covered with rusty scales. 1. V. nudum (A, C).
Leaves sharply serrate; inflorescence sessile or short-stalked.
Petioles wing-margined; inflorescence sessile; winter-buds long-pointed, scurfy pubes-
cent. 2. V. Lentago (A, C, F).
Petioles usually without margins.
Petioles nearly glabrous; inflorescence short-stalked; winter-buds short-pointed or ob-
tuse, rufous pubescent. 3. V. pnmifolium (A, C).
Petioles of early leaves and the short-pointed winter-buds rusty tomentose, inflores-
cence sessile. 4. V. rufidulum (A, C).
1. Viburnum nudtun L.
Leaves broad-elliptic to oval or slightly obovate, or in one form narrow-elliptic (var.
angustifolium Torr. & Gray), acute, acuminate or abruptly short-pointed or rarely rounded
at apex, cuneate or rounded at base, entire or slightly crenulate, covered when they unfold
Fig. 780
with rusty scales persistent on the lower side of the midrib and petioles and occasionally on
the whole lower surface, thick, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the
lower surface, 4'-6' long and l^'-2' wide, with a prominent midrib, slender veins, and slightly
thickened and re volute margins; very variable in the size and shape of the leaves and in the
amount of their scurfy covering, those of the southern tree form usually larger than the
leaves of more northern shrubs; leaves of the var. angustifolium often not more than £' long
and I' wide; petioles slender, ^' in length. Flowers appearing from the first of May at the
888 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
south to the middle of June at the north and occasionally also in the autumn, white or pale
cream color, about j wide, in flat or slightly convex cymes with ovate acute bracts and
bractlets, 2'-4' in diameter and about as long or rather shorter than their peduncle. Fruit
ripening late in the autumn, globose, pink at first when fully grown, becoming bright blue,
j' in diameter.
A tree, rarely 18'-20' high, with a tall trunk 6'-8' in diameter, with spreading nearly
horizontal branches forming an open head, and slender branchlets scurfy when they first
appear, soon becoming glabrous, reddish brown and lustrous during their first season and
greenish brown the following year; usually a small or large shrub, and perhaps only a tree
on the borders of swamps near Gainesville, Alachua County, and Palatka, Putnam County,
Florida. Winter-buds reddish brown, covered with rusty scales, those containing flower-
bearing branches, abruptly long pointed, |'-f ' in length.
Distribution. Low moist soil usually in the neighborhood of swamps and streams, and
on rich hillsides; southern Connecticut (Milford and Derby, New Haven County), south-
ward through the coast and Piedmont region, to De Soto County (near Sebring), Florida,
and westward usually in the neighborhood of the coast to the valley of the lower Brazos
River, eastern Texas, and northward through western Louisiana to central Arkansas and
western Tennessee; occasionally ascending the Appalachian Mountains to altitudes of
2000°; the var. angustifolium from North Carolina up to altitudes of 3000° on the Blue
Ridge, to northern Florida.
2. Viburnum Lentago L. Sheepberry. Nannyberry.
Leaves ovate, usually acuminate, with short or elongated points, or sometimes rounded
at apex, cuneate, rounded or subcordate at base, and sharply serrate with incurved callous-
tipped teeth, when they unfold bronze-green, lustrous, coated on both surfaces of the mid-
rib and on the petioles with thick rufous pubescence, slightly pilose on the upper surface
and covered on the lower with short pale hairs, and at maturity bright green and lustrous
Fig. 781
above, yellow-green and marked by minute black dots below, 2^'-3' long and l'-l|' wide,
with a slender midrib, and primary veins connected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets; turn-
ing in the autumn before falling deep orange-red or red and orange color; petioles broad,
grooved, more or less interruptedly winged or occasionally wingless, I'-l^' long, those of
the first pair of leaves covered with thick rufous tomentum. Flowers about j in diameter,
slightly fragrant, appearing from the middle of April to the 1st of June in stout-branched
scurfy sessile slightly convex cymes 3'-5' in diameter, with nearly triangular green cadu-
CAPRIFOLIACEiE 889
cous bracts and bractlets about ^' in length; corolla pale cream color or nearly white, with
ovate lobes acute and slightly erose at apex. Fruit ripening in September on slender
drooping stalks, in red-stemmed few-fruited clusters, oval or occasionally globose (var.
sphaerocarpum A. Gray), thick-skinned, sweet and rather juicy, black or dark blue, and
covered with a glaucous bloom; stone about |' long and j%' wide.
A bushy tree, 20°-30° high, with a short trunk 8'-10' in diameter, slender rather pendu-
lous branches forming a compact round-topped head, and thin divergent branchlets light
green, slightly covered with rufous pubescence when they first appear, and in their first
winter light red, scurfy, marked by occasional dark orange-colored lenticels and by narrow
leaf-scars displaying 3 conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars, becoming in their second
year dark reddish brown and sometimes covered with a glaucous bloom. Winter-buds
light red, generally covered with pale scurfy pubescence, those containing flower-bearing
branchlets f in length, abruptly contracted into long narrow tapering points. Bark of the
trunk reddish brown and irregularly broken into small thick plates divided on their surface
into minute thin appressed scales. Wood bad-smelling, heavy, hard, close-grained, dark
orange-brown, with thin nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Rocky hillsides, along the borders of forests, or near the banks of streams
and the margins of swamps, in moist soil; valley of the Riviere du Loup, Province of Que-
bec, to Saskatchewan, and southward through the northern states to southern Pennsyl-
vania, central Ohio, northern Indiana and southern Wisconsin, northeastern Iowa and
eastern Nebraska, and along the Appalachian Mountains up to altitudes of 2500° to West
Virginia; on the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota, the Black Hills of South Dakota,
on the eastern foothills of the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming and on those of the Rocky
Mountains of Colorado (Boulder, Boulder County).
Often cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern United States, and
occasionally in Europe.
X Viburnum Jackii Rehd. with characters intermediate between Viburnum Lentago
and V. prunifolium is now believed to be a hybrid between those species.
3. Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw. Stag Bush.
Leaves ovate or rarely obovate, oval or suborbicular, rounded, acute, or short-pointed at
apex, cuneate or rounded at base, and usually rather remotely or sometimes finely serrate
with rigid incurved callous-tipped teeth, lustrous and tinged with red, glabrous on the lower
surface and covered on the upper side of the midrib and on the bright red petioles with
scattered reddish hairs when they unfold, and at maturity thick or sometimes coriaceous,
dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale and glabrous on the lower surface, l'-3'
long and |'-3' wide, with slender primary veins connected by reticulate veinlets; in the
autumn turning brilliant scarlet or dark vinous red before falling; petioles terete, grooved,
f '-§ ' in length, and on vigorous shoots sometimes narrowly wing-margined. Flowers I' in
diameter on slender pedicels bibracteolate at apex, in glabrous short-stemmed flat cymes 2'-4'
in diameter, with subtdate caducous bracts about ^/ long, usually red above the middle;
corolla pure white, with oval to nearly orbicular lobes. Fruit ripening in October, in few-
fruited red-stemmed clusters, persistent on the branches until the beginning of winter,
oval or slightly obovoid, ^'-f long or rarely globose, dark blue and covered with a glaucous
bloom; stone about |' long and Y wide.
A bushy tree, occasionally 20°-30° high, with a short and usually crooked trunk 6'-8' in
diameter, stout spreading rigid branches beset with slender spine-like branchlets, bright
red and glabrous when they first appear, soon turning green, and in their first winter gray
tinged with red, covered with a slight bloom, and marked by orange-colored lenticels and
by the large lunate leaf-scars displaying 3 fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and ultimately dark
brown tinged with red; or often a low intricately branched shrub. Winter-buds short-
pointed or obtuse, brown, glabrous or scurfy, those containing flower-bearing branches about
I' long and j' wide, and about twice as large as those containing sterile branchlets. Bark of
the trunk |'-|' thick, and broken into thick irregularly shaped plate-like red-brown scales.
890
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, brown tinged with red, with thick nearly
white sapwood of 20 -30 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Dry rocky hillsides, fence-rows and the sides of roads; Fairfield County,
Connecticut, and the valley of the lower Hudson River, New York, southward to south-
Fig. 782
eastern Virginia and to the Coast and Piedmont regions of North and South Carolina up to
altitudes of 2000° to the valley of the Savannah River (near Augusta, Georgia, Richmond
County, rare), and through southern Ohio, to central Michigan, Indiana, southern Illinois,
southern and western Kentucky, Missouri and eastern Kansas; very abundant in Missouri
from the northeastern counties southward through the state.
Often cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern United States, and
occasionally in western and northern Europe.
4. Viburnum rufidulum Raf. Black Haw.
Leaves elliptic to obovate or oval, rounded, acute, or short-pointed at apex, cuneate or
rounded at base, and finely serrate with slender apiculate straight or incurved teeth, cov-
Fig. 783
ered below and on the wings of the petiole with thick ferrugineous tomentum when they
unfold and at maturity coriaceous, dark green and very lustrous above, pale and dull be
CAPRIFOLIACEiE 891
low, usually about 3' long and f'-l^' wide, with a stout yellow midrib, numerous slender
primary veins, and reticulate veinlets more or less covered below throughout the season
with rufous tomentum also occasionally found on the upper side of the midrib; petioles
stout, grooved, |'-f' long, and margined with broad or narrow wings. Flowers j' in di-
ameter, in sessile 3-5 but usually 4-rayed thick-stemmed ferrugineo-pubescent flat
corymbs often 5'-6' in diameter, with minute subulate bracts and bractlets; corolla creamy
white, with orbicular or oblong rounded lobes. Fruit ripening in October, in few-fruited
drooping red-stemmed clusters, short-oblong or slightly obovoid, bright blue covered with
a glaucous bloom, and ^'-f long; stone ^' long and about |' wide.
A tree, often 40° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, short thick branches forming an
open irregular head, and stout branchlets marked by numerous small red-brown or orange
lenticels, when they first appear more or less coated with ferrugineous tomentum, ashy gray
during their first winter, and dark dull red-brown in their second season. Winter-buds
ferrugineo-tomentose, those containing flower-bearing branchlets broad-ovoid, full and
rounded at base, short-pointed and obtuse at apex, compressed, often |' long and Y wide,
and rather larger than those containing sterile branchlets. Bark of the trunk i'-^' thick,
separating into narrow rounded ridges divided by numerous cross fissures, and roughened
by small plate-like dark brown scales tinged with red. Wood bad-smelling.
Distribution. Dry upland woods and the margins of river-bottom lands; southwestern
Virginia and southern Indiana and Illinois to Hernando County, Florida, and through the
Gulf States to the valleys of the upper Guadalupe River and of Clear Creek, Brown
County, Texas, and to eastern and southwestern Oklahoma (on the Wichita Mountains,
Comanche County), eastern Kansas and Central Missouri; most abundant and of its largest
size in southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas.
Occasionally cultivated in the eastern states, and hardy as far north as eastern Massa-
chusetts.
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
Accrescent. Increasing in size with age.
Accumbent. Lying against, as the radicle against
the edges of the cotyledons.
Acuminate. Gradually tapering to the apex.
Acute. Pointed.
Adnate. Congenitally united to.
Adventitious. Said of buds produced without or-
der from any part of a stem.
Estivation. The arrangement of the parts of a
flower in the bud.
Akene or achene. A small dry and hard, 1-celled,
1-seeded, indehiscent fruit.
Albumen. The deposit of nutritive material
within the coats of a seed and surrounding the
embryo.
Ament. A unisexual spike of flowers with scaly
bracts, usually deciduous in one piece.
Amphitropous. Descriptive of an ovule with the
hilum intermediate between the micropyle and
chalaza.
Anatropous. Descriptive of a reversed ovule, with
the micropyle close by the side of the hilum, and
chalaza at the opposite end.
Androdicecious. With perfect flowers on one indi-
vidual and staminate flowers only on another.
Androgynous. Applied to an inflorescence com-
posed of male and female flowers.
AngiospermoB. Plants with seeds borne in a peri-
carp.
Annular. In the form of a ring.
Anterior. The front side of a flower, that is averse
from the axis of inflorescence.
Anther. The part of the stamen containing the
pollen.
Anthesis. The act of opening of a flower.
Apetalous. Having no petals.
Apex. The top, as the end of the leaf opposite the
petiole.
Apiculate. Ending in a short pointed tip.
Apophysis. An enlargement or swelling of the
surface of an organ.
Arcuate. Moderately curved.
Areolate. Marked by areolae or spaces marked
out on a surface.
Aril. An extraneous seed-coat or covering, or an
appendage growing about the hilum of a seed.
Ariloid. Furnished with an aril.
Aristate. Furnished with awns.
Articulate. Jointed or having the appearance of a
joint.
Aur idled or auriculate. Furnished with an auricle
or ear-shaped appendage.
Autocarpus. A fruit consisting of pericarp
alone, without adherent parts.
Axil. The angle formed on the upper side of the
attachment of a leaf with a stem.
Axillary. In or from an axil.
Baccate. Berry-like.
Bark. The rind or cortical covering of a stem.
Berry. A fruit with a homogeneous fleshy pericarp.
Bipinnate. Doubly or twice pinnate.
Bract. The more or less modified leaf of a flower-
cluster.
Bracteate, Furnished with bracts.
Bracteolate. Furnished with bractlets.
Bractlet. The bract of a pedicel or ultimate
flower-stalk.
Branch. A secondary axis or division of a trunk.
Branchlet. An ultimate division of a branch.
Bud. The undeveloped state of a branch or
flower-cluster with or without scales.
Bud-scales. Reduced leaves covering a bud.
Calyx. The flower-cup or exterior part of a peri-
anth.
Campanulate. Bell-shaped, or elongated cup-
shaped.
Campylotropout. Descriptive of an ovule or seed
curved in its formation so as to bring the micro-
pyle or apex down near the hilum.
Canescent. Hoary, with gray or whitish pubes-
cence.
Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit of more than one
carpel.
Carpel. A simple pistil or an element of a com-
pound pistil.
Catkin. The same as an ament.
Caudate. Furnished with a tail, or with a slender
tip or appendage.
Centripetal. Developing from without toward the
centre.
Chalaza. The part of an ovule where the coats
and nucleus are confluent.
Chartaceous. Having the texture of paper.
Ciliate. Fringed with hairs.
Cinereous. Ashy gray.
Circinnate. Involute from the apex into a coil.
Circumscissile. Circularly and transversely de-
hiscent.
Clavate. Club-shaped.
Cocci. Portions into which a lobed fruit with
1-seeded cells splits up.
Cochleate. Shell-shaped, spiral like the shell of a
snail.
Columella. The persistent axis of a capsule.
Commissure. The face by which 2 carpels unite.
Complanate. Flattened.
Conduplicate. Folded together lengthwise.
Cone. An inflorescence or fruit formed of imbri-
cated scales.
Confer ruminate. Stuck together by adjacent faces.
Connate. United congenitally.
Connective. The portion of a stamen which con-
nects the two cells or lobes of an anther.
Contortuplicate. Twisted and plaited, or folded.
Convolute. Rolled up from the sides.
Cordate. Heart-shaped.
Coriaceous. Of the texture of leather.
Corymb. A flat-topped or convex open flower-
cluster, the flowers opening from the outside in-
ward.
894
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
Corymbose. Said of flowers arranged in a corymb.
Costate. Having ribs.
Cotyledons. The leaves of the embryo.
Crenate. Scalloped.
Crenulate. The diminutive of crenate.
Crispate. Curled.
Crustaceous. Of hard brittle texture.
Cucullate. Hooded or hood-shaped.
Cuneate. Wedge-shaped, or triangular with an
acute angle downward.
Cyme. A flower-cluster, the flower opening from
the centre outward.
Cymose. Bearing cymes or relating to a cyme.
Deciduous. Falling, said of leaves falling in the
autumn, or of parts of a flower falling after an-
thesis.
Decimate. Bent or curved downward.
Decompound. Several times compound or divided.
Decurrent. Running down, as of the blades of
leaves extending down their petioles.
Decussate. In pairs alternately crossing at right
angles.
Dehiscent. The opening of an anther or capsule
by slits or valves.
Deltoid. Having the shape of the Greek letter A.
Dentate. Toothed.
Denticulate. Minutely toothed.
Dextrorse. Turned or directed to the right.
Diadelphous Said of stamens combined by their
filaments into 2 sets.
Dichotomous. Forked in pairs.
Digitate. Said of a compound leaf in which the
leaflets are borne at the apex of the petiole.
Dimorphous. Said of flowers of two forms on the
same plant, or on plants of the same species.
Dioecious. Unisexual, with the flowers of the 2
sexes borne by distinct individuals.
Disciferous. Bearing a disk.
Disciform. Depressed and circular like a disk
Discoid. Appertaining to a disk.
Disk. The development of the torus or receptacle
of a flower within the calyx or within the corolla
and stamens.
Dissepiment. A partition in an ovary or pericarp.
Distichous. Said of leaves arranged alternately in
two vertical ranks upon opposite sides of an axil.
Dorsal. Relating to the back.
Dorsal suture. The line of opening of a carpel cor-
responding to its midrib.
Drupaceous. Resembling or relating to a drupe.
Drupe. A stone fruit.
Duct. An elongated cell or tubular vessel found
especially in the woody parts of plants.
Eglandular. Without glands.
Ellipsoidal. Of the shape of an elliptical solid.
Elliptic. Of the form of an ellipse.
Emarginate. Notched at the apex.
Embryo. The rudimentary plant formed in the
seed.
Endocarp. The inner layer of a pericarp.
Endogenous. Descriptive of Endogens, mono-
cotyledonous plants with stems increasing by
internal accessions.
Epicarp. The thin filmy external layer of a peri-
carp.
Epigynous Placed on the ovary.
Epiphytal Said of a plant growing on another
plant, but not parasitic.
Erose. Descriptive of an irregularly toothed or
eroded margin.
Excurrent. Running through the apex or beyond.
Exocarp. The outer layer of a pericarp.
Exogenous. Descriptive of Exogens, plants with
stems increasing by the addition of a layer of
wood on the outside beneath the constantly
widening bark.
Extrorse. Directed outward, descriptive of an
anther opening away from the axis of the flower.
FalccUe. Scythe-shaped.
Fascicle. A close cluster of leaves or flowers.
Fascicled. Arranged in fascicles.
Feather-veined. Having veins extending from the
sides of the midrib.
Ferrugineous. The color of iron rust.
Fibro-vascular. Consisting of woody fibres and
ducts.
Filament. The stalk of an anther.
Filamentose. Composed of threads.
Fimbriate. Fringed.
Fistulose. Hollow through the whole length.
Flabellate. Fan-shaped; much dilated from a
wedge-shaped base with the broader end rounded.
Floccose. Bearing flocci or tufts of woody hairs.
Foliaceous. Leaf-like in texture or appearance.
Foliolate. Having leaflets.
Foliole. A leaflet.
Follicle. A dry 1-celled seed vessel consisting of a
single carpel, and opening only by the ventral
suture.
Funicle. The stalk of an ovule or seed.
Gamopetalce. Plants with a corolla of coalescent
petals.
Gamopetalous. Descriptive of a corolla of coales-
cent petals.
Geniculate. Bent abruptly like a knee.
Gibbous. Swollen on one side.
Glabrate. Nearly glabrous or becoming glabrous.
Glabrous. Smooth, not pubescent or hairy.
Gland. A protuberance on the surface, or partly
imbedded in the surface of any part of a plant,
either secreting or not.
Glandular. Furnished with glands.
Glaucescent. Nearly or becoming glaucous.
Glaucous. Covered or whitened with a bloom.
Glomerate. Said of flowers gathered into a com-
pact head.
GymnospermcB. Plants with naked seeds, that is,
not inclosed in a pericarp.
Gynophore. The stipe of a pistil.
Heartwood. The mature and dead wood of an
exogenous stem.
Hermaphrodite. With staminate and pistillate
organs in the same flower, equivalent to perfect.
Hilum. The scar or place of attachment of a seed.
Hirsute. Hairy, with coarse or stiff hairs.
Hispidulous. Minutely hispid.
Hypogynous. Under or free from the pistil.
Imbricate Overlapping, like the shingles on a
roof.
Incumbent. Leaning or resting upon, as the radi-
cle against the back of one of the cotyledons.
Induplicate. With edges folded in or turned in-
ward.
Inferior. Said of an organ placed below another-
GLOSSAPY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
895
like a calyx below an ovary or an ovary below a
superior calyx.
Inflorescence. Flower-cluster.
Infrapetiolar. Below the petioles.
Innate. Borne on the apex of the supporting part;
in an anther the counterpart of adnata.
Interpetiolar. Between the petioles.
Introrse. Turned inward; descriptive of an anther
opening toward the axis of the flower.
Inverse. Inverted.
Involucre. A circle of bracts surrounding a flower-
• cluster.
Involute. Rolled inward.
Laciniate. Cut into narrow incisions or lobes.
Lactescent. Yielding milky juice.
Lamellate. Composed of thin plates.
Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance; narrower than
oblong and tapering to the ends, or at least to
the apex.
Lanuginose. Clothed with soft reflexed hairs.
Leaf. Green expansions borne by the stem in
which assimilation and the processes connected
with it are carried on.
Leaflet. The separate division of a compound
leaf.
Legume. The seed vessel of plants of the Pea
family, composed of a solitary carpel normally
dehiscent only by the ventral suture.
Lenticels. Lenticular corky growths on young
bark.
Lenticellate. Having lenticels.
Lepidote. Beset with small scurfy scales.
Ligulate. Strap-shaped.
Linear. Said of a narrow leaf several times nar-
rower than long, with parallel margins.
Lobe. The division of an organ.
Lobulate. Divided into small lobes.
Loculicidal. Dehiscent into the cavity of a peri-
carp by the back, that is through a dorsal suture.
Marcescent. Said of a part of a plant, withering
without falling off.
Medullary rays. The rays of cellular tissue in a
transverse section of an exogenous stem and ex-
tending from the pith to the bark.
Membranaceous. Thin and pliable like a mem-
brane.
Micropyle. The spot or point in the seed at the
place of the orifice of the ovule.
Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf.
Monoecious. Unisexual, with the flowers of the
two sexes borne by the same individual.
Mucro. A small and abrupt tip to a leaf.
Mucronate. Furnished with a mucro.
Muricate. Rough, with short rigid excrescences.
Naked buds. Buds without scales.
Nectar. The sweet secretion of various parts of a
flower.
Nectariferous. Nectar-bearing.
Node. The portion of the stem which bears a leaf
or whorl of leaves.
Nucleus. The kernel of an ovule or seed.
Nut. A hard and indehiscent 1-seeded pericarp
produced from a compound ovary.
Nutlet. A diminutive nut or stone.
Obdavate. Inverted club-shape.
Obrordate. Inverted heart-shaped.
Oblanceolate. Lanceolate but tapering toward the
base more than toward the apex.
Oblong. Longer than broad with nearly parallel
sides.
Obovate. Ovate with the broader end toward the
apex.
Obovoid. Solid obovate with the broader end
toward the apex.
Obpyramidal. Inversely pyramidal.
Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at the apex.
Operculate. Furnished with a lid.
Orbicular. A flat body circular in outline.
Orthotropous. Descriptive of an ovule with a
straight axis much enlarged at the insertion and
the orifice at the other end.
Oval. Broad-elliptic, with round ends.
Ovate. Of the shape of the longitudinal section of
a hen's egg, with the broad end basal.
Ovoid. Solid ovate or solid oval.
Ovule. The part of the flower which becomes a
seed.
Palmate. Lobed or divided, with the sinuses
pointing to or reaching the apex of the petiole or
insertion.
Panicle. A loose compound flower-cluster.
Papilionaceous. Butterfly-like.
Papilliform. The shape of papillae.
Papillate. Bearing papillae, minute nipple-shaped
papillose projections.
Parietal placenta. A placenta borne on the wall of
the ovary.
Pedicel. The stalk of a flower in a compound in-
florescence.
Pedicellate. Borne on a pedicel.
Peduncle. A general flower-stalk supporting either
a cluster of flowers, or a solitary flower.
Pedunculate. Borne on a peduncle.
Peltate. Descriptive of a plane body attached by
its lower surface to the stalk.
Penniveined. Same as pinnately veined.
Perfect. Said of a flower with both stamens and
pistil.
Perianth. The envelope of a flower consisting of
calyx, corolla, or both.
Pericarp. The fructified ovary.
Persistent. Said of leaves remaining on the
branches over their first winter, and of a calyx
remaining under or on the fruit.
Petal. A division of the corolla.
Petiolate. Having a petiole.
Petiole. The footstalk of a leaf.
Petiolulate. Having a petiolule.
Petiolule. The footstalk of a leaflet.
Pilose. Hairy, with soft and distinct hairs.
PinncB. The primary divisions of a twice pinnate
leaf.
Pinnate. A leaf with leaflets arranged along each
side of a common petiole.
Pistil. The female organ of a flower, consisting of
ovary, style, and stigma.
Pistillate. Said of a unisexual flower without fer-
tile stamens.
Pith. The central cellular part of a stem .
Placenta. That part of the ovary which bears the
ovules.
Plane. Used in describing a flat surface.
Plumule. The bud or growing part of the embryo.
Pollen. The fecundating cells contained in the an-
ther.
896
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
f
Polygamodicecious. Said of flowers sometimes
perfect and sometimes unisexual, the 2 forms
borne on different individuals.
Polygamomonoecious. Saidj of flowers sometimes
perfect and sometimes unisexual, the 2 forms
borne on the same individual.
Polygamous. Said of flowers sometimes perfect
and sometimes unisexual.
Pome. An inferior fruit of 2 or several carpels in-
closed in thick flesh.
Posterior. The side of an axillary flower next the
axis of inflorescence.
Prickle. Outgrowth of the bark.
Proliferous. Bearing offshoots.
Puberulent. Very slightly pubescent.
Puberulous. Minutely pubescent.
Pubescence. A covering of short soft hairs.
Pubescent. Clothed with soft short hairs.
Pulvinate. Cushion-shaped.
Punctate. Dotted with depressions or translucent
internal glands, or with colored dots.
Punctulate. Minutely punctate.
Raceme. An indeterminate or centripetal inflores-
cence with an elongated axis and flowers on pedi-
cels of equal length.
Rachis. The axis of a spike or of a compound leaf.
Radial. Belonging to a ray.
Radicle. The initial stem in an embryo.
Receptacle. The axile portion of a blossom bearing
sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils; the axis or
rachis of the head, spike, or other flower-cluster.
Reniform. Kidney-shaped.
Resupinate. Upside down.
Reticulate. Netted.
Retrorse. Directed backward or downward.
Retuse. With a shallow notch at a rounded apex.
Revolute. Rolled backward from the margins or
apex.
Rhaphe. The adnate cord or ridge connecting the
hilum with the chalaza in an anatropous ovule.
Rhombic. Having the shape of a rhomb.
Rhomboidal. Approaching a rhombic outline;
quadrangular with lateral angles obtuse.
Rind. The bark of some endogenous stems, like
that of Palms.
Rostrate. Narrowed into a slender tip.
Rotate. Circular, flat and horizontally spreading.
Rugose. Wrinkled.
Rugulose. Slightly wrinkled.
Ruminate. Looking as if chewed , like the albumen
of the nutmeg.
Sagittate. Shaped like an arrowhead.
Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit.
Sapwood. The young living wood of an exogenous
stem.
Scales. Thin scarious bodies, usually degenerate
leaves.
Scarious. Thin, dry and membranaceous, not
green.
Scobiform. Having the appearence of sawdust.
Scorpioid. A form of unilateral inflorescence
circinately coiled in the bud.
Scurfy. Covered with small bran-like scales.
Seed. The fertilized and mature ovule, the result
of sexual reproduction in a flowering plant.
Segment. One of the divisions into which a leaf,
calyx, or corolla may be divided.
Semianairopous. Same as amphitropous.
Sepals. The divisions of a calyx.
Septicidal. Descriptive of a capsule splitting
through the lines of junction of the carpels.
Septum. A partition.
Serrate. Beset with teeth.
Serrulate. Serrate with small fine teeth.
Sessile. Without a stalk.
Seto'se. Beset with bristles.
Setulose. Beset with minute bristles.
Sheath. A tubular or enrolled part or organ.
Sinistrorse. Turned or directed to the left.
Sinus. A recess between the lobes of a leaf. •
Spatulate. Oblong with the lower end attenuated.
Spike. An indeterminate inflorescence with flow-
ers sessile on an elongated common axis.
Spine. A sharp-pointed woody body, commonly a
modified branch or stipule.
Spinescent. Ending in a spine.
Spinose. Furnished with spines.
Stamen. One of the male organs of a flower.
Staminate. Said of unisexual flowers without pis-
tils.
Staminodium. A sterile or much reduced stamen.
Stigma. The part or surface of a pistil which re-
ceives the pollen for the fecundation of the
ovules.
Stigmatic. Relating to the stigma.
Stipe. A stalk-like support of a pistil or of a
carpel.
Stipel. An appendage to a leaflet analagous to
the stipules of a leaf.
Stipellate. Having stipe Is.
Stipitate. Having a stipe.
Stipulate. Having stipules.
Stipules. Appendages of a leaf, placed on one
side of the petiole at its insertion with the stem.
Stomaia. Breathing pores or apertures in the ep-
idermis of leaves connecting internal cavities
with the external air.
Stomatiferous. Furnished with stomata.
Stone. The hard endocarp of a drupe.
Strobile. The same as cone.
Strophiolate. Said of a seed bearing a strophiole
or appendage at the hilum.
Style. The attenuated portion of a pistil between
the ovary and the stigma.
Subcordate. Slightly cordate.
Subulate. Awl-shaped.
Sulcate. Grooved or furrowed.
Superior. Growing or placed above; also in a
lateral flower for the side next the axis.
Suture. A junction, usually aline of opening of a
carpel.
Syncarp. A multiple fruit.
Taproot. The primary descending root, a direct
continuation from the radicle.
Tegmen. The inner coat of a seed.
Testa. The outer seed-coat.
Thyrsoidal. Relating to a thrysus.
Thyrsus. A mixed inflorescence with the main
axis indeterminate and the secondary or ulti-
mate cluster cymose.
Tomentose. Densely pubescent with matted wool
or tomentum.
Tomentulose. Slightly pubescent with matted
wool.
Torose. Cylindric, with contractions or bulges
at intervals.
Tarulose. Slightly torose.
I
f
GLOSSABY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
897
Torus. The receptacle of a flower.
Transverse. Horizontal.
Trichotomous. Three-forked.
Trifoliate. Three-leaved.
Trifoliolate. Descriptive of leaves, with 3 leaflets.
Truncate. As if cut off at the end.
Tubercle. A small tuber or excrescence.
Tuberculate. Beset with knobby excrescences.
Turbinate, Top-shaped.
Turgid. Swollen.
Umbel. An inflorescence with numerous pedicels
springing from the same point like the rays of an
umbrella.
Umbilicus. The hilum of a seed.
Umbo. A boss or protuberance.
Umbonate. Bearing an umbo.
Uncinate. Hooked, bent, or curved at the tip in
the form of a hook.
Unequally pinnate. Pinnate, with an odd terminal
leaflet.
Unguiculate. Contracted at the base into a claw
or stalk.
Unisexual. Said of flowers with either the stamens
or pistil 0 or abortive.
Urceolate. Hollow and contracted at or below the
mouth like an urn or pitcher.
Utride. A small bladdery pericarp.
Valvate. Said of a bud in which the parts meet
without overlapping.
Valve. One of the pieces into which a capsule
splits.
Veinlet. One of the ultimate or smaller ramifica-
tions of a vein.
Veins. Ramifications or threads of fibro-vascular
tissue in a leaf or other flat organ.
Ventral. Belonging to the anterior or inner face
of a carpel.
Ventricose. Swelling unequally or inflated on one
side.
Vernation. The disposition of parts in a leaf-
bud.
Verrucose. Covered with wart-like elevations.
Versatile. Said of an anther turning freely on Its
filament.
V erticillate. Arranged in a circle or whorl round
an axis.
Villose. Hairy, with long and soft hairs.
Whorl. An arrangement of branches or leaves in
a circle round an axis.
Wood. The hard part of a stem mainly «omposed
of wood-cells, wood fibre, or tissue.
INDEX
Abele, 120.
Abies, 50.
Abies amabilis, 56.
Abies arizonica, 54.
Abies balsamea, 52.
Abies balsamea var. hudsonia,
53.
Abies balsamea var. macro-
carpa, 53.
Abies balsamea var. phanero-
lepis, 52.
Abies bracteata, 60.
Abies cephalonica, 50.
Abies cilicica, 50.
Abies concolor, 55.
Abies Fraseri, 51.
Abies grandis, 54.
Abies homolepis, 50.
Abies lasiocarpa, 53.
Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica,
53.
Abies Lowiana, 56.
Abies magnifica, 58.
Abies magnifica var. shasten-
sis, 59.
Abies magnifica var. xantho-
carpa, 59.
Abies nobilis, 57.
Abies Nordmanniana, 50.
Abies pinsapo, 50.
Abies Veitchii, 50.
Abies venusta, 60.
Acacia, 591, 623.
Acacia Emoriana, 593.
Acacia Farnesiana, 592.
Acacia, Green-barked, 614, 615.
Acacia Greggii, 595.
Acacia tortuosa, 593.
Acacia Wrightii, 594.
Acer, 681.
Acer carolinianum, 699.
Acer circinatum, 684.
Acer Douglasii, 683.
Acer floridanum, 691.
Acer floridanum var. villipes,
691.
Acer glabrum, 682.
Acer glabrum var. Douglasii,
683.
Acer glabrum f. trisectum, 682.
Acer grandidentatum, 692.
Acer leucoderme, 694.
Acer macrophyllum, 687.
Acer Negundo, 699.
Acer Negundo var. arizoni-
cum, 701.
Acer Negundo var. caifornicum,
701.
Acer Negundo var. interior,
701.
Acer Negundo var. texanum.
701
Acer Negundo var. texanum
f. latifolium, 701.
Acer Negundo var. violaceum,
700.
Acer nigrum, 693.
Acer nigrum var. Palmeri, 693.
Acer pennsylvanicum, 686.
Acer rubrum, 696.
Acer rubrum var. columnare,
698.
Acer rubrum var. Drummondii,
698.
Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii
f. rotundatum, 698.
Acer rubrum var. rubrocarpum,
696.
Acer rubrum var. tomentosum,
696.
Acer rubrum var. tridens, 699.
Acer saccharinum, 694.
Acer saccharinum var. Wieri,
695.
Acer saccharum, 688.^*'
Acer saccharum var. glaucum,
688.
Acer saccharum var. monumen-
tale, 689.
Acer saccharum var. Rugelii,
689.
Acer saccharum var. Schneckii,
688, 689.
Acer saccharum var. sinuo-
sum, 690.
Acer sinuosum, 690.
Acer spicatum, 685.
Aceraceae, 680.
Accfilorraphe, 105.
Accelorraphe arborescens, 106.
Accelorraphe Wrightii, 106.
Adelia, 853.
^sculus, 702.
Msculus austrina, 709.
J^sculus Bushii, 704.
Msculus californica, 710.
iEsculus discolor, 709.
.iEsculus discolor var. flaves-
cens, 710.
.Msculus discolor var. mollis,
709.
iEsculus georgiana, 706.
.Msculus georgiana var. lanceo-
lata, 707.
Msculus georgiana var. pu-
bescens, 706.
Msculus glabra, 703.
Msculus glabra var. Buckleyi,
703.
iEsculus glabra var. leuco-
dermis,-704.
.Msculus glabra var. micran-
tha, 704.
iEsculus glabra, var. pallida,
703.
.(Esculus Harbisonii, 707.
.iEsculus Hippocastanum, 702.
iEsculus hybrida, 705.
iEsculus mississippiensis, 704.
.Msculus octandra, 704.
iEsculus octandra var. virgin-
ica, 705.
iEsculus Pavia, 707.
Ailanthus altissima, 641.
Alder, White, 224.
Alligator Pear, 357.
Almond Willow, 144.
Alnus, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224,
225, 226.
Alnus acuminata, 225.
Alnus maritima, 226.
Alnus oblongifolia, 225.
Alnus oregona, 222.
Alnus rhombifolia, 224.
Alnus rubra, 222.
Alnus sinuata, 221.
Alnus sitchensis, 221.
Alnus tpnnifnlia 99,.^
Alnus vulgaris, 220.
Alvaradoa, 644.
Alvaradoa amorphoides, 644.
Amelanchier, 393.
Amelanchier alnifolia, 396.
Amelanchier canadensis, 394.
Am,elanchier canadensis, 395.
Amelanchier canadensis var.
tomentula, 394.
Am,elanchier Cusickii, 396.
Amelanchier florida, 396.
Amelanchier laevis, 395.
Amelanchier laevis f. nitida,
395.
Amyris, 6^K —-—--.>_
Amyris elemifera, 640. ^^ — -
Amyris parvifolia, 640.
Anacahuita, 860.
Anacardiacese, 655.
Anamomis dichotoma, 774.
Anamomis Simpsonii, 775.
Anaqua, 862.
Angiospermse, 96.
Annona, 354.
Annona cherimola, 355.
Annona glabra, 355.
Annona muricata, 355.
Annona palustris, 355.
Annona reticulata, 355.
Annonaceae, 353.
Ant's Wood, 816.
Apple, 379.
Apple, Crab, 380, 381, 382, 383,
384, 385, 387, 389.
Apple, Haw, 434.
Apple, Pond, 355.
Apple, Turkey, 476.
Aquifoliacese, 668.
AraUa, 778.
Aralia spinosa, 778.
Araliaceae, 777.
Arbor- vitse, 67.
Arbutus, 799.
Arbutus arizonica, 801.
Arbutus Menziesii, 799.
Arbutus texana, 800.
Arbutus xalapensis, 800.
Ardisia, 806.
Ardisia escallonioides, 806.
Ardisia paniculata, 806.
Arroyo Willow, 153.
Ash, 833.
Ash, Black, 852.
Ash, Blue, 851.
Ash, Brown, 852.
Ash, Green, 846.
Ash, Mountain, 390, 842.
Ash, Prickly, 635.
Ash, Pumpkin, 844.
Ash, Red, 845.
Ash, Swamp, 838. "
Ash, Waf«r, 639.
900
INDEX
Ash, Water, 838, 839.
Ash, White, 841.
Ash-leaved Maple, 699.
Asimina, 353.
Asimina triloba, 353.
Asp, Quaking, 121.
Aspen, 121.
Australian Eucalypti, 768.
Austrian Pine, 2.
Avicennia, 865.
Avicennia nitida, 866,
Avocado, 357.
Bald Cypress, 63, 64.
Balsam, 125.
Balsam Cottonwood, 126.
Balsam Fir, 51, 52, 53.
Balsam, She, 51.
Bark, Cinnamon, 753.
Bark, Georgia, 876.
Basket Oak, 304.
Bass Wood, 732, 733.
Batodendron, 803.
Batodendron glaucescens, 803.
Bay, 751.
Bay, Loblolly, 751.
Bay, Red, 357.
Bay, Rose, 792.
Bay, Swamp, 346, 358.
Bay, Sweet, 346.
Bayonet, Spanish, 111, 112.
Bean, Coral, 616.
Bean, Horse, 611.
Bean, Indian, 871.
Bean, Screw, 602.
Bearberry, 725.
Bear Oak, 254.
Bechtel Crab, 388.
Beech, 228.
Beech, Blue, 201.
Berry, Service, 394, 395, 396.
Betula, 205.
Betula alaskana, 217.
Betula alleghaniensis, 207.
Betula coerulea, 211.
Betula coerulea var. Blanchar-
dii, 212.
Betula commixta, 218.
Betula Eastwoodae, 219.
Betula fontinalis, 218.
Betula fontinalis var. Piperi,
219.
Betula Jackii, 207.
Betula kenaica, 216.
Betula lenta, 206.
Betula lutea, 207. — '
Betula montanensis, 214.
Betula nigra, 208.
Betula occidentalis, 215.
Betula papyrifera, 212.
Betula papyrifera var. cordi-
folia, 213.
Betula papyrifera var. elobata,
212.
Betula papyrifera var. kena-
ica, 216.
Betula papyrifera var. minor,
213.
Betula papyrifera var. mon-
tanensis, 214.
Betiila papyrifera var. occiden-
talis, 215.
Betula papyrifera var. subcor-
data, 214.
Betula pendula, 205, 212.
Betula Piperi, 219.
Betula populifolia, 210.
Betula populifolia var. lacini-
ata, 211.
Betula populifolia var. pur-
purea, 211.
Betula Purpusii, 208.
Betula Sandbergii, 213.
Betula Sandbergii f. maxima,
213.
Betula subcordata, 214.
Betulacese, 200.
Beureria, 861.
Beureria havanensis, 861.
Beureria ovata, 861.
Bignoniaceae, 868.
Big Shellbark, 186.
Big Tree, 62.
Big Tree Plum, 565.
Billia, 702.
Bilsted, 367.
Birch, 205.
Birch, Black, 206, 216, 218.
Birch, Blue, 211.
Birch, Canoe, 212.
Birch, Cherry, 206.
Birch, Gr*y, 207, 210.
Birch, Paper, 212.
Birch, Red, 208, 216.
Birch, River, 208, 218.
Birch, West Indian, 646.
Birch, White, 210, 217.
Birch, Yellow, 207.
Bird Cherry, 57IV
Bitternut, 180.
Bitter Pecan, 179.
Bitter-Sweet Orange, 633.
Black Ash, 852.
Black Birch, 206, 216, 218.
Black Calabash Tree, 873.
Black Cottonwood, 124, 126.
Black Haw, 812, 889, 890.
Black Hemlock, 46.
Black Ironwood, 721.
Black Jack Oak, 258.
Black Mangrove, 866.
Black Maple, 693.
Black Oak, 246, 250, 251,
274.
Black Oaks, 238.
Black Olive-tree, 765.
Black Persimmon, 823.
Black Sloe, 558.
Black Spruce, 35.
Black Walnut, 171.
Black Willow, 140, 160.
BloUy, 341.
Blue Ash, 851.
Blue Beech, 201.
Blue Birch, 211.
Blue Jack Oak, 265.
Blue Myrtle, 727.
Blue Oak, 283.
Blue Spruce, 39.
Borraginaceae, 858.
Bow Wood, 332.
Box Elder, 699.
Box Wood, 680.
Brittle Thatch, 99, 100.
Broad-leaved Maple, 687.
Broussonetia papyrifera, 328.
Brown Ash, 852.
Bucida, 765.
Bucida Buceras, 765.
Buckeye, 709, 710, 711.
Buckeye, Fetid, 703.
Buckeye, Ohio, 703.
Buckeye, Red-flowered, 707.
Buckeye, Spanish, 717.
Buckeye, Sweet, 704.
Buckthorn, 815.
Bull Pine, 12, 20.
Bumelia, 812.
Bumelia angustifolia, 816.
Bumelia lanuginosa. 813.
Bumelia lanuginosa var. albi-
cans, 813.
Bumelia lanuginosa var. rigida,
814.
Bumelia lycioides, 815.
Bumelia monticola, 814.
Bumelia tenax, 812.
Burning Bush, 675.
Burr Oak, 290.
Bursera, 645.
Bursera microphylla, 647.
Bursera Simaruba, 646.
Burseraceae, 645.
Bush, Burning, 675.
Bush, Button, 878.
Bush, Shad, 394.
Bush, Stag, 889.
Bustic, 811.
Butternut, 169.
Button Bush, 878.
Buttonwood, 372, 766, 767.
Byrsonima, 632.
Byrsonima lucida, 632.
Cabbage Palmetto, 102.
Cabbage Tree, 102.
Cactaceae, 757.
Calabash Tree, Black, 873.
California Laurel, 361.
California Lilac, 727.
California Nutmeg, 92.
Calyptranthes, 769.
Calyptranthes pallens, 769.
Calyptranthes Zuzygium, 770.
Camellia Thea, 750.
Camptotheca, 779.
Canada Plum, 560.
Canella, 753.
Canella Winterana, 753.
Canellaceae, 753.
Canoe Birch, 212.
Canoe Cedar, 68.
Canotia, 677.
Canotia holacantha, 678.
Capparidaceae, 365.
Capparis, 365.
Capparis jamaicensis, 365.
Capparis spinosa, 365.
Caprifoliaceae, 882.
Carica, 755.
Carica Papaya, 756.
Caricaceae, 755.
Carolina Poplar, 137.
Carpinus, 201.
Carpinus Betulus, 201.
Carpinus caroliniana, 201.
Carya, 176.
Carya alba, 188.
Carya alba var. subcoriacea,
189.
Carya aquatica, 181.
Carya aquatica var. australis,
182.
Carya arkansana, 198.
Carya Brownii, 181.
Carya Brownii var. varians, 181.
Carya Buckleyi, 197.
Carya Buckleyi var. arkan-
sana, 189.
Carya Buckleyi var. arkansana
f. pachylemma, 199.
Carya Buckleyi var. villosa,
199.
Carya carolinae-septentrionalis,
185.
Carya cordiformis, 180.
Carya cordiformis var. lati-
folia, 180.
Carya Dunbarii, 187.
Carya floridana, 196.
Carya glabra, 191.
Carya glabra var. megacarpa,
192.
I
I
INDEX
901
Carya glabra var. villosa, 199.
Carya laciniosa, 186.
Carya Laneyi, 181.
Carya Laneyi var. chateau-
gayensis, 181.
Carya leiodermis, 189.
Carya leiodermis var. calli-
coma, 190.
Carya megacarpa, 192.
Carya microcarpa, 194, 195.
Carya myristicseformis, 182.
Carya Nussbaumerii, 187.
Carya ovalis, 193.
Carya ovalis var. borealis, 195.
Carya ovalis var. hirsuta, 195.
Carya ovalis var. obcordata,
194.
Carya ovalis var. obovalis, 195.
Carya ovalis var. odorata, 195.
Carya ovata, 183.
Carya ovata var. complanata,
184.
Carya ovata var. ellipsoidalis,
184.
Carya ovata var. fraxinifolia,
185.
Carya ovata var. Nuttallii, 184.
Carya ovata var. pubescens,
184.
Carya pallida, 190.
Carya pedan, 177.
Carya porcina, 191.
Carya Schneckii, 189.
Carya texana, 179.
Carya texana, 197.
Carya villosa, 199.
Cassada, 811.
Cassena, 671.
Cassie, 592.
Castanea, 230.
Castanea alnifolia, 233.
Castanea alnifolia var. flori-
dana, 233.
Castanea crenata, 230.
Castanea dentata, 231, 232.
Castanea mollissima, 230.
Castanea neglecta, 232.
Castanea pumila, 232.
Castanea sativa, 230.
Castanopsis, 234.
Castanopsis chrysophylla, 234.
Castanopsis chrysophylla var.
minor, 235.
Castanopsis sempervirens, 234.
Catalpa, 870, 871.
Catalpa bignonioides, 871.
Catalpa bignonioides var. nana,
872.
Catalpa Bungei, 872.
Catalpa Catalpa, 871.
Catalpa hybrida, 872.
Catalpa speciosa, 872.
Catalpa, Western, 872.
Cat's Claw, 586, 594, 595.
Ceanothus, 726.
Ceanothus arboreus, 727.
Ceanothus spinosus, 728.
Ceanothus thrysiflorus, 727.
Cedar, 87.
Cedar, Canoe, 68.
Cedar Elm, 314.
Cedar, Incense, 65.
Cedar Pine, 25.
Cedar, Port Orford, 77.
Cedar, Red, 6^, 88, 89, 90.
Cedar, Rock, 87.
Cedar, Stinking, 91.
CedSl7~Sweet-berried, 82.
Cedar, White, 67, 75.
Celastracese, 674.
Celtis, 318.
Celtis brevipes, 324.
Celtis canina, 320.
Celtis crassifolia, 320.
Celtis Douglasii, 321.
Celtis Helleri, 322.
Celtis laevigata, 323.
Celtis laevigata var. anomala,
324.
Celtis laevigata var. brachy-
phylla, 324.
Celtis laevigata var. brevipes,
324.
Celtis laevigata var. texana,
325.
Celtis laevigata var. texana f.
microphylla, 326.
Celtis Lindheimeri, 322.
Celtis mississippiensis, 323.
Celtis occidentalis, 319.
Celtis occidentalis var. canina,
320.
Celtis occidentalis var. crassi-
folia, 320.
Celtis pumila, 326.
Celtis pumila var. georgiana,
326.
Celtis reticulata, 323.
Celtis reticulata var. vestita,
323.
Celtis rugulosa, 321.
Cephalanthus, 878.
Cephalanthus occidentalis, 878.
Cephalanthus occidentalis var.
pubescens, 879.
Cerasus demissa, 574.
Cercidium, 613.
Cercidium floridum, 614.
Ceridium Torreyanum, 615.
Cercis, 603.
Cercis canadensis, 604.
Cercis reniformis, 604.
Cercis texensis, 604.
Cercocarpus, 550.
Cercocarpus alnifolius, 552.
Cercocarpus betuloides, 553.
Cercocarpus eximius, 554.
Cercocarpus ledifolius, 553.
Cercocarpus parvifolius, 552.
Cercocarpus parvifolius var.
betuloides, 553.
Cercocarpus paucidentatus,
554.
Cercocarpus Traskiae, 551.
Cereus, 757.
Cereus giganteus, 758.
Chamaecyparis, 75.
Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana, 77.
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis,76.
Chamaecyparis obtusa, 75.
Chamaecyparis pisifera, 75.
Chamaecyparis thyoides, 75.
Chapote, 823.
Checkered-bark Juniper, 84.
Cherry, 555, 806.
Cherry Birch, 206.
Cherry, Bird, 571.
Cherry, Choke, 573.
Cherry, Indian, 724.
Cherry, Rum, 575.
Cherry, Wild, 572, 576, 577,
578 "
Cherry, Wild Black, 575.
Cherry, Wild Red, 571.
Chestnut, 230, 231.
Chestnut, Golden-leaved, 234.
Chestnut Oak, 236, 305, 306.
Chestnut Oaks, 241.
Chickasaw Plum, 569.
Chilopsis, 869.
Chilopsis linearis, 869.
China-tree, 648.
China-tree, Wild, 714.
Chinquapin, 232, 233, 234.
Chionanthus, 855.
Chionanthus virginica, 855.
Chittam Wood, 657, 813.
Chloromeles, 379.
Choke Cherry, 573.
Cholla, 760.
Chrysobalanus, 583.
Chrysobalanus icaco, 583.
Chrysobalanus icaco var. pel-
locarpa, 584.
Chrysophyllum, 817.
Chrysophj{llum Cainito, 817.
Chrysophyllum oliviforme, 818.
Chytraculia Chytfoxulia, 769. ^^^
Cinnamon Bark, 753.
Cinnamon, Wild, 753.
Citharexylon, 864.
Citharexylon fruticosum, 864.
Citharexylon fruticosum var.
villosum, 864.
Citharexylon villosum, 864.
Citrus Aurantium, 633.
Cladrastis, 618.
Cladrastis lutea, 619.
Clammy Locust, 625.
Claw, Cat's, 586, 594, 595.
CHftonia, 667.
Cliftonia monophylla, 667.
Cocoa Plum, 583.
Coccolobis, 338.
Coccolobis laurifolia, 340.
Coccolobis uvifera, 339.
^Coccothrinax, 100.
iZJb&eothrinax jucunda, 100.
Coccothrinax jucunda var. mac-
rosperma, 101.
Coccothrinax jucunda var.
marquesensis, 101.
Cock-spur Thorn, 402.
Coffee-tree, 725.
Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 606.
Colorado Spruce, 39.
Colubrina, 729.
Colubrina arborescens, 731.
Colubrina Colubrina, 731.
Colubrina cubensis, 730.
Colubrina reclinata, 729.
Combretaceae, 764.
CondaUa, 719.
Condalia obovata, 719.
Conocarpus, 766.
Conocarpus erecta, 766.
Conocarpus erecta var. sericea,
766.
Coral Bean, 616.
Cordia, 858.
Cordia Boissieri, 860.
Cordia sebestena, 859.
Cork Elm, 311.
Cork Wood, 167.
Cornaceae, 784.
Cornus alternifolia, 789.
Cornus asperifolia, 788.
Cornus florida, 785.
Cornus florida f. zanthocarpa,
786.
Cornus mas, 785.
Cornus Nuttallii, 787.
- Cotinus, 657.
Cotinus americanus, 657.
Cotinus coggygria, 657.
Cotton Gum, 783.
Cottonwood, 128, 129, 131, 133,
135, 136.
Cottonwood, Balsam, 126.
Cottonwood, Black, 124, 126.
Cottonwood, Narrow-leaved,
127.
Cottonwood, Swamp, 124.
V
902
INDEX
Cowania, 549.
Cowania Davidsonii, 549.
Cowania mexicana, 549.
Cowania Stansburiana, 549.
Cow Oak, 304.
Crab Apple, 380, 381, 382, 383,
384, 385, 387, 389.
Crab, Bechtel, 388.
Crab Wood, 654.
Crabs, Siberian, 379.
Crataegus, 397.
Crataegus a9clivis, 496.
Crataegus acutifolia, 409.
Crataegus aestivalis, 434.
Crataegus aestivalis, 435, 436.
Crataegus aestivalis var. lucu-
lenta, 435.
Crataegus algens, 407.
Crataegus amnicola, 426.
Crataegus annosa, 524.
Crataegus anomala, 486.
Crataegus Anomalae, 400.
Crataegus apiifolia, 530.
Crataegus apiomorpha, 457.
Crataegus aprica, 529.
Crataegus arborea, 412.
Crataegus arborescens, 443.
Crataegus arduennae, 406.
Crataegus arkansana, 466.
Crataegus arnoldiana, 481.
Crataegus Ashei, 514.
Crataegus assurgens, 491.
Crataegus atrorubens, 446.
Crataegus basilica, 462.
Crataegus Beckwithae, 454.
Crataegus berberifolia, 418.
Crataegus Berlandieri, 471.
Crataegus blanda, 442.
Crataegus Boyntonii, 508.
Crataegus Bracteatae, 400.
Crataegus brachyacantha, 533.
Crataegus Brachyacanthae, 400.
Crataegus brazoria, 430.
Crataegus Buckleyi, 509.
Crataegue Bushii, 410.
Crataegus callicarpa, 451.
Crataegus canadensis, 473.
Crataegus Canbyi, 403.
Crataegus champlainensis, 482.
Crataegus Chapmanii, 537.
Crataegus Coccineae, 399.
Crataegus coccinea var. rotundi-
folia, 504.
Crataegus coccinioides, 503.
Crataegus Cocksii, 411.
Crataegus coUina, 425.
Crataegus consanguinea, 519.
Crataegus cordata, 531.
Crataegus corusca, 474.
Crataegus crocina, 420.
Crataegus Crus-galli, 399, 402.
Crataegus Crus-galli var. capil-
lata, 402.
Crataegus Crus-galli var. ob-
longata, 402.
Crataegus Crus-galli var. pyra-
canthifolia, 402.
Crataegus Crus-galli var. salici-
folia, 402.
Crataegus dallasiana, 431.
Crataegus Davisi, 438.
Crataegus delecta, 497.
Crataegus denaria, 415.
Crataegus depilis, 461.
Crataegus Deweyana, 539.
Crataegus diffusa, 454.
Crataegus dilatata, 500.
Crataegus Dilatatae, 399.
Crataegus disjuncta, 452.
Crataegus dispar, 528.
Crataegus dispersa, 479.
Crataegus Douglasianae, 400.
Crataegus Douglasii, 545.
Crataegus Douglasii f. badia,546.
Crataegus Douglasii var. Suks-
dorfii, 546.
Crataegus drymophila, 453.
Crataegus Eamesii, 498.
Crataegus edita, 416.
Crataegus edura, 419.
Crataegus EUwangeriana, 484.
Crataegus Engelmanii, 413.
Crataegus erecta, 408.
Crataegus fastosa, 427.
Crataegus fecunda, 404.
Crataegus fera, 420.
Crataegus flava, 516.
Crataegus Flavae, 400.
Crataegus, floridana, 521.
Crataegus Gaultii, 537.
Crataegus gemmosa, 541.
Crataegus georgiana, 450.
Crataegus glabriuscula, 441.
Crataegus gravida, 467.
Crataegus Harbisonii, 513.
Crataegus Hillii, 490.
Crataegus Holmesiana, 495.
Crataegus Holmesiana var. tar-
dipes, 496.
Crataegus Holmesiana var. vil-
lipes, 496.
Crataegus hudsonica, 502.
Crataegus ignava, 518.
Crataegus illinoiensis, 542.
Crataegus induta, 476.
Crataegus ingens, 447.
Crataegus Integra, 526.
Crataegus integriloba, 543.
Crataegus Intricatae, 400.
Crataegus invisa, 468.
Crataegus Jonesae, 505.
Crataegus Kelloggii, 475.
Crataegus lacera, 460.
Crataegus lacrimata, 522.
Crataegus lanuginosa, 480.
Crataegus Lettermanii, 432.
Crataegus limaria, 469.
Crataegus lobulata, 493.
Crataegus lucorum, 459.
Crataegus luxuriosa, 455.
Crataegus Mackensenii, 469.
Crataegus macracantha, 544.
Crataegus Macracanthae, 400.
Crataegus Margaretta, 506.
Crataegus Medioximae, 453.
Crataegus meridionalis, 472.
Crataegus micracantha, 448.
Crataegus Microcarpae, 400.
Crataegus mitis, 445.
Crataegus Mohrii, 421,
Crataegus MoUes, 399.
Crataegus mollis, 464.
Crataegus mollita, 537.
Crataegus monogyna, 398.
Crataegus montivaga, 414.
Crataegus neo-londinensis, 489.
Crataegus nitida, 444.
Crataegus ncelensis, 487.
Crataegus opaca, 436.
Crataegus opima, 512.
Crataegus ovata, 439.
Crataegus Oxyacantha, 398.
Crataegus Palmeri, 408.
Crataegus panda, 525.
Crataegus paucispina, 458.
Crataegus pausiaca, 424.
Crataegus pedicellata, 494.
Crataegus pedicellata var. glor-
iosa, 495.
Crataegus penita, 447.
Crataegus pennsylvanica, 483.
Crataegus pentandra, 458.
Crataegus peoriensis, 403.
Crataegus Phaenopyrum, 531.
Crataegus prate nsis, 433.
Crataegus Pringlei, 492.
Crataegus pruinosa, 449.
Crataegus Pruinosae, 399.
Crataegus Pulcherrimae, 400.
Crataegus punctata, 423.
Crataegus punctata var. aurea.
423.
Crataegus punctata var. canes-
cens, 424.
Crataegus punctata var. mi-
crophylla, 424.
Crataegus punctatae, 399.
Crataegus pyriformis, 479.
Crataegus quercina, 478.
Crataegus Ravenelii, 523.
Crataegus recurva, 527.
Crataegus regalis, 405.
Crataegus rivularis, 546.
Crataegus Robbinsiana, 454.
Crataegus Robesoniana, 485.
Crataegus robur, 512.
Crataegus rotundifolia, 504.
Crataegus rotundifolia var.
pubera, 505.
Crataegus Rotiindifoliae, 399.
Crataegus rufula, 435.
Crataegus saligna, ^34.
Crataegus Sargentii, 510.
Crataegus scabrida, 547.
Crataegus senta, 523.
Crataegus sera, 465.
Crataegus sertata, 499.
Crataegus signata, 415.
Crataegus silvestris, 427.
Crataegus silvicola, 453.
Crataegus Silvicolae, 399.
Crataegus sordida, 429.
Crataegus spathulata, 532.
Crataegus spathulata var. flavan-
thera, 532.
Crataegus spissiflora, 485.
Crataegus submollis, 484.
Crataegus suborbiculata, 501.
Crataegus succulenta, 540.
Crataegus Tenuifoliae, 399.
Crataegus tersa, 417.
Crataegus texana, 477.
Crataegus tomentosa, 536.
Crataegus Treleasei, 472.
Crataegus tristis, 520.
Crataegus uniqua, 412.
Crataegus vegeta, 538.
Crataegus velutina, 442.
Crataegus venusta, 510.
Crataegus verruculosa, 428.
Crataegus viburnifolia, 470.
Crataegus Virides, 399.
Crataegus viridis, 438.
Crataegus virilis, 548.
Crataegus visenda, 517.
Crataegus vulsa, 440.
Crescentia cucurbitina, 873.
Cucumber-tree, 343.
Cucumber-tree, Large-leaved,
348.
Cucumber-tree, Long-leaved,
349.
Cupressus, 69.
Cupressus arizonica, 73, 75.
Cupressus arizonica var. bon-
ica, 74.
Cupressus Bakeri, 72.
Cupressus glabra, 74.
Cupressus Goveniana, 70, 71.
Cupressus guadaloupensis, 73.
Cupressus Lawsoniana, 77.
Cupressus Macnabiana, 72.
Cupressus macrocarpa, 70.
INDEX
903
Cupressus nevadensis, 72,
Cupressus nootkatensis, 76.
Cupressus pygmcea, 70.
Cupressus Sargentii, 71.
Cupressus sempervirens, 69.
Cupressus thyoides, 75.
Cypress, 69, 72, 73.
Cypress, Bald, 63, 64.
Cypress, Deciduous, 64.
Cypress, Lawson, 77.
Cypress, Monterey, 70.
Cypress, Sargent's, 71.
Cypress, Sitka, 76.
Cypress, Tecate, 73.
Cypress. Yellow, 76.
Cyrilla, 666.
Cyrilla racemiflora, 666.
Cyrilla racemiflora var. parvi-
flora, 667.
Cyrilla racemiflora var. race-
mifera, 667.
Cyrillacese, 665.
Dagger, Spanish, 112, 113, 114,
115, 117.
Dahoon, 670.
Dalea, 621.
Dalea spinosa, 621.
Darling Plum, 720.
Davidia, 779.
Deciduous Cypress, 64.
Desert Palm, 104.
Desert White Cedar, 82.
Desert Willow, 869.
Devil Wood, 857.
Dicotyledons, 118.
Digger Pine, 20.
Dilly, Wild, 819.
Diospyros, 820.
Diospyros texana, 823.
Diospyros virginiana, 821.
Diospyros virginiana var. Mo-
sieri, 823.
Diospyros virginiana var. platy- ^
carpa, 822.
Diospyros virginiana var. platy-
carpa f. atra, 822.
Dipholis, 810.
Dipholis salicifolia, 811.
Dipteronia, 681.
Dogwood, 787, 788, 789.
Dogwood, Flowering, 785.
Dogwood, Jamaica, 629.
Dogwood, Poison, 663.
Douglas Spruce, 48.
Downward Plum, 816.
Drypetes, 650.
Drypetes diversifolia, 650.
Drypetes keyensis, 650.
Drypetes lateriflora, 651.
Dwarf Maple, 682.
Ebenacese, 820.
Ebony, 588.
Ehretia, 862.
Ehretia elliptica, 862.
Elder, 882.
Elder, Box, 699.
Elkwood, 347.
EUiottia, 791.
Elliottia racemosa, 791.
Elm, 308.
Elm, Cedar, 314.
Elm, Cork, 311.
Elm, English, 309.
Elm, Red, 313, 315.
Elm, Rock, 311.
Elm, Scotch, 309.
Elm, Slippery, 313, 750.
Elm, Water, 317.
Elm, White, 309.
Elm, Winged, 312.
Enallagma, 873.
Enallagma cucurbitina, 873.
Encina, 269.
Endothia parisitica, 230.
Engelmann Spruce, 38.
English Elm, 309.
Ericaceae, 790.
Erythrina, 627.
Erythrina herbacea, 628.
Erythrina herbacea var. ar-
borea, 628.
Eucalypti, Australian, 768.
Eugenia, 770.
Eugenia aromatica, 771.
Eugenia axillaris, 772.
Eugenia buxifolia, 771.
Eugenia confusa, 774.
Eugenia dicrana, 774.
Eugenia Jambos, 771. ^
Eugenia rhombea, 773.
Eugenia Simpsonii, 775.
Euphorbiaceae, 649.
European Mountain Ash, 390.
Evergreen Oak, 282.
Evonymus, 675.
Evonymus atropurpureus, 675.
Exostema, 877.
Exostema caribseum, 877.
Exothea, 714.
Exothea paniculata, 715.
Eysenhardtia, 620.
Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, 620.
Eysenhardtia polystachya, 620.
Fagacese, 227.
Fagara clava-Herculis, 635.
Fagara coriacea, 637.
Fagara Fagara, 634.
Fagara fiava, 636.
Fagus, 228.
Fagus americana, 228.
Fagus grandifolia, 228.
Fagus grandifolia var. caroli-
niana, 229.
Fagus grandifolia var. caroli-
niana f. mollis, 230.
Fagus sylvatica, 228.
Fan Palm, 104.
Farkleberry, 802.
Feltleaf Willow, 157.
Fetid Buckeye, 703.
Ficus, 333.
Ficus aurea, 334.
Ficus brevifolia, 335.
Ficus Carica, 333.
Ficus populnea, 335.
Fiddle Wood, 864.
Fig, 333, 335.
Fig, Wild, 334, 335.
Fir, 50.
Fir, Balsam, 51, 52, 53.
Fir, Red, 48, 57, 58, 59.
Fir, Silver, 60.
,Fir WhUp, F,^ .^.^, Fi(\
Firmiana simplex, 749.
Flowering Dogwood, 785.
Forestiera, 853.
Forestiera acuminata, 854.
Foxtail Pine, 7, 8.
Franklinia, 752.
Fraxinus, 833.
Fraxinus americana, 841.
Fraxinus americana f. iodo-
carpa, 841.
Fraxinus americana var. sub-
coriacea, 841.
Fraxinus americana var. micro-
caroa, 841.
Fraxinus anomala, 837.
Fraxinus Berlandieriana, 847.
Fraxinus biltmoreana, 843.
Fraxinus caroliniana, 838.
Fraxinus chinensis, 833.
Fraxinus cuspidata, 834.
Fraxinus cuspidata var. macro-
petala, 834.
Fraxinus cuspidata vaf . serrata,
834.
Fraxinus dipetala, 833.
Fraxinus floridana, 839.
Fraxinus Greggii, 835.
Fraxinus Lowellii, 836.
Fraxinus nigra, 852.
Fraxinus oregona, 850.
Fraxinus Ornus, 833.
Fraxinus papilosa, 840.
Fraxinus pauciflora, 839.
Fraxinus pennsylvanica, 845.
Fraxinus pennsylvanica var.
lanceolata, 846.
Fraxinus profunda, 844.
Fraxinus quadrangulata, 851.
Fraxinus Smallii, 842.
Fraxinus Standleyi, 840.
Fraxinus texensis, 842.
Fraxinus Toumeyi, 849.
Fraxinus velutina, 848.
Fraxinus velutina var. Tou-
meyi, 849.
Fremontia, 749.
Fremontia californica, 750.
Fremontodendron californicum,
750.
Frijolito, 616.
Fringe-tree, 855.
Galloway Nut, 181.
Garland Tree, 382.
Geiger-tree, 859.
Georgia Bark, 876.
Glaucous Willow, 159.
Gleditsia, 607.
Gleditsia aquatica, 610.
Gleditsia texana, 609.
Gleditsia triacanthos, 608.
Gleditsia triacanthos var. iner-
mis, 608.
Glyptostrobus sinensis, 65.
Golden-leaved Chestnut, 234.
Gordonia, 750.
Gordonia alatamaha, 752.
Gordonia Lasianthus, 751.
Grape, Sea, 339.
Gray Birch, 207, 210.
Gray Pine, 24.
Great Laurel, 792.
Green Ash, "846.
Green-barked Acacia, 614, 615.
Guaiacum, 630.
Guaiacum oflBcinale, 630.
Guaiacum sanctum, 630, 631.
Guava, 768.
Guettarda, 879.
Guettarda elliptica, 880.
Guettarda scabra, 881.
Guiana Plum, 651.
Gum, Cotton, 783.
Gum Elastic, 813.
Gum, Hog, 659.
Gum, Sour, 780.
Gum, Sweet, 367.
Gum, Tupelo, 783.
Gumbo filet, 363.
Gumbo Limbo, 646.
Gurgeon Stopper, 771.
Gyminda, 678.
Gyminda Grisebachii, 079.
Gyminda latifolia, 679.
Gyminda latifolia var. glau<*
cescens, 679.
Gymnanthes, 654.
-^
904
INDEX
Gymnanthes lucida, 654.
Gymnocladus, 605.
Gymnocladus dioicus, 606.
Gymnospermse, 1.
Hackberry, 319, 320, 321, 323.
Halesia, 824.
Halesia Carolina, 825.
Halesia Carolina var. mollis,
825.
Halesia diptera, 828.
Halesia Meehanii, 826.
Halesia monticola, 826.
Halesia monticola var. vestita,
827.
Halesia monticola var. vestita
f. rosea, 827.
Halesia parviflora, 827.
Hamamelidacese, 366.
Hamamelis, 368.
Hamamelis macrophylla, 370.
Hamamelis vernalis, 369.
Hamamelis virginiana, 369.
Haw, Apple, 434.
Haw, Black, 812, 889, 890.
Haw, May, 434.
Haw, Parsley, 530.
Haw, Purple, 719.
Haw, Red, 464, 493.
Hawthorn, 397.
Helietta, 637.
Helietta parvifolia, 638.
Hemlock, 42, 43, 44, 45, 49.
Hemlock, Black, 46.
.Hpmlock, Mountain, 46.
Hercul^' (Jlub, 77S^ "^
Heteromeles,. 392.
Heteromeles arbutifolia, 392.
Hickory, 176, 188.
Hickory, Nutmeg, 182.
Hickory, Shagbark, 183, 185.
Hickory, Shellbark, 183.
Hickory, Water, 181.
Hickory Pine, 8, 29.
Hicoria, 176.
Hicoria borealis, 195.
Hicoria glabra, 195.
Hicoria glabra var. hirsuta, 195.
Hicoria glabra var. odorata,
195.
Hicoria glabra, var. villosa, 199.
Hicoria microcarpa, 194, 195.
Hicoria villosa, 199.
Hippocastanacese, 702.
Hippomane, 652.
Hippomane Mancinella, 653,
Hog Gum, 659.
Holly, 669.
Honey Locust, 600, 608.
Hop Hornbeam, 202, 203.
Hop-tree, 639.
Hornbeam, 201.
Hornbeam, Hop, 202, 203.
Horse Bean, 611.
Horse Sugar, 831.
Huajillo, 587.
Huisache, 592.
Hypelate, 716.
Hypelate trifoliata, 716.
Icacorea paniculata, 806.
Ichthyomethia, 628.
Ichthyomethia piscipula, 629.
Ilex, 668.
Ilex Aquifolium, 668.
Ilex Cassine, 670.
Ilex Cassine var. angustifolia,
671.
Ilex Cassine var. latifolia, 671.
Ilex decidua, 673.
Ilex decidua var. Curtissii, 673.
Ilex Krugiana, 672.
Ilex monticola, 673.
Ilex monticola var. mollis, 674.
Ilex opaca, 669.
Ilex paraguariensis, 668.
Ilex vomitoria, 671.
Incense Cedar, 65.
Indian Bean, 871.
Indian Cherry, 724.
Ink Wood, 715.
Ironwood, 203, 204, 378, 626,
'■ 660, 666, 667, 715, 812, 815.
Ironwood, Black, 721.
Ironwood, Red, 720.
Ironwood, White, 716.
Islay, 581.
Jack Oak, 258.
Jack Pine, 24.
Jacquinia, 804.
Jacquinia keyensis, 804.
Jamaica Dogwood, 629.
Jersey Pine, 26.
Joe V/ood, 804.
Joshua Tree, 116.
Judas-tree, 604.
Juglandaceae, 168.
Juglans, 169.
Juglans calif ornica, 174.
Juglans californica, 175.
Juglans californica var. Hind-
sii, 175.
Juglans californica var. quer-
cina, 175.
Juglans cinerea, 169.
Juglans Hindsii, 175.
Juglans intermedia, 172.
Juglans major, 172.
Juglans nigra, 171.'«»»
Juglans "Paradox," 176.
Juglans quadrangulata, 171.
Juglans regia, 169, 172.
Juglans rupestris, 173.
Juglans rupestris, 172.
Juglans rupestris var. major,
172.
Juglans subrupestris, 173.
Juniper, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85,
86.
Juniper, Checkered-bark, 84.
Juniperus, 78.
Juniperus barbadensis, 89.
Juniperus californica, 82.
Juniperus chinensis, 79.
Juniperus communis, 79, 80.
Juniperus communis var. de-
pressa, 80.
Juniperus communis, var.
Jackii, 80.
Juniperus communis var. mon-
tana, 80.
Juniperus flaccida, 83.
Juniperus Knightii, 83.
Juniperus lucayana, 89.
Juniperus mexicana, 87.
Juniperus monosperma, 86.
Juniperus occidentalis, 85.
Juniperus pachyphlsea,^ 84. -
Juniperus Pinchotii, 81.
Juniperus Sabina, 79.
Juniperus sabinoides, 87.
Juniperus scopulorum, 90.
Juniperus utahensis, 82.
Juniperus utahensis var. meg-
alocarpa, 83.
Juniperus virginiana, 88.
Kalmia, 794.
Kalmia latifolia, 794.
Kalmia latifolia f. alba, 704.
Kalmia latifolia f. fuscata, 795.
Kalmia latifolia f. polypetala,
796.
Kalmia latifolia f. rubra, 795.
Kalmia latifolia var. myrti-
folia, 795.
Kentucky Coffee-tree, 606.
King Nut, 186.
Knackaway, 862.
Knob-cone Pine, 19.
Koeberlinia, 754.
Koeberlinia spinosa, 754.
Koeberliniacse, 754.
Krugiodendron, 721.
Krugiodendron ferreum, 721.
Laguncularia, 767.
Laguncularia racemosa, 767.
Larch, 31.
Large-leaved Cucumber-tree.
348.
Larix, 31.
Larix alaskensis, 32.
Larix americana, 31.
Larix decidua, 31.
Larix Ksempferi, 31,
Larix laricina, 31.
Larix Lyallii, 33.
Larix occidentalis, 32.
Lauraceae, 356.
Laurel, 794.
Laurel, California, 361.
Laurel, Great, 792.
Laurel, Mountain, 794.
Laurel Oak, 264, 266. .
Lawson Cypress, 77.
Leaf, Sweet, 831.
Leather Wood, 666.
Leguminosse, 585.
Leitneria floridana, 167.
Leitneriacese, 167.
Leucsena, 596.
Leucsena glauca, 596.
Leucsena Greggii, 597.
Leucsena pulverulenta, 598.
Leucsena retusa, 598.
Libocedrus, 65.
Libocedrus decurrens, 65.
Lignum-vitae, 630.
Lilac, 728.
Lilac, California, 727.
Liliaceae, 110.
Lime, Ogeechee, 782.
Lime, Wild, 634.
Linden, 732, 733.
Liquidambar, 367.
Liquidambar orientalis, 367.
Liquidambar Styraciflua, 367.
Liriodendron, 351.
Liriodendron chinensis, 352.
Liriodendron Tulipifera, 352.
Liriodendron Tulipifera var.
pyramidata, 352.
Lithocarpus, 236.
Lithocarpus densiflora, 236.
Lithocarpus densiflora f . lanceo-
lata, 236.
Lithocarpus densiflora var.
montana, 237.
Live Oak, 269, 270, 272, 276.
Loblolly Bay, 751.
Loblolly Pine, 16.
Locust, 609, 622, 623, 624.
Locust, Clammy, 625.
Locust, Honey, 600, 608.
Locust, Water, 610.
Locust, Yellow, 623.
Lodge Pole Pine, 23.
Log Wood, 719.
Lombardy Poplar, 120.
Long-leaved Cucumber-tree
349.
V
906
INDEX
Osmanthus, 856.
Pine, Jack, 24.
Osmanthus americanus, 857.
Pine, Jersey, 26.
Osmanthus fragrans, 857.
Pine, Knob-cone, 19.
Ostrya, 202.
Pine, Loblolly. 16. ^^
Ostrya Knowltonii, 204.
Pine, Lodge Pole, 23.
Ostrya virginiaiia, 203.
Pine, Long-leaved, 14.
Ostrya virginiana var. glandu-
Pine. Marsh, 18.
losa, 203.
Pine, Monterey. 19.
Overcup Oak, 292.
Pine, Norway, 22.-- —
Oxycedrus, 79.
Pine, Nut, 8, 9, 10.
Oxydendrum, 796.
Pine, Old Field, 16.
Oxydendrum arboreum, 796.
Pine, Pitch, 17, 21.
Pines, Pitch, 11, 21.
Padus valida, 575.
Pine, Pond, 18.
Padus virens, 578.
Pine, Prickle-cone, 28.
Palaquiuum gutta, 809.
Pine, Red, 22.
Palm, Desert, 104.
Pine, Rocky Mountaifl White,
Palm, Fan, 104.
6.
Palm, Royal, 107, 108.
Pine, Sand. 27.
Palmse, 96.
Pine, Scotch, 2-. — '
Palmetto, 101, 103.
Pine, Scrub. 23, 26.
Palmetto, Cabbage, 102.
Pine. Short-leaved, 26.
Palmetto, Silvertop, 99.
Pine. Slash. 15.
Palo Blanco, 322.
Pines, Soft, 3.
Palo Verde, 615.
Pine, Southern, 14.
Paper Birch, 212.
Pine, Spruce. 25, 27.
Paper Mulberry, 328.
Pine, Sugar, 5.
Paradise-tree, 642.
Pine, Swamp, 15.
Parkinsonia, 611.
Pine, Swiss Stone, 2.
Parkinsonia aculeata, 611.
Pine. Table Mountain, 29.
Parkinsonia microphylla, 612.
Pine. Torrey. 30.
Parsley, Haw, 530.
Pine. White, 3, 4, 6. —
Pasania, 236.
Pine, Yellow. 12, 14, 26.
Pasania densiflora, 236.
Pin Oak, 248.
Paurotia, 105.
Pinon, 8, 9, 10.
Paurotia Wrightii, 106.
Pinus. 2. *•"
Pawpaw, 353, 756.
Pinus albicaulis, 6.
Peach Willow, 144.
Pinus aristata, 8.
Pear, Alligator, 357.
Pinus arizonica, 14.
Pecan, 177.
Pinus attenuata, 19.
Pecan, Bitter, 179.
Pinus Balfouriana, 7.
Pepperidge, 780.
Pinus Banksiana, 24.
Persea, 356.
Pinus caribsea, 15.
Persca americana, 357.
Pinus cembra, 2.
Persea Borbonia, 357.
Pinus cembroides, 8.
Persea palustris, 358.
Pinus cembroides var. edulis,
Persea pubescens, 358.
9
Persimmon, 821.
Pinus cembroides var. mo-
Persimmon, Black, 823.
nophylla, 10.
Picea, 34.
Pinus cembroides var. Parry-
Picea Abies, 35.
ana. 9.
Picea Breweriana, 40.
Pinus chihuahuana, 12.
Picea canadensis, 37.
Pinus clausa, 27.
Picea Engelmannii, 38.
Pinus contorta, 23.
Picea glauca, 37.
Pinus contorta var. latifolia.
Picea glauca var. albertiana,
23.
38.
Pinus contorta var. Murrayana,
Picea mariana, 35.
23.
Picea mariana var. brevifolia.
Pinus Coulteri, 21,
36.
Pinus divaricata, 24.
Picea orientalis, 35.
Pinus echinata, 26.
Picea Parryana, 39.
Pinus edulis, 9.
Picea pungens, 39.
Pinus Elliottii, 15.
Picea rubens, 36.
Pinus flexilis, 6.
Picea rubra, 36.
Pinus glabra, 25.
Picea sitchensis, 41.
Pinus heterophylla, 15.
Picramnia, 643.
Pinus Lambertiana, 5.
Picramnia pentandra, 643.
Pinus leiophylla, 12.
Pigeon Plum, 340.
Pinus monophylla, 10.
Pignut. 180, 191, 192, 194.
Pinus monticola, 4.
Pinacese, 1.
Pinus muricata, 28.
Pinckneya, 875.
Pinus nigra, 2.
Pinckneya pubens, 876.
Pinus palustris, 14.
Pine, 2.
Pinus Pinaster, 2.
Pine, Austrian, 2. ^
Pinus ponderosa, 12.
Pine, Bull. 12, 20.
Pinus ponderosa var. arizonica,
Pine, Cedar, 25.
14.
Pine, Digger. 20.
Pinus ponderosa var. Jeffreyi,
Pine. Foxtail, 7, 8.
13.
Pine, Gray, 24.
Pinus ponderosa var. scopulo-
Pine, Hickory, 8, 29.
rum, 13.
Pinus pungens, 29.
Pinus quadrifolia, 9.
Pinus radiata, 19.
Pinus resinosa, 22.
Pinus rigida, 17.
Pinus rigida var. serotina, 18.
Pinus Sabiniana. 20.
Pinus serotina, 18.
Pinus silvestris. 2.
Pinus strobiformis, 6.
Pinus Strobus, 3.
Pinus taeda, 16.
Pinus Torreyana, 30.
Pinus virginiana, 26.
Piscidia, 629.
Pisonia longifolia, 341.
Pistacia, 656.
Pistacia texana. 656.
Pistacia vera, 656.
Pistacio-nuts. 656.
Pitch Pine, 17, 21.
Pitch Pines, 11.
Pithecolobium, 586.
Pithecolobium brevifolium,
587.
Pithecolobium flexicaule, 588.
Pithecolobium unguis-cati, 586.
Planera, 316.
Planera aquatica, 317.
Plane-tree, 371.
Platanaceae, 371.
Platanus, 371.
Platanus acerifolia, 372.
Platanus glabrata, 373.
Platanus occidentalis, 372.
Platanus occidentalis var. at-
tenuata, 372.
Platanus occidentalis var. gla-
brata, 373.
Platanus orientalis, 372.
Platanus racemosa, 374.
Platanus Wrightii, 375.
Plum, 555.
Plum, Big Tree, 565.
Plum, Canada, 560.
Plum, Chickasaw, 569.
Plum, Cocoa, 583.
Plum, Darling, 720.
Plum, Downward, 816.
Plum, Guiana, 651.
Plum, Pigeon, 340,
Plum, Red, 560.
Plum, Wild, 557, 561, 567.
Plum, Wild Goose. 569.
Poison Dogwood, 663,
Poison Sumach, 663.
Poison Wood, 659.
Polygonaceae, 338.
Pomette Bleue. 533.
Pond Apple, 355.
Pond Pine, 18.
Poplar, 119, 123.
Poplar, Carolina, 137.
Poplar, Lombardy, 120.
Poplar, White, 120.
Poplar, Yellow, 352.
Populus, 119.
Populus acuminata, 128.
Populus acuminata var. Reh-
deri, 129.
Populus alba, 120.
Populus Andrewsii, 129.
Populus angulata, 135.
Populus angustifolia, 127,
Populus arizonica, 131.
Populus arizonica var. Jonesii,
132.
Populus balsamifera, 125.
Populus balsamifera, 135.
Populus balsamifera var. vir-
giniana, 136.
INDEX
905
Long-leaved Pine, 14.
Lyonia, 797.
Lyonia ferruginea, 798.
Lyonothamnus, 378.
Lyonothamnus floribundus,
378.
Lysiloma, 589.
Lysiloma bahamensis, 590.
Madura, 331.
Madura pomifera, 332.
Madrona, 799, 800, 801.
Magnolia, 342, 345.
Magnolia acuminata, 943.
Magnolia acuminata var. cor-
data, 344.
Magnolia acuminata var. ludo-
viciana, 344.
Magnolia cordata, 344.
Magnolia fcetida, 345.
Magnolia Fraseri, 349.
Magnolia glauca, 346.
Magnolia grandiflora, 345.
Magnolia grandiflora var. ex-
oniensis, 346.
Magnolia macrophylla, 348.
Magnolia major, 347.
Magnolia, Mountain, 349.
Magnolia pyramidata, 350.
Magnolia Thompsoniana, 347.
Magnolia tripetala, 347.
Magnolia virginiana, 346.
Magnolia virginiana var. aus-
tralis, 347.
Magnoliacese, 342.
Mahogany, 606, 648, 664.
Mahogany, Mountain, 550.
Malpighiaceae, 631.
Malus, 379.
Malus angustifolia, 385.
Malus angustifolia var. pen-
dula, 388.
Malus bracteata, 386.
Malus coronaria, 382.
Malus coronaria var. dasy-
calyx, 382.
Malus coronaria var. elongata,
383.
Malus Dawsoniana, 389.
Malus elongata, 383.
Malus fusca, 389.
Malus glabrata, 380.
Malus glaucescens, 381.
Malus ioensis, 387.
Malus ioensis var. Bushii, 388.
Malus ioensis var. creniserrata,
388.
Malus ioensis var. Palmeri, 388.
Malus ioensis var. plena, 388.
Malus ioensis var. spinosa, 388.
Malus ioensis var. texana, 388.
Malus lancifolia, 384.
Malus platyoarpa, 383.
Malus platycarpa var. Hoop-
esii, 384.
Malus pumila, 379.
Malus rivularis, 389.
Malus Soulardii, 388.
Manchineel, 653.
Mangrove, 763.
Mangrove, Black, 866.
Mangrove, White, 767.
Maple, 681.
Maple, Ash-leaved, 699.
Maple, Black, 693.
Maple, Broad-leaved, 687.
Maple, Dwarf, 682.
Maple, Mountain, 685.
Maple, Red, 696.
Maple, Rock, 688.
Maple, Scarlet, 696.
Maple, Silver, 695.
Maple, Soft, 695.
Maple, Striped, 686.
Maple, Sugar, 688, 691, 692,
694.
Maple, Vine, 684.
Marlberry, 806.
Marsh Pine, 18.
Mastic, 809.
Maul Oak, 272.
May Haw, 434.
Maytenus, 676.
Maytenus boaria, 676.
Maytenus phyllanthoides, 677.
Melastomaceae, 776.
Melia Azedarach, 648.
Meliaceae, 648.
Mespilus cestivalis, 434, 435,
436.
Mesquite, 599, 600.
Mesquite, Screw Pod, 603.
Metopium, 658.
Metopium Metopium, 659.
Metopium toxiferum, 659.
Mexican Mulberry, 330.
Mimosa, 598.
Mimusops, 819.
Mimusops emarginata, 819.
Mimusops Sieberi, 819.
Misanteca, 364.
Misanteca triandra, 364.
Mock Orange, 579.
Mohrodendron carolinum, 825.
Mohrodendron dipterum, 828.
Monocotyledons, 96.
Monterey Cypress, 70.
Monterey Pine, 19.
Moose Wood, 686.
Moracese, 328.
Morus, 328.
Morus alba, 329.
Morus celtidifolia, 330.
Morus microphylla, 330.
Morus nigra, 329.
Morus rubra, 329.
Morus rubra var. tomentosa,
329.
Mossy Cap Oak, 290.
Mountain Ash, 390, 842.
Mountain Ash, European, 390.
Mountain Hemlock, 46.
Mountain Laurel, 794.
Mountain Magnolia, 343, 349.
Mountain Mahogany, 550.
Mountain Maple, 685.
Mountain White Oak, 283.
Mulberry, 328, 330.
Mulberry, Mexican, 330.
Mulberry, Paper, 328.
Mulberry, Red, 329.
Myrica calif ornica, 166.
Myrica cerifera, 164.
Myrica cerifera var. pumila,
165.
Myrica inodora, 165.
Myrica inodora var. pumila,
165.
Myrica rubra, 164.
Myricaceae, 163.
Myrsinacese, 805.
Myrtaceae, 768.
Myrtle, 768.
Myrtle, Blue, 727.
Myrtle, Sea, 804.
Myrtle, Wax, 164, 165, 166.
Naked Wood, 729, 774.
Nannyberry, 888.
Narrow-leaved Cottonwood,
127.
Nogal, 172.
Norway Pine, 22.
Norway Spruce, 35.
Nut, Galloway, 181.
Nut, King, 186.
Nut Pine, 8, 9, 10.
Nutmeg, California, 92.
Nutmeg Hickory, 182.
Nyctaginaceae, 340.
Nyssa, 779.
Nyssa aquatica, 783.
Nyssa biflora, 781.
Nyssa ogeche, 782.
Nyssa sylvatica, 780.
Nyssacese, 779.
Oak, 237.
Oak, Basket, 304.
Oak, Bear, 254.
Oak, Black, 246, 250, 251, 274.
Oak, Black Jack, 258.
Oak, Blue, 283.
Oak, Blue Jack, 265.
Oak, Burr, 290. \
Oak, Chestnut, 236, 305, 306.
Oak, Cow, 304. |
Oak, Evergreen, 282. i
Oak, Jack, 258.
Oak, Laurel, 264, 266.
Oak, Live, 269, 270, 272, 276.
Oak, Maul, 272.
Oak, Mossy Cap, 290.
Oak, Mountain White, 283.
Oak, Overcup, 292.
Oak, Pin, 248.
Oak, Post, 293.
Oak, Red, 241, 242, 255.
Oak, Rock Chestnut, 305.
Oak, Scarlet, 247.
Oak, Scrub, 254, 275.
Oak, Shin, 285.
Oak, Shingle, 266.
Oak, Spanish, 247, 255.
Oak, Swamp Spanish, 248, 256.
Oak, Swamp White, 292, 303.
Oak, Tan Bark, 236.
Oak, Turkey, 253.
Oak, Upland Willow, 265.
Oak, Valley, 298.
Oak, Vine, 297.
Oak, Water, 260, 264.
Oak, White, 280, 281, 296, 298,
300.
Oak, Willow, 262.
Oak, Yellow, 306.
Oak, Yellow-bark, 250.
Oaks, Black, 238.
Oaks, Chestnut, 241.
Oaks, White, 240.
Oaks, Willow, 239.
Ocotea, 359.
Ocotea Catesbyana, 359.
Ogeechee Lime, 782.
Ohio Buckeye, 703.
Olacacese, 336.
Old Fidd Pine, 16.
Old Man's Beard, 855.
Olea europsea, 832.
Oleacese, 832.
Olive-tree, Black, 765.
Olneya, 626.
Olneya tesota, 626.
Opuntia, 759.
Opuntia fulgida, 760.
Opuntia spiriosior, 761.
Opuntia versicolor, 762.
Orange, Bitter-sweet, 633.
Orange, Mock, 579.
Orange, Osage, 332.
Orange, Wild, 579.
Oreodoxa regia, 108.
Osage Orange, 332.
opulus balsamifera var. vir-
giniana f. pilosa, 137.
'opulus canadensis, 137.
'opulus canadensis var. Euge-
nie, 137.
'opulus candicans, 126.
^opulus deltoidea, 136.
^opulus deltoides var. occiden-
talis, 134.
^opulus fortissima, 127.
i'opulus Fremontii, 129.
Populus Fremontii var. macro-
disca, 131.
Populus Fremontii var. pubes-
cens, 131.
Populus Fremontii var. Thorn-
berii, 131.
Populus Fremontii var. Tou-
meyi, 131.
Populus grandidentata, 123.
Populus grandidentata var. me-
ridionalis, 124.
Populus heterophylla, 124.
t Populus Jackii, 137.
Populus McDougalii, 133.
Populus mexicana, 131.
Populus nigra, 120.
Populus nigra /3 virginiana, 136.
Populus Palmeri, 137.
Populus Parryi, 131.
Populus Sargentii, 134.
Populus tacamahaca, 125.
"Populus tacamahaca var. Mi-
chauxii, 126.
Populus texana, 132.
Populus tremuloide^ 121.
Populus tremuloides var. au-
rea, 121.
Populus tremuloides var. van-
couveriana, 122.
Populus trichocarpa, 126.
Populus trichocarpa var. has-
tata, 127.
Populus vancouveriana, 122.
Populus Wislizenii, 133.
Port Orford Cedar, 77.
Post Oak, 293.
Prickle-cone Pine, 28.
Prickly Ash, 635.
Pride of India, 648.
Prince Wood, 877.
Privet, Swamp, 853.
Prosopis, 599.
Prosopis juliflora, 600.
Prosopis juliflora var. glandu-
losa, 601.
Prosopis juliflora var. velutina,
601.
Prosopis pubescens, 602.
Prunus, 555.
Prunus alabamensis, 576.
Prunus alleghaniensis, 566.
Prunus alleghaniensis var. Da-
visii, 567.
Prunus americana, 561.
Prunus americana var. flori-
dana, 563.
Prunus americana lanata, 563.
Prunus angustifolia, 569.
Prunus angustifolia var. vari-
ans, 570.
Prunus arkansana, 565.
Prunus australis, 577.
Prunus caroliniana, 579.
Prunus emarginata, 572.
'runus emarginata var. mollis,
572.
Prunus eximia, 575.
Prunus hortulana, 567.
Prunus hortulana var. Mineri,
568.
INDEX
Prunus hortulana var. pubens,
568.
Prunus ilicifolia, 581.
Prunus integrifolia, 582.
Prunus lanata, 563.
Prunus Lyonii, 582.
Prunus mexicana, 565.
Prunus mexicana var. fulton-
ensis, 566.
Prunus mexicana var. poly-
andra, 566.
Prunus mexicana var. reticu-
lata, 566.
Prunus mitis, 559.
Prunus Munsoniana, 568.
Prunus myrtifolia, 580.
Prunus nigra, 560.
Prunus Palmeri, 563.
Prunus pennsylvanica, 571.
Prunus pennsylvanica var. saxi-
montana, 572.
Prunus serotina, 575.
Prunus serotina var. montana,
576.
Prunus sphoerocarpa, 580.
Prunus subcordata, 557.
Prunus subcordata var. ore-
gona, 558.
Prunus tarda, 559.
Prunus tenuifolia, 564.
Prunus umbellata, 558.
Prunus umbellata var. inju-
cunda, 559.
Prunus umbellata var. tarda,
559.
Prunus virens, 578.
Prunus virginiana, 573.
Prunus virginiana var. demis-
sa, 574.
Prunus virginiana var. demis-
sa. f. pachyrrachis, 575.
Prunus virginiana var. leuco-
carpa, 573.
Prunus virginiana var. melan-
ocarpa, 574.
Prunus virginiana var. melan-
ocarpa f. xanthocarpa, 574.
Pseudophoenix, 109.
Pseudosassafras, 362.
Pseudotsuga, 47.
Pseudotsuga glauca, 49.
Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, 49.
Pseudotsuga mucronata, 48.
Pseudotsuga taxifolia, 48.
Ptelea, 639.
Ptelea trifoUata, 639.
Ptelea trifoliata var. mollis,
640.
Pumpkin Ash, 844.
Purple Haw, 719.
Pyrus americana var. decora,
391.
Pyrus samhucifolia, 391.
Pyrus sitchensis, 391.
Quaking Asp, 121.
Quasin, 642.
Quercus, 237.
Quercus acuminata, 306.
Quercus agrifolia, 269.
Quercus alba, 300.
Quercus alba var. latiloba, 302.-
Quercus alba var. repanda, 302.
Quercus Andre wsii, 291.
Quercus annulata, 287.
Quercus arizonica, 280.
Quercus aifkansana, 259.
Quercus Ashei, 254.
Quercus amstrina, 300.
Quercus Beadlei, 302.
Quercus b^aumontiana, 262.
907
Quercus Bebbiana, 302,
Quercus Benderi, 248.
Quercus bicolor, 303.
Quercus blufftonensis, 254.
Quercus borealis, 241.
Quercus borealis var. maxima,
242. >
Quercus brevifolia, 265.
Quercus breviloba, 287, 288.
Quercus Brittonii, 255.
Quercus Bushii, 259.
Quercus caduca, 266.
Quercus californica, 251.
Quercus carolinensis, 266.
Quercus Catesbaei, 253.
Quercus Chapmanii, 289.
Quercus chrysolepis, 272.
Quercus chrysolepis var. Pal-
meri, 273.
Quercus cinerea, 265.
Quercus cinerea /3 dentato-
lobata, 265.
Quercus coccinea, 247.
Quercus coccinea var. tubercu-
lata, 247.
Quercus Cocksii, 262.
Quercus Comptonae, 293.
Quercus Deamii, 302.
Quercus densiflora, 236.
Quercus digitata, 255.
Quercus Douglasii, 283.
Quercus dubia, 266.
Quercus dumosa, 275.
Quercus dumosa var. Alvordi-
ana, 276.
Quercus Durandii, 288.
Quercus ellipsoidalis, 246.
Quercus Emoryi, 274.
Quercus Engelmannii, 282.
Quercus exacta, 268.
Quercus Faxonii, 302.
Quercus Fernowii, 302.
Quercus Garryana, 296.
Quercus geminata, 211 .
Quercus georgiana, 249.
Quercus Giffordii, 255.
Quercus guadalupensis, 291.
Quercus Harbisonii, 295.
Quercus Hastingsii, 259.
Quercus heterophylla, 263.
Quercus Hillii, 292.
Quercus hypoleuca, 268.
Quercus ilicifolia, 254.
Quercus imbricaria, 266.
Quercus Jackiana, 302.
Quercus jolonensis, 284.
Quercus Kelloggii, 251.
Quercus Laceyi, 286.
Quercus laurifolia, 264.
Quercus laurifolia var. hy-
brida, 264.
Quercus laurifolia var. triden-
tata, 264.
Quercus Leana, 268.
Quercus leptophylla, 299.
Quercus lobata, 298.
Quercus Lowellii, 243.
Quercus ludoviciana, 264.
Quercus lyrata, 292.
Quercus MacDonaldii, 276.
Quercus macrocarpa, 290.
Quercus Margaretta, 295.
Quercus marilandica, 258.
Quercus Mellichampii, 254.
Quercus Michauxii, 304.
Quercus microcarya, 261.
Quercus minor, 293.
Quercus Mohriana, 285.
Quercus montana, 305.
Quercus morehus, 271.
Quercus Muehlenbergii, 306.
"
908
Quercus Muehlenbergii var.
Biayi, 308.
Quercus myrtifolia, 271.
Quercus nana, 254.
Quercus nigra, 260.
Quercus nigra var. tridentifera,
260.
Quercus nigra var. tridentifera
f. microcarya, 261.
Quercus oblongifolia, 281.
Quercus obtusata, 261.
Quercus oviedoensis, 266.
Quercus pagoda, 256.
Quercus pagodaefolia, 256.
Quercus palustris, 248.
Quercus Phellos, 262.
Quercus platanoides, 303.
Quercus Porteri, 243.
Querdus Prinus, 304.
Quercus Prinus, 305.
Quercus Rehderi, 255.
Quercus reticulata, 279.
Quercus rhombica, 261.
Quercus Robbinsii, 248.
Quercus robur, 238.
Quercus rubra, 242.
Quercus rubra, 255.
Quercus rubra var. leucophyl-
la, 257.
Quercus rubra var. pagodae-
folia, 256.
Quercus rubra var. triloba, 255.
Quercus Rudkihii, 259.
Quercus runcinata, 243.
Quercus Sargentii, 306.
Quercus Saulei, 302.
Quercus Schneckii, 245.
Quercus Schuettii, 304.
Quercus sessilifiora, 238.
Quercus Shumardi, 243.
Quercus Shumardii var.
Schneckii, 244.
Quercus Smalli, 250.
Quercus stellata, 293.
Quercus stellata var. anomala,
294.
Quercus stellata var. araniosa,
294.
Quercus stellata var. attenu-
ata, 294.
Quercus stellata var. Boyn-
tonii, 295.
Quercus stellata var. Margar-
etta, 295.
Quercus stellata var. Margar-
etta f. stolonifera, 295.
Quercus stellata var. Palermi,
294.
Quercus stellata var. paludosa,
294.
Quercus stellata var. parviloba,
294.
Quercus stellata var. rufescens,
295.
Quercus sterilis, 259.
Quercus subfalcata, 264.
Quercus subfalcata var. micro-
carpa, 264.
Quercus subintegra, 266.
Quercus sublaurifolia, 266.
Quercus succulenta, 278.
Quercus texana, 245.
Quercus texana, 243, 244.
Quercus texana var. chesosen-
sis, 246.
Quercus texana var. stellapila,
246.
Quercus tomentella, 273.
Quercus Toumeyi, 280.
Quercus tridentata, 268.
Quercus undulata var. Vaseyana,
' 285.
INDEX
Quercus utahensis. 297.
Queicus utahensis var. mollis,
297.
Quercus Vaseyana, 285.
Quercus velutina, 250.
Quercus velutina var. missou-
riensis, 251.
Quercus virginiana, 276.
Quercus virginiana var. den-
tata, 277, 278.
Quercus virginiana var. exim-
ea, 278.
Quercus virginiana var. fusi-
formis, 278.
Quercus virginiana var. gemi-
nata, 277.
Quercus virginiana var. gemi-
nata f. grandifolia, 278.
Quercus virginiana var. ma-
crophylla, 278.
Quercus virginiana var. mari-
tima, 277, 278.
Quercus virginiana var. pyg-
maea, 279.
Quercus virginiana var. vires-
cens, 278.
Quercus Walteriana, 254.
Quercus Wilcoxii, 273.
Quercus Willdenoviana, 257.
Quercus Wislizenii, 270.
Rapanea, 807.
Rapanea guianensis, 807.
Red Ash, 845.
Red Bay, 357.
Red Birch, 208, 216.
Redbud, 604.
Red Cedar, 68, 88, 89, 90.
Red Elm, 313, 315.
Red Fir, 48, 57, 58, 59.
Red Haw, 464, 493.
Red Ironwood, 720.
Red Maple, 696.
Red Mulberry, 329.
Red Oak, 241, 242, 255.
Red Pine, 22.
Red Plum, 560.
Red Spruce, 36.
Red Stopper, 774.
Red Willow, 146.
Red-flowered Buckeye, 707.
Redwood, 61.
Retama, 611.
Retinosporas, 75.
Reynosia, 720.
Reynosia septentrionalis, 720.
Rhamnacege, 718.
Rhamnus, 722.
Rhamnus caroliniana, 724.
Rhamnus cathartica, 722.
Rhamnus crocea, 723.
Rhamnus crocea var. ilicifolia,
723.
Rhamnus ciooea var. insu-
laris, 724.
Rhamnus crocea var. insularis
f. pilosa, 724.
Rhamnus Purshiana, 725.
Rhizophora, 763.
Rhizophora Mangle, 764.
Rhizophoraceae, 763.
Rhododendron, 792.
Rhododendron maximum, 792.
Rhus copallina, 662.
Rhus copallina var. lanceola-
ta, 663.
Rhus hirta, 660.
Rhus hybrida, 662.
Rhus integrifolia, 664.
Rhus integrifolia var. serrata,
664.
Rhus typhina, 660.
Rhus vernicifera, 660.
Rhus vernix, 663.
River Birch, 208, 218.
Robinia, 622.
Robinia Holdtii, 625.
Robinia nep-mexicana, 624.
Robinia neo-roexicana var. lux-
urians, 624.
Robinia neo-mexicana var. lux-
urians f. albiflora, 625.
Robinia Pseudoacacia, 623.
Robinia viscosa, 623. )
Rock Cedar, 87.
Rock Chestnut Oak, 305.
Rock Elm, 311.
Rock Maple, 688.
Rocky Mountain White Pine, 6.
Rosaceae, 376.
Rose Bay, 792.
Rowan-tree, 390.
Royal-Palm, 107, 108.
"Royal" Walnut, 172.
Roystonea, 107.
Roystonea regia, 108.
Rubiacese, 875.
Rum Cherry, 575.
Rutacese, 633.
Sabal, 101.
Sabal mexicana, 103.
Sabal Palmetto, 102.
Sabal texana, 103.
Sabina, 79.
Salicaceae, 119.
Salix, 138.
Salix alaxensis, 157.
Salix alba, 139.
Salix amphibia, 147.
Salix amplifolia, 157.
Salix amygdaloides, 144. ' '
Salix amygdaloides var.
Wrightii, 160.
Salix balsamifera, 156.
Salix Bebbian?i, 158.
Salix Bonplandiana, 146.
Salix Bonplandiana var. Tou-
meyi, 145.
Salix brachystachys, 161. ^ ; ."
Salix discolor, 159. ' \
Salix discolor var. eriocephal?'-'
160.
Salix discolor var. prinoid^.' '
169. "'
Salix exigua, 151.
Salix fluviatalis, 152.
Salix fragilis, 139.
Salix Gooddingii, 142.
Salix Harbisonii, 143.
Salix Hookeriana, 161.
Salix laevigata, 146.
Salix laevigata f. araquipa, 147.
Salix lasiandra, 148.
Salix lasiandra var. cordata,
149.
Salix lasiandra var. lancifolia,
149.
Salix lasiolepis, 153.
Salix longifolia, 152.
Salix longifolia var. angustis-
sima, 153.
Salix longifolia var. peduncu-
lata, 153.
Salix longifolia var. Wheeled,
153.
Salix longipes, 147.
Salix longipes var. venulosa,
148.
Salix longipes var. Wardii, 148.
Salix lucida, 149.
Salix lucida var. angustifolia,
149.
Salix lucida var. intonsa, 150.
Is
li:
it
i!
Tx
141
!ii
ix Mackenzieana, 154.
ix missouriensis, 155.
ix nigra, 140.
ix nigra var. altissima, 141.
ix nigra var. Lindheimeri,
141.
ix Nuttallii. 160.
Iiijlix pyrifolia, 156.
I .ix Scouleriana, 160.
lix Scouleriana var. crassiju-
is, 161.
ix Scouleriana var. flaves-
;ens, 161.
kix sessilifolia, 151.
lix sessilifolia var. Hindsi-
ana, 151.
flix sessilifolia var. leucoden-
droides, 151.
lix sitchensis, 162.
lix sitchensis f. Ralphiana,
163.
lix taxifolia, 150.
-lix Toumeyi, 145.
•lix vallicola, 142.
dix Wrightii, 141, 145.
mbucus, 882.
mbucus callicarpa, 885.
mbucus callicarpa f. Piperi,
886.
imbucus coerulea, 883.
timbucus coerulea var. ari-
zonica, 885.
imbucus coerulea var. velu-
tina, 884.
jmbucus glauca, 883.
imbucus intermedia, 883.
imbucus mexicana, 885.
imbucus neomexicana, 883,
imbuius nigra, 882.
imbucus Simpsonii, 883.
ind Bar Willow, 152.
md Pine, 27.
apindacese, 711.
apindus, 711.
apindus Drummondii, 714.
apindus manatensis, 713.
pindus marginatus, 713.
ius saponaria, 712.
' tacese, 808.
;ent's Cypress, 71.
ifras, 362.
wsafras officinale, 363.
assafras officinale var. albi-
dum, 364.
iassafras randaiense, 363.
Sassafras Sassafras, 363.
Jassafras tzumu, 363.
5atin-leaf, 818.
5atinwood, 636.
Javin, 88.
5carlet Maple, 696.
5carlet Oak, 247.
5chaefferia, 679.
ichaeflferia frutescens, 680.
5choepfia, 336.
^choepfia chrysophylloides, 336.
Schcspfia Schreberi, 336.
Scotch Elm, 309.
Scotch Pine, 2.
Screw Bean, 602.
Screw Pod Mesquite, 602.
Scrub Oak, 254, 275.
Scrub Pine, 23, 26.
Sea Grape, 339.
Sea Myrtle, 804.
Sequoia, 61.
Sequoia gigantea, 62.
Sequoia sempervirens, 61.
Sequoia Wellingtonia, 62.
Serenoa arborhscens, 106.
Service Berry, 394, 395, 396,
Shad Bush, 394.
INDEX
Shagbark Hickory, 183, 185.
She Balsam, 51.
Sheepberry, 888.
Shellbark, Big, 186.
Shellbark Hickory, 183.
Shingle Oak, 266.
Shining Willow, 149.
Shin Oak, 285.
Short-leaved Pine, 26.
Siberian Crabs, 379.
Sideroxylum, 809.
Sideroxylum fcetidissimum,
809.
Sideroxylum Mastichodendron.
809.
Silver Bell Tree, 824.
Silver Fir, 60.
Silver Maple, 695.
Silvertop Palmetto, 99.
Simarouba, 642.
Simarouba glauca, 642.
Simaroubacese, 641.
Sitka Cypress, 76.
Sitka Spruce, 41.
Slash Pine, 15.
Slippery Elm, 313, 750.
Sloe, 558, 566.
Sloe, Black, 558.
Smoke-tree, 621, 657.
Soapberry, 711.
Soft Maple, 695.
Soft Pines, 3.
Solanacese, 867.
Solanum, 867.
Solanum verbascifolium, 867.
Sophora, 615.
Sophora affinis, 617.
Sophora japonica, 616.
Sophora secundiflora, 616.
Sorbomalus, 380.
Sorbus, 390.
Sorbus americana, 390.
Sorbus americana var. decora,
391.
Sorbus Aucuparia, 390.
Sorbus decora, 391.
Sorbus scopulina, 391.
Sorrel-tree, 796.
Sour Gum, 780.
Sour Tupelo, 782.
Sour Wood, 796.
Southern Pine, 14.
Spanish Bayonet, 111, 112.
Spanish Buckeye, 717.
Spanish Dagger, 112, 113, 114,
115, 117.
Spanish Oak, 247, 255.
Spanish Stopper, 771.
Sparkleberry, 802.
Spice-tree, 361.
Spirseoideae, 376.
Spruce, 34.
Spruce, Black, 35.
Spruce, Blue, 39.
Spruce, Colorado, 39.
Spruce, Douglas, 48.
Spruce, Engelmann, 38.
Spruce, Norway, 35.
Spruce, Pine, 25, 27.
Spruce, Red, 36.
Spruce, Sitka, 41.
Spruce, Tideland, 41.
Spruce, Weeping, 40.
Spruce, White, 37, 38.
Stag Bush, 889.
Staghorn Sumach, 660.
Sterculiaceae, 749.
Stinking Cedar, 91.
Stopper, 772, 773.
Stopper, Gurgeon, 771.
Stopper, Red, 774.
Stopper, Spanish, 771.
909
Stopper, White, 772.
Striped Maple, 686.
Styraceae, 824.
Styrax, 829.
Styrax Benzoin, 829.
Styrax grandifolia, 829.
Sugarberry, 319, 323.
Sugar, Horse, 831.
Sugar Maple, 688, 691, 692,
694.
Sugar Pine, 5.
Sumach, 662.
Sumach, Poison, 663.
Sumach, Staghorn, 660.
Suwarro, 758.
Swamp Ash, 838.
Swamp Bay, 346, 358.
Swamp Cottonwood, 124.
Swamp Pine, 15.
Swamp Privet, 853.
Swamp Spanish Oak, 248, 256.
Swamp White Oak, 292, 303.
Sweet Bay, 346.
Sweet-berried Cedar, 82.
Sweet Buckeye, 704.
Sweet Gum, 367.
Sweet Leaf, 831.
Swietenia, 648.
Swietenia Mahagoni, 648.
Swiss Stone Pine, 2.
Sycamore, 372, 374, 376.
Symplocaceae, 830.
Symplocos, 831.
Symplocos tinctoria, 831.
Table Mountain Pine, 29.
Tacamahac, 125.
Tamarack, 31, 32, 33.
Tamarind, Wild, 590.
Tan Bark Oak, 236.
Tassajo, 761.
Taxacese, 90.
Taxodium, 63.
Taxodium ascendens, 65.
Taxodium distichum, 64.
Taxodium distichum var. im-
bricarium, 65.
Taxus, 93.
Taxus baccata, 93.
Taxus brevifolia, 93.
Taxus canadensis, 93.
Taxus cuspidata, 93.
Taxus floridana, 94.
Tecate Cypress, 73.
Tectoria grandis, 864,
Tetrazygia, 776.
Thatch, 97, 98, 99.
Thatch, Brittle, 99, 100.
Theacese, 750.
Theobroma Cacao, 749.
Theophrastaceae, 804.
Thorn, Cock-spur, 402.
Thorn, Washington, 531.
Thrinax, 96.
Thrinax floridana, 97.
Thrinax keyensis, 99.
Thrinax microcarpa, 99.
Thrinax Wendlandiana, 98,
Thuja, 67.
Thuja occidentalis, 67,
Thuja orientalis, 67.
Thuja plicata, 68. mm».«
Tideland Spruce, 41.
TiUa, 732.
Tilia americana, 733.
Tilia caroliniana, 740.
Tilia caroliniana var. rhoo-
phila, 741.
Tilia Cocksii, 738.
Tilia crenoserrata, 737,
TiUa floridana, 737.
Tilia floridana, 737,
910
Tilia floridana var. axistralis,
738.
Tilia floridana var. oblongi-
folia, 738.
Tilia georgiana', 747.
Tilia georgiana var. crinita,
748.
Tilia glabra, 733.
Tilia heterophylla, 745.
Tilia heterophylla, 747.
Tilia heterophylla var. amphi-
loba, 745.
Tilia heterophylla var. Mi-
chauxii, 746.
Tilia heterophylla var. nivea,
745.
Tilia lasioclada, 744.
Tilia littorahs, 736.
Tilia littoralis var. discolor,
736.
Tilia Michauxii, 739, 746.
Tilia monticola, 747.
Tilia neglecta, 739.
Tilia nuda, 734.
Tilia nuda var. brevipeduncu-
lata, 735.
Tilia phanera, 743.
Tilia phanera var. scabrida, 743.
Tilia pubescens, 748.
Tilia texana, 742.
Tilia venulosa, 735.
Tilia venulosa var. multiner-
vis, 736.
Tiliacese, 732.
Titi, 667.
ToUon, 392.
Toothache-tree, 635.
Torch Wood, 640.
Torrey Pine, 30.
Torreya, 91.
Torreya californica, 92.
Torreya nucifera, 91.
Torreya taxifolia, 91.
Torrubia, 341.
Torrubia longifolia, 341.
Toxylon, 331.
Toxylon (loxylon) pomiferum,
332.
Toyon, 392.
Tree, Cabbage, 102.
Tree, Garland, 382.
Tree, Joshua, 116.
Tree, Silver Bell, 824.
Tree, Smoke, 621.
Trema, 326.
Trema floridana, 327.
Trema mollis, 327.
Tsuga, 42.
Tsuga canadensis, 43.
Tsuga caroliniana, 44.
Tsuga heterophylla, 45.
Tsuga Mertensiana, 46.
TuHp-tree, 352.
Tumion, 91.
Tumion californicum, 92.
Tumion taxifolium, 91.
Tupelo, 780.
Tupelo Gum, 783.
Tupelo, Sour, 782.
Turkey Apple, 476.
Turkey Oak, 253.
Ulmacese, 308.
Ulmus, 308.
Ulmus alata, 312.
Ulmus americana, 309.
Ulmus crassifolia, 314.
Ulmus floridana, 309.
Ulmus fulva, 313.
Ulmus glabra, 309.
Ulmus procera, 309.
Ulmus racemosa, 311.
INDEX
Ulmus serotina, 315.
Ulmus Thomasii, 311.
Umbellularia, 360.
Umbellularia californica, 361.
Umbellularia californica var.
pendula, 361.
Umbrella-tree, 347.
Una de Gato, 595.
Ungnadia, 717.
Ungnadia speciosa, 717.
Upland Willow Oak, 265.
Vaccinium, 802.
Vaccinium arboreum, 802.
Vaccinium arboreum var. glau-
cescens, 803.
Vaccinium macrocarpum, 802.
Valley Oak, 298.
Vauquelinia, 377.
Vauquelinia californica, 377.
Verbenacege, 864.
Viburnum, 886.
Viburnum Jackii, 889.
Viburnum Lentago, 888.
Viburnum Lentago var. sphae-
rocarpum, 889.
Viburnum nudum, 887.
Viburnum nudum var. angus-
tifolium, 887.
Viburnum prunifolium, 889.
Viburnum rufidulum, 890.
Vine Maple, 684.
Vine Oak, 297.
Virgilia, 619.
Wafer Ash, 639.
Wahoo, 312, 675.
Walnut, 169, 173.
Walnut, Black, 171.
Walnut, "Royal," 172.
Washington Thorn, 531.
Washingtonia, 104.
Washingtonia filamentosa, 104.
Water Ash, 838, 839.
Water Elm, 317.
Water Hickory, 181.
Water Locust, 610.
Water Oak, 260, 264.
Wax Myrtle, 164, 165, 166.
Weeping Spruce, 40.
Western Catalpa, 872.
West Indian Birch, 646.
White Alder, 224.
White Ash, 841.
White Birch, 210, 217.
White Cedar, 67, 75.
White Cedar, Desert, 82.
White Elm, 309.
White Fir, 54, 55, 56.
White Ironwood, 716.
White Mangrove, 767.
White Oak, 280, 281, 296, 298,
300.
White Oaks, 240.
White Pine, 3, 4, 6.
White Poplar, 120.
White Spruce, 37, 38.
White Stopper, 772.
White Wood, 650, 753.
Wild Black Cherry, 575.
Wild Cherry, 572, 576, 577,
578.
Wild China-tree, 714.
Wild Cinnamon, 753.
Wild DiUy, 819.
Wild Fig, 334, 335.
Wild Goose Plum, 569.
Wild Lime, 634.
Wild Orange, 579.
Wild Plum, 557, 561, 567.
Wild Red Cherry, 571.
Wild Tamarind, 590.
Willow, 138.
Willow, Almond, 144.
Willow, Arroyo, 153.
Willow, Black, 140, 160.
Willow, Desert, 869.
Willow, Feltleaf, 157.
Willow, Glaucous, 159.
Willow Oak, 262.
Willow Oaks, 239.
Willow, Peach, 144.
Willow, Red, 146.
Willow, Sand Bar, 152.
Willow, Shining, 149.
Willow, Yellow, 148.
Winged Elm, 312.
Witch Hazel, 368.
Wood, Ant's, 816.
Wood, Bass, 732, 733.
Wood, Bow, 332.
Wood, Box, 680.
Wood, Chittam, 657, 813.
Wood, Cork, 167.
Wood, Crab, 654.
Wood, Devil, 857.
Wood, Fiddle, 864.
Wood, Ink, 715. 1
Wood, Joe, 804.
Wood, Leather, 666.
Wood, Moose, 686. '
Wood, Naked, 729, 774.
Wood, Poison, 659.
Wood, Prince, 877.
Wood, Sour, 796.
Wood, Torch, 640.
Wood, White, 650, 753.
Wood, Yellow, 619, 680.
Xanthoxylum, 633.
Xanthoxylum clava-Herculis,
635.
Xanthoxylum clava-Herculis
var. fruticosum, 636.
Xanthoxylum coriaceum, 637
Xanthoxylum Fagara, 634.
Xanthoxylum flavum, 636.
Ximenia, 337.
Ximenia americana, 337.
Xolisma, 797.
Xolisma ferruginea, 798.
Yaupon, 671.
Yellow-bark Oak, 250.
Yellow Birch, 207.
Yellow Cypress, 76.
Yellow Locust, 623.
Yellow Oak, 306.
Yellow Pine, 12, 14, 26.
Yellow Poplar, 352.
Yellow Willow, 148.
Yellow Wood, 619, 880.
Yew, 93, 94.
Yucca, 110.
Yucca aloifolia. 111.
Yucca aloifolia var. yucatana,
112.
Yucca arborescens, 116.
Yucca brevifolia, 116.
Yucca elata, 117.
Yucca Faxoniana, 115.
Yucca gloriosa, 117.
Yucca gloriosa var. rucurvifo-
lia, 117.
Yucca macrocarpa, 113.
Yucca mohavensis, 113.
Yucca radiosa, 117.
Yucca Schottii, 114.
Yucca Treculeana, 112.
Yuccffi, 110.
Zygia brevifolia, 587.
Zygia flexicaulis, 588.
Zygia Unguis-Cati, 586.
Zygophyllaceae, 630.
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